北美作业代写：How to increase corporate influence

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- How to increase corporate influence，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了如何提高企业的影响力。在社会生活中，影响是人与人、人与事的密切联系和相互作用。影响力指的是影响别人言行的一种能力，而这种能力往往对企业的生存和发展产生着举足轻重的作用。而企业要增强自身的影响力，就必须认识到自身要承担自己的社会责任，一个拥有着强烈的社会责任感的企业，必将拥有着广泛的社会影响力和竞争力。

In social life, "influence" refers to the close connection and interaction between people and things. "Influence" refers to the ability to influence others' words and deeds, which often plays a decisive role in the survival and development of enterprises. An enterprise with real influence can fully reflect its social value in the fierce social competition, and at the same time, can constantly survive and grow in the fierce competition. This paper aims to discuss how to improve the influence of enterprises from the following four aspects: fulfill social responsibility, enhance comprehensive competitiveness, improve crisis management ability and get government support.

The so-called corporate social responsibility refers to the obligations of enterprises to the society while pursuing their own interests. We know: any enterprise is part of the society, can not leave society and their social responsibility and individual existence, the enterprise to enhance its influence, we must realize itself should assume their social responsibility, with a strong sense of social responsibility of enterprises, will have a wide range of social influence and competitiveness. This paper holds that enterprises can fulfill their social responsibilities mainly from the following aspects:

As a new era enterprise, we not only need to disclose traditional accounting information, but also need to actively cultivate talents suitable for the new era to further expand their influence and strengthen the sustainable development of the enterprise, and add environmental costs on the basis of the original accounting. Through the accounting statements of enterprises to the vast number of users of statements to convey the enterprise's commitment to social responsibility, thereby expanding the social influence of enterprises.

We should actively change corporate social responsibility from external pressure to internal demand impetus. In this way, it is possible for an enterprise to turn its social responsibility into a driving force for its long-term development.

Michael potter think, if the enterprise can use the strategic view of corporate social responsibility, so corporate social responsibility can be either for the enterprise to solve social problems, also can bring competitive advantage for the enterprise. Enterprises should select the social problems that have a crossing point with their own business to create the Shared value between enterprises and society. Michael ・ potter the main social responsibility problem is divided into three categories, namely the common social problems, the value chain leading social problem and the competitive environment leading social problem. It is necessary for every enterprise to classify social problems into the above three categories for its business units and business locations, and rank them according to the size of their potential impact. Different methods of corporate participation are adopted for different social problems so as to bring win-win results for both enterprises and the society.

Generally speaking, the stakeholders of a company include the responsibilities of customers, the public, employees, social organizations and investors. The first is to ensure good communication between enterprises and customers through quality products and services, and to reward the public with ethical and ethical actions. Secondly, it harmonizes the relationship between enterprises and social organizations and government institutions by taking social responsibilities. Finally, by taking social responsibilities, enterprises have a good impact on employees' thoughts and further strengthened the internal cohesion and influence of enterprises, as well as a sense of responsibility for investors.

Enterprises must constantly enhance their comprehensive competitiveness to constantly improve and improve themselves. However, different enterprises are faced with different difficulties, and each enterprise should be treated according to its different characteristics. The so-called ten thousand change does not leave its zong, enhances the enterprise's comprehensive competition ability mainly from the following aspects to proceed.

Resource allocation of any enterprise mainly consists of three parts: resource allocation method, resource allocation ability and resource allocation benefit. These three parts embody the resource allocation system and mechanism of an enterprise, and then determine the competitiveness of the enterprise's comprehensive ability.

The so-called enterprise operation mode refers to the enterprise equipment, technical mastery and management level. The competitiveness of operating mode = advanced and applicable equipment + continuously advanced technology + further leading management. Technology, equipment and management together determine the enterprise's comprehensive competitiveness. Good management is the most important, and behind the management is the quality of personnel. That is to say, the performance of the enterprise is ultimately determined by human factors.

The core of employee quality is professional manager quality. We know that the manager emphasizes professionalism. He needs to have excellent operation and management ability, have the concept of serving investors, high professional dedication, professional management level and good professional ethics, be good at optimizing the allocation of resources and maintaining a good enterprise operation mode. In a sense, the competition between enterprises is the competition between entrepreneurs and managers.

In addition to the excellent performance of professional managers, enterprises also need a large number of lean middle-level department heads, as well as skilled operators who can complete basic tasks. Only when these supervisors, operators and professional managers cooperate with each other sincerely, will the enterprise be full of vitality and maintain outstanding competitiveness.

The preventive management of the enterprise organization must not be done, otherwise, once the enterprise organization has a crisis event, the chaos of the end, is a failure. The damage must therefore be tightly controlled and minimized, as crises inevitably cause harm, and the crisis team should discuss how to achieve isolation in the early stages of a crisis in normal preventive management.

Preventive management is not only an important means for the survival of an enterprise, but also a basic strategy for its operation. It mainly includes the following aspects: first, in order to reduce the damage caused by the crisis, the enterprise organization must carry out long-term planning and make continuous amendments. Second is to control the accident in the workplace emergency element. Third, as an enterprise organization management should be actively involved, and appropriate self-control. Fourth, minimize the chances of employee failure.

In the process of operation, any enterprise organization will inevitably encounter major emergencies with negative results. If the negative results damage the public interests outside the enterprise organization, it may attract a large number of media, resulting in a negative impact on the image of the enterprise organization. Businesses must immediately verify media reports and the severity of the damage. Or there is evidence that the liability lies with third parties, or factors beyond our control.

Once the organizational image of the company is hurt, the best course is to try to prove that it has nothing to do with me, either to tell people that it is not true, or to tell them that it is someone else's fault. The most important thing is to conduct damage control. However, whether the decision-making process from "denial" to "recognition" is timely or not is the most common mistake made by many decision-makers. The time is fleeting.

Therefore, enterprises play a very important role in enhancing their influence, especially the improvement of crisis management ability. The so - called gossip and gossip are awesome. Often refers to the enterprise when the crisis is not able to respond to the timely and accurate adverse consequences.

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Assignment代写：American TV series

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- American TV series，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美剧。美剧是大家对美国电视剧集的简称，包括肥皂剧、情景喜剧和情节系列剧，我们平时比较熟知的是情节系列剧，题材会涉及到科幻、冒险等。美剧新颖独特的题材深深的吸引了中国观众，尤其是中国年轻观众，他们大多对国内电视剧的主题感到审美疲劳，因此对题材新颖大胆的美剧表现出浓浓的兴趣。


American TV series is short for American TV series. American TV series became increasingly popular in China after the introduction of lost and prison break in 1870's the man from the Atlantic ocean. The popularity of American TV series inevitably has its own unique characteristics.

In the American television industry structure system, commercial television has been the main body. The media industry's supercarriers, time warner inc., Disney group, news corp and CBS, as well as cable, public television, local television and satellite television, make up the United States' vast television network. In addition to the direct stations in the cities where the major television networks are located, there are also a number of satellite stations throughout the country. This network structure of large TV media companies combined with their respective stations is the most important feature of American TV organization system.

American audiences will see about 5,000 new episodes of television every year. These TV works are aired from mid-september to late April of the following year, so we watch American TV series on a seasonal basis and only see one episode per week. This may be difficult for Chinese audiences to accept, after all, it is different from our TV broadcasting system. American TV series and its focus on ratings, a poor TV series can not survive, if ratings under the network will cut it. This promotes us TV series to pursue excellent production, which is a great pressure and challenge for writers, directors and actors. Therefore, we can enjoy the works of god dramas. For the most part, each episode of American TV series has invested a huge amount of money. For example, Rome spent $100 million on seven years, er spent $13 million on each episode, prehistoric times spent nearly $20 million on its first episode, and lost cost about $5 million per episode. The input cost of each TV series can catch up with the total cost of a domestic movie.

American dramas include soap operas, sitcoms and melodramas. We are usually familiar with plot series, such as science fiction, crime drama, medical drama, adventure drama, fantasy drama, war drama and so on.

The novel and unique themes of American TV series have deeply attracted Chinese audiences, especially young Chinese audiences. Most of them feel the aesthetic fatigue of the prominent theme of Chinese TV series, "wife, children, hot kang head". Therefore, they show great interest in American TV series with novel and bold themes. TV drama happened to capture the latest events, such as "24" is after 9.11 U.S. anti-terrorism measures the performance of each stage. People who watch American TV series often know that the police and government, which symbolize justice, tend to be the villains in the series, while prisoners or small characters tend to represent justice. The theme selection of American TV series has very strong characteristics, such as humans with super powers, zombies with cannibalism all over the city, plane crash landing on a deserted island and so on. These only exist in our childhood fantasy, domestic TV series and movies rarely cover this aspect, and young people like adventure thrills, which is one of the reasons why American TV series are popular.

In the American TV series, the characters are portrayed incisively and vividly. Good people are not always good, bad people are not always bad, the complexity of characters, everyone has their own ideas, according to their own interests to choose a position. For example, cera in HEROS killed a lot of people to seize superpowers, but he was extremely vulnerable in his heart. His desire for motherly love and recognition was also taken advantage of by Pitt's mother, and sela became a good man in the last season to help Peter beat Samuel. Prison break's psychopathic t-bag, a scheming, scheming serial killer, is depicted on the other side of him as compassionate, warm and kind. Or the cop in there, who's a tough guy in prison, but dies while helping MICHAEL and LINCOLN escape in the final season.

American TV series pay attention to its cultural characteristics. Americans admire individual heroism. In lost, doctor Jack is the leader of the team, and all members obey his leadership. There is also a second leader between them, that is, John's positioning is Jack's conscious brain. When Jack is confused or confused, John will come forward and give advice and advice. "" the walking dead" "has that kind of relationship, too, with Rick as the absolute leader, and Daryl and Dale as the no. 2 leader. Cars and motorcycles play an important role in American culture, so in "the walking dead," we see Daryl's handsome motorcycle. Americans pursue freedom and the spirit of rebellion. Even though their opponents are so powerful, the main characters in American TV dramas are never afraid. What prison break and burn in the ashes are faced with are all persecuted by the President. The American TV series pays attention to the issue of racial discrimination. In many American TV series, black people often sacrifice themselves to save lives. This can be interpreted as that the director wants to highlight the kindness and selflessness of black people.

Some American TV series look grand, blindly pursue visual effect, infinite burst plasma caters to audience's alternative aesthetic demand, but the story also contains the deep philosophy, in the drama always can sublimate the theme, achieves the result which causes deep thought. For example, in "the walking dead", facing the doomsday full of zombies, the shortage of food and other resources, and facing the few survivors, will people get together to overcome the difficulties? While people are curious about the 2012 doomsday hypothesis, the show has already given people an answer. In the face of the threat of life, the shortage of supplies will lead to a great deal of violence between people. At this time, human nature and human civilization are destroyed, exposing the animal nature of instinct. In order to survive, occupy territory and resources, as in the walking dead Rick and the governor's war.

"The end of the world" is about the world's blackout and the fall of the government. Similarly, in the face of runaway situations, people steal and kill for supplies. In the absence of power is the rise of many petty warlords who fought each other for territory.

In "lost," the ending is mixed, with six years of anticipation leading up to a ghost movie. However, from another perspective, this is the sublimation of the whole film. After death, the world becomes perfect. Jack has a son who has repaired the "father-son relationship". John had a father's love instead of a ruthless con man who stole his kidney; Daniel became a pianist, not a physicist; James becomes a cop, not a criminal. In this world, everyone has got the most care about the things, love the people, in the past life most want to get but have not realized. In this world, they finally get together and go to heaven. In this world they have achieved self-redemption.

"The Pacific war" and "brothers" are good historical war plays. Both plays are interspersed with documentaries. There are memories of world war ii veterans at the beginning, middle and end of the show. Both plays are piecemeal narratives, with each episode addressing each war example. In each episode, apart from the big scenes, the war scenes also highlight the description of soldiers under fire. The nervous recruits were shot instantly for their lack of battlefield experience, leaving the veterans to lament. Because of the high nervous tension, the sleeping sentry woke up and mistakenly regarded his comrades as enemies and stabbed them with bayonets. A war hero returning from the battlefield temporarily abandoned his new wife for the mediocrity of raising money for the war. The troops who had just retired from the front line were hoping to return to their homeland for recuperation, but they were again sent to the front by the urgent order of the front line, leaving the soldiers silent and lost. Soldiers fear death; Soldiers hate war; In the face of the enemy, the soldiers were immeasurably brave. At the end of the series, the director shows the psychological trauma suffered by the soldiers after the war. These wounds affect not only the soldiers themselves, but also their families. American TV series take war dramas very seriously, completely restore historical facts, highlight the cruelty of war, and put people first to highlight the tragedy of soldiers in and after war.

Therefore, American TV series have made great efforts to sublimate the theme. While appreciating the grand scenes and exciting plots, we are also thinking about the philosophy of life. The depth of their thoughts is highly sought after by young people, especially contemporary college students.

The mechanism and advantages of American TV series are worth learning from. Film and television products not only bring huge economic effects, but also benefit the dissemination of national culture. The most direct way for a foreigner to learn about the culture of the country is through film and television. Therefore, in the production of film and television works, we should take the essence and discard the dross, and produce better film and television works, so that our culture can better go to the world.

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Nursing论文写作讲解

对于在国外留学的同学们来说，英文论文是无法逃避的事情。哪怕你选择的是最冷门的专业，但老师还是会布置论文作业的。而Nursing论文，讲究的是科学性和新颖性。科学性是实验设计是否符合科学？得到的结论是否经得起检验？这些东西在Nursing论文里都是要点，下面就给大家详细讲解一下。

先来看看写nursing论文的结构：

1) Title

2) Authors + affiliation,

3) Abstract

4) Keywords,

5) abbreviations,

6) Introduction,

7) Methods

8) Results (or Results and discussion)

9) Discussion,

10) Conclusions,

11) Acknowledgments,

12) Reference

13) Tables

14) Figure captions

15) Figures

以上提到的这些部分即使有一点点差别，但是大体都是这样的。

对于nursing论文的各部分内容要怎么去写好，参考大量的经验加上我自己的看法，总结如下：这也可以是文章写作的顺序。

1、Methods放在第一位是因为很好写。你可以毫不犹豫的把你自己实验设计、实验过程，数据的采集，分析、统计方法等都拿事实摆出来。当然，你也不要一字不漏地描写你实验过程。过细，容易造成后面的结果与讨论部分显得单薄，文章整体看上去就会头大身子小，不协调。过粗，读者看不明白，甚至怀疑你的结果。

2、写到Results的时候不能马上就动笔。在写之前，先列几个subsections，把相对应的图表放进去。描写一张表或者一副图，第一句应该是交代这个表或者图所表达的主题，然后依次述说。可以从大到小，可以由特征A到特征B……。一般在Results中，不讨论。如果有必要，适当可以加一些画龙点睛的话语，但是不可过多，以免影响或者重复后面的Discussion部分。

3、Discussion在整篇文章中是最重要的一部分。毫无疑问这也是最难写的部分。讨论是你对该工作认识的升华，也是提炼你的结果。如果知识面不广，认识不够，讨论部分就会很难写，而且讨论深度可能会不够，这往往是投稿被拒的主要原因！在写之前，像Results一样，先列几个subsections，表达你想讨论的主题，然后深入展开。在各个subsections，不外乎三部分：你的结果、前人结果、支持理由。我认为讨论部分没有固定的模型，但要有逻辑，要有支撑依据，不要仅在比较低的层次上面，要解释why和how。

4、Introduction放在这个位置也不是我说了算的，因为写完Results和Discussion，你会对这篇文章的内容有着更深入的理解。这个时候，才回过头写Introduction。这样做的目的是便于你在Introduction部分提出的一些假设或者预设的问题与Discussion的主要讨论问题前后呼应。Introduction本身的目的是让读者理解和评价你这个工作的重要。所以，开场白，你先要笼统地（注意这个词）介绍这方面研究的意义（1段）。然后综述前人的工作，并指出目前的不足，或相关的信息（需要1-2段），从而提出该工作的动机。Introduction也要根据后面结果与讨论的需要，或长或短，个人认为不能超过结果与讨论的部分。

5、Conclusions在这里可以取巧，但不要生搬硬套。当你写完Results和Discussion后，把主要的结果和该工作延伸的科学以及实际意义放在这个部分里面就行了。但是也不要直接从前面copy过来，把主要结果串联起来，重新组织一段话。如果主要结果不能做到连贯，也可以依次列上。Conclusions一般一段就够了。

6、这里可以告诉大家Abstract就是文章的浓缩版，是排在Title后面受到读者阅览最多的部分。在这个里面，第一句一般是这方面工作的意义，然后是研究目标、方法、结果、结论，甚至还要加上一句有关这项工作的科学和实际意义。这部分是麻雀虽小，但五脏俱全。

7、Title：当把上面几个部分写完后，你对自己的文章有了更加清楚的了解。这个时候，你可以对前面取的Title作进一步的修饰，尽可能贴近文章的主要内容， Title可以朝吸引读者眼球的方向发展，达到让他们看Abstract或者全文的目的，但是也不要哗众取宠，脱离你文章的核心。

总而言之，写nursing论文不能像写散文诗歌一样发表自己的感想，拿事实说话。不要过多的臆测，要做到准确(Accurate)、简要(Brief)、清楚(Clear)。

以上就是关于nursing论文的写作讲解，同学们看完了这些步骤之后对nursing论文是否有了更进一步的了解？

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：The jewish law

本篇paper代写- The jewish law讨论了犹太律法。犹太民族的律法体系与古代其他民族有所不同，由于是全民信教，几乎所有的法律法规都集中在了犹太教的宗教经典中。犹太律法是以犹太教的经典《塔纳赫》为基础的，所以被称为犹太民族百科全书的《塔纳赫》是研究犹太律法最重要的文献资料。犹太律法的核心是《托拉》，它是公认的犹太教成文律法，也是犹太律法的第一种来源，为犹太民族确立了人人必须忠诚信奉的基本道德规范和法律制度。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

The origin of the jewish law is extremely complex, which absorbs the traditional customs and laws of the ancient near eastern nations, takes "tola" as the core of the law, and the successive jewish scholars constantly explain, expand and supplement, finally forming the legal system with "tanach", "Talmud" and other religious classics as the carrier. The expression of ancient jewish law is simple and vague. With the development of society and economy, the original law can no longer adapt to the new social situation. In order to solve this problem, the jewish scholars adopted the "practical interpretation method", which legalized the behaviors that deviate from the law on the premise of not violating the literal meaning of the law. Meanwhile, this practical interpretation method maintained the sanctity and authority of the jewish law.

The jewish people are known for abiding by the jewish law and upholding traditional authority, which means "a profound moral seriousness and personal responsibility" to the jewish people. Ever since the first great diaspora in jewish history, jews have lived in foreign lands for hundreds of years. The devout religious beliefs produced a strong centripetal force, gathering up the jews scattered around the world, so that they were not assimilated by other nations, and always existed as a whole nation. In the process, it is the law of the jewish Canon that sets "generations of colored people in a single mode of idea-a mode of highly purified humanity." Through the law, the jewish people transformed their lives into a cultural tradition full of toughness and vitality, maintaining the ethics and moral integrity of the jewish nation as a "unique" nation in the world, and thus making the formation and development of the jewish law special and sacred.

The jewish legal system differs from other ancient nations in that almost all laws and regulations are concentrated in the jewish religious classics because they are all religious. Jewish law is Judaism classic "tower," namely "in the Hebrew bible, common sense and Christian ・ old testament of the bible in the same content), the Talmud," Joe rousseff tower ", the midrash, works on the basis of. Tanach, known as the encyclopedia of the jewish people, is the most important document on the study of jewish law. According to the tradition of Judaism, tanach is divided into three parts: tola, the book of the prophets and the holy book. The jewish law is formed with the torah as the core. It is the accepted jewish written law and the first source of the jewish law, which establishes the basic moral code and legal system that everyone must be faithful to.

In order to make the jewish people not in the long history of the exotic stranger forget yahweh god's will, not by ethnic assimilation, generations of jewish thinkers of the past, the scholars constantly to be the interpretation of the interpretation, the posterity to describe the these oral compiled into set, called the Talmud, a book about in 3, the 5th century AD, also known as "oral" the bible. The Talmud is divided into the mishnah and the gamara. The mishnah is a book compiled by the prince of judah in the 3rd century. It consists of six volumes and 63 chapters, including 613 commandments. Gramara was a review and discussion of the mishnah by later scholars, which was compiled into a book about 300 years after the emergence of the mishnah. Together they form the so-called oral torah, the Talmud of Judaism. The Talmud is divided into the babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud, which are made by different jewish scholars in their respective schools in Babylon and Palestine, but both are based on the same mishnah. The two Talmud are different in terms of style, order and content. The Talmud commonly referred to as "Talmud of Babylon" generally refers to "Talmud of Babylon", and "Talmud of Babylon" is more clear and complete than "Talmud of Jerusalem". But the prince of judah did not put all his previous scholars and the rabbi's viewpoint, the decisions were collected in the dense and many of them have not been mentioned the reason could be because some people repeated the viewpoint of those who have already been published, and it is also possible because some people in the prince of judah seems not enough authority. The views of these scholars and rabbis were incorporated into the book in the form of "Baraitha", which was elaborated in more detail, according to the order and classification of the mishnah. These "Baraitha" produced a new book, "toseffta". It has the same external features, language and style as the mishnah, but more important are the anecdotes and anecdotes of the tosevta. "Midrash" is divided into "halakha" and "acada" according to different contents. The first part of "halakha" is an explanation of the laws, doctrines and etiquette in the scripture, and elaborates how the law is applied in practical life. The second part of "acada" is the legendary stories, folk stories and historical figures told by the rabbis in the process of preaching.

It can be seen from the contents of the classical jewish literature that the jewish law is based on the "tora", whose content is the inspiration of the god yahowe. The religious belief, legal system, ethics and code of conduct thus derived have absolute sanctity and authority, is supreme and cannot be violated. But the laws recorded in tola are very concise, general and vague, and difficult to apply in real life. Although a large number of more detailed oral laws, such as Talmud, have appeared, along with the development of social economy, new situations have emerged, and there are more blank spots and inconsistencies and contradictions in written laws. Jewish scholars and rabbis record controversial places and more typical judicial decisions as precedents for future cases, and make it an important source for further interpretation and clarification of the law. In addition, they further expanded the records of jewish law in other forms to adapt to new situations in society, such as Responsa and Commentarie, the most famous of which is the code of maimonides.

From the perspective of history, the sources of jewish law are various and complicated. Besides the religious classics represented by "tora", the main sources of jewish law are tradition, precedent, royal decrees and the constantly sanctified writings in the latter two forms. The Hebrews, known as the forefathers of Israel, were a tribe of the amorites. Around 1800 BC to 1800 BC was the ancient ancestors of the Israeli national period, then the children of Israel is not a nation, but in regions of the amorites, canaanites, they in the patriarchal clan society stage, living in the nomadic, half, no land available for farming, but will not regularly contact with agricultural civilization. The leader of the family of this period under its control to all members of the family has complete jurisdiction, the main legal form is a traditional and customary law, it has to do with Israel later periods of law is not particularly big difference, the main difference is that the execution of the law, it is through the realization of "self help", that is to say, with personal power rather than the law enforcement agencies to preserve their rights. For example, Dinah the daughter of Jacob was defiled by shechem the hivite, and her brothers simeon and Levi killed shechem and his people.

They had to move to Egypt at the time of the famine. But with the establishment of the 18th dynasty of Egypt, the brutal enslavement of foreigners, including the israelites, began, and so they managed to escape from Egypt under the leadership of Moses around the 13th century BC. But since the first attack the land of Canaan, they have to roam in the sinai desert forty years, that time is a key in Israel's national history starting period, Moses used from out of Egypt to enter Canaan forty years of certain ethnic characteristics of the children of Israel were important transformation, set up perfect political organizations and legal system, "since then, we can think of, the national character of the children of Israel began to show... The clan and tribal organization of the israelites was further established and perfected ". "originally loosely structured israelis formed a cohesive collective, and these people and their descendants undoubtedly became the core of the later Israeli nation". Both secular and spiritual leadership, this period was focused on Moses, who was also the supreme judge and military governor, with jurisdiction and military command. The core of the jewish law, the written law of Judaism, was formed in this period. The law of Moses in tola was handed down to Moses by god jahweh in the form of the ten commandments and judgments on mount sinai. Wandering in the sinai desert forty years later, when new happens, Moses to yahweh god ask for instructions, a ruling in the form of god, and after the sentence as a judgment of the case, in this way to establish a series of more deeper law, add in the divine shows the performance of the law in the eyes of the law of mandatory and voluntary.

After the settlement of Canaan, Israel entered a historical period known as the age of judges, spanning from about the 12th century BC to the 11th century BC. Israel at this time was a loose alliance, and the newly formed tribes were divided in time of peace, with the elders of each tribe dealing with their daily affairs. During the war, they united around the leaders known as "judges", who combined "the trinity of the prophet, the commander and the savior, and were seen as the chosen and the wise men of god". In fact, this stage is in a kind of anarchy, from a legal point of view, "everyone can do what he thinks is right But there is still a widely accepted behavioral law. However, "this widely accepted behavioral law" was not created by the jews themselves, but absorbed the traditional customs and judicial habits of the ancient near eastern nations, and improved and reconstructed them for their own use. For example, scholars believe that the "law of doubt" in jewish law originated in Mesopotamia, and this type of law was first introduced to the canaanite region and formed the recognized canaanite law. After the settlement of Canaan by the israelites, it influenced the laws of Israel, which were different in form from the laws created by the people of Israel. The laws created by the people of Israel exist in the form of simple commands, such as: you cannot steal, and those who curse their parents will be executed. The constitution of the "law of decision" is to attach a corresponding legal solution to the hypothetical situation, for example, if a cow kills a person... Its owner will be put to death. The emergence of the "law of doubt" in the jewish Canon suggests that much of the jewish law is part of a broad tradition in the ancient near east. From the content and form of the legal system, there are obvious similarities between the jewish law and the code unearthed in the ancient near east. The system of jewish law lacks a systematic capacity to interpret abstract concepts, definitions, and legal terms. So far, six codes have been found in the near east successively, including the code of hammurabi written in ancient babylonian, ancient babylonian, Assyrian and hittite. All of these codes show characteristics similar to jewish law, and all illustrate legal rules by listing examples, showing that jewish law developed in the same context.

After entering the monarchical society in the 11th century BC, the king who led the state of Israel was also regarded as the man chosen by the god jahweh. Therefore, the king was the supreme leader of the legal system, able to issue decrees and make judgments, and the judgments made by the king were regarded as the precedent for future trials. Tanach's account of events also contains a number of judicial decisions that have been used as original precedents for subsequent statutes.

Moreover, because of the early creation of the jewish law, it was unable to adapt to the needs of the reality, even contrary to the social reality; To the jews who believed deeply in the god jahweh, they should never violate the law from god. In this case, later jewish jurists adopted a practice that could do both. They put forward some laws and regulations in line with their social situation, and explained the new laws with the contents of tanach. This interpretation means that the jewish scholars can give new connotation to the original legal provisions according to their own understanding, and the new connotation only needs to meet the requirements of "tanach" in form or literal sense, and there is no restriction on the actual behavior, even if it runs counter to "tanach".

For example, tanah stipulated that the land could be bought and sold, but the term could not exceed 49 years, the jubilee of the israelites, as it was written in the book of Leviticus: "the land cannot be sold for ever, for the land is mine". If a person sold his property because of a temporary hardship, or redeemed the land after he became rich, or his immediate family was responsible for the redemption; If neither can be achieved, the jubilee comes and the principal automatically abandons the property purchased and returns it to the original owner. A similar law is described in the book of deuteronomy: "in the last year of every seven years thou shalt make remission. The law of remission is: every creditor shall release what he has lent to his neighbor, and shall not demand of his neighbor or brother. The former law limits changes in land ownership and the latter limits the development of commercial lending. If the two laws are followed for a long time, they not only harm the interests of creditors, but also harm economic and commercial development. The background relied on by the two laws is a society based on small-scale peasant production. With the development of social economy, it has been unable to adapt to the new situation. Rabbi Hillel flexible the uniform method, is put forward as long as the creditors to court to submit a copy of signed documents, transfer of creditor's rights to the court, even more than recover period, the court can also replace creditors debt, because to be the only I can not recover the debt, creditors but not others not to recover. So Hillel gives a very powerful interpretation of the law in the context of describing the law, and his interpretation is somewhat far-fetched, but it does achieve the purpose of revising the law without negating the original law. This method not only abides by the traditional law, but also is not rigidly constrained by the traditional law.

Practical interpretation method after the old law was reinterpreted, can be applied to the new situation, help to be the as a guide to real life and is always the best, to protect the jewish tradition and authority, is beneficial to enhance the cohesive affinity of the jewish people, become the jews could be used for thousands of years of alien rule would not be important cause of assimilation.

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Essay代写：Islamic terrorism in Russia

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Islamic terrorism in Russia，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了俄罗斯伊斯兰恐怖主义。俄罗斯伊斯兰恐怖主义的产生和发展有其特殊的社会和历史文化背景，是一系列因素相互影响的结果，其中包括西亚和中亚伊斯兰教的影响，国际恐怖主义势力的推波助澜和大国在俄罗斯周边地区的竞争，俄罗斯内部特殊的社会经济问题和民族关系问题以及宗教间紧张关系等等。因此俄罗斯的国际反恐斗争将是长期和复杂的。

Russia the emergence and development of islamic terrorism has its special social and historical and cultural background, is the result of a series of factors influence each other, including the influence of west Asia and central Asia Islam, international terrorist forces pushing and power competition surrounding areas in Russia, the Russian internal special social economy and national relationship problems and tensions between religion and so on. Therefore, the international fight against terrorism, including Russia and China, will be long and complicated. Reducing the ideological appeal of terrorism and eliminating its social roots can help to defeat international terrorist forces.

Although Islam itself is not necessarily associated with terrorism, religious fanaticism and extremism are an important reason for many islamic extremists to engage in terrorist activities. The term "islamic terrorism", on the one hand, makes the possible harms of radical Islam or fundamentalism come to light. On the other hand, it also provides an excuse for some non-islamic people or religions to equate Islam with terrorism, which is no less harmful than the threat of islamic extremism.

As for the relationship between Islam and terrorism, noted Russian expert on Muslim law Leonid hukieren: "it is not difficult to differentiate Islam from terrorism verbally, but in fact everything is much more complicated." Especially in an environment like Russia, where 18 million to 20 million muslims live, or about 12 percent of the population. The vast majority of Russian muslims are sunni and belong to Islam's most moderate sect, the hanifi. Hundreds of thousands of shias live in and to the south of the north Caucasus city of kirkuk. Generally speaking, the traditional feature of Russian muslims is tolerance of other religions.

In the 1990s, Russia began a rapid revival of Islam. Thousands of mosques have been opened and an islamic system is being established. A large number of missionaries from the Persian gulf and Middle East countries into Russia's Muslim region. The iron curtain was broken not only on Russia's western border, but also on its southern border. The flow of unfamiliar, even unheard-of, ideas, including radical ones, from the Muslim world abroad. Islamic radicalism, including wahhabi, is also seeping into Russia.

One aspect of the islamic revival is the growing politicisation of Muslim religion. Several islamist parties and movements have been formed, albeit to protect Muslim interests. But many of those parties and movements have gradually become more radical. After the collapse of the Soviet union, Russia's muslims increasingly feel they belong to the world's Muslim community, known as umma, which has gradually become one of the characteristics of Russia's islamic revival. A deeper sense of religious identity has led them to increasingly abandon the "little brother" complex that prevailed in the Soviet era, and this change is becoming a prerequisite for the growing political enthusiasm of Russian muslims, as well as for their growing desire to express their "special" concerns through religious appeals.

Russia's muslims abstain from any negative comments on Islam. Only 15 percent of international terrorist groups "can barely register with the Muslim world," said abdulwahid niyazov, the head of Russia's Eurasian party and the state duma representative, citing information that is said to be unknown to the general public. At the same time, there are terrorist groups around the world who justify their actions with Judaism, Hinduism and even buddhist teachings. The Muslim politician, like other muslims, feels wronged by the increasing frequency with which people associate terrorism with Islam. "Muslims are generally condemned for the actions of minorities, while the world remains indifferent to their suffering in places like Palestine, Kashmir and chechnya," time magazine declared.

In fact, other religions have been prone to extremism at different times and under different circumstances. The great Christian theologian and philosopher, saint augustine, for example, supported the use of violence. Christian reformers such as Martin Luther, mincer, zwingli and anti-religious reformers, catholics and protestants have been behind the violence. Islam is no exception.

Some of the actions of the ismaili in medieval shias could well be classified as terrorism, and they carried out many political murders, both against muslims and christians. In European historical documents, the fighters of the ismaili were known as the "asashenites" or "assassins". Today, they are associated with "shahid," who died "for a good cause." Russian scholars of islamic radicalism И, П, nazarbayev think more, central Asia and the Middle East fundamentalism terrorists is nikolay sazhin o think of yourself as a successor. Religious violence is an inherent phenomenon in the middle ages. It did solve some of the problems of religion itself at that time and often solved some secular political problems.

Describing the state of terrorism and the fight against terrorism in the aftermath of 9/11, yegor holmolov, the chief expert of the veterans of Russia's alpha counterterrorism unit, described terrorism as "an act of violence against the law whose purpose is to undermine the legal system." In his view, "the most important thing is that while terrorists carry out such violence, they also demand that societies and countries that suffer violence recognize the lawfulness of the actions of the rioters." This is the case in the Russian federation. They are based on the fact that any action they complete has been granted by god. Following this line of thought, they interpreted the concept of "jihad" as "little jihad" or "swordsmanship," which means taking direct military action against infidels and apostates in "war zones," where heretics who oppose the spread of Islam live. In Muslim theology, "jihad" means any effort that muslims make for Islam. The great jihad is the spiritual self-improvement of muslims and their creative activities for the benefit of the community. Working and learning, education kids, and many other activities come under the "gerhard" label. This view is Shared by the vast majority of Russian Muslim religious authorities, who have reacted furiously to what many Russian politicians and the mass media almost exclusively describe as "war on infidels". The islamic world is divided into "dar al-habai" and "dar al-ahed". And salafism, the champion of "pure Islam"

It argues that there is no "signing zone" between muslims and their rivals, so devout muslims are in constant confrontation with each other. And true muslims have rights and obligations, to eliminate direct enemy, persecution of Islam ", and phil ", not only to eliminate rebelled against the cause of islamic authorities, and to eliminate the life in the authority under the rule of the residents, in other words, the ordinary citizen, of all their SINS is to support the system of the "wrong", although is passive support, but after all, is to support. This would justify the mass extermination of peaceful inhabitants, the killing of hostages, etc. According to this logic, all matters related to the anti-islamic system can be the target of terrorist activities.

In the case of chechnya, "anti - law violence" was very obvious. The chechen terrorists, with their islamist ideology, must systematically undermine Russia's legal system if they are to legitimise it, at least in the eyes of their own supporters. In the eyes of the wahhabi or those who merely assert their allegiance to the true islamic ideal, nothing that falls within the scope of islamic law can be explained by any other legal norm. In their view, islamic terrorists are not subject to the law. Interestingly, the "President" of the Russian republic of chechnya, aslan mashadov and his followers, tried everything to distance themselves from any terrorist sabotage and promised to find and punish terrorists. Al mashadov and his associates, unlike other islamic terrorists, wanted to resolve the chechen conflict within international law, and terrorism greatly impeded that purpose. It should be said that the jihad against Russia was a religious war, in which mujahideen used the most brutal means against their enemies. Any jihad -- chechnya's is no exception -- is not a war of liberation alone, and is less a war of liberation than a struggle to save Islam, a struggle for its consolidation and expansion in the region. The struggle is to turn "" dar al-habai" "into" "dar al-islam." " Moreover, all of Russia's remaining territory has been declared "dar al-khalibai," and combat operations may and need to be directed across Russia. It is clear that in such circumstances jihadism could easily be terrorist in nature. Evidence of this is the massive fight against apostasy. In 2001, for example, the republic of chechnya highest sharia court decided that the ahmed kadyrov and his followers "fired" Islam, which actually doomed they shall be destroyed, because the number and the word of god to the: "if you someone from your religion and die, as they did in the recent and future are all in vain! These are the inhabitants of the prison of fire, and they shall dwell in it for ever. Allah also reiterated that "if the rebel does not return to the arms of Islam, kill him". "Kadyrov ahmed and the above are cooperating with the Russian occupation authorities - they are rebels. All of them should repent of their SINS or be put to death. To instruct the regional Muslim governors and judges to carry out the decisions of the sharia courts.. ". The decision started the campaign to "kill" chechens who had cooperated with the central government of the Russian federation, not only in chechnya itself but outside its borders - laws of sharia law are cross-border in effect. Dozens of people were killed in terror attacks against local people's representatives, officials and clerics close to Mr Kadyrov. The President of the Russian republic of chechnya, kadyrov himself was assassinated on 9 May 2004.

Another aspect of religious terrorism is the hostage-taking, for which wahhabi authorities have issued a corresponding religious decree, known as "feitwa". Several of these "fethas" were handed out by the chief wahhabi religious leader, one of the founders of the all-soviet islamic revival party, and bhakkin Mohammed, an emigre from dagestan to chechnya. Intriguingly, in their decision to kidnap hostages, wahhabi theologians, or at least those among them who think they know islamic theology, cite the experience of the prophet muhammad, who also held his enemies hostage for ransom. Invoking the precedent of the seventh century to justify crimes in the 20th and 21st centuries may seem implausible. Yet this argument also created the illusion among followers of the salafists that the action was legitimate. It promotes the tendency of hostage-taking to become a commercial activity. Reliable sources say more than a thousand people have been held hostage in chechnya since before the start of the second war. More than 60 criminal gangs have been involved in kidnappings, with a total of 3,000 illegal militants, and 15,000 chechens have been involved in some form of such crime.

On the question of the harm and impact of terrorism on Russia, although it is difficult to make a specific quantitative statement. However, if you look at the situation in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet union, terrorism has become a factor that often plays a role in Russian reality. For Russia's south, terror has become something of a nightmare routine. It is becoming routine for millions of Russian citizens. Russians are accustomed to reports of dead people, and for them reporting from the site of the explosion sometimes evokes the kind of intense emotion that a detective novel's plot evokes. People's familiarity with terrorist activities has led to a growing sense of social coldness and confusion between good and evil. Regrettably, a large part of the social and political causes of social tension still exist within Russia, and the conflict in chechnya continues and sometimes intensifies. Relations between ethnic groups and religions in several regions remain mixed, and have often led to a sharp political situation in recent years. In the years since the war in chechnya, a generation of young men in the north Caucasus have been forming, far more accustomed to holding automatic rifles than to carrying construction mud-knives. These are the best people to recruit terrorists. They have crossed the psychological threshold of danger and are willing to carry out any cruel action. Despite the ban, some international islamist groups with links to local radicals continue to operate in Russia. The September 11 attacks, while inspiring the determination of the international community to fight terrorism, also led some fanatics to believe that they were capable of striking the most powerful countries. So the echo of 9/11 will reverberate across Russia's borders.

There is no doubt that international terrorism is the greatest threat to world peace and stability, and islamic terrorist organizations are the largest and most threatening political group. Since the end of the cold war, Russia has been one of the early countries in the armed struggle against terrorism and one of the early countries in the anti-terrorist legislation. Russia has formed a series of political and legal measures in the fight against terrorism and has made significant achievements in the fight against terrorism. Its struggle against terrorism has become an important part of the international struggle against terrorism. The strategy and tactics of Russia's fight against terrorism and the effectiveness of its fight against terrorism are worth our reference and reflection. The entire international community, including China and Russia, should give up narrow national and geopolitical interests, adhere to unity and cooperation, and fight a lasting just war and people's war with the forces of international terrorism. To this end, the ideological appeal of terrorism needs to be further weakened and its social roots removed.

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