Essay代写：The merger and acquisition financial business of commercial Banks

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The merger and acquisition financial business of commercial Banks，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了商业银行的并购金融业务。对于商业银行来说，并购金融业务的探索过程实质上也是商业银行迈向综合经营的探索过程，商业银行通过与券商、PE合作不断完善自身内部的组织架构、丰富并购金融产品，借助政策面的鼓励支持，在并购金融领域寻找到新的利润增长点，商业银行开展并购金融业务还可从其他方面进行改善。

In recent years, China's economic structure has undergone a tremendous transformation. First, the reform of the economic structure has achieved remarkable results. The elimination of traditional backward production capacity inevitably brings many bad debts to commercial Banks, which causes the non-performing ratio of commercial Banks' assets to keep rising. Second, the financial market has entered a new period of development, the stage of marketization, internationalization and diversification. A large number of financial management platforms have emerged, attracting a large number of residents' savings and reducing the amount of savings of commercial Banks. For example, the establishment of financial management platforms such as alipay and WeChat also attracts a large number of residents' spare funds, which makes the traditional business of commercial Banks continuously compressed. In addition, the popularity of huabai and jingdong baitiao has carved up the credit card business of commercial Banks, which is more difficult to carry out, bringing huge pressure to commercial Banks.

Under the big policy of economic structural reform, the State Council proposed to take the market as the guide to encourage the optimization of the market merger and reorganization, which promoted the further development of the merger and acquisition market, the reform of the financial system provided new opportunities for the development of commercial Banks, and merger and acquisition fund became a new market financing hot spot. In the context of a series of institutional reforms, such as streamlining administration, delegating power, strengthening regulation and optimizing services, m&a has become the main way for the capital market to counter the real economy. As the main body of the financial market, commercial Banks should combine with the market demand and give full play to their own advantages to provide sufficient financial guarantee and strong financial support for the development of the real economy.

Commercial bank has the advantages of traditional and basic resources, distribution of commercial outlets across the country, radiation is wide and its distribution density is reasonable, has a lot of customers from all walks of life resources, as a variety of customer resources in the middle of the station, can according to customer requirements to provide different business, for example of mergers &acquisition enterprises of different industries, can be negotiated between enterprises mergers and acquisitions, for in the industrial chain upstream and downstream enterprises with merger and acquisition needs, also can through the bank to consult, to help with mergers and acquisitions, in order to achieve the effective configuration resources.

Because commercial Banks have abundant capital, perfect internal risk control and management system, and high customer trust, compared with financial projects launched by funds, securities and other companies in the financial market, customers are more likely to choose commercial Banks at the same interest rate. In addition, commercial Banks have a good brand image and high customer loyalty, so many fund companies and financial platforms use commercial Banks' platforms to promote financial products. This kind of cooperation not only deepens the cooperation between silver needle and silver base, but also enables commercial Banks to accumulate financial experience, which is conducive to promoting Banks to better expand m&a fund business.

The financing cost of commercial loans and bonds issued by enterprises is relatively high, and there are many restrictions. Therefore, merger and acquisition fund has many advantages. First of all, the issuance of bonds has high requirements on enterprise qualification and many restrictions. In addition, due to the high market risk, low credit and high capital involved in the m&a business, commercial Banks usually do not provide bank loans for the m&a of small and medium-sized science and innovation enterprises out of consideration of risk control. The adoption of merger and acquisition fund can not only provide small and medium-sized enterprises with commercial loans to facilitate their merger and acquisition, but also reduce risks and losses, so that commercial Banks can truly serve the real economy.

When commercial Banks carry out merger and acquisition fund business, the newly established holding subsidiary has the highest security risk and the lowest risk. This method has high compliance and can effectively reduce the risk. However, some commercial Banks do not meet the opening standards, so they need to carry out such business through channels, so they are faced with certain problems in terms of compliance, especially the external policy supervision of compliance. According to the "new financial regulation", the term and investors of the non-subject bonds in financial management funds are required to meet certain requirements. The financial management projects of commercial Banks tend to make rolling sales and adopt the method of capital pool when docking funds, which has compliance problems. Therefore, when commercial Banks sell wealth management products, they need to conduct management in strict accordance with regulatory requirements.

After the compliance of capital source, organizational form and investment mode is determined, Banks tend to give priority to credit risk review when conducting internal review. For the sake of capital security and satisfactory earnings, commercial Banks often require enterprises to provide complete trading schemes. In the process of business execution, if there is any problem in the cash flow of the project and the capital of the investment subject matter is lower than the financing leverage ratio required by the bank, the commercial bank will not only re-examine the investment subject matter and the solvency of the investor, but also require the enterprise to increase the capital of the subject matter to ensure the security of the principal.

It usually refers to the market price of the bidding industry, such as the stock or commodity price changes beyond the expected, which will have an adverse impact on the enterprise to achieve the established goal. When the valuation falls substantially, the enterprise often fails to reach the expected target. When the major shareholder or the third party has a strong buyback capability, the commercial bank is less risky.

Buy-out fund business for commercial Banks to explore process is essentially the exploration process towards a comprehensive commercial Banks, commercial Banks through cooperation with brokers, PE improve their own internal organizational structure, rich m&a financial products, with the help of a policy to encourage support, new profit growth point in the field of mergers and acquisitions of financial, commercial bank m&a financial business can also be improved from the following aspects:

On the one hand, due to the current commercial bank m&a financial business related laws and regulations are not perfect, the internal commercial Banks lack of professional investment banking, risk management problems such as conflict, will let the fund of commercial Banks in the m&a business encountered a lot of the systemic risk, in addition, the establishment of SPV involved in mergers and acquisitions fund mode, because of the complexity of the structure will cause a series of regulatory problems when subsequent IPO, its core is the commercial Banks to raise funds and make special products to professional ability. , therefore, to establish perfect measures for supervision and control over banking financial institution mergers and acquisitions financial business funds raised last exit from the front needs to have a complete operation methods and management processes, and strengthen investment banking professionals equipped with commercial Banks, these problems have become commercial Banks smooth and carry out mergers and acquisitions fund business in the future need to discuss an important topic.

On the other hand, according to the latest national financial work conference, commercial Banks should also actively cooperate with government industrial funds, use the PPP model encouraged by the state, directly cooperate with industrial parent funds, better respond to the national policy guidance, serve small and medium-sized scientific and innovative enterprises, and truly achieve information symmetry and win-win situation between Banks and enterprises.

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Assignment代写：Artificial intelligence in computer network technology

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Artificial intelligence in computer network technology，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了计算机网络技术中的人工智能技术。随着智能科技的平民化、现实化，与此同时，计算机网络技术的发展也越来越快，人工智能在计算机网络中的运用起了很大的作用。其采用模糊逻辑的推理方式，使处理信息的速度和能力大大提高。网络环境中不仅有很多模糊的信息需要处理，还有海量的信息需要进行筛选整理，而利用人工智能技术可以实现对一些基础低级的信息进行学习，而提升处理信息的准确度和效率。除此之外，在计算机网络技术中运用人工智能技术，可以大大减少因此耗费的人工成本、时间成本以及资源成本，利用算法运算，准确率、速度、效率都得到了很大的提高。

At present, we are in the great era of Internet information, artificial intelligence technology is rapidly developing, in addition to all kinds of other information technology and intelligent technology are also rapidly popularized. Artificial intelligence has broad application prospects in human-computer interaction, behavior recognition and even game animation, and has become the research direction of many experts. Especially in the use of computer network technology, has a great challenge and research value, attracted many experts and scholars and enthusiasts.

Artificial intelligence is a comprehensive new discipline formed by the combination of multiple disciplines, including computer science, cybernetics, information theory, linguistics, neurophysiology, psychology, mathematics and philosophy. In the early stage of artificial intelligence research, the development of artificial intelligence fell into a trough due to the difficulty in algorithm reasoning, the error in machine translation and the neglect of the importance of basic knowledge. Later, he paid attention to the method of problem solving and developed an artificial intelligence system, which led to a new upsurge in the research of artificial intelligence and the application of artificial intelligence technology. In the 1980s, the fifth generation of computers began to research and development, so that artificial intelligence has also been a great progress and development, formed a wave of artificial intelligence research upsurge; In the ninety s, the emergence of a new artificial intelligence research again, with the development of computer network technology, artificial intelligence started from an independent subject to on the basis of network technology, network environment of distributed research, research and application of artificial intelligence neural network also has made great progress, artificial intelligence (ai) began to gradually deep into every field of human social life.

With the popularization and reality of intelligent technology, at the same time, the development of computer network technology is faster and faster, and the application of artificial intelligence in computer network has played a great role. The reasoning method of fuzzy logic is adopted to improve the speed and ability of information processing. In the network environment, there are not only a lot of fuzzy information to be processed, but also a large amount of information to be screened and sorted out. By using artificial intelligence technology, some basic low-level information can be learned to improve the accuracy and efficiency of information processing. In addition, the application of artificial intelligence technology in computer network technology can greatly reduce the labor cost, time cost and resource cost, the use of algorithm operation, accuracy, speed and efficiency have been greatly improved.

Due to the rapid development of the computer network, the content is complex, there is a huge amount of information in the dynamic update, so lead to the pressure of the computer network management system, and in the computer network management, artificial intelligence has also brought great convenience. In computer network management system, the application of artificial intelligence system, through the various aspects of information, all kinds of expert experience and knowledge generalizations, combining resource and logic processing algorithm, build on a variety of complex problems in the field of diagnostic assessment system, the design has a intelligent computer program, efficiently deal with the problems of computer network management and a lot of work, improve the ability of computer network management efficiency; The application of artificial neural network technology, the use of computer network simulation human brain data processing, information processing, problem solving, compared with other systems, the advantages of artificial neural network technology is fault tolerance, acceptance and other aspects have certain advantages.

With the progress of science and technology, in order to make human life more and more convenient, artificial intelligence technology has been fully integrated into people's social life, such as automatic driving technology, electroselling robot, sweeping robot, companion robot and other artificial intelligence robots, AR technology, virtual VR technology and so on.

The application range of artificial intelligence is very wide, including human body posture, which can be used in human-computer interaction, film and television production, motion analysis, game entertainment and other fields. People can use human attitude recognition to locate the movement track of human key points and record its movement data to realize 3D animation simulation of human movement to produce movies and TV programs. Motion can also be analyzed from recorded tracks and data; it can also realize human-computer interaction and game entertainment. For example, motion sensing game realizes game interaction by recognizing human body movement posture.

However, in the process of the development of artificial intelligence, some reports about artificial intelligence replacing human work have caused a lot of strong public unease, which should guide the public correctly and emphasize the in-depth understanding of the progress of artificial intelligence, the way artificial intelligence works and the advantages in the workplace. In order to adapt to social development, some positions will be replaced by artificial intelligence technology in order to reduce the cost of resources. However, we should believe that the advantages brought by artificial intelligence will be greater than the disadvantages, and the society will develop into a combination and coexistence with artificial intelligence to optimize work efficiency.

To sum up, in recent years, with the rapid development of artificial intelligence, our lives are also subtly changing, artificial intelligence is affecting our lives. At the world Internet conference, zhao Ming, President of honor, proposed that "in the future, the whole world will usher in a period of explosive growth of lot links, and human exploration of the Internet will be a golden period of explosive growth. Artificial intelligence determines the development speed of this era.

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Rhetorical Analysis怎么写

不知道留学生们有没有遇到过Rhetorical Analysis（修辞分析论文），这是AP考试中经常会出现的写作之一，需要作者使用比较有说服力的方法，详细观察主题并证明观点。下面就教大家怎么去写Rhetorical Analysis.

遵循基本问题是修辞写作成功的关键：

原作者的作者所描述的情况是什么？

谁是作家/作者/演讲者？

根据作者的意图分析的文章，文章或公开演讲的主要目标是什么？

谁是作者的目标受众（年龄，国籍，性别，偏好，地点，兴趣和其他因素）？

主要消息的内容如何发声？

整体形式和内容是否一致？

主要文章或演讲主题是否成功完成了作者的意图和主要目标？

选择你的定位！

这部分工作是必不可少的，因为写作方式完全取决于它。在这里，您需要在您应该分析的主题上定义您的位置;你应该定义论文陈述。这是一个简短的论点或你的立场，你应该在你的文本中证明。例如，如果您的目标是分析小说，那么您的论文就是您对其的个人解释。因此，您应该找到并使用不同的技巧或策略来向受众证明您是对的。当你处理你的陈述时，总是避免使用人称代词并尝试客观地呈现它。你的读者应该相信你。

关于分析的思考

您需要参与有关您主题的教育研究，以找到解决现有问题的几种方法。它不应该太冗长或复杂。在你陈述论文的那一刻之后继续这一部分;完成后，您可以转到主题分析。使用所有可能的策略以尽可能最好的方式支持您的想法。

选择战略

它是批判性学术工作的重要组成部分，您应该支持您的论文陈述。你的任务是吸引观众的注意力：战略将是你的帮助，让你做到这一点。如果你从事修辞内容，你应该选择一个成功的策略。

ETHOS，PATHOS，LOGOS：这是什么以及为什么你应该使用它们？

在第一眼凝视时，这些术语听起来就像魔术故事中的魔法。然而，它们是亚里士多德所创造的说服力的主要成分，并且对人类历史的几个世纪有所了解！多年前，亚里士多德在他有名的著作“修辞学”中讨论了这三个术语。他认为这是作者应该在论文中使用的主要说服策略。

ETHOS：该术语指的是作者对他想要分析的主题的可信度;作家必须向观众证明他们为什么要相信他。

PATHOS：该术语指的目标受众对作者提供的论点的情绪反应。你应该对你的文章做出情绪反应。

LOGOS：该术语指的理性思维的运用。您提供不同的真实事实和其他逻辑论据来影响您的受众的思维方式。

以上就是关于Rhetorical Analysis的写作讲解，大家要是遇到Rhetorical Analysis，可以按照上面说的去写。

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Paper代写：High-risk behaviors of high adolescents

本篇paper代写- High-risk behaviors of high adolescents讨论了青少年的高危行为。如今，青少年的高危行为已被广泛研究。对于每一类高风险行为，如性行为、吸烟和吸毒，都有不同的理论。另一方面，许多人研究如何预测高风险行为。有人指出早期的环境和种族影响对青少年的风险行为有显著的影响。此外，孤独和抑郁可能会导致青少年加入帮派并犯罪。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

1.Introduction

The movie, “Havoc”, tells the story of one young girl who born in a rich family lives a decadent life. Looking for excitement everywhere, the main character, Alison, entered a motley gang in Los Angeles World and caused her good friend, Emily, to be raped. She then realized that even pure behavior will be perverse, and must pay the price.

The two main characters, Alison and Emily, have their own character traits. Alison grew up lacking of parental care. Because of her parents’ emotional disharmony and busy work, Alison received little care and love from her parents, which makes her lonely all her childhood and unbelieve in marriage. Alison wantd to get happiness and companionship by tangling with school punks. As to Emily, she is always a good girl and listens to her parents. Because her parents have been protecting her, she has a strong curiosity about the outside world.

2.Discussions

The high-risk behaviors of adolescents have been extensively researched. There are different theories about each category, such as sexual activity, smoking and drug use, under high risk behaviors. For example, in sexual behavior, Diclemente (1991) introduced that communication skill training and peer normative behavior perception modification can increase the condom use. In other hand, many study how to predict the high-risk behavior. Seidman (1994) pointed out that early environment and race influence have significant effects on adolescent risk behaviors.

The lecture explains high-risk behaviors by introducing the reasons and elaborating on sexual behaviors and juvenile delinquency. First, the lecture listed the reasons gathered from several theories such as Arnett and Balle-Hjensen (1993) before introducing CDC youth risk behavior surveillance report (1999). It analyzes the phenomena of smoking, drug use and sexual intercourse. It finds that sexually active adolescents are usually from an incomplete or big family and have poor school performance. Among all the ethnic, African American students have highest percentage of sexual intercourse. In addition, the lecture introduced adolescent delinquency by explaining gangs and kids on the fringe. The loneliness and depression can lead kids to enter gangs and conduct delinquency.

3.Analysis and integration

The high-risk behaviors of the main characters, Alison and Emily, in the “Havoc” can be explained by the theories introduced in the lecture. The broken family had a negative effect on Alison and she did not want to be constrained by her parents. As a result, she participated in a gang to looking for excitement everywhere. Her life with this gang was full of pornography, drugs and fighting. This explains what the gang is and exhibits the effects of the gang on adolescent high-risk behaviors in the lecture. A to the research and theory about the gang, one main conclusion is that gangs have higher probability to commit the crimes, as stated in lectures. Alison is a girl on the fringe. She is distance from her parents’ care and love and feel depressed about her parents’ marriage and relationship. The quantity time alone at her childhood makes her to enter the gang in order to get accompany. These factors bring about adolescent delinquency, which in accordance with the theory in lecture.

With the respect to sexual intercourse, Alison is sexually active, the same characteristic of the peers in the gang, and this influences Emily. The main reason for Alison and Emily, together with other members in the gang, to conduct high-risk behavior is the underestimation of the potential dangers, which is in line with the theory in lecture.

4.Learning Experience I

To begin with, the learning experience of viewing this movie is that the marriage and relationship between parents have direct effects on the emotion development of the children during the childhood. Parents are the first teacher of children and the home is the most important school for children to learn. In the movie, Alison’s parents showed an unhappy and broken marriage, for a long time leading to Alison’s unserious attitude towards relationship and sexuality . Alison became sexually active and later and caused Emily to be raped.

Secondly, the surveillance and companionship of parents play a significant role in the character trait development of children. Because Alison’s parents are focused on their own business, Alison is short of parental supervision and guidance towards her school performance and daily activities. She makes friends with the gang and lives a life of indulgence. Parents’ discipline can correct children’s behavior in time so as to avoid the emergence of high-risk behaviors.

5.Learning Experience II

The “key take away message” is that the education of the family is crucial to the development of children’s character traits. Parents need to guide children's behavior in their growth process, tell them what behaviors can not be done, establish their correct values and shape their behaviors that conform to social morality. And that is what Alison’s parents do not do and caused Alison to enter the gang and paid a huge price for her high-risk behaviors. In the course of my growing up, my parents always give me the right guidance. So far I haven't conduct any high risk behaviors as an adolescent.

In addition, parents need to create a harmonious and friendly atmosphere for their children's growth. The parents are the teachers of the children, and a good family environment can cultivate the characteristics of the children, so that the children can feel love and care, avoiding children’s feeling of loneliness and then making high-risk behaviors. My parents have been creating a relaxed and enjoyable family atmosphere for me since my childhood. As a result, I cultivates a healthy character and learn to treat the right values of marriage

Reference

Arnett, J., & Balle-Jensen, L. (1993). Cultural bases of risk behavior: danish adolescents. Child Development, 64(6), 1842-1855.

Diclemente, R. J. (1991). Predictors of hiv-preventive sexual behavior in a high-risk adolescent population: the influence of perceived peer norms and sexual communication on incarcerated adolescents' consistent use of condoms. Journal of Adolescent Health Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 12(5), 385-390.

Morbidity, M., Report, M. W., & Nss-Jun, V. (2000). Youth risk behavior surveillance--united states, 1999. cdc surveillance summaries. Mmwr Morbidity & Morality Weekly Report, 49(2), 161.

Seidman, S. N., Mosher, W. D., & Aral, S. O. (1994). Predictors of high-risk behavior in unmarried american women: adolescent environment as risk factor. Journal of Adolescent Health, 15(2), 126-32.

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Essay代写：The semiotic significance of tattooing

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The semiotic significance of tattooing，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了纹身的符号学意义。纹身作为一门历史悠久的艺术，它的产生有着不同的文化背景，不同的伦理道德对纹身也有着不同的理解。相同的纹身可以表现出不同的意义。虽然在不同的文化条件下，它们之间的关系是不稳定的。随着社会的发展和时间的推移，在一定的文化背景下，其关系会建立并保持稳定。了解某种纹身的意义，关键在于了解纹身的文化历史和伦理特征。

1.Introduction

Tattooing can draw a picture on people’ skin and make it everlasting existing. It may be people’s the most beautiful memory and it is not the exclusive right for the criminal offender. No matter what pattern on the body, tattooing is to please itself or others. People usually consider that tattooing is beautiful, mysterious, sexy and attractive and it is also the presentation of unique characteristic and personal belief. This painful beauty can be traced back to 2000 years ago. Many ethics in the world have develop their unique tattooing art and endow it with various significance. Tattooing as a behavior and its different pattern can be understood discrepantly in different cultural background.

To understand the significance of tattooing, this paper will stand on the view of semiotics. With the theory and knowledge of semiotics, it will find out the development process and internal significance for the tattooing in different conditions. The semiotics can be adopted into this topic because semiotics is the subject about meaning of human being’s behaviors. The scholars consider that the meaning can be expressed only by symbol and the application of symbol is to express meaning. On the contrary, there is no meaning that cannot be presented by symbol and there is no symbol that has no meaning.

To dig out the significance of tattooing, this paper will be divided into three parts. Firstly, it will put forward general situation and history of semiotics. In this way, the key concepts and general theory will be highlighted and used to analyze the following parts. Secondly, it will discuss the significance of tattooing with the semiotics theory. In this part, it will also review the history of tattooing. At last, a solid conclusion will be carried out.

2.Semiotics

Symbol, is used by subject to connect the object to a certain thing and thus make the object can be on behalf of a certain thing. This process can be achieved by channel of auditory or visual tool. When this connection is identified by a group of people and becomes common convention, this object can become a symbol to express this object. The famous semiologist Eco (1976) also considers that symbol can be defined as a certain thing which can be representative of other thing according to the social conventions. Even though this thing is nonexistent. For an example, dragon is obviously nonexistent. But people in western country still consider that it is a vicious biology or it is something vicious. This nonexistent biology can have implication in different society. In China, dragon is a symbol of dignity and authority (Swiderski, 1990).

As for semiotics, it is a subject to research symbol. It digs into the essence of symbols, the law of development of symbols and different meaning of symbols as well as the relationship among various symbols and relationship between symbols and human being’s behaviors. Symbol is important for human being. Langer (1953) has pointed out that the most advanced and amazing symbol design human being has ever invented is the language. Among all the symbol that can be on behalf of a certain meaning, the simplest one is the name. It contains four fundamental factors of semiotics including object, symbol, concept and body itself. In other words, when the symbol of name appears, it firstly represent a concept of this kind of thing instead of pointing out the body itself. After that, it will turn to the specific thing. The process of turning to the specific thing from the concept, it is extension.

The other symbol is the representative symbol. It can develop to be a complex semiotic system from several simple symbols. This symbol is consisted of line, color, massing or other complex ways to form the visual effect. The representative symbol is born with the conscious activity of human being reaching a certain level. The reason for it is the development of social labor and language. In this moment, the thought of human being is formed from the representation to record of representation to concept established into the brain. After that, this experiential concept will be fixed and produce various image in the brain. There is a relationship of representing and represented in the representative symbol and characteristics of objects. The visual symbol is regarded as a symbol of a certain thing and the representative symbol is the representation of characteristics of objects, which is the unique visual feature of objects (Langer, 1953).

Besides, the fundamental concepts of semiotics, semiologists also research the significance of semiotics in the social life. They adopt the concept and system of semiotics to scope the human culture and human being itself. The analysis includes fairy story, religion, language and history. By explaining the relative social cultural phenomenon, they point out the deep reason of these social cultural phenomenon (Chandler, 2002). Although the general orientation of researching semiotic significance is similar, there are various schools and they pay attention to different fields.

Saussure (2011) is the famous Swiss linguistician and semiologist. His idea of modern language is one of sources of modern semiotics. Thus he is regarded as the initiator of semiotics especially the European semiotics. He considers that language is one kind of special semiotic system like character, representative ceremony, signals. The language is important in the semiotic system. The reason is that totally random symbol can achieve semiotic code in a more possible way rather than other symbols. Thus, linguistics is the model for semiotics even though language is a special semiotic system. Since the features of semiotics is expressed thoroughly, the research result can be referred to other research of semiotic system. So, the theory from the semiotic system of language can be also adopted into other field. Saussure’s theory pays attention to the field of social function. To discuss it, he put forward the concept of signifier and signified. The former one is the external image of symbol. The later one is the significance of symbol. It is believed that there is conventional relationship between them. For an example, in system of language symbol, voice is the signifier and semanteme is the signified. The relationship between them is conventional.

In Peirce’s theory, the essence of symbol is a ternary relationship, which is consisted of symbol shape, symbol object and symbol explanation. The main idea of Peirce’s theory, the interpreter in his mind can use the symbol to refer to object or other things (Peirce, 1902). People is the user of symbol and they use symbol to express their idea and thinking. Thus, language as a symbol can be a tool for human being to identify objects and share significance. To be more specific, he put forward a system of classification for the symbol. In regard to the organization form of symbols, it can be divided into three kinds. Firstly, natural symbol. This kind of symbol is consisted of single element. Secondly, factual symbol. This semiotic system is formed with various elements. Thirdly, ordinary symbol. It is organized according to a certain law. Besides, the classification can also be put forward according to the relationship of signifier and signified. Firstly, pictorial symbol. The symbol signifier and signified have similar features of appearance. For examples, the photos and people, the map and city. Secondly, designated symbol. In this system, there is causal association between symbol signifier and signified like the arrow and direction, weather cock and wind direction. Thirdly, symbolic sign. There is conventional relationship between symbol signifier and signified, like crucifx and Christian. In addition, the classification can also be carried out according to the degree of explanation for symbol. Firstly, intuitive symbol. Since it is lack of information and materials of this symbol, people can just explain it by subjective judgment. Thus, there is no objective conclusion in it. Secondly, empirical symbol. People can explain this symbol in an objective way with support of materials. Thirdly, analytical symbol. It refers to culture, society, history and tradition. So, people can explain them in a thorough way.

By scoping the literature of semiotics, we can know that the semiotics can be adopted to identify the social phenomenon and human culture. The concepts from semiotics can also be implemented into the analysis of tattooing. In terms of semiotics, it can dig out the significance of the tattooing in a systematical way.

3.Tattooing – body art

Tattooing is one kind of symbol for human being and it has long history. Its significance is abundant but implicit. From the view of semiotics, it can dig out its meaning for human being.

The people living in the primitive tribe usually tattoo. They may pursue the strength or protection in this way. They believed that by tattooing a certain pattern on the body like lion or other fierce animals they can get different power from the rest. Thus, they can get the sense of protection.

In this case, the primitive man should hunt to support their family. However, without modern weapon, they are weak in front of the fierce animals. It means they may be die when hunting and lose the chance to breed, which brings fear for them. To overcome this feeling, they need something to comfort them and tattooing can meet this demand. Through tattooing an animal which can be nonexistent, they consider that they can get power like the animal tattooed in their body. Obviously, the tattooing pattern is the signifier, which can be seen and the significance of power is the signified. Although this relationship is stochastic, it seems to be conventional in that period (Honma, 2015).

(Fig1: It is believed that tattooing the tribal totem on the body can bring power.)

The relationship among the signifier and signified can be various. In other words, the same behaviors can be interpreted in different way.

In case of primitive man, their tattooing can have other functions. One of them is ethnic identity. By tattooing a certain totem, which is belong to a certain ethnics, they can confirm their affiliation. It is significant for them because different camp of tribes can attack each other. In this way, affiliation is important and it means the personal safety and the property safety (Honma, 2015).

In addition, the meanings behind this tattooing can various. It can also be the sign of beauty or evidence of being an adult. The earliest tattooing is found on Egyptians. On some of female mummy, it can find some tattooing which can be traced back to 2000 BC. In Egypt, tattooing may be the exclusive rights for females. For an example, in area of Deiel-Bahari, there is a female mummy called Amunet. It is believed that she used to be superior Gloria Foster and she may be an imperial concubine. Thus, the tattooing here can also be the function of distinguishing the social status. Besides, the reason of tattooing becoming the exclusive right for female is that people there consider tattooing can be effective in cure. It can be the talisman for pregnant woman (Tassie, 2003). As we all know, in the ancient time, the death rate for pregnant woman is extremely high. By tattooing, people hope it can protect their wife and children.

As the tattooing mentioned above, the shape of tattooing may be different, but the signified behind the object is similar. It is considered that the tattooing represents a certain mystical power to protect themselves.

In japan, its tattooing culture is also profound and it is one of the most popular tattooing in the world.

The Japanese traditional tattooing can distinguish itself from other school of tattooing by providing a whole topic. This is to say, the Japanese tattooing is more like a picture instead of a certain pattern. It is usually presented on people’s back and it can extend to arms and legs and even chest. This kind of tattooing is famous for its feature of colorful and large-covered. The feature of completeness means tattooist have to spend lots of time, resources and emotion to achieve this work. The pattern is usually related to a certain virtue like dedication, loyalty, courage and so on.

(Fig2: The Japanese tattooing likes a drawing)

Because in the ancient time, the war is frequent and one of the important factors to win the war is army. However, the enemies also have their army. The competition between the warlords decides the victory or defeat for the war. Thus, to guarantee the victory, the general asks its army to have the virtue of dedication, loyalty and courage so that they can develop ability to defeat the enemy. But these virtue is intangible and it is difficult to confirm all the soldiers by one-to-one communication. To overcome this matter, they come up with tattooing. It is believed that tattooing the pattern on body can show the virtue. They think it can work. The reasons for it can be divided into two parts. One, these pattern is presented in the fairy tale. Thus, it is believed that it can bring mystery stories. The other one is that the tattooing in ancient time can bring great pain for people. It is believed that the one who can bear such great pain is reliable (Hladik, 2012).

The relationship between the tattooing and virtues is not established in a one day. On the contrary, it experiences a long time. The process may be complex and reasonable. As we can see, the significance of tattooing for Japanese in the beginning is similar with the primitive tribe. The tattooing represents a certain of mystical power, which is ambiguous. People just believes that the tattooing can bring power for them. But the effect of the tattooing is uncertain. With the time goes, the specific significance of tattooing is established step by step. Although there are more than one kind of explanation for a certain tattooing, its significance is explicit relatively. In other words, the relationship between the pattern of tattooing or behaviors (signifier) and its represented virtue (signified) is established and become stable with the society development.

The different cultural condition can affect the significance of tattooing. Besides Japanese tattooing, the European tattooing is also famous in the world. Although the sources of European tattooing may be from Japan, its significance and features are various.

The first one who brings the tattooing to Europe is a seafarer and thus he is called prince of tattooing. There are 338 of different pattern of tattooing on his bodies. Because British sailors usually take tattooing as a souvenir to Britain, the tattooing becomes the tradition of navy gradually. Its popularity is the most among all the European countries. Lots of royal family tattoos on their bodies. In 1862, Prince of Wales visited holy place of Christianity, Jerusalem and he tattooed the pattern of crucifix on his body. After that King Edward VII also tattooed the crucifix on his bodies. Besides, when his two sons of Clarence and York passed away, Edward asked the famous tattooist of Qiandai Diao to tattoo the dragon design on their bodies. Not only Britain is crazy about tattooing, Austro-Hungary also be graces about it. The famous princess of Sissi tattooed a pattern of sea anchor on her arm (Gilman, 2001).

Since the enthusiasm about tattooing is flourishing in royal family, the upper class begins to pursue of tattooing and considers it is the symbol of identification. The nobilities turn to Japanese tattooists to design their tattoo. Thus, Japanese tattooing can have great influence on European tattooing. However, the popular patterns in Europe at that time are small-sized flora and fauna instead of the whole picture like Japanese tattooing.

(Fig3: The pattern of European tattooing is usually the planet)

As we can see, the behavior of tattooing has its own significance for different culture. In Japan, it can be regarded as the presentation of virtue. While, in Europe, it can show one’s social identification. Different culture make people have different understanding of this behavior. However, in a same cultural circle, people usually have the same understanding about this behavior. Thus, it is signifying. Besides, the different patterns can be regarded as different significance and this significance is also accepted by a group of people.

4.Conclusion

From review the general theory of semiotics and history of tattooing. It has discovered following results.

As an art with long history, the tattooing is established in different cultural background and different ethics have various understanding on it. In ancient Japan, it is usually adopted to present someone’s virtue because the people there consider that by tattooing the pattern of fairy tale on body and bearing great pain during the process, a person can show his virtue and he is a reliable person. To be specific, different patterns can also be various meaning. In regard to Europe, although it is believed that its source of tattooing art is from Japan, it shows differently. At the beginning, the royal family in Europe adopts the tattooing to express their sincere faith and this enthusiasm is conveyed to the upper class. But the upper class just use the tattooing to show their fashionable taste. Besides, the patterns for European people are different compared with Japan. Thus, the Japanese tattooing can just influence the shape of art of tattooing on Europe. When this kind of art comes into Europe, the local people endow it with new significance.

As we can see, the same signifier (tattooing) can show different signified (significance). Although in different cultural condition, the relationship between them is unstable. With the social development and time goes by, the certain relationship in a certain cultural background will be established and stay stable. The key way to understand the significance of a certain tattooing is to understand the cultural history and ethic characteristics.

Reference

Chandler, BD. (2002). Semiotics: The Basics. Routledge, 35 (02).

Eco, U. (1976). A Theory of Semiotics. Indiana University Press, 35 (4).

Gilman, SL. Written on the Body: The Tattoo in European and American History by Jane Caplan. American Historical Review, 106 (4) :: 628.

Honma, T. Reinventing the Tribal Primitive Aestheticization and Filipino Tattooing in Southern California. Amerasia Journal, 41 (3) :41-64.

Langer, SK. An Introduction to Symbolic Logic. Dover Publications, 7 (4) :497.

Peirce, CS. (1902). Logic as semiotic: The theory of signs. Edition Project Indiana.

Swiderski, RM. (1990). The dragon and the straightedge, part 1: A semiotics of the Chinese response to European pictorial space. Semiotica, 81 (1-2) :1-42.

Saussure, FD. (2011). Course in General Linguistics - Translated by Wade Baskin. Edited by Perry Meisel and Haun Saussy. Philosophy East & West.

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