作业代写：The virtual nature of film and television language

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The virtual nature of film and television language，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了影视语言的虚指性。影视语言的虚指性是相对于文字语言的真实陈述而提出来的。所以说影视语言的虚指性，就是与实指性相对而言的，其所指涉的内容不是外部世界中已经存在的客观真实，而是常常呈现出虚幻的、想象的或是假设的一些情景；是对影视作品中有可能发生的或不可能发生的情景的假设和构想，而不是对已经发生了的事情的真实还原记录。

As the product of human audio-visual language development to modern times, film and television language is the comprehensive application of human vision and hearing, and its pragmatic purpose is aesthetic, with characteristics such as virtual fingering. This paper will try to analyze and expound the characteristics of film and television language from four aspects and the specific film and television works, in order to explore the aesthetic effect of the film and television language.

Film language refers to film language and television language. In his book film linguistics, wang zhimin believes that "film linguistics and television linguistics should be the same kind of linguistics. Or, more accurately, television linguistics is film linguistics. Of course, this is one of the views on the understanding of film language, we can also call it film language or film language. The pragmatic purpose of film and television language is aesthetic, and its aesthetic features are mainly reflected in these aspects: self-referential, musical and virtual fingering. This paper starts with the virtual index and tries to analyze and discuss the virtual index of film and television language by combining the specific film and television works.

Virtual, meaning illusory, false, unreal. Virtual sex of film and television language is a true statement of the relative to the written language is made to the sex, so to understand, the so-called virtual sex, of film and television language refers to and fact refers to the relative, its content is not the external world become already exists in the objective truth, but often present a false, fictitious, imagine or assume some of the scene.

In the specific film and television works, the imaginary scenes are presented to the audience in various audio-visual forms. These scenes all have a common feature, that is, the imaginary. What they refer to is illusory, imaginary or non-existent in real life. Therefore, the false and objective reality are different from each other. Deficiency of film and television language refers to sex in the film and television works likely or unlikely scenario assumptions and ideas, rather than the real things have taken place in the reduction of record, if is a record of what has happened to make a real, so can't call it the film and television language, but belongs to the category of the news reports of news language. It is from this meaning that we can conclude that film and television language is an artistic language with the characteristics of virtual.

The reference between similar situation and real situation is the first form of the visual presentation of film language. The so-called realistic situation can be regarded as a series of real situations in real life, with considerable, perceptible and knowable characteristics. And similar scenes obviously refer to virtual, which is more focused on the fiction of the situation, but this kind of similar scenes have a certain relationship with the real situation. Because tracing back to the origin of art, it is generally believed that art comes from life and is higher than real life. It can be seen from this that similar scenes are based on real scenes. That is to say, only when people extract materials from real life and make them sublimate in art through processing and finishing can they form an artistic film language. For example, there are many plot elements in Korean dramas that are made up, but they can find the prototype and basis from real life, which is not a fantasy but comes from life.

The second manifestation of film and television's false fingering is the possible situation. The possible scenario here is mainly aimed at the fact that it has not happened or does not exist in the current real life, but it is possible to happen in the future. Such possible scenario is often based on certain technology. Reflected in film and television works, the possible situation mainly appears in science fiction genre films. Specifically, a science fiction film is a film that narrates on the basis of a scientifically based fantasy scenario or hypothesis. It is worth noting that adopted by the science fiction film science theory are not necessarily accepted by mainstream science, such as alien, abilities such as the future possible, of course, also will never appear likely scenario, the use of the spacecraft, robots and other elements of science and technology, these are undoubtedly reflects the film has a "virtual" this feature of a language.

The third form of representation of film and television language is impossible situation. An impossible situation is, by definition, an absolutely impossible situation, that is, it is impossible to achieve in the past, present or future life. This unlikely scenario is generally reflected in the plot development of film and television drama, the most striking example is in recent years popular on the television screen of various types of time-travel drama. Nowadays, the popularity of time-travel dramas is no longer limited to the domestic market, and even Korean TV dramas have risen a trend of "time travel". Why do audiences always enjoy time-travel dramas and are willing to buy them? From its own position, time-travel can arbitrarily connected up two ancient and modern time and space, time and space crisscross, ancient and modern in thinking and way of life of many aspects, such as collision constitutes the time-travel absurdist drama structure, and this kind of plot structure and could not reflect the scene is virtual, film and television language refers to the existence of a kind of important form of expression.

The virtual nature of film and television language is fully applied in the specific film and TV series. Many film and television works depend on the unique "virtual" nature of their language, thus greatly improving the aesthetic quality of the whole work. The following are some typical film and TV series, in which the characteristics of film and television language are fully applied and presented.

The famous American? director woody Allen film purple rose of Cairo on the operation of virtual means of film language is in place. The director USES this film to explore the fantastic and real relationship between the film and real life. The whole film, like a dream, keeps the audience's mind firmly locked in the plot of the film. Together with the heroine, the film is trapped in the purple rose of Cairo. The film USES scientific and technological means to create a virtual world of light and shadow, which brings a special aesthetic experience to the audience. The whole movie is illusory, the heroine ceci, her in order to escape from life and work pressure, and took pains to repeat purple rose of Cairo to watch a movie, and is deep in love with the film actor Tom, when she saw the fifth time in, Tom was out of the screen came to her side, what a wonderful scene, start from here, the whole movie language began to develop its implicit sexual characteristics. At the end of the film, Cecilia returns to real life and continues to face her harsh husband. In the film, Tom represents illusion and Cecilia represents reality. The language of the film makes use of its characteristics of the imaginary index to skillfully connect this illusion and reality, and gives the audience a special dreamlike viewing experience, which finally reveals the profound theme of the film.

Science fiction, as the name implies, is "science fiction film", which is a feature film with science fantasy as its content. Its basic feature is to make a fantasy description of the future world or the distant past from the known scientific principles and achievements today. The definition of science fiction contains several factors, all of which are based on science. The difference between science fiction and fantasy and fantasy lies in the fact that there must be one element in the fantasy that can be supported by science. For the film and television language, a comprehensive art language that integrates both visual and auditory senses, science fiction films have high requirements for the realistic and virtual degree of photographic images, which also shows the possible situation in the language of science fiction films. "2001: a space Odyssey," for example, was released in 1968 and hailed as a "milestone in modern science fiction filmmaking". As you can see, the film shows the audience the infinite reverie of the future space with its amazing high predictability. But it is worth noting that the movie of this high predictability is not without foundation of chaos, because as early as in 1961, President Kennedy announced to implement manned mission to the moon, Apollo, the film's cast and NASA's hired experts to participate in the creation process of film, embodies the respect of the creator for scientific knowledge, makes every effort to provide the content of the film from the perspective of professional scientific support. From the above cases, it can be clearly concluded that many elements of film language used in science fiction films are based on certain scientific basis and may occur in the future, which proves the inevitability of the possible occurrence of scenarios in the language of science fiction films.

Time-travel dramas are a new type of TV series that has emerged and grown up rapidly in recent years. "Time travel: short for time and space travel, colloquially refers to an event in which a person passes through time and space from place to place through a process for a reason." The plot of film and TV drama is based on this as the clue, and from the perspective of film linguistics, it reflects the reappearance of the impossible situation in the virtual fingering.

Throughout the plot Settings of time-travel dramas, most of them tell the story of the protagonist who, for some reason, leaves from his original years and travels through time and space to another era. This type of TV series originates from the language impossibility of time-travel dramas. In the TV series the heart-pounding step by step, for example, the hero Zhang Xiao is one of the life in the 21st century urban white-collar girl, because a car accident and through to the qing dynasty emperor kangxi years, become a manchu girls marte? If the sunrise. Its plot setting itself means that it is impossible to happen in real life. If we analyze it from a materialistic point of view, such so-called time travel will never happen. However, after all, film and television language belongs to the category of art language, and the artistic nature is still its main essential attribute.

In general, false statement or virtual language is usually point to some contrary to facts and false reports, however, this statement is only for meaning such as media, news of the language, but does not apply to the film language to describe, because the film and television language belongs to the category of artistic language, its pragmatic purpose is aesthetic. The aesthetic effect of the virtual nature in the language of film and television is usually to make the readers feel various pleasures and satisfaction brought by the aesthetic.

As a kind of false fingering statement, the aesthetic effect of film and television language is mainly shown in two aspects. First of all, in the first aspect, the fictional scenes described can arouse the audience's feelings of surprise, joy, anger, sorrow and happiness, and make them achieve aesthetic pleasure. Horace, the ancient Roman poet and critic, once said, "the purpose of fiction is to please." As above enumerated several film and television works, whether it is a science fiction or a time-travel dramas, although their common characteristic is the audience know that they see are mostly fictional scenario, but you still like to pay for them, even will not produce aesthetic fatigue to these types of film and television play, the author thinks that the reason is that the film and television language describes the fictional situation more or less caused the resonance of the audience, so as to make the audience get spiritual aesthetic pleasure. The second aspect, in the aesthetic pleasure and then to the audience in the ideological and spiritual education. This is the sublimation of the aesthetic effect. Aesthetic activities are an imperceptible and osmotic process. While the audience can get aesthetic pleasure from watching film and TV works, they will also get some inspiration or helpful content from their thoughts and spirits.

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Assignment代写：Antisemitic thoughts in the collective unconscious

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Antisemitic thoughts in the collective unconscious，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了集体无意识中的反犹思想。反犹主义指的是厌恶、排斥、仇视犹太人的思想和行为。自从基督教在欧洲大获全胜后，反犹主义通过其历史进程、社会行为、文化演绎在意识形态中不断强化，形成了具有传承性的各种原型，进入了西方非犹文化里集体无意识中的格式塔，在人们的潜意识中发挥作用，也就是说反犹现象并不总是在有意识情况下发生，有时也会在无意识的情况下得到表露。

Based on the antisemitic thoughts in the collective unconscious of American subject culture, this assignment analyzes three elaborative designs of malamud's "silver crown", thus revealing the theme expressed by the author to the readers: the antisemitic thoughts in the collective unconscious are the fundamental reason for confining the jewish people to pursue equality.

Collective unconsciousness is a term used in analytical psychology by Carl jung, a Swiss psychologist and founder of analytical psychology. Jung divided the unconscious into the individual unconscious and the collective unconscious. He thinks that collective unconscious is retained by genetic countless similar experience in the heart bottom of universal human spirit, is the individual unconscious at a deeper level, is the social environment in the process of biological evolution and cultural and historical factors in psychological accumulation, is etched in the structure of the brain consciousness before each generation of the accumulation of experience and reflection. It accumulates in the structure of human brain with a form of ambiguous memory, and can be awakened and activated under certain conditions. It is hidden in the deepest part of the human mind, which is a common base beyond all cultures and consciousness. It provides a reasonable explanation and basis for cultural phenomena appearing in different places, different times and unrelated in human history, as well as a possibility to explain the common psychology of human beings. At the same time, it also constitutes the deep structure of national spirit, which is a gestalt that can distinguish this nation from that nation. The vast majority of the individual unconscious is composed of "complex", while the collective unconscious is mainly composed of "archetype". Prototype is not experience, its impression is experience, which is expressed by original image. British scholar thibaut gold are revised, the archetypal pattern of human emotions is not inherent in advance in the structure of individual heart, but by special language image in the heart of the poet and the reader is rebuilt, the so-called prototype does not as a carrier of genetic information, as well as language symbols, it is also the carrier of cultural information form, that is, it is a social heredity.

Anti-semitism refers to the idea and practice of loathing, hatred, exclusion and hatred of jews. It comes from the mistaken belief that the jewish people are intrinsically, historically, ethnically and naturally an inferior race of people who are incapable, evil, unsociable, condemned or persecuted. Anti-semitism presents the following five characteristics: universality, persistence, brutality, subconsciousness and remodelling. This assignment mainly discusses its subconscious sex, since Christianity swept the board in Europe, anti-semitism through its history, culture, social behavior deduce constantly strengthened in the ideology, formed the continuity of the prototype, entered the western gestalt of the collective unconscious of culture, play a role in people's subconsciousness, i.e. anti-semitism phenomenon does not happen in the case of conscious, sometimes get show under the condition of the unconscious.

Malamud, a descendant of Russian jewish immigrants born in the United States, spent the first half of his life in the midst of a turbulent world, years of economic depression, high unemployment, the frenzied persecution and murder of jews by fascists, and the cold war standoff and McCarthyism that followed. As a writer of jewish descent, these disasters left him far more traumatized and imprinted than anyone else. Malamud by describing the crap in the "urban corners" forgotten, abandoned by the society of the sufferings of the jewish immigrants life and abide by the moral, in misery silently in their fight for survival status of the social bottom jews, for their name, expressed the jewish people "suffering - redemption" hard fate. Between the lines, readers can feel the author's sympathy for these characters, such as the shop assistant, god's gift, and so on. However, his creation purpose in silvercrest is somewhat different. He describes a story that seems to be a hoax with an ambiguous attitude, which reflects the antagonism and conflict between jewish culture and American subject culture, exposes the subconscious anti-semitism in western non-jewish culture, and illustrates the awkward situation of contemporary jewish culture survival. Silver, the gold, the story goes that gans, the old man was ill, and dying, his son, Albert for his doctor visits, then ran into a claim that silver available gold cure rabbi, silver because the gold price is too high, and is likely to be false, in urging, Albert livni Mr Priests for Albert in the silver mirror saw a gold, but lasted only five seconds. Albert considered livshitz a crafty liar. He said it was an absurd deception to send the priest, father and daughter, to the police, while reverend livshitz, staggering as he said, "be kind to an old man. Think of your father. He loves you. But Albert began to blame his father, saying he hated him and wanted him dead. At the sound of the curse the priest pointed furiously at the god of heaven and, in horror, accused Albert of murder. Albert had a terrible headache. An hour later, his father, old gans, closed his eyes and breathed his last. The author does not, until the end, point out to the reader whether Albert's doubts and curses led to his father's death or whether livshitz was himself an elaborate liar.

When malamud wrote "silvercrest," he was carefully choreographed in three places: his narrative perspective, a plot that constantly fits into an anti-semitic archetype and an o Henry ending.

In silvercrest, there are not many people, mainly two people. One is Albert, a young man who advocates pragmatism and has a scientific attitude. He is a middle school biology teacher, who embodies the cultural value orientation of contemporary American subject. The other is livshitz, a retired jewish community priest who represents the most oppressed, newest immigrants to the United States and lives at the bottom of the Yiddish jewish culture in history. His daughter, livkell, plays a role in provoking conflict and reinforcing it. Malamud, uncharacteristically, narrates the story entirely from Albert's point of view, using Albert's eyes to observe livshitz, livkell, and the jewish community, influencing the development of the story through his psychological portrayal. The whole text is "unfair", there is only a psychological description of Albert, the reader can only follow Albert's point of view and feeling into the story itself, and for Mr Given only to Mr Appearance of action description, and the author design dialogue, not only no psychology, and the author of words and deeds do not explain to him, he is always in a passive description. The reason for each of Albert's doubts is on assignment, and livshitz can only passively answer tough questions and even be forced to show the existence of the silver crown through illusion. Their active and passive forms in the text are in sharp contrast. For example, when Albert questioned whether the silver crown was useful to pagans, the author did not explain it from the doctrine of Judaism itself. Judaism believes that the world will be judged for what it does, not for what it believes; All righteous peoples share in the coming world of peace. The author's response to Albert, designed for livshitz, was "god doubts us, we doubt god, it is an attribute of existence, as long as you love your father I don't worry about it". This religiously oriented approach to communication led Albert to find no effective decoding or understanding of what he represented as America's modern, scientifically pragmatic culture. Almost all the dialogues between Albert and livshitz were deliberately insufficiently communicated, which reflected the reality of contemporary society -- jewish culture has no right to dialogue in society. Foucault, a French philosopher and historian, believed that discourse is right. The aphasia of jewish culture in the environment reflects the fact of being oppressed, and the oppression comes from the realistic advantages of the subject culture.

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英文论文的标点符号使用

在英文写作中，我们需要注意很多细节上的东西，比如说标点符号的使用。特别是对于中国留学生，毕竟是非母语选手，或多或少会犯点小毛病。那么英文写作中的表达符号该怎么用呢？下面就给大家讲解一下。

逗号和分号

如果你觉得之前学的一些关于逗号和分号的规则对你来说仍然有些烦琐的话，那请忽略那些烦人的规则然后尝试以下方法：大声朗读你写的句子，看一下在哪里会有自然停顿，哪里又会需要呼吸换气。如果只是短暂停顿的话，你在此处可能需要的就是一个逗号。那么如果是需要比较长的停顿但它又不是一个完整句子的话，你可能就会需要一个分号；请记住，分号是用在一个能够独立存在的完整的句子里的（即：如果一句话并不是一个完整的句子，那么它的后面肯定不会出现分号）。

你的破折号和连字符

当你需要一个子句的时候——用破折号——是一个特别好的方法。（如果你的电脑不能显示破折号的话，你可以用两个–像这样的连字符–来代替破折号。）但是你要确保子句之间即使是没有破折号也是可以说通的。（在本段第一句话中，即使没有破折号，句子也是可以读通的）。

如果你更想强调句子后面跟随的内容，你也可以在使用冒号的地方用破折号，例如：“The mantlepiece was lined with photographs of people she loved——her mother, her grandmother, a favorite aunt”。又或者你可以通过破折号来强调令人惊讶的事情：“Her family’s photographs were displayed on the mantlepiece; there were pictures of parents, grandparents, and siblings——and of Muffin, a Yorkshire terrier”。破折号是用来分开一个句子，而连字符则是为了使单词组合在一起，例如：broken-hearted、two-thirds、sister-in-law等。

缩略词

在使用缩略词的时候一定要标注它们的完整意思，除非你有充足的理由相信你的读者能够认识你文章中的所有缩略词

一些常用的缩略词因为它们会比其所代表的单词使用的几率更高，这是你可以放心的在文章中使用缩略词（比如ESP、CEO、AIDS等这些缩略词，如果你不使用缩略词而使用完整的单词表示反而会让人感到诡异）。不过，有一点你需要注意，当你不确定你的读者一定认识这个缩略词时，你需要标注出你所写的缩略词的完整含义，减少读者的阅读成本。

所有引用清晰明了

当你在文章中说到“This theory”或者“That point”抑或简单的“it”时，你是否明确的指出了你所指的理论和观点到底是什么？你是否给出了读者明确的指引？或者你是否给出了明确的引用来源？我们需要记住，清晰的引用很重要，我们需要尊重知识，尊重创造知识的人。

关于“this”的一些事

我们在写作时经常会用“this”来代替我们前文中所说的事情、东西或者论点（其实不止写作，口语中我们也经常这样）。恰当的“this”使用会让文章铿锵有力更有条理。但是，如果有人得了“this”综合症，一篇文章各种“this”，我们相信读者一定会疯掉。在写作时，我们要注意问一下自己：我这个地方使用的“this”是否有清晰明确的对象。如果你自己都摸棱两可时，那请避免使用“this”

不要用“that”来代指一个人

“The first man that walked on the moon.” “The author that she was referring to.”注意，这两句里是人，不是事物——把他们叫做“that”是一种侮辱。我们要用“who”或“whom”来代指人： “The first man who walked on the moon.” “The author to whom she was referring.” 但是，当你不确定是用“who”还是“whom”的时候，你会用“that”来代替吗？下面告诉你什么时候用“who”什么时候用“whom”。

如果你不确定要用哪个词语，请记住：动作的主体就是who（做动作的是who），这个动作的对象就是whom。

避免被动语态

被动语态会使人感到疲惫并会分散人的注意力。说“Einstein’s theory”比说“the theory that was formulated by Einstein”更好。

斜体和下划线

你可以使用其中一个，但是不要两个同时使用。因为他们表达的是同一个意思——下划线代表着词语要用斜体的方式印刷。

以上就是关于英文写作中的标点符号的讲解，希望同学们在写作的时候都能注意到这些细节。

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：The impact of the Iraq war on Europe

本篇paper代写- The impact of the Iraq war on Europe讨论了伊拉克战争对欧洲的影响。如今，伊拉克战争虽已基本结束，但战争除了对中东地区地缘政治产生最直接的深刻影响外，还沉重撞击了欧美传统的跨大西洋战略同盟关系，也在欧洲内部引起了空前的震荡。伊战导致了欧洲分裂的加剧，暴露了欧盟脆弱的一面，欧盟共同外交和安全政策正经受着严峻考验，但对加快欧洲一体化建设会起到推进和刺激作用。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Although the "war of Versailles" launched by the United States has basically ended in a military sense, the war has not only exerted the most direct and profound impact on the geopolitics of the Middle East, but also seriously impacted the traditional transatlantic strategic alliance between Europe and the United States, and caused unprecedented turbulence within Europe. The impact of the Iraq war on Europe is shown in the following two aspects:

The struggle over the role of the United Nations is in essence a unipolar world dominated by the United States or a multilateral security system dominated by the United Nations. In this struggle European power is regrouping, the Paris - Berlin - Moscow axis is emerging. France, Germany and Russia have joined forces to oppose U.S. military action, unprecedented in European history after world war ii. Before the outbreak of the Iraq war, France, Germany and Russia insisted on solving the Iraqi issue through political means within the framework of the United Nations. Together with most members of the security council, France and Russia defeated the United States and Britain's attempt to seek authorization from the security council to legalize the war against Iraq. Although the international community failed to stop the war between the United States and Britain, it lost its legitimacy and was a resolute resistance to American unilateralism.

Europe and the United States are currently engaged in fierce competition on the post-war arrangement of Iraq. The core issue is what role the United Nations plays in Iraq's post-war reconstruction. As the United States and Britain did not have the mandate of the security council for the war in Iraq, the massive international anti-war movement continued, and the call for the United States and Britain to end the military occupation of Iraq as soon as possible increased. Under pressure from powerful anti-war both at home and abroad, Spain, Italy, Denmark, some European countries support the United States during the war to relatively lower support tone, America's strongest Allies Britain also had to most eu countries, agreed to the United Nations play an "important role" in the post-war reconstruction in Iraq. At the European Union summit in Brussels on March 21st the leaders of the member states put aside their dispute over the legality of the war and issued a joint policy statement, "arguing that the United Nations should continue to play a fundamental role in the current crisis and its aftermath". In the face of eu demands, U.S. secretary of state colin Powell went to Brussels on April 3 to attend a meeting of NATO and eu foreign ministers to seek Allies' support for the war and try to mend the rift between the United States and Europe, but to little effect. Mr Powell rejected calls by eu foreign ministers for the UN to play a "central role" in Iraq's post-war reconstruction. After meeting in Belfast, the northern Irish capital, Mr Bush and Mr Blair said the UN could play an "important role". However, the United States explained that the so-called "important role" of the United Nations was limited to humanitarian assistance and that the United States would not allow other organizations and countries, including the United Nations, to intervene in political and security matters. In Mr Powell's words, America and Britain "rightly played a leading role" in the bloody overthrow of saddam.

America agreed to the UN's role after Iraq's war, out of frustration. The objective of the us war against Iraq is very clear: first achieve the military occupation of Iraq, then foster a pro-american puppet regime, and gradually establish a new us-dominated order in the Middle East. This is directly related not only to the economic interests of European countries in the region, but also to the continuing role of the united nations-led multilateral security mechanism. So the UN's ability to lead the reconstruction of Iraq has become the new focus of the struggle. French, German and Russian leaders at their summit in st Petersburg on April 11 reiterated that the United Nations should and must play a "central role" in Iraq's post-war reconstruction, a continuation of the European boycott of the United States' unilateral struggle. Russian President vladimir putin said the three leaders' meeting was aimed at "seeking a solution to the Iraqi issue acceptable to all parties and seeking an international security structure in the 21st century". This shows that France, Germany and Russia have raised the issue of Iraq to the strategic height of the whole international security in the future.

With the Iraq war catalyzing the regrouping of European powers after the cold war, there is talk of an embryonic paris-berlin-moscow axis. Although neither France, Germany nor Russia would seek confrontation with the United States and would try to maintain the cooperative relationship with the United States, the continued unilateralism of the United States is bound to be further boycotted by European countries, and the contradictions between the United States and Europe will inevitably deepen. The European countries divided by the Iraq war will be involved in the recombination of European powers as the situation develops and choose their future orientation.

The division of Europe caused by the war in Iraq has exposed the fragile side of the eu's construction of a "strong and united Europe". The common foreign and security policy of the eu is undergoing severe tests, but it will promote and stimulate the construction of European integration. It is unprecedented in the history of the European Union that the eu is divided into "main battle" and "anti-war" factions over Iraq. It shows that the eu still lacks the necessary internal cohesion as a center of strength in its efforts to build a "great Europe", become an important pole of the world and play an important role in the international arena, which is also the inevitable manifestation of the defects of the eu. The eu is an economic and political bloc composed of national countries. It is a common political desire to establish a strong and unified Europe. However, all member states still regard safeguarding their sovereignty, independence and fundamental strategic interests as the first choice of foreign policy. This is the fundamental reason why it is difficult to form a common position on some major international issues of strategic interest to the eu.

After the end of the cold war, the eu to use its advantageous European geopolitical situation changes, stepped up the pace of expansion of sphere of gain strength, in a unified currency, the euro after set up Europe quick reaction force, do all aspects of the preparation for the eu's enlargement, the absorption of 10 candidates join the signing ceremony of the April 16 in the Greek capital Athens, the European Union will be the expansion of 25 countries from 15 countries. With the increasing of power, the eu's strategic objectives more clear, specifically make the eu's European politicians play a vital role in the international arena "very important", it is with the United States tried to strengthen control over Europe, establish a "unipolar world" dominated by the United States, the strategic goal of collision, conflict has become increasingly prominent. If in the past, the conflict between Europe and the United States mainly focused on the economic field, in recent years, it has been extended to the political and military fields, and the nature of the conflict is also undergoing fundamental changes. The United States' unilateralism caused a strong backlash from the European Union. On the issues of Kyoto protocol, missile defense system established by the United States and the so-called "axis of evil" proposed by the United States, the European Union adopted a series of measures to confront the United States, and the transatlantic alliance became increasingly fractured. The United States is deeply dissatisfied with the centrifugal tendencies of traditional European Allies and has taken various countermeasures to contain and suppress them. When the European Union adopted the euro and the United States instigated NATO to launch the kosovo war, the euro experienced a severe test. The European Union decided to establish the European rapid reaction force. The United States has set up various obstacles to prevent it from using NATO military resources, and led the decision to set up the NATO rapid reaction force in an attempt to offset the role of eu troops. When the ten countries were about to join the European Union, the United States launched a war against Iraq, which led to an open division of the European Union on the issue of war.

The United States divided Europe into "old Europe" and "new Europe", which precisely identified the structural defects and internal contradictions of the European Union, from which it successfully separated. The so-called "old Europe" is mainly the founder countries of the European Union such as France and Germany. In the so-called "new Europe", in addition to Britain and the United States have a "special relationship" has been following the United States, west Portugal attempt by leading eu affairs, most of the central and eastern European countries to support the United States to join the European Union ", "war, more for their own security interests, the eu's military capabilities do not have enough case for America's military umbrella. France and Germany and other major eu countries fear is not only the United States through the war in the Middle East to establish its dominant political and economic order in the Middle East, damage the interests of the eu's long-term strategy, at the same time more concerned about the United Nations as a representative of multilateral order is damaged, establishing a unilateral American hegemony world order, hinder the eu to become the world's a very important goal.

The eu is disappointed and frustrated by its failure to stop the war. There is no doubt that the Iraq war as a result of division for the eu to establish "great Europe" by internal reform, making the future European constitution, a common foreign and defence policy added new difficulties, but at the same time to promote European leaders reflections on the future development pattern of the European Union, the more effective way to seek to speed up the construction of European integration.

There is a fierce debate within the eu about whether to create a "federation" or a looser "confederation" model of Europe, which involves the nature of Europe's future entities. The head of the European Union's constitutional preparatory committee, Peter des, has even suggested that a European "declaration of independence" should be made, which is now harder for most member states to accept. Nevertheless, the eu must undertake institutional reforms and change the existing voting mechanism to ensure the effective operation of the "big Europe" after the eu's enlargement, and it has become the consensus of member states to strengthen the operational capacity of common foreign and security policies. At the same time, the Iraq war will spur the eu's desire to seek a common defence as a force behind the international importance of "big Europe". The kosovo war prompted the European Union to speed up the creation of a 60,000-strong quick reaction force, but not a true eu-defence force. "Because we lack military capability and have to rely solely on the United States, the pro-american candidates do not believe that European military capability can guarantee their security," Belgian foreign minister michel camelot said of the eu split over the Iraq war. France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and Greece has decided to take part in the end of April 5 countries joint defence summit in Brussels, discuss the eu defense integration problems, some other eu countries also don't rule out the possibility of attending the meeting, this is a remarkable important in the process of European integration.

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Essay代写：The supply and demand of fictitious economy

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The supply and demand of fictitious economy，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了虚拟经济的供给与需求。虚拟经济以互联网为基础，所以其虚拟性很明显。而且虚拟经济具有快速和即时性特点，虚拟经济在网络化的条件下，使供给和需求的变化很快。虚拟经济的网络化效果为各国促进分工和专业化提供了很好的技术手段和机会，只要政策得当，注意促进经济结构的调整，实现经济增长，需求和供给的矛盾是可以解决的。

The supply and demand of the virtual economy have merged, which is the result of the continuous extension of the circuitous production chain caused by division of labor and professional development. Therefore, the supply and demand of the virtual economy are two aspects of the deepening and expansion of the market, determined by division of labor and professional level.

Since the virtual economy is based on the Internet, the virtuality seems obvious. But, this kind of fictitious sex is built on the network of reality, fictitious sex is its technical feature only, reality is the fundamental reason that fictitious economy becomes contemporary economy important expression form. In fact or in logic, the actual growth of a country's economy cannot be virtual. Reality is the inevitable requirement of real economy. However, due to the technical characteristics of the Internet, virtual existence does exist. What needs to be further clarified is that the Internet itself cannot automatically become a necessary condition for economic growth, and only through certain institutional arrangements and human choices can it become a powerful driving force for economic growth and an economic force. Because, economic growth wants to solve capital, manpower, knowledge, technology and so on problem is organized below an institutional framework. That's why IT investments were so large in the U.S. in the 1960s, but by the 1990s there were doubts about the true contribution of these technologies to productivity, so much so that economists argued that computers were everywhere, but not in the productivity tables. This fact shows that technology needs a certain system and mechanism to play a role in the process, which is the process of finding an effective division of labor structure and network structure. Virtual reality has become an important feature of the network - based virtual economy.

These characteristics of virtual economy make its supply and demand appear new form and development trend. In-depth study of the supply and demand of virtual economy is helpful for us to grasp the characteristics and development trend of virtual economy more specifically and clearly and understand the current macroeconomic policies.

With the development of the network, the rise of the virtual economy, especially the rise of e-commerce, new features of demand and supply have emerged, showing a trend of integration, supply and demand determine each other.

First, the B2B and B2C business models of e-commerce make the mutual determination and dependence of supply and demand more obvious. The gap between demand and supply is getting shorter, and the distinction between suppliers, manufacturers and customers is becoming blurred. As the virtual economy has the characteristics of rapidity and immediacy, the virtual economy changes rapidly in supply and demand under the condition of network. With the great enrichment of social material production and more and more powerful demand side, the virtual economy has the characteristics of "customization economy" and "experience economy". For example, the production of many advanced cars in the world is customized according to the different requirements of consumers. These transactions are often discussed continuously through the network to determine the detailed details of the transaction object. Finally, manufacturers will first show consumers a virtual customized car online. In turn, car manufacturers will introduce so-called "concept cars" on the Internet and observe consumers' reactions. Manufacturers can directly arrange production according to the information and even orders on the network. Manufacturers' innovation directly creates demand. Even in typical traditional enterprises such as automobile production, the role of the network is also important.

Secondly, the virtual transaction of network economy makes supply and demand blur into the total network transaction. For example, in the stock market, the object of the transaction is a legal right called equity. Sometimes this right can be transferred countless times in a day. The supplier and demander need not be specified. Information technology and network technology make stock trading completely unified, become the size and scale of a trading network problem.

Thirdly, according to the emerging classical economic theory established by economists such as Yang xiaokai, the more important function of virtual economy first is to provide more effective economic organization structure under the condition of information technology and network technology, and promote the development of division of labor and specialization. The demand and supply created by the network economy is the effect of market expansion, marking the arrival of a new stage of economic development. The United States would not have left Japan far behind in just a decade, if not for the new growth in high technology, especially information technology. Therefore, demand and supply is a deep problem of market network size and specialization in nature. The networked effect of virtual economy provides countries with good technological means and opportunities to promote division of labor and specialization. As long as policies are appropriate and attention is paid to promoting economic restructuring and realizing economic growth, the contradiction between demand and supply can be solved.

Supply and demand are determined by the division of labor and the level of specialization, so supply and demand are two sides of the division of labor, while the level of division of labor is determined by the division of labor, the size of the market network is determined by the level of division of labor, and the level of division of labor in turn affects the size of the market network. As Yang ge, an early famous American economist said, the size of the market is not only determined by the size of population, but also by the effective purchasing power, which is determined by income, income is determined by productivity, and productivity depends on the level of division of labor. This is what Yang xiaokai called the Yang ge theorem.

Since supply and demand are determined by both the division of labor and the level of specialization, the division of labor and the level of specialization are supermarginal, that is, the organizational structure of an economy.

In the absence of division of labor and specialization, no market conditions, people are self-sufficient, no supply and demand issues.

Under the condition of the local division of labor, producers of self, part depends on the market, the production of producers and specialization level is decided by trade terms and price, if the deals are profitable, the producer will gradually improve their professional level, focus on developing their own competitive advantage, and relying more on the market, the supply and demand of individual enterprises have increased, so that his professional level also affects other people's level of labor division, prompting others to expand the supply and demand at the same time. At this point, the whole market expands, which is a market network effect.

Under the condition of large-scale division of labor, especially under the condition of virtual economy, the professional development and efficient information dissemination make the mutual dependence of supply and demand more obvious. Since the size and depth of the market are determined by the division of labor and the level of specialization, the improvement of the level of specialization means the narrowing of the range of individual activities, that is, increasingly impossible to be self-sufficient, and at the same time, the increasing reliance on society. Therefore, the improvement of division of labor and the level of specialization enables the more specialized individual or organization to increase the supply in his or her area of concentration, and this supply is not only the increase in quantity, but more importantly, the development of new products or the improvement of product quality. New specialization or deepening of specialization, on the one hand, increases supply, on the other hand, also increases demand, and this demand may be entirely new due to the emergence of new specialization.

The new classical economics provides us with a new analysis method of demand and supply, namely the supermarginal analysis method. Supermarginal analysis is the analysis of economic structure before doing marginal analysis. As division of labor and specialization can be organized with different economic structures, it is necessary to first analyze possible economic structures and select the optimal structure. Super marginal analysis is a kind of nonlinear analysis method and its economic meaning is: the economic structure is not given in advance and is determined by a certain level of division of labor and specialization of market freedom of choice, and the choice of economic structure and change is not linear, angular point of various possible situation is different between economic structure may be in a different corner jump around, jump between the possibility that there are different. That is to say, the supermarginal analysis first focuses on the organizational structure and mode of the economy, whether it is organized one way or another, and then the allocation of resources, how much.

So, does supermarginal analysis apply to the modern virtual economy? The answer is yes. At present, almost all industrial countries and many developing countries, after entering the new century, the main problem facing economic development is not the shortage of supply side, but the shortage of demand side. Lack of effective demand seems to be a major obstacle to economic development. In the contemporary virtual economy, global overproduction becomes a principal contradiction, which is an economic structure problem from the point of view of supermarginal.

For the developed countries, the capacity of the market network determined by the level of division of labor needs to be expanded to develop new division of labor and economic structure. Behind the demand drive is the decision of supply and the size of the market network. If we look at us economic growth from the perspective of aggregate demand, we can see that consumption, investment, government public expenditure and export, which constitute the main content of aggregate demand, are closely related to the scale of the market network of division of labor and specialization. One is that one-third of American household wealth comes from the specialized capital market, which, though not directly produced, can find opportunities, prices and funding as an important part of the social division of labor. The ups and downs of the stock market affect Americans' purchasing power. The once-booming U.S. stock market has been associated with special historical opportunities, but why aren't other developed countries showing up? The fundamental reason is that the United States has gained an advantage in developing a new round of high-tech division of labor and specialization, and its science and technology level is much higher than that of other countries. The current difficulties in the United States indicate that this division of labor and specialization requires further development and adjustment. Second, the investment that constitutes an important part of American economic growth is indeed closely related to the network economy that has developed. In terms of exports, it also has a strong relationship with the spread of the Internet economy from the United States to the world. The faster the Internet grows globally, the more demand there is for Internet products and services, leading to more sales by us companies such as Microsoft, Intel, lucent, cisco and AT&T.

Therefore, in terms of the policy to expand domestic demand in China, we should not only pay attention to the problem of demand side, but also study the problem of supply side. We should not emphasize the problem of one aspect in isolation. However, we should recognize that the more fundamental and profound reasons for the lack of demand lie in the low level of division of labor and specialization, the limited scope of the market and the insufficient deepening of the market. The solution is to increase the freedom of market subjects, increase the freedom of the market, and remove institutional and institutional obstacles to division of labor and specialization, which is consistent with the spirit of the third plenary session of the sixteenth central committee.

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