英文论文写作的综合技巧

经常会听到留学生抱怨自己论文写的烂，拿不到高分。虽然这种情况非常常见，但却不是绝对的。只要大家在写作英文论文的时候适当使用一些写作技巧，那就可以提高论文的质量了，离拿到高分也更近一步了。下面就给大家分享一下英文论文写作的综合技巧。

一篇正式学术论文应包括: 摘要、引言、文献综述、研究设计、结果与讨论、结论、致谢、参考文献等几大部分。在日常学习中，如果是老师布置的针对某个课题的具体分析或讨论的简单文章，那么可以适当缩减结构，一般包括：引言（introduction）、正文（body）、结论（conclusion）和参考文献（reference）。

一般来说，在引言部分，简述研究背景及论题发展现状，并介绍自己的研究部分构成；在文献综述部分，归纳总结自己研究领域里的相关实证研究，描述当前该领域的研究趋势，并证明自己研究的必要性和意义；在研究设计部分，一般需要详细描述自己研究的方法、程序和研究过程等，突出研究的合理性；如果有数据部分的话，需要在获得数据后，客观正确地分析各种数据，得出并展示结果；在讨论部分，对研究结果深入挖掘，展示结果的好坏及其原因，与现有研究结果的相关性等；结论就是用条理清晰，简明扼要的语言对文章进行概括，指出其研究价值以及未来可能的研究思路和方向。

也就是说，作为一篇合格的学术论文，一般要利用简单明了的语言描述研究目的、方法、结果及意义。另外，要注意逻辑和语法。

值得强调的一点是最后的参考文献。目前全球各种语言的注释规范不尽统一，仅英文的注释规范就有哈佛体系(Harvard system)、英国标准(British Standard BS5605)、APA方式、Chicago方式、MLA方式等。一般在论文或作业中，老师会布置使用哈佛体系或者APA/MLA方式，而无论使用哪种注释，重要的是在一篇文献里前后应保持一致，并在文章最后列出引文列表。一个很好的方法是利用word内自带的“引用”功能，不但能防止遗漏参考文献，还能轻松统一格式，随时插入引文。

以上就是关于英文论文的写作技巧分享，同学们要想提升论文质量的话，那么就可以适当使用一下这些技巧。

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作业代写：UI interface design

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- UI interface design，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了UI界面设计。UI界面设计又称用户界面设计，它主要是指对屏幕上的图形以及界面进行整体的设计。UI界面设计不仅仅是对用户界面进行的一种简单装饰与美化，随着当今社会生活中越来越多的电子产品以及网页网站的出现，高水平的UI设计已经成为当今设计市场在激烈竞争中立于不败之地的主要途径。而UI设计出设计出来的产品，必须要同时满足用户对产品的审美需求以及体验需求。

With the advent of the Internet era and the rapid development of the knowledge economy, there are new signs of development in China's design industry. UI design, as an important part of design, mainly refers to the design of the overall user interface in terms of aesthetics, interactive operation and logic. Good UI design can not only make the user's operation more convenient and comfortable, but also show the user's personality and taste.

UI design, also known as user interface design, mainly refers to the overall design of graphics and interfaces on the screen, such as the design of various visual effects on the interface or website graphics, colors and styles. UI interface design is not only to the user interface for a simple decoration and beautification, because today the UI designer's work is more and more is equivalent to the artist's work, especially with today's social life more and more electronic products and the emergence of the web site, a high level of UI design has become the current design market remaining invincible in the fierce competition. A beautiful UI interface not only enables users to have a comfortable experience, but also enables the product to bring more benefits to the enterprise. Therefore, the design of UI interface not only needs to create artistic beauty, but also needs to take into account the users and the methods used. Although many designers are currently involved in the design of UI interface, the design of UI interface is not equal to pure and simple artistic creation. The improvement of people's aesthetic level and the change of aesthetic level require higher and higher requirements for the design of current UI interface. How to design a user satisfied and comfortable UI interface and provide a more satisfying experience for users has become an important task faced by current UI designers.

With the popularization and application of various electronic products, colorful interface design makes these electronic products not only attractive to customers, but also give them new characteristics of vitality. For example, the commonly used mobile phone and computer graphic design software in photoshop, it is a kind of image editing software, can provide users with convenient and rich graphics editing functions such as design, user can use all kinds of color and shape of the brush, makes the design of the space is broader, more in line with their design concept. The current professional art college has not established a relatively complete UI interface design major, so cultivating professional UI designers is the key to designing a good UI interface. The main contents of UI design include the following aspects:

The overall layout and design of web pages require designers to have comprehensive knowledge and ability, and to integrate multiple design elements into interface design. At the same time, the theme of page design should be highlighted, and graphic design should be constructed according to users' needs and actual conditions.

For the design of interface appearance, common UI interface design methods include using classic geometric figures, such as circles, rectangles, diamonds, quadrangles, etc., each of which represents a different meaning. At the same time in the design can also be combined with a variety of shapes, performance more abundant and more hierarchical characteristics.

In terms of the design and layout of words in the interface, words are the main content of the interface. Therefore, in order to highlight the main information in the interface, the color, font, font, etc. Should be matched and combined. At the same time, it is necessary to coordinate the line spacing of words, so that the whole text gives people visual enjoyment.

As for the design of pictures and multimedia, any UI interface will involve pictures and text. Therefore, it can supplement text with pictures, which has a good visual supplementary effect. With the widespread application of 3d and 2d animation effects, in order to attract more users, designers can insert 3d and 2d animation effects into the interface to allow video and other sounds. More media are involved in page design, which can fully mobilize users' various sensory experiences and enjoyment.

The design of the background of the web interface should follow the principle of unity and integration with text, pictures and other content styles. At the same time the background often played the role of foil and rendering, in the design of general more gentle, can not be a big deal.

Six pairs of colors. Of color design is the key and core in the design of the interface of a link, because color often give a person the first impression and the impact of first visual impact, so it directly influence and role of the emotion of people, different color can make the person produces different psychological experience and feelings, so the UI interface design to colorific collocation, you first need to from the perspective of the user, allows the user to the be fond of according to oneself, choose any color changes. Secondly, color of UI interface design should play a guiding role, which can convey an emotional guidance to users. Human emotion and color are inseparable. A good UI designer can always capture users' emotional experience and attract users through color matching.

For light and dark design, if the designer chooses a dark background, then the text and pictures in light or bright colors should be used on the dark background. In this way, the user's vision can stay on the text and pictures.

With the constant appearance of various new electronic devices in people's life, consumers have more and more choices, and how to attract and catch consumers' eyeballs through electronic products, UI design has become one of the marketing methods of many electronic products. The beautiful UI interface design and good operation experience have won the favor of consumers. With the advent of the 4G era of the Internet and the emergence of various mobile phone tablet electronic devices. UI interface design has also developed rapidly. For example, in the current UI design, there has been the function of icon window and menu button, and today's smart phones are also fully considering the convenience and stability of user experience. Take the design of tencent QQ and WeChat as an example. The design of UI interface is not only fashionable and elegant, but also rich, clean and rigorous.

To sum up, the UI design the design of product, must meet the aesthetic needs of users of products at the same time and experience requirements, only when the designer's own emotion and experience and the resonance between the user, to use the UI interface design more profound experience and understanding in the process of user preferences, design out customer satisfaction products; UI designers can only reflect more humanized and modern products with a sense of science and technology by continuously enriching and improving their comprehensive abilities, especially by exploring excellent traditional culture and injecting it into the design.

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Assignment代写：Renaissance Italian hedonism

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Renaissance Italian hedonism，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了文艺复兴时期意大利的享乐之风。在中世纪早期的欧洲，禁欲主义压倒一切，世俗享乐被压制在一定范围。后来在宗教改革运动和人文主义思想的不断冲击下，意大利开始进入一个承前启后的繁荣期。思想的转变、经济的发展使得民众的生活水平和生活态度与以往相比有了很大的转变，而享受生活、追求快乐的风气在社会的每个角落蔓延，人们将自己视为单独的个体，把享乐、欲望看成是人的本性和自然加以推崇。

In early medieval Europe, asceticism prevailed, and worldly pleasures were suppressed to a certain extent. Under the constant impact of the religious reform movement and humanism, the Italian society has entered a period of prosperity. The change of thinking and the development of economy have greatly changed people's living standard and attitude compared with the past. The atmosphere of enjoying life and pursuing happiness has spread in every corner of the society.

"Hedonism" mainly refers to the concept of life that people show in social life with excessive pursuit of physical and mental enjoyment, satisfying secular desires and giving full play to people's natural attributes as the value goal. Early medieval Christian belief and asceticism, as a way of life, were greatly impacted by humanism. People began to think of themselves as individuals and to praise pleasure and desire as human nature and nature. Italians ushered in an era of luxury and sensual desire.

Hedonism, as a value concept, existed in ancient Greece. In ancient Greece, the development of human civilization gave birth to the idea of enjoying life and a happy life. The enjoyment and worship of the happy life of the ancient greeks led to the emergence of hedonism. The ancient Greek theory of happiness was that only spiritual happiness was permanent, stable and profound. Epicurus, the earliest hedonist thinker, once said that happiness is the beginning and end of a happy life. All choices should be based on happiness. He thinks that the purpose of life is to pursue happiness. The hedonism advocated by Epicurus emphasizes the happiness of the body or the senses, which is the origin and basis of all happiness. Even wisdom and culture must satisfy this joy. Hedonists are active in the pursuit of happiness and do everything possible to harvest the fruits of it.

The medieval asceticism was opposite to the ancient Greek hedonism. The religious doctrine of original sin classified human desire and emotion as the representation of original sin, and advocated absolute rationality, rejecting desire and emotion. Ascetic people believe that only by abandoning physical enjoyment and worldly happiness, believing in god, can they be saved by the soul. This ascetic view of life requires people to abandon all worldly pleasures, especially sensual ones. With the economic recovery and the spread of humanism, this ascetic outlook on life has been gradually replaced and broken. Humanism advocates the secular culture with people and nature as objects, advocates the humanitarian spirit, the people-centered secular movement without god as the center, and breaks the asceticism completely. Known as one of the "three heroes of literature," Dante was the first Renaissance man to affirm that "man is a free man." In the theory of free will, vallaye argues that everyone has his own freedom of thought. Only independent human freedom can create miracles on earth and bring benefits to people. However, those ascetic and mysterious illusions can only lead to the death of human beings.

In the early medieval period, even in the feudal society, the material wealth of society was not enough, and the material conditions for the prevailing wind of pleasure were not enough. The humanist movement brought drastic changes to European society, and the urban lifestyle was pushed to the forefront. In terms of the overall structure of society, after the 13th century, cities dominated by industry and commerce came into being or came back to life one after another, which eroded the agricultural natural economy of the great unification of the past. The aristocracy dominated by inherited manor farming also began to operate the commodity economy, and people began to have urban life similar to that of Greece and Rome. Such an unprecedented new class of citizens has stepped onto the historical stage with a new look, and the modern city has emerged in various major cities of Italy. The rapid development of economy and the increase of wealth provide material security for people's enjoyment.

Periodic plague outbreaks in the 14th and 15th centuries increased the cult of hedonism. The black death caused a great touch to people. The love of Christ and the occurrence of plague caused the survivors to reorient their way of life and re-examine the value of life. In the death fear, they aroused people's appreciation of the right to life in a variety of ways. Five generations of experience brought by the black death fear and anxiety, the florentines decided to strive for in the real pleasure in time, whether it's polite aristocratic or civilians surrounded by one of the most fanatical carnalism, luxury, drinking, voluptuousness, like in the carnival and thank the meat section festival but also pushed the hedonism to acme.

The accumulation of wealth has made people's life very different from the frugality and abstinence in the middle ages. Luxury and enjoyment have become new life goals. In such a social environment, many people are more deeply and directly pursuing happiness and enjoying secular life than ever before. The Italian people's clothes, food and housing have all changed dramatically with the aim of enjoying life and pursuing happiness.

Asceticism is under attack, and the belief in openness and freedom is being strengthened. Enjoying life and satisfying one's own needs are the things that everyone has to think about. Clothing, which can reflect the personal aesthetic and wealth status of the carrier, in the transition period by people to play the most incisive. As boccaccio said, showing off, dressing up and realizing every desire of an individual seems to be the most correct goal in life. Aldanzio has described the following details of Italian dressing: "the milanese are always dressed beautifully", "the neapolitans are extremely luxurious in their clothes", and "ferrara and mantua pay great attention to the golden cap". In the 15th and 16th centuries, the great wealth brought by Florence's developed economy led its nobles to increasingly advocate luxurious and exquisite lifestyle. Young men spend their time and money gambling and women doing nothing all day. They are no less fastidious about clothes than women's make-up, with close-fitting long-sleeved clothes, colorful stockings, flat-topped hats of strange shapes and colors, velvet leotards, and silky hemlines and necklines, and accessories such as gloves and shoes often laced with lace. Lorenzo's brother, giuliano, spent 8,000 ducats on his clothes at a tournament. Women's clothing is extremely luxurious. They are made of velvet or silks and furs, often decorated with expensive herbs and jewelry, with delicate pleats, lace skirts and collars. Many rich people also like to decorate the collar of their clothes with different shapes such as leaf shape and star shape and ornaments of different materials such as gold plating, silver plating and porcelain glaze. We can see such luxury accessories in many portraits at that time. As a model for the murals in the monastery of Santa maria novella, she wore a gorgeous pink silk coat inlaid with Venus and a white silk smock embroidered with pomegranates and flowers. The generosity and generosity of Italians in the aspect of clothing consumption fully reflects the affirmation and pursuit of self-consciousness and self-value of people after the break of the shackles of traditional Christian thought, and their preference for luxurious clothes satisfies their desire for secular enjoyment.

Since the 13th century, the diet structure of the Italian people has changed significantly, the food variety has changed from single to rich, the quality has changed from coarse to fine, the cooking technology is more exquisite, the tableware is more exquisite and practical, the dining method is more elegant, the banquet guests pay more attention to the rehearsal. Before the humanist movement, the food in Italy was relatively simple, but after that, people's diet gradually developed to exquisite, extravagant and wasteful, and the diet of residents added many spices and sugar from Arabia, almonds, pistachios, rice, dates and other ingredients. By this time, Italians had begun to understand how to drink mineral water to make their diet more meaty and greasy, and began to drink wine to quench thirst caused by the spices in delicious food. Once considered a luxury food, sugar became a popular food in the 15th century. "No banquet has ever used sugar in any way in large quantities," says pencheroos. Rhubarb, dried fruit, pines and other spices, as well as sugar, make the world a happy place. People drink sugar water instead of pure water, salt is not used as frequently as sugar, and meat, fish and eggs are added with sugar. In other countries and regions of Western Europe at the same time, sugar was still a luxury that only a few aristocrats or wealthy merchants had access to. The trend of people's enjoyment and luxury in food consumption is more prominent in Venice, Florence and other large cities with rapid development. The nobles of Venice had a high demand for food and drink. Due to their geographical advantage, they could easily enjoy the luxuries and spices of the east. When the noble families held the banquet, they only accepted the most exquisite delicacies. In 1460 Venice also banned the consumption of more than half the dugats per person. The variety and luxury of people's food reflect the improvement of people's living standards and the profound influence of social enjoyment on Italian thoughts and lifestyle.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创assignment代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有assignment代写、essay代写、paper代写服务。

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Paper代写：Feedback trading

本篇paper代写- Feedback trading讨论了反馈交易。资本市场上存在这样一类交易者，他们根据资产过去的价格而不是对未来价格的预期来构建投资组合。这类投资者在行为金融中称为反馈交易者，根据对过去价格的不同反应分为正反馈交易者和负反馈交易者。根据反馈交易理论，正反馈交易行为能减小市场波动，使价格恢复理性水平。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

There are traders in capital markets who build portfolios based on past asset prices rather than expectations of future prices. Such investors are called feedback traders in behavioral finance and are classified as positive feedback traders and negative feedback traders according to their different reactions to past prices. In China's capital market, there are "chasing down the market" and "buying low and selling high". The former correspond to positive feedback trading, while the latter correspond to negative feedback trading.

Generally speaking, if there are enough feedback traders in the market, the returns of the capital market will show the relevant characteristics. When a large number of positive feedback traders exist, stock prices are overvalued relative to their underlying value and exhibit high volatility. Therefore, when there are a large number of positive feedback traders in the market, the market will become unstable; On the contrary, if there are a large number of negative feedback traders in the market, the price of stocks with undervalued base value will be close to the base value. When the price is overvalued, a large number of negative feedback traders throw out stocks that are overvalued, so as to reduce the price to a level close to the base value. Therefore, the existence of a large number of negative feedback traders can stabilize the market and reduce market volatility.

Sentana and Wadhwani extended Delong's analytical logic to examine the relationship between feedback trading, yield autocorrelation and volatility energy. Their achievements in shiller three will be the basis of relationship with Sh ¨ l er - Sentana - Wadhwani model in the form of expression. Bohl and siklos, based on the shiller Sentana - Wadhwani model, used different GARCH models to estimate conditional force differences to test feedback trading in mature and emerging markets. The conclusion is that there are positive and negative feedback trading behaviors in both markets, but the feedback trading behaviors are more obvious in emerging markets. In both markets, positive feedback increases with volatility, but less so in emerging markets. Tang and others also verified the relationship between the daily return rate autocorrelation and feedback trading of Shanghai composite index based on the shiller sentana-wadhwani model. They used GARCH to deal with the heteroscedasticity of earnings volatility. The empirical results showed that there was sequence autocorrelation caused by positive feedback in Shanghai, and the absolute value of correlation coefficient increased with the increase of volatility.

Sentana and wadhwani used investors' feedback trading behaviors to explain the sequence correlation of stock returns, and proposed a two-group market model that included traders and feedback traders who invested based on the expectation of the underlying value of stocks. Assume that the first group's demand function for assets has the following form:

S is the proportion of assets held by the first class of investors. Et-1 represents the expectation of asset return rate rt at time t-1, which is a conditional expectation based on all information at time t-1. Q is the rate of return on riskless assets. When the expected rate of return is a, such investors do not hold the asset. The value of interest t represents the risk premium of investors holding risky assets at time t, which is a non-decreasing function of conditional variance t2.

Feedback traders determine their holdings based on past asset prices rather than future expectations. Assume that the current t(period) holdings are determined by the earnings of the previous period (period t-1) : Ft= chestnut rt-1

The Ft represents the proportion of assets held by feedback traders; Fourth, feedback traders are positive feedback traders, i.e., "going up and down". When two types of investors interact with each other, St+Ft=1, and (St+Ft) and (2) are substituted into the following equilibrium pricing model: et-1 (t)= + t2 - (3) and standard capital pricing model (1). Because of the presence of feedback traders, the risk premium for holding assets in the first category of investors has changed. When there are feedback traders in the market, yields show first-order correlation. This way of correlation depends on the type of feedback traders. When feedback investors are positive feedback investors, there is a first order negative sequence correlation of returns. When feedback investors are negative feedback, there is a first order positive sequence correlation of returns. Sentana et al. believe that there are both positive and negative feedback traders in the market. The two feedback trading intensities change with the change of volatility. When the risk is high, the risk aversion preference of the first type of investors determines that they require higher expected returns and therefore partially exit the market, and feedback traders have greater influence on the market. When the risk is large enough, feedback trading investors show the risk aversion characteristics, and adopt the positive feedback strategy of "chasing up and killing down". In view of simplification, the degree of feedback trading is regarded as a simple linear function of volatility 12, and the formula is simplified as: et-1 (performance t)= maintenance t2 -(performance zero tolerance t2) chang t-1(4), although this theoretical model was first proposed to explain the benefit sequence with feedback trading behavior. However, this model explains the interaction between the first type of investor and feedback trader, and provides the possibility to test the feedback trading behavior

In the empirical financial analysis, it is found that the conditional variances of stock returns are asymmetrically distributed. Glosten, Jagannathan, Runkle(1993) and Zakoian proposed an asymmetric model to describe such volatility. Engle thinks that the first-order GARCH model can well describe the conditional fluctuation characteristics of yield. In this paper, TGARCH(1,1) was selected in empirical analysis to model conditional variance of yield. In terms of verifying the existence of feedback trading characteristics in China's capital market, the following models are jointly estimated:

H1, which is the conditional variance, is the conditional normal distribution where the mean is 0 and the variance is h1. In equations (6) and (7), the conditional variance is a function of the residual squared deviation and the cross conditional variance. The stationarity of the variance equation requires that: it is not negative for either inver1's complement 2 or supplement 3, while it is not negative for either of them. However, in combination with the regression model, the conditional variance is not only a function of residual squared error and past conditional variance, but also indirectly a function of the parameters pruning 1, pruning 2 and pruning 3. Considering the regression equation, the stability condition of conditional variance is more complicated. This model is a variant form of tgarch-m. At present, the literature has not provided the analytical conditions for the model's conditional variance to be stable. If the coefficient is not 0, it indicates that the positive residuals and negative residuals of the previous period have unitary effects on the conditional heteroscedasticity of the current period. When the coefficient is 0, it indicates that the conditional heteroscedasticity is not asymmetric, and the general GARCH model can be used to estimate the conditional heteroscedasticity.

When examining the existence of feedback trading behavior in China's capital market, Chinese scholars mainly use GARH(1,1) model to predict and estimate volatility (tang et al., 2002). Ren bo and Yang baochen, 2002). The empirical test finds that the effect of GARCH(1,1) model in estimating the volatility of China's capital market is not very good. The TGARH model or EGARCH model is more capable of explaining the volatility of the market.

The joint model formed by equations (5) and (6) is more complex than the conditional variance model in the general sense. In the regression model type, in addition to using lag to explain the current yield, and with the market volatility (conditional variances) to explain the gains, because of the existence of feedback trading conditions become lag yield coefficient of variance, when the alpha 3 to 0, has become the general garch-m model (Chou, 1988), had the standard software can handle. Because feedback traders exist, this item is not zero and cannot be processed with standard statistical software.

The sample data of this study come from Shanghai composite index of Shanghai stock market. Select the closing price index of each trading day from January 5, 1996 to August 3, 2006. The sample capacity is 2554. The data comes from the analysis software's online data acceptance system. Yields in both markets are calculated by formula

Calculated, pt represents the Shanghai composite index price data during the t period. Parameter estimation adopts maximum likelihood method, and parameter estimation results are listed in table 1. In table 1, + indicates that the parameter is significant at the 1% confidence level. ** indicates that the parameter is significant at 5% significance level; *** means that the parameter is significant at the significance level of 10%; Unmarked indicates that the parameter is not significant at 10% significance level.

The second and third columns in table 1 are the results of asymmetric GARCH model fitting and conditional heteroscedasticity in this paper. The fourth and fifth columns are the results of general GARCH model fitting and conditional heteroscedasticity in the literature. From the data in the second column and the third column, each parameter of the model is significant at 10% level, and there is no possibility of further improvement. In particular, the parameter serv2 is significantly less than 0, indicating that the fluctuation of Shanghai stock market composite index is obviously asymmetric, indicating that the TGARCH model is more capable of fitting and synthesizing the fluctuation of the composite index than the GARCH model alone. The estimated values of the two parameters are significantly less than 0, indicating that there is a relatively obvious feedback trading behavior in Shanghai securities market. This conclusion is consistent with the conclusions of tang or others, but there is a large gap between the characteristics of the feedback trading behavior and those of tang or others. When the TGARCH model is used, the symbol of the parameter prun2 is positive, which is consistent with that when the GARCH model is used (although this parameter does not pass the significance test), indicating that when the risk is low, the feedback trading behavior in Shanghai stock market shows the feature of negative feedback. The symbol of the parameter prun2 is negative, indicating that with the increase of market risk, feedback traders in Shanghai securities market adopt more positive feedback trading behaviors. However, in the literature, the corresponding parameters obtained by using the GARCH model and market fluctuation are positive, indicating that feedback traders in Shanghai stock market tend to adopt negative feedback trading behaviors with the increase of market risk.

Table 1: empirical test results of feedback trading behavior in Shanghai securities market

The results of don or et al. 's parameter fitting show that some parameters cannot pass the test at the significance level of 10%, which requires further adjustment. The model in this paper performs better in at least two respects than the model of tang or et al. First of all, the model parameters can pass the significance test, indicating that the model cannot be further improved. Secondly, the parameter of the TGARCH model is not 0, which indicates that Shanghai stock market composite index does have obvious asymmetric phenomena, and it is more reasonable to use the asymmetric GARCH model to simulate and fluctuate.

Comparing the conclusions of this paper with those of Bohl et al., it can be seen that there are great differences between them and mature securities markets and other emerging securities markets. Bohl's conclusion is that mature markets exist when the risk is low, and feedback traders show the trading characteristics of positive feedback. As the risk increases, feedback traders show the trading characteristics of negative feedback. In emerging markets, when the risk is low, feedback traders show mild negative feedback trading characteristics. As the risk increases, negative feedback trading behaviors also increase, but the range is generally larger than that of mature markets.

Modern financial theory holds that under the assumption of market validity, noise traders have no significant influence on the formation of valuation. Under the framework of behavioral finance, western financial scholars have found that there are significant positive feedback trading characteristics in the market. This behavior mode pushes the stock price away from its basic value, thus acting as a counterexample to the effective market. In this paper, TGARCH model was used to simulate conditional heteroscedasticity, and the feedback trading behavior of Shanghai securities market was tested based on the theoretical model of Shiller sentana-wadhwni.

The test results show that Shanghai securities market is different from developed markets and emerging markets. With the increase of risk, feedback traders tend to adopt positive feedback trading behaviors, while negative feedback trading behaviors are obvious when the risk is low. This conclusion is quite different from tang's conclusion. Tang USES the GARCH model to simulate and conditional heteroscedasticity. Although some parameters cannot pass the significance test, they believe that as the risk increases, feedback traders will adopt more negative feedback trading behaviors.

According to the feedback trading theory, the positive feedback trading behavior can reduce the market fluctuation and restore the rational level of prices. The Shanghai stock market has shown that as risks increase, positive feedback trading behaviors dominate, which can reduce market volatility and push prices back to a reasonable level quickly. In fact, the Chinese stock market has not experienced any sharp fluctuations in the short term. It took three to four years for the Shanghai composite index to fall from 2000 to 1000. This feedback trading feature on the Shanghai stock market is part of this reality.

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Essay代写：CPA professional ethics

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- CPA professional ethics，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了注册会计师的职业道德。在会计领域当中，会计职业道德是调整会计职业活动利益关系的手段，具有相对稳定性，会计职业道德丧失，不但不利于信息使用者做出正确的经济决策，还会导致企业的资产大量流失，所以加强会计职业道德建设刻不容缓。

Accounting professional ethics is a means to adjust the interest relationship of accounting professional activities. It has relative stability and the loss of accounting professional ethics, which is not conducive to information users making correct economic decisions, leading to the massive loss of state tax and other state-owned assets, and it is urgent to strengthen the construction of accounting professional ethics.

Accounting professional ethics refers to the professional code of conduct and norms that should be followed in accounting professional activities, reflect the characteristics of accounting profession and adjust the relationship between accounting profession and accounting profession. The definition of accounting professional ethics includes the following aspects:

Under the condition of market economy, various economic relations in accounting professional activities are becoming more and more complex. In the construction of China's socialist market economy, the interests of various economic subjects often conflict with those of the state and the public. Accounting professional ethics can coordinate with the national legal system, adjust the economic interest relations in professional relations, and maintain the normal economic order. Accounting professional ethics allows individuals and economic subjects to obtain legitimate interests of their own, but opposes obtaining illegal interests by harming the interests of the state and the public.

Accounting is a practical economic discipline, which serves to strengthen management, improve economic efficiency, standardize market economic order and safeguard the public interest. The objectivity of market economy is manifested by the law of value. Any society or individual can only actively adapt, master and apply the objective economic law on the basis of knowledge, but cannot reform it or violate it. In the activities of market economy, accounting, as an accounting for the confirmation, measurement, recording and reporting of economic and business matters of a unit, the design of accounting standards, the formulation of accounting policies, and the selection of accounting methods must follow its inherent objective economic laws and requirements. Just because people are faced with the common objective economic laws, accounting professional ethics mainly depend on historical inheritance and economic laws, and maintain their relative stability in the constant changes of social and economic relations.

Current status of accounting professional ethics. The distortion of accounting information in Chinese enterprises is obvious to all. From the perspective of fraudulent means, there are various kinds of accounting confirmation, measurement and accounting report all links have non-standard, unreasonable or even illegal behaviors. Fake vouchers, false accounting statements or even false audit reports, play digital games, handle economic business "flexibly", fabricate profits, gloss over business performance, or disguise the real financial situation, and resort to tax evasion, tax evasion, tax fraud and other phenomena. The harm of the loss of accounting professional ethics. The distortion of accounting information is extremely harmful. It not only violates the principle of authenticity, but also encourages the wind of grandiosity and unreality, which degrades the social atmosphere. It is not good for information users to make correct economic decisions. The objective of accounting is to provide accounting information useful for users to make economic decisions. One of the fundamental reasons why accounting exists for thousands of years and develops with the development of economy is that accounting information is useful for decision-making and predicting the future. If the accounting information is distorted and unreliable, it will not only fail to achieve this goal, but also hinder the work. This has led to a massive loss of state taxes and other state assets. There are many motives for distorting accounting information. But to sum up, it is no more than an attempt to make a profit for an individual or a unit. The result is to steal the assets that should originally belong to the state or a collective or a corporation into small groups or individuals. For example, in the case of state-owned enterprises operating contracts, contractors often use various means to inflate the amount of business and profits on the accounting statements. Award the contract bonus. Others, which do not link profits to personal income, seek to inflate spending and hide profits from state taxes.

The problem of accounting professional ethics has not been cured for a long time since the reform and opening up, and it is even becoming more and more serious. Among them, there are both subjective and objective reasons. Accounting standards are not perfect. Accounting standards stipulate the basic standard requirements of accounting confirmation, measurement, processing and arrangement, and even the provision of financial information to the outside world. However, due to the extensive applicability of the standards and the influence of certain established principles of the standards themselves, accounting information will also be inaccurate. Therefore, the specific application of many accounting principles will lead to the inaccuracy of accounting information if they are not well understood. There is an inevitable connection between them, which must be fully taken into account in the formulation and application of standards. The quality of accounting staff is mixed. Accounting personnel is the main part of the accounting activity, the accounting information is the accounting personnel in the recognition and measurement of accounting elements generated, and thus avoid the objective economic activity of some uncertain factors in judgment and reasoning, different qualities of accounting staff estimates, judgment and reasoning often lead to different results of poor qualities, some accounting personnel even follow the accounting norms, but due to the limitations of their knowledge level, inevitably make measurement of the accounting data from the actual situation, make the false accounting information.

We will deepen the reform of the accounting management system and establish a standardized accounting management system that is compatible with the socialist market economy and the modern enterprise system. Government departments include financial departments in charge of accounting work, whose functions change from specific and direct management to mainly formulate, implement norms, supervise and inspect, and provide information services. We will improve the system of accounting laws and regulations. We will improve the system of accounting laws and regulations, maintain the authority of the law, and be serious about implementing the revised accounting law, which was discussed and passed by the standing committee of the National People's Congress in June 1999. We will strictly implement the accounting requirements of the accounting law for the preparation of accounting vouchers, the registration of accounting books and the preparation of accounting statements, ensure the accuracy and integrity of accounting contents, ensure the quality of accounting information, and ensure the usefulness of accounting information to the decision-making of the state, other creditors and investors, and relevant interest groups. We will improve the accounting supervision and evaluation system. It is necessary to establish relevant management systems such as the professional qualification examination, appointment, performance ability assessment, and records of professional accountants. We will improve the external and internal oversight mechanisms of enterprises, give full play to the supervisory role of social intermediary organizations such as accounting firms, and implement the auditing system for certified public accountants.

Improve the comprehensive quality of accountants. As the subject of enterprise accounting behavior, accounting personnel are directly responsible. At present, the confusion, deviation and distortion in the quality of accounting information can not but be attributed to the negative impact of low quality and imperfect quality of the subject. Therefore, how to improve the comprehensive quality of the subject has become an important link. Maintain a balanced mindset. The imperfect development of the market, the imperfect system, the unordered competition, the undisciplined management, it is easy to arouse people's blundering, blindness and the psychology of opportunism. Deepening the reform of the system and creating a political and economic environment of fair competition also requires the management bodies to have good psychological quality, peaceful mentality, firm will and faith and not to drift with the tide. Enrich modern management knowledge. The coming of knowledge-based information age is both an opportunity and a challenge for every accountant. The proportion of modern scientific and technological knowledge in economic growth is getting larger and larger, which requires every accountant to change the concept of operation and management, and at the same time, to study hard to master modern management and management knowledge and means.

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