children solders 1

According to the Quaker United Nations Offices-Geneva and Save the Children Sweden, “three hundred thousand children under the age of eighteen participate in armed conflict globally” (Dryden-Peterson, 2006). Particularly, over one hundred thousand children take a part in conflicts in African countries, such as in Burundi, Ivory Coast, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, and Uganda (Dryden-Peterson, 2006). Child solders are defined as under the age of eighteen, but it is more difficult to identify when countries do not have birth registration systems.

In Northern Uganda, Lord’s Resistance Army has abducted 30 000 children over the past 20 years, and forced the children to serve as child soldiers. Some commanders prefer children because they are more obedient, easily motivated and dedicated than adults. Especially, “Very young children also lack a fully developed sense of right and wrong and are easily trained to be brutal soldiers” (Russell & Gozdziak, 2006). Before battles, commanders use drugs, alcohol, initiation rite, or magic charms to manipulate children into being fearless. Those children are also exploited for auxiliary services as porters, cooks, construction workers, or latrine diggers. Moreover, they often perform for more dangerous tasks, such as spying, minesweeping, or guarding prisoners of wars. “Girls may be pressed into domestic servitude, forced to provide sexual services, or become "wives" of older soldiers” (Russell & Gozdziak, 2006). They are surviving in an extreme environment.

Because they grow up in combat they are less likely to integrate into peaceful society after war, than adult combatants who were socialized to civilian society. Wars devastate child soldiers psychosocially. World Vision rehabilitation center for abducted children “indicated that former child soldiers in their care experienced nightmares, insomnia, bedwetting, eating disorders, difficulty concentrating, and exhibited behavioral problems when interacting with others” (Russell & Gozdziak, 2006). For example, “some children became hostile towards others, resorting to violence to solve problems, while others became depressed and suicidal. Still others live in fear of punishment for their actions or being forced back into combat” (Russell & Gozdziak, 2006). Especially, Girls who served as ‘wives’ for other soldiers or were raped in refugee camps often exhibit unhealthy sexual behaviors (Russell & Gozdziak, 2006). Many girls have to return home with their babies worrying about the reaction of their society. Furthermore, all child soldiers may have contracted HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections or drug/alcohol addictions. Additionally, because of their lack of social education, they are less likely to be employed after wars.
Background:

First of all, long wars cause a lack of adults, especially men who play a main part of battle as solders, so militias focus on children as combatants. In the case of Burundi, through the 12-year civil war about half of the population has become under age of 18. (UNICEF, 2006). Twenty-plus-year of ‘no mercy war’ between the Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the Sinhalese majority government is called as “the children’s war”. Because of a lack of ordinary warriors, the Tamil Tigers use suicide bomb attacks and child soldiers, even those cause two significantly negative reputations. “Since 1987 the Tigers have shown their most vile stripes with the use of the suicidal Black Tigers, which includes females (teens and young women) willing to self-detonate for the cause” (Mitchell, 2006). During the World War II, Japan and United States also dropped solders age and encourage women and children to start working behind the war.

technology and economical development 2

In command economy, it is easier for a central authority to focus on an exporting industry to develop, but it is not so easy to select which industry because the future is uncertain. North Korea is also a good example of that. They failed on choosing one, so they have advanced missiles and war technologies but they are still one of the least developed countries. Furthermore they have nothing except the technology. Only a better technology is not enough for the development of economy. They need people who can lead their development on the right direction.

On the other hand, if there is a person who comprehends the international market and leads the country, command economy is able to develop faster because they fund capital only for a strategic industry and take advantage there. In Japan, people borrowed funds from the international market, invested on a second industry and have developed the country. Moreover, if a government could lead economic controlling energy prices and encourage companies managing business to be more economy before price-system re-act on the increase of demand, their companies could adopted in the high petrol price better, or the government could stabilize the energy price. A central authority would support domestic industries in the international market well.

In market economy, a government can work less to lead their country. That means they cannot concentrate their capital on a strategic industry, and tend to develop slower. In contrast, market economy tends to encourage ordinary people to invest to make a profit or lose. Every person has their own favorite, so they are likely to invest on different industries that they prefer. This behavior would diversify their economic system, and they would catch up with any changes in the global economy. Principally, when the demand and supply price-system does not work as prediction of innovation.

If people want more bread, the increase on demand will raise the price of bread and the higher price would tell firms to supply more. On the other hand, new technology or products doses not have their price system. Then it does not appear on a price system a substitute even though it will affect and change the structures of industry. For example, both of USSR and U.S. had developed satellite technology, but only U.S. also used it for private broadcasting, and developed international mass media. That shows that a market economy culture tends to find out potential demand more and catch up with reorganizing of industry structure, than command economies do.



The concentrating of investments maximizes a result; profits or losses. In South East Asia, many countries have a strategy of development on increasing their exporting, so they are inclined to borrow funds from international investors who are expecting a high return from the currency trade easily. However, no country can keep importing goods from them, and once they face a decline in exporting they cannot borrow in a local currency, and if they are likely to import more they have to face a higher interest rate of their national security and weakened local currency. In that case, they have difficulty with funding. Even though global trading is going to increase productivity and wealth in the world, it does not solve a problem of poverty. In United States, people do business without border and it is the richest country, but the division between rich and poor is increasing. That means international free trade is not an answer that solves the problem of poverty on earth.

Consequently, unless a developing country has to import daily commodities they should close their border to save money domestically. When they prepare investments inside their country they do not have to lay on a risky loan. Then, when their economy does not depend on global trading, they do not have to care about international relations, and they have more opportunities in international politics. Moreover, the later they start they can pass more steps of development, and the domestic industry is able to have time to improve its technology. In a market of commodities that require high technology such as the airplane industry or the construction of nuclear power plants, few companies are competing. So, if the developing country can join there, they can sustain their development with less competition.

Where a central authority can concentrate their investment on an industry, its technology will develop much faster. However, in North Korea, people developed advanced missile technology, but it does not help their economic development.


People look at economic development with political and technological development, and they say Japan take advantages of better technology and United State develop with market economy. They are also talking that developing countries cannot grow up because they do not have money to encourage their development. However, China has developed their country on the way they are changing the form of economy, and USSR could not exist with advanced technologies. Then, every advanced county has started their development when they were not. Moreover, American computing companies are looking for workers in India, one of developed country.

I do not know what people at least need to develop their economy. I do not think that development must require technological or fiscal advantages, or special political condition. Economy can develop even in poor country or in command economy, if there is a person who can lead it. Furthermore I do not know whether people need developed economy to have happier lives or not.

technology and economical development 1

Developed countries tend to have more advanced technologies. However, nothing is sure in the future, so a developing country might discover an innovative idea and take over advanced countries. In the case of industrialized revolution, it happened in Great Britain, which was a backward country, and it took the United Kingdom to the most advanced country. People look at the negative feedback of poverty and low development rate, but economic developments do not have any relation with innovation, especially when they focus on development of educational systems and they have someone who can lead further investments. If a developing country has a passionate strategy of development, they will develop into an advanced country.


First of all, the development of economies does not have any relation with the development of technology. That is because people can concentrate funds on a strategic item to develop a technology by taking their best opportunities. For example North Korea, which is one of the least developed countries, they have advanced missile technologies compared with Sierra Leone, which has similar size of GDP, or Saudi Arabia, which has much bigger size of GDP. That is because the government focuses on investment for the development of military power. When people enjoy welfare by the government in Saudi Arabia, which has huge oil revenue, North Korean people are facing a lack of food. Otherwise while Sierra Leone people sell their rich natural resource such as diamond or gold to raise money for civil war particularly to buy guns and bullets, North Korean concentrate all revenue on development of the military technology. So, the richness of economic or natural resources does not have any relationship with innovations. It depends on the strategy of a developing country. Developing countries are still able to compete with advanced countries by taking the best in opportunities.

While, developing countries cannot compete in the sum of wealth against developed countries, developing countries are able to concentrate funds on a strategic technology, and compete on it against developed countries. In North Korea, they just focused on the development of the military industry and concentrated all the funds for that, and have developed the technology that only few countries have. Thus, it is a developing country and many people are facing a shortage of food, yet the government could create the competitive technology.


Educational systems are the most important aspect to develop in technology and industry, and create competitiveness. That is because temporal technological advantages do not support advanced countries to keep their technological strength.

At least every human takes almost the same amount of years to grow up, be educated, and organize a society. So, the length of history cannot involve in the quality of society. For instance, Japan had terrible bubble economy and its burst, so people might think that Japanese students know about a bubble economy well and have less risk of more economic failures. On the other hand, the experience has become a history already, so new generations have to study at to know. People who study ‘Japan’ in other countries would learn it better. The quality of knowledge depends on the quality of textbooks and classes that they would take, and a quality of society or economic competitiveness depends on those education systems that people have gone through and going to teach to the next generation. That is why developing countries are able to catch up upward countries easily with improving their educational system.

Especially, imitating educational systems costs governments less than the innovation of technological development does, and preparing infrastructures for knowledge workers also require less costs than which for other industries, such as dams, irrigation or factories.

Already, developing countries have advantages in that they can copy a technology, which developed countries have innovated, with less effort. Although developed countries first constructed telephone lines, then towers for mobile phones, then moved on to the Internet lines and towers for the Internet waves, developing countries only need to construct towers for the Internet waves. They can skip the route of an ordinal development.

However, they have more advantages when they can copy knowledge works, more than copying an advanced method of first or second industry. In particular, international finance and computer programming are based on intelligence of workers and information technologies that cost less than preparing infrastructures such as ports, airports or means of transport. These kinds of jobs also do not require any geological advantages such as being close to a market or natural resource that are important for other industries. Moreover, knowledge works are more productive and tend to earn more profit per capita.

People say that if a country has serious problem of poverty, they might not have the possibility of preparing funds for improving their educational system and technology. However, in North Korea, they are focusing on educational systems, even though many people are suffering from famine and they keep the advantage of war technology and a high ability of negotiation in international society.

In another method, they are able to borrow money from international investors. Uniquely, developing countries, which are willing to expand their export for development, can expect their local currencies to get stronger with increase of exporting. In this case, international investors expect high return on currency trading but do not mind low interest rate on national security. That means developing countries have to worry about rewards for investors less and do not have to take the risk of fluctuant currency exchanging.

A developing country, which is moving toward expanding their exports, can publish bills in a local currency, and they have less difficulty of gathering funds and paying back.

fair trading???

I wonder why developing countries want to join the world market because they don’t have to join and don’t have enough competitiveness. It is obvious that the world market is bigger than domestic markets so they might be able to have a chance to get richer there, but without better productivity they cannot be winners. Unless they can beat other there, they are not able to get rid of their poverty through the trade. In United State, many citizens are competing with the world biggest companies fairly, under American rule. “Google” or some kinds of venture companies have won the game and become big, but many are still staying with poverty as we could see in the natural disaster. That means “Fair-trade” doesn’t have to bring money into poor countries and all countries need competitive strategy to survive the race.

Actuary, developing countries cannot compete against developed countries. That’s because rich countries don’t have to export and import any commodities, but developing countries want to do so. The European Union are spending large amount of money for subsidies to protect regional farmers. That is not efficient, but their other parts of economy are strong enough to support it. So, Chinese government is controlling currency exchange rate and protecting domestic industries to get advantage against riches’.

On the other hand, the least developed countries don’t have funds for subsidies, and don’t have enough power to control financial market and to set trade barriers. So, they need to create a strategy carefully to compete well. At least, they should not start free trade with developed countries carelessly. For example, if their industry depended on special treatment by developed countries, they would not be able to manage their economy when they lost the treatment. Moreover, if no internal industry were competitive, their domestic industries would be destroyed. Usually, the least developed countries don’t have technological and financial advance against multinational corporations. So, it is very easy that they can lose authority to maintain domestic supply by their selves.

They need time to construct enough infrastructures, to train workers and educate students, and to deposit money to maintain financial system for raise their industries. Some people say that means they need special aid for those, but at least we cannot hurry bringing children up educating them to competitive specialists in a part of businesses in the world. It must take ages that children are going to be abuts. I think that means they cannot and don’t have to hurry developing their industry. Now, labors in the least developed countries don’t have good education system, and all of their world competitive jobs are garments or farming. However, if they can prepare better education like in Finland, they don’t have to develop their economic structure from agriculture, manufacture industry to service. They can skip industrialized step to service, such as to banking, maintaining information technology and inventing things. For that, they don’t need too much infrastructures like big dams for electricity in factories. They just need minimum amount of electric for computers, net line to work on Internet and buildings for knowledge workers’ offices. So, they would save money for extra dams, factories, loads and natural environment inside their countries. Moreover, they can invest extra money, which other nations spent for temporary factories, for next generation to prepare better education systems.

The least developed countries could get more unexpected advantages by developing more slowly. For example in Japan, we laid line for telephone, we built towers for mobile phones as well, we’re also relaying another line for high-speed Internet now, and we’re going to make towers for radio-Internet additionally. Moreover, we reconstructed some roads, airport, port, dams and buildings sometimes, when we invent new technologies for new security system, new types of airplane and ships, and against natural disasters like earthquake. The least developed countries don’t have to waste such kinds of funds and don’t have to worry about practical use of new technology. They just compare some types of latest technologies used in each developed countries, and need to copy it. For instance, they should lay line for telephones, they just need to build towers for radio Internet and latest mobile phones. Some of new technologies are coming up every year. If they need much time to prepare to be competitive in the world market they should not hurry their development, unless they are suffered by lack of food or power in the International Society.

nuclear deterrence

“The nuclear war could destroy whole world, and no one wanted that. So, there was no direct army conflict between two big countries during The Cold
War.” I can comprehend that, but this idea makes state’s foreign policy difficult and ‘nuclear deterrence’ doesn’t make any sense for me.
Through movie “13 days” everyone who were in the white house was very afraid about the nuclear war, and careful about holding press conference, negotiating with USSR to warning to stop ships which was currying missiles.
However, number of missile was not enough to attack every U.S. city. That was just because U.S. government was thinking that nuclear war was once and position of nuclear weapons made advantages and disadvantages. If U.S. government hadn’t care about that, it might have been same situation of when
U.S. brought missiles into Turkey. At the moment, all they needed was to start taking and stop doubting each other. So they didn’t have to waste their time. I think that how to maintain their military power is more important than how to use the power for realists, or they might not have enough power when they need.
On the other hand, image of abilities of nuclear weapons is not correct.
Weapons made by technologically developed countries like U.S., U.K. and France may have strong power, which could affect huge area, but I don’t think any states can produce them. Almost all of nuclear missiles made by developing countries can destroy just a part of area, but image of them is strong as well as developed counties’ one. So, we don’t have many options to let countries like
North Korea, and Iran stop innovating their weapons. Many people are imaging that they can attack our town anytime they wanted, but it’s not true. Nuclear weapons are just arm not magic wands.
When I look at Hiroshima and Nagasaki where USA bombed 60 years ago, I find out that more that a million’s people living in either of cities, and their economic capacities are more than countries in Africa. To say the truth, economic and population of both cities are bigger than my home-prefecture.
Moreover, economic scales of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are more than that. That tells us that how excellent human’s effort to rebuild their town was. So, I don’t think that nuclear arms can destroy whole world, so that nuclear deterrence doesn’t work.
Especially for terrorists, they don’t have any specific bases. No state can revenge against nuclear attack by terrorists. So nuclear deterrence doesn’t work. Furthermore, I think that’s why they attacked the world trade centre and the pentagon, and still fighting against U.S. in Iraq. They are not worry about avenge by U.S. On the other hand, public opinions in U.S. and other developing countries are considering about nuclear deterrence. That may apply importance of nuclear weapons for terrorists and help them.

This article reminds me one movie "THE SUM OF ALL FIRE". In the story, terrorists bought a nuclear bomb and used it to let Russia and United State fight against each other. I thought directors of the movie are very smart. Terrorists have just a bomb, so they can't destroy all cities in U.S. but they use it to destroy cooperation between two big countries. It could be one of the ways for terrorists to fight against big countries. As a result, U.S. and Russia didn't fight in this movie. I think main reason is that American citizens like happy-ending-movie and cool-hero who attack evil, but there is another reason. It is nuclear deterrence. Both of presidents in Russia and U.S. didn’t attack each other directly soon after terrorists explode a bomb. That’s because both of them know the nuclear war is end of the world. They don’t want to do. So, hero had time to solve problems, and it was going to happy ending.

ecotourims in the future

In the ecotourism industry, development could isolate further developing. The development for “Tourism” means more visitors and attractions and activities. However a balance between humans and nature is the most important factor for “Ecotourism”. The more people that visit there, the more impact there is on the environment, so ecotourism is not sustainable with ordinal development of tourism industries. If we define “development” just as an increase of money follow. Ecotourism need to earn more benefit from limited number of visitors, to keep fewer impacts on the environment. That means you should focus on improving quality of service for each eco-tourist, and increase the fee.

If the number of tourists or business keeps increasing, The Department of Conservation will start stricter regulations to disturb it. However, their objectives are to protect the environment and to stop immoderate exploitation, not to interrupt ecotourism. So, you should keep contacting with DOC, and follow their new requests to protect nature and hold your concession. It is difficult to catch up with new regulations after those have started, but it is easy to pass barriers one by one. Then you will need to have fewer competitors.

Interests in environment and ecotourism have been increasing in advanced countries, after their industrialization. No one knows if they would keep their interests there or not. On the other hand, the majority of countries in the world are developing nations, which have not experienced industrialization yet. We say there is also a huge potential market of the ecotourism.

what is tourism study?

“Tourism is a study of how to maximize an amount of money that tourists spent in a place (region)”, and “Tourists are people who bring ‘fresh money’ into the place.” This is my definition of Tourism. Hunziker (1951) had focused on “the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents” as tourism. However, my definition is all about movement of money and the developments of tourism industry and infrastructure, such as transports, accommodations and activities-attractions. So, tourism benefits society, and scholars of tourism are able to keep earning money and benefit from their studies, and keep studying the tourism.

The biggest difference between my definition and others is the definition of Tourists. Jafari (1977) said tourists are “ man away from his usual habitat”, and focused on behavior of them. In contrast, my definition has focused on movement of money from outside of the area. So, my tourists include people who have retired from their job and living off their retirement funds. They are resident there, but they also bring money into the place from former residences. Also, people, who come for work, such as meeting, negotiation and survey but do not earn money from that, are tourists. For example, diplomats who join G8-summit or International Olympic Committee members are tourists as well. That is because they spend much money but they hardly earn any money there. In addition, there are students, who depend on money in bank accounts transferred from another place, are tourists. However, some backpackers who come with working-holiday visa or exchanging-workers visa could not be tourists although they do not stay a place long time. That is because they tend to bring very little money, and work and earn money to stay there. I would like to distinguish tourists from travelers by behaviors of expenditures. Travelers are just moving around for something and their expenditures are not problems, but tourist must spend money at the place.

My definition of tourism is about the flow of money, so the tourism industry must attract and bring new money. That means some kinds of transportation cannot be a tourist industry. For instance, airplane-companies, which do not have any facilities in the area would carry visitors but do not always bring any fresh money. Their passengers would buy return tickets at another city to come to the place, and if they are there for business they might not spend any money there at all. However, the airport where is mainly used for transit can be a tourism industry, so if passengers of stop over flights spend some amount of money during their stop over, for meals, relaxing, souvenirs and so on. Then this could be considered a tourist service. It could then be said the same for the train and bus industries. In my opinion, a petrol station can be a tourists’ industry for car-travelers, because most car-travelers tend to pass through a city but sometimes they stop there for fuel. That is one of fresh money, and a petrol station itself is an important factor for car-travelers, who have not decided where to go, because they do not want to be afraid run out of gas.

In the case of accommodation, all of them can be a tourism industry, because they can attract fresh money. For example, the housing industry provide new houses for immigrants or retired people, and houses of ordinary residents are also one of tourism facilities, because some of them would go travel during tour-season and rent their houses for visitors. So, flat or apartment houses are one kind of accommodations for tourists as well. Hotels, Motels and backpackers are basic places to stay, but some of them could interfere the industry. That’s because the style of them might interrupt the view or personality of the city. All of them have to not only just work as accommodations, but also attract people from another place by maintaining the image of the city. So, they would invite fresh money.

Other activities and attractions also have to attract people from other place. I would like to classify transportation, attractions, activities, restaurants, shops and backpackers into tourism industries they are basic structure of tourism. Local shops, which prove food for local people, can be one of them as well if it is providing food for travelers, backpackers, students or immigrants. Often backpackers are classified as tourists but they are more like a tourism promoter, because they tend to spend less money during travel, work in the industry and talk more about their travel after they go back to home. Every tourism environment has busy period and a low season, and many backpackers-labors are coming in the busy season as well. They have the inclination to be good seasonal labors. Additionally, they would speak more about their travels at their hometowns and encourage other, and after they get older they might come back with their families and more money. So, backpackers are one of the industries promoters, and not so much tourists.

Finally, I focused on economic side of tourism, and defined it as a study of money flow. So, people, who study tourism, need to discover how to get more money from outside of the area, and that’s why I distinguish tourists or tourism industries by flow of money. A tourist is anyone, who would bring money to the place, and the Tourism industry is everything, that encourages them to spend money. That means a tourism study would be able to develop tourism resorts for companies or workers, and Tourism Economists would receive rewards. So, they should consider any excursions, day-tours, travels or journeys as a tourism venture that can make more money. Furthermore, they can distribute funds for their research and develop their study more.

ecotourism business in NZ

The Abel Tasman is the smallest national park in New Zealand. However it has unique features of forest, coast and sea nature, and suitable place for ecotourism, that is sustainable tourism for both of nature and people. It is also the best style of tourism for local people. In limited amount of funds, guides of bush walk or sea kayaking are easiest methods to start ecotourism. If you guide them, tourist can be close friends with nature and learn them well. Department of conservation will asses you for concessions, please talk to local branch. They are to protect environment with developing ecotourism. You can corporate with Information-centre, accommodations or other tourism industries to manage business and receive booking. That means some guides would share Homepages or booking systems and work for each other. So, you can save cost for advertisement and tourists can make booking easily. On the other hand, development of ecotourism would destroy traditional environment. So DOC might make entrance narrower to start ecotourism as more people start the business. That means regulation in the national park could be strict more and more in the future. You need to keep following it.

a script

First you hate them,
Then you get used to them,
Enough time passed you get to depend on them.

Usually when people face something wrong or different, they cannot follow it first. However, they start getting used to it, and along years passed, they finally depend upon it, and if it is attractive cannot help doing it. In the movie ‘The Shawshank Redemption”, this ‘it’ is about corruption of prison guards. They are strongly depends on prisoners who treated them well.

As an example of world, I would like to mention the ‘culture’ itself. People move to a culture to another, they found difference of clothes, food and houses. Some of them would hate it because of loves for their own culture. On the other hand, to survive climate there, they have to follow the local culture and they would get used to it. As a community, they will help each other and start depending on other. As a result, they will love new culture. That means when they move back to their ordinal culture they would be confused, like when they meet new culture as well.

Execution of the death penalty

In ancient Greece, from 1200-800 B.C., all families of victims had the right to punish murderers and kill them themselves, or the families were able to ask them for monetary compensation for their satisfaction. Then, communities and public sectors started involving the punishments later. (Blecher, 2006). On the other hand, more than eighty nations have eradicated the death penalty recently. Many countries still have a legal death penalty system, but they hardly ever carry it out. Only four countries worldwide practice frequent executions. (Quindlen, 2006). Historically, people have been reducing the number of death penalties, and they have a logical reason to do so. The death penalty may kill innocent people and hide truths of crimes. Also, the end of the death penalty benefits a society and solves personal mental problems. Some people look at different positive aspects of the death penalty, so this essay will solve their misunderstanding. Now is a time to eliminate all executions all over the world.


First of all, the death penalty may kill innocent people. In the United States, more than a thousand prisoners were executed, and also 123 death-row inmates have appeared to be innocent and gone back to society since 1976. (Quindlen, 2006). It was possible that courts misjudged and killed innocent people. Some people say the death penalty is a symbol for potential criminals and will prevent illegal actions. However, if a court kills innocent people, it means they are a murderer as well and they are not able to announce judgment with a trustful reputation. On one hand, the number of released people means there were real criminals who were free in a society instead of innocent people. It is a terrible situation for everyone. Citizens have to live in fear, victims or their family cannot feel comfortable, and a person faces an unexpected death, because of false accusation. Then, if a court kills innocent people, they cannot complain again and it would be difficult for other people to restore their honor either. Even if true criminals are free in society, people are not able to notice it. The death penalty may kill innocent people and release criminals into a society, where they do not have to fear further prosecution.


Furthermore, dead people are not able to talk, but people can talk and provide information while they are alive. In a case of real criminals as well, while prisoners are alive in cells, they can talk. That means investigators are able to use them to gather information about crimes. They know their criminal world and black market better than police officers. They represent characteristics of criminals that support analyzing other crimes. Their information improves the quality of investigation and cuts the time and costs. Some people claim public expenditure to keep prisoners in the cells is too costly (Greenberg, 2006), but if their information supports an investigation, it would benefit the society. Moreover, those people in prisons are labourers who contribute to the economy of their countries. They work for very low wages that provide better service and reduce extra costs for the society. The criminals in prisons benefit the society economically, as sources of information and cheap labour. The end of the death penalty benefits a society. Additionally, a crowded prison prevents ex-prisoners coming back there. (Greenberg, 2006). That means if people eliminate the death penalty and keep criminals in a prison, leaving it crowded, it reduces the crime rate on the outside and improves the society. Yet, there is no proof that the death penalty prevents crimes, even though humanity has had it for thousands of years.


If a society wants to continue the death penalty, they need someone to practice it. The death penalty is the same as “parents hit their children to teach them that hitting is a bad thing” (Quindlen, 2006). It does not eliminate murders. As long as parents hit their children or a society has a capital punishment system, people must have executioners. Moreover, no normal parents want to hit their children when they do nothing wrong. No executioner wants to kill people who do nothing wrong. Still courts may announce wrong judgment, and people cannot eradicate false accusations. No one should force the executioner to kill someone who might not be a criminal. Especially, when the majority of citizens tend to feel relief when a criminal is judged and incarcerated, but they just as quickly forget about it. It is only in Texas that about 150 prisoners do not have lawyers for postconviction counsel. (Steiker, S. C., & Steiker, M. J., 2006). Executioners are not able to forget about it if they killed innocent people. They should be released from such mental stress.
In addition, victims and their families should be free from worrying. Because no one wants to die, even real criminals tend to complain against the judgment and they never admit to their crimes. This means their victims have to live with fears that real criminals are still in a city, or that criminals might come back to the city. Victims cannot feel comfortable until the judge has sentenced the accused. In the case of murders, the victim’s family knows what losing their family means. They do not want innocent people to die by the death penalty. The death penalty is against social morals by forcing executioners to murder, and leaving victims and their families uncomfortable.


Historically, the world is moving towards eliminating the death penalty. It is reasonable in terms of human rights, costs effectiveness and social morals. We must not kill innocent people, and think about positive aspects of locking prisoners in jails. Then, executioners, victims and their families would be free from that anxiety. It is the time to end all capital punishment, and make it a page of world history.

definition essay 1

Periodicals are published regularly with new information, and every person may have one or two favorite collections. For them, bookshops tend to replace the latest editions every time at the entrances, so when people go there they can easily find that lined up. Periodicals are useful for people who want to renew their knowledge, and those can be categorized to some kinds for their targets. The most major three kinds are magazines, journals, and newspapers. When people want to read one, they should choose the best for their purposes.

Magazines are for ordinary people who want to learn social trends, such as popular fashion, music, movie or food. Those are mainly weekly or monthly, and provide information about recent hot items. Those kinds of information help people decide what to wear or what to do, especially, it is useful for weekend or after work. When they spend weekend with their friends, it would tell them what music they should listen to or what movie they should watch. So, they can keep up with fad and topic in conversations. They do not have to feel loneliness or bothered by thinking what they should do with it. Magazines help people enjoy their life more.

Journals are for people who are studying specific subjects such as economics, politics, environment or astronomy. Some journals are weekly and some are yearly. It informs scholars new discover or study results. It is useful for scholars to share their research with other or for students who are interested in newest studying. If people face difficult to continue studying it would help them finding new point of view. People read a journal about what they are studying usually, so some subscribers can be a writer of article. Journal publishers gather dissertations from specialists and check the contents, then curry it in. The journal supports people researching or studying on a specific subject.

Newspapers are for people who want to know daily happening in their community. Basically, it is a daily publication to catch up with everyday episodes. It reports about from disasters to political and economic accidents that affect daily life. When earthquake occur at a place where their friends live, it could bring fast and accurate report to people, so they can support friends. Sometime, newspapers pick up readers’ opinions, so if a parliament establishes a new low those would offer usual people a place to discuss. Moreover, when it reported an incident of other people, it also tells readers how to deal with it. Newspapers support people in daily life.
Periodicals are regularly organized with latest information, however, each has their own characters depending on their purpose. Magazines would make people’s lives happier and journals would support students to share discovery. Also, newspapers would support the subscribers’ daily life. Anyone can start reading all of those, but they do not have enough time to read though all. The strength of periodical is recent contents, so they should choose best one for their objectives. those are at the best place in a bookshop.

the moment I can't forget

It was the 23rd of July 2004. It was good weather, and the sun was shining on me from the right side. I was on a rock wall for a climbing competition held in Nigata. I was in a hurry because we compete for speeds and peaks. I needed to climb faster and higher. Two competitors came from each of the 5 prefectures, Nigata, Nagano, Toyama, Ishikawa and Fukui. I was a representative of Fukui with my friend. We had passed the local competition, and practiced everyday. I was trying my best on the wall. It was the moment I have not been able to forget.

Four weeks before the competition, we had a local climbing competition for high school students in Fukui. Then, three of us won tickets to participate in special practice courses for the next competition. In the practice, we could use a public climbing wall for free, and each of us had a special trainer who taught us better climbing skills and safety support. All of them had won a national competition at least once already. After two weeks of trials, I survived and became one of our representatives, and we went to the real competition wall to have a look. At the time, we could not climb up well but I felt it was possible to reach the top. We still had two more weeks to learn, so expected that we would eventually be able to climb up well and much faster.

On the day, I woke up early at a hotel in Nigata, and went to the competition place in advance. Last night it had rained, so the ground was a little wet. The climbing wall was about 15m high, standing in front of me, but I could not see an actual climbing course setting. The wall was covered by blue sheets, so climbers could not discuss how to climb up with their teammates before they start. It could be better to check each climber’s skills. We moved into a lodge next to the wall, and the blue sheet was removed. Because our turns were in towards the end, we could hear the cheering of audiences and count how long first competitors took to finish. We guessed no one would reach the top or ended after 10minutes time, while we were having drinks and snacks provided by organizers.

Before I went out of the lodge I had a safety gear check. It did not have any problems. I was wearing a black shirt and white pants. By signal, I went to the wall with my belayer. My 10minutes had started. I started climbing with my right hand, and left leg, and right leg and clipped the first nunchaku with my left hand. I was thinking that I could get to the top, and according to the audience, my pace of climbing was much faster than before. When I passed the fourth nunchaku, I faced a problem. My left hand was holding a stone near my chest, and my right leg was in a small hole. My left leg was far below my waist. I wanted to catch the next hole with my right hand, but firstly I could not find a stable place for my right leg and secondly my left hand was too far below. I had to take a step before. When the time limit was almost over, I was seeking a place for my left hand or right leg.

Finally, I faced a lack of time and power. After my belayer let me off I could see people were disappointed for me and the other happy competitors. Actually, there was a stone for my left leg that I did not notice, so other climbers could pass the point. I still remember the shape of the stone, which had a ring and a cavity that I was looking at but could not touch.

basical invetment knowledge

Investing money in stocks is better than depositing in banks, because banks put customers’ funds also into stock market to make profit and pay customers interests. Especially, when interest rates in banks are small it is time to busy stocks, because you cannot get much profit from banks, and corporations can rend money in lower interest rates and develop their businesses and increase their share prices. You may think that choosing one company from hundreds kinds of corporations is difficult, but it is not. You only follow your feeling and need to look at some kinds of indicators, suck as ‘return on asset (ROA)’, ‘return on equity (ROE)’, ‘price book-value ratio (PBR)’ and ‘price earnings ratio (PER)’.

First, you should look around yourself, because you would be surrounded by products that you like, and many other people prefer as well. Company must be loved by consumers to keep and develop their business, and to increase price of their stocks. If you find something you have to keep buying around you, a maker of that would keep excellent development. So, you should go to a stockbroker and ask them to gather information of the company.

After you get detail of the share, you need to look at four kinds of indicators. First part of that could be ROE: return on asset and ROE: return on equity. Both are about efficiency and strategy of the company. ROE means how much profit they made with their asset and how efficiently board of the company managed, so it should be higher than interest rate that you can earn from banks. If it was less than interest rate, they should sell their entire asset and deposit money into a bank to earn more. Nevertheless, some companies, which marked negative returns, are bargain, if those have just started their jobs. That is because every company started their business with negative return usually, some companies would start earning huge profit after that.
ROE means how much profit they make against tangible net worth or ownership capital, but it does not have any best value. You need to compare it with ROA. Ratios of ROE to ROA show you that balance of shareholders’ equity and liability. When ROA is five times bigger than ROE, that means four fifth of their asset is from liabilities. This ratio depends on strategy of the board, so nothing is better or worse. However, companies, which have high divide, would show faster development, and companies, which have low divide, would show stable development. You should look at those two indicators and find a company, which you can understand, their strategy and feel comfortable.
Second parts of four indicators are PBR: price book-value ratio and PER: price earnings ratio. Those show you value of share-price, how expensive or reasonable it is against their real prices. PBR means how the share price is against their asset exclude liabilities. If PBR is 2, that means share price is twice bigger than its net asset value. So, it is more than 1 usually at every company, and if you find a company, which PBR is about 1, its share price is almost the lower limit. On the other hand, PER means how expensive share price is against their profit. That also means how much profit the company would make from your funds. Basically, you should compare it with other indicators. At least, when it is less than interest rates of banks, you can earn more profit from depositing than the profit that company would make from your funds and divide to shareholders. However, the best value of PER totally depends on tax system and accounting rule of the industry, so there is no common rate in the world. You should look at other corporations’ PER at the same industry in the same country as well, to figure out that how reasonable the company stock price is.

Finally, once you find a company suitable for you, concentrate your fund on it. This is to maximize benefit from stocks and save fee that you need to pay for stockbrokers. In short term, like one week or one month, no one can predict price of any stocks because it is very flexible, but in long term, stock price are going to be in economic theory. That means it is going up faster than inflation rate or bank deposit. You had better hold the stock at least three years, moreover you should keep it more than twenty years instead of deposit money into saving accounts.

this is the weblog

Everyone has own characteristic, and they have right to express themselves to the world. Technologically, it had been impossible past years, but you have Weblog now. Internet connects one side of the earth to the other. Weblog is simpler style of Homepages online. Users do not have to maintain all of their pages but you can update their essays and pictures, because servers will supply background and other basic parts as well. So, Weblog is the best tool of expressing your characteristic to the entire world. You just need to follow some process, such as sing up a Blog servers, open personal detail and update pages to make familiar one.

No one can have a Weblog without registration for servers. So, the first thing you have to do is singing up there. It is not difficult, because anyone can register at their pages, and you can find that kind of servers though “Google” or “Yahoo!”. After you find out one of them, you can start registration by clicking a “Sing up” button, which is usually right top corner. Then you need to fill up a registration form online to submit your name, address, email-address and other personal information as well. You will also need to decide a your personal password for log in, and be careful not to forget it. Actually, you do not have to put your real derail in, because no one in the server has time to check it. Too many people are applying everyday, and they want to increase number of their members. This registration would finish in ten minute, and you are going to get “conformation email” that tell you your singing up has finished. Sometimes, this email has an important document or user’s guides, so you should not send the server a fake email address.

Now, you would already have your Weblog with no content, but if you do not have it, please re-register it again or contact servers. Next, you should open your personal detail information online, so visitors can imagine who is a writer and feel familiar to your pages. However, you do not have to open real derail, so you can pretend another characteristic, such as another hobby, age, sex or occupation. For that, you will go to “change personal setting” page in your server’s pages, and jut select an “open personal detail” button. Usually, it is bottom of a page. At the moment, this page is full of your information that you submit to the server, but you can change it.

Unless, you want to fill your Weblog with essays or pictures about one topic, updating it soon is better than leave it empty. That is because if your Blog has any contents, visitors there can write their reflect comments and those would encourage you to continue. To update yours, you need to log in your personal page and go to a “renew” page. You can put any pictures and essay into your Weblog, and some servers would allow you to make it with any music you want. Some Weblog users are writing diary on it, and some are writing novels that developing daily. If you decide what you will update, make sure how it is decollating by clicking a “preview” button, before you renew it to public.

Many Weblog servers are providing base of it for free, but you would receive an email and notice some of them provide better service by demanding fee. Those have more variety of backgrounds, and you can put more pictures, music and movies as well. Beginners do not need such a kind of serves, but if you want your Blog to upgrade more than others, please apply for that. Longer you spent for renew your Blog, you are able to have better one.

the climbers' high

For climbers, ‘challenge’ is a purpose of their lives. Everyone wants to tackle something new, and grab fame of ‘the venture’. Since the first climber was born, many people have built records of spectacular adventures, and a virginal place has become smaller so the climbers have to risk more dangers. Now there is controversy as to whether people go to those virginal parts because they like risks, or people like virginal places so they can take risks.

There was a climbing group trying out Mount Cook. That was a well-organized party with many experienced climbers.
One night, they had a meeting to talk about route selecting on Mt. Cook, and a captain suggested a route D, which was situated only the map and no one had succeeded yet. A success on the route D would give them a prize for the best climbers. However, a climbers’ goal is to reach the top somehow. The method is not the most important problem as long as they can get to the top, and if they could not, they would have nothing but disappointment. An experienced climber opposed him to change the plan to route A, which everyone knew well. They would not get respect but they would still be able to achieve the top, and they could try another course after they had prepared well. Thus, the route D was the delight of the captain, who also had much experience and had spent a long time on groundwork. They started arguing with each other. Both opinions were very logical and significant estimations. So, even when another person came in to block the conflict, the majority of them could not decide. Finally, the oppositions left the meeting room and the captain’s group stayed there. After he asked everybody who dislikes his plan to leave the room, he started talking about his roadmap. He reorganized his party and took them to Mt. Cook. A group, who left there, could not find a way to arrange another party to climb route A, so they stayed at their houses.

They were relaxing at their houses and watching television. On a timely news programme, a newscaster started talking about an accident on Mt. Cook. Some climbers had not come back to a their base on the proposed day. It was obviously about their ex-members. As they had warned, those members failed passing route D and got nothing. They expected others to apologize for their arguments and felt confident about themselves. Their predictions were right and the others had to consider the importance of these. However at the next moment, the caster mentioned a casualty of the disaster, which meant they could not see all of their friends anymore.

This story shows the importance of not doing wrong things and forcing other people to do it as well. It is significant that people should not do wrong things, but people cannot force others to anything especially when it is not completely wrong. However, they might have to take a step forward to prevent heartbreaking results.
First, they could have stayed in the meeting room longer to try and persuade more members not to go. At least, they could have provided more information for each other. Even if they might not have been able to stop the decision at all, members could have been able to have knowledge to make the decision that they are responsible for. Moreover, they knew the route D, and how dangerous it was. Even if they had gone together they may not have been able to pass through, but they could have supported each other in returning safely. If this was the case, they would understand their mistakes and others would not have had to regret that they could not stop them.