Essay代写：Trade balance and exchange rate changes

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Trade balance and exchange rate changes，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了贸易收支与汇率变动。从弹性论、购买力平价理论和不完全汇率传递理论角度出发进行分析，贸易收支与汇率之间关系密切，相互作用明显。在国际贸易的实际运行中，贸易收支和汇率变动又各自受诸多因素的影响和制约。在不同时期贸易收支对汇率的影响不同。在复杂的国际环境下，贸易收支与汇率之间的敏感度并不强。

From the perspective of elasticity theory, purchasing power parity theory and incomplete exchange rate pass-through theory, trade balance and exchange rate are closely related and have obvious interaction. In the actual operation of international trade, trade balance and exchange rate fluctuation are affected and restricted by many factors respectively. The trade balance has different effects on the exchange rate in different periods. The impact of exchange rate fluctuations on trade balance needs to be satisfied that the sum of demand elasticity of import commodities and export commodities is greater than 1. Only then can exchange rate fluctuations play an obvious role in adjusting trade balance. Otherwise, it is invalid. In a complex international environment, the sensitivity between trade balance and exchange rate is not strong.

Elasticity theory refers to the adjustment of current account imbalance with the change of exchange rate and price when income remains unchanged. Because this adjustment mechanism is closely related to the elasticity of supply and demand of import and export commodities, it is called elasticity theory. Elasticity theory is a theory applicable to balance of payments adjustment. It was put forward by Joan Robinson, an economist at the university of Cambridge in the 1930s. During this period, the international gold standard system was in a state of collapse. Through research, Joan Robinson formally put forward the viewpoint of elasticity theory on the basis of Marshall microeconomics and local equilibrium analysis method.

Elasticity theory is based on four assumptions: the overall price level of a country is basically unchanged; The level of national income has not changed much. The exchange rate system is not a free-floating exchange rate system and is determined by the monetary authorities, not the market. The fluctuation of exchange rate affects the price of import and export goods. A rise in the exchange rate of the domestic currency will cause the export commodities of the country to show a rise in price when denominated in foreign currency, while the import commodities will show a decline in price when priced in local currency, forming the effect of "suppressing the increase in import and export". Therefore, elasticity theory analyzes the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on trade balance according to the demand elasticity of export commodities and import commodities.

Purchasing power parity theory is a theory that studies and compares the purchasing power relations between different currencies in different countries. One of its theoretical premises is to adopt a floating exchange rate system, that is, there is no foreign exchange control. PPP includes absolute PPP and relative PPP. Absolute purchasing power parity is based on the law of one price. If the value of a good is fixed, its price should be the same in two different countries in the same currency. Under the same commodity structure of the two countries, the value of the two currencies can be reflected by the purchasing power of the two currencies. It can be considered that the purchasing power parity between the two countries' currencies determines the equilibrium exchange rate level to some extent. However, the absolute purchasing power is defective, which is mainly reflected in the fact that the one-price law must be established in the competitive market environment if it is to be established, and the mobile cost and information cost of product space should be zero. The theory of relative purchasing power parity holds that the price level is the main factor determining the exchange rate fluctuation. It also has two disadvantages: first, in relative purchasing power parity, exchange rate fluctuation needs to determine an equilibrium basis point as a reference point, and there is no accurate method to determine the equilibrium point. Second, the price index is an important index to consider the rate of inflation.

On the whole, the trend of purchasing power parity is generally consistent with the long-term trend of exchange rate. It can be considered that the theory of purchasing power parity is a relatively good way to measure and judge the change of long-term exchange rate trend.

Incomplete exchange rate pass-through theory means that exchange rate changes cannot be reflected in the price of traded goods 1:1. Traditional exchange rate pass-through theory holds that in import and export trade, import and export prices will change in proportion to exchange rate changes without considering transportation costs, tariffs and some barriers in the process of trade. However, more empirical studies show that the pass-through of exchange rate changes to the price level is not complete in most cases. A number of American economists have shown that the exchange rate fluctuations lead to the price changes of import and export commodities between 40% and 50%. In China, bu yongxiang, deputy director of the financial research institute of the People's Bank of China, also pointed out through research that a change of 1 percentage point in the nominal exchange rate of RMB will produce the same direction change in the retail price index and the producer price index, with a range of 0.47 percentage point and 0.53 percentage point respectively. It can be seen that it is effective to adjust the trade balance through exchange rate fluctuations, but its role is also limited in the case of incomplete exchange rate pass-through. If the balance of trade balance is to be achieved, it must rely on more substantial exchange rate fluctuations.

On the basis of exchange rate theory, the interaction between trade balance and exchange rate can be analyzed to explain the correlation between trade balance and RMB exchange rate in sino-us trade disputes.

The change of a country's exchange rate is affected and restricted by many factors, including the level of trade balance, the rate of inflation, the level of interest rate and the domestic exchange rate policy. Sometimes these factors work together, sometimes individually, and sometimes they help or cancel each other out. Trade balance is an important factor. Trade balance can also be referred to as "balance of trade", which refers to the comprehensive situation of a country's import and export trade in a certain period. The focus of trade is around foreign trade. The change of trade balance will change the supply relationship in the foreign exchange market of a country and then affect the exchange rate level. Specifically, if a country's trade balance is in a state of large surplus, it will lead to the increase of foreign exchange inflow into the country, which is reflected in the demand for foreign exchange less than the supply of foreign exchange, thus causing the appreciation of domestic currency and depreciation of foreign currency. On the other hand, if a country's trade balance is in a big deficit, the foreign exchange inflow into the country will also decrease, then the foreign exchange demand will exceed the foreign exchange supply, resulting in the devaluation of domestic currency and the appreciation of foreign currency.

Generally speaking, the factors that affect the exchange rate change are diverse, and they all play a role in the exchange rate change to some extent. Except for other factors, we will analyze the impact of trade balance on the exchange rate. International trade can generally be regarded as a reflection of the core competitiveness of a country's exports, which, under the influence of purchasing power parity theory, will also be projected into the confidence of investors in the currency of that country. If a country's trade surplus continues to grow, it is bound to increase investor confidence in and demand for its currency, which in turn will lead to currency appreciation. This effect is not limited to the short term. It is evident as long as the trade surplus continues, and the larger the trade surplus, the stronger the currency appreciation. For example, the degree of confidence and demand for RMB in all countries in the world have been generally improved, which has resulted in a sharp decline in the exchange rate of RMB against the us dollar. From the perspective of the situation after China's accession to the WTO, the change from 8.28USD/CNY in 2001 to 6.88USD/CNY in 2019 is sufficient to show the extent of the impact of trade balance on the exchange rate change. On the other hand, the larger and persistent trade deficit of a country will lead to less confidence and demand of investors in the country's currency, and the larger depreciation of the country's currency.

The change of a country's exchange rate will lead to changes in the price of its import and export commodities, restrain or stimulate the degree of demand for import and export commodities, thus affecting the import and export scale and trade balance of the country. Generally speaking, if the exchange rate of domestic currency rises, that is, the domestic currency depreciates, then the price of domestic goods in foreign currency will fall, while the price of foreign goods in local currency will rise. When the demand elasticity of import and export commodities is greater than 1, the foreign demand for domestic commodities will increase, promoting domestic exports, while domestic demand for foreign commodities decreases, reducing domestic imports. The result has been an increase in the country's export earnings and a decrease in its import expenditure, which has improved the country's trade balance. Conversely, if the domestic currency exchange rate declines, that is, the domestic currency appreciates, the price of domestic goods in foreign currency will rise, and the price of foreign goods in local currency will accordingly fall. Similarly, once the demand elasticity of import and export commodities is greater than 1, the foreign demand for domestic commodities will decrease, which inhibits domestic exports, while domestic demand for foreign commodities will rise, thus stimulating domestic imports. The result is lower export revenues and higher import spending, worsening the country's trade balance.

It is worth noting that the actual impact of exchange rate fluctuations on trade balance does not occur at any time. The reason is that the exchange rate is not fully pass-through, and the degree of its impact is also restricted by the elasticity of demand of import and export commodities. Elasticity of demand refers to the degree or proportion of increase or decrease in demand due to the rise or fall of commodity prices. In a country's currency, for example, on the one hand, currencies after a period of time, the country's exports will increase, but the country's exports of foreign currency prices are falling, as a result, the country's foreign exchange income may not be increased with the increase of export quantity growth, only when the export commodities incremental reach a considerable degree, just offset and more than likely because the foreign currency price decline brought about by the loss. Much depends on the elasticity of demand for the commodity in the importing country. On the other hand, after currency depreciation, the price of imported goods will increase, while the demand will decrease. The extent of reduction also depends on the elasticity of demand of the importing country. Considering the above two aspects, it is not difficult to find that as long as the demand elasticity of import and export commodities is large enough to meet the marshal-lerner condition, and the sum of the two is greater than 1, that is, D 1, then the domestic currency depreciation can improve the trade balance. If D 0 or D=1, it has little or no effect.

Through the above analysis, it can be found that there is indeed an interactive and causal relationship between trade balance and exchange rate fluctuations, but in actual operation, these two are also affected and restricted by other factors. Trade balance has a greater impact on exchange rate fluctuations, but it is also affected by inflation rate, interest rate and exchange rate policy. Therefore, the impact of trade balance on exchange rate in different periods can not be generalized. The impact of exchange rate fluctuations on trade balance needs to be satisfied that the sum of demand elasticity of import commodities and export commodities is greater than 1. Only then can exchange rate fluctuations play an obvious role in adjusting trade balance. Otherwise, it is invalid. This can come to the conclusion that, under the complex international environment, trade balance and exchange rate between the sensitivity is not strong, so ease trade friction and could not be addressed relies mainly on the adjustment of a country's currency, the two countries are available from the import and export trade policy, import and export market structure, tax system arrangement and so on aspects to improve, to ensure that the currency exchange rate is relatively stable.

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Assignment代写：Protection of business secrets of enterprises

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Protection of business secrets of enterprises，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了企业的商业秘密保护。在大数据与云计算时代，经济社会信息化程度越来越高，针对信息采集的范围日趋广泛，涉及诸多企业商业隐私信息，在进行信息采集的过程中，除了基本的企业信息外，还可通过相关的网络技术设备，搜集和调取出企业的商业机密，通过对这些数据的关联、聚合可以挖掘还原出更多的信息网络。通过数据的实时传输，在当事人毫无知情的情况下就可实现信息的传递，最终造成企业商业信息的暴露与泄漏。

As an old enterprise in our country, petroleum enterprises have huge resources and corresponding technical equipment. In the operation and operation of petroleum enterprises, it is also very important for the construction and development of the department. The overall development of the enterprise cannot be separated from the connection and close cooperation of all links. Therefore, the protection of trade secrets is particularly important, which contains important information and content of enterprise construction and development. At present, there are still many problems to be solved.

By analyzing the existing problems of oil enterprises, it can be seen that the protection of trade secrets of some oil enterprises is weak. This from the side also reflects the enterprise's internal management is not comprehensive, for internal information management control is not detailed enough. The protection of trade secrets of enterprises should be comprehensive and specific, and the use of high-tech products and security equipment to prevent competitors from copying and collecting information. On the other hand, to achieve innovation, for the current use of information security technology to carry out a fact of innovation.

The extensive application and sharing of data make many competitors do improper behaviors that harm the legitimate rights and interests of others for their own personal interests. Era of big data and cloud computing, economic and social information degree more and more high, in view of the increasingly wide scope of information collection, business privacy information, many enterprises involved in the process of information gathering, in addition to basic enterprise information, can also through the relevant network technology and equipment, collect and obtain the commercial secrets of the enterprise, based on the data mining of association, aggregation, can restore the more information of network. Through the real-time transmission of data, the information can be transmitted without the party's knowledge, and finally the exposure and leakage of the enterprise's business information.

In the environment of big data and cloud computing, legislative measures should be taken to protect enterprise information security, relevant laws and regulations should be formulated, and institutional protection should be carried out. As an important part of China's economic and social development, the related construction of enterprises is very important. At present, the legal protection of enterprise information management in China is still in the preliminary stage. Although some measures and regulations concerning enterprise information protection have been formulated, they are still far from developed countries. On the other hand, enterprises do not invest enough in the security protection of trade secrets, the total number of information security division is small, and their own technical quality is low, so they cannot solve some technical problems and technical security difficulties quickly and skillfully.

For the protection of trade secrets in oil enterprises, there are still weak links in many basic work. The internal management responsibility of oil enterprises is not clear, the internal personnel management responsibility is not in place, the cross and abuse of responsibility, will cause the disorder of the internal work of enterprises. Then will affect the steady progress of internal work, affect the work efficiency. At the same time, these basic work will contain confidential information of enterprises, supervision is not in place, will also cause information leakage. On the other hand, the supervision system is not in place in the basic work of enterprises, which will cause the protection of business secrets of enterprises is not comprehensive. In addition, there is a relatively large correlation between the positions and no clear boundary. For trade secret information, due to the large number of participants, its danger will also be enhanced.

Traditional information security technology cannot be fully applied to the emerging field of big data. The development of cloud computing, mobile Internet and other new technologies presents new security challenges for big data collection and processing. Attach importance to the irreplaceable importance that technology brings to people's life and work, and ensure the perfection and completeness of relevant technologies. The related technical equipment should be updated and repaired in time to ensure that the process can give full play to the utility function.

It is necessary to strengthen the training for enterprise security information staff, help security information staff timely improve their security technology, in view of the leakage of enterprise business secret information and violations, so as to timely and promptly stop and prevent in the first time. For the protection of business secrets, the relevant technical personnel should take basic protective measures. The degree to grasp the technology and their own skills, is very critical. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the integrity of the protection of business secrets information security, from the source and each link to grasp the key.

In the context of big data and cloud computing, there are some risks and challenges for collaborative protection of enterprise business information security, but the progress of science and technology will also provide more opportunities for collaborative protection of enterprise confidential information security. The enterprise information security protection system can be created by mining the technical advantages of big data and cloud computing, so as to prevent the leakage of enterprise information security and gradually repair the loopholes of information security protection. Guarantee enterprise information security, gradually establish and improve the legal system of enterprise information security protection, so that competitors feel the constraints of the law.

We should give full play to the unique advantages of big data and cloud environment to improve the enterprise information security protection ability. From the source to enhance the ability to ensure information security, vigorously develop the enterprise confidential protection industry, for the enterprise confidential information set up the best strict protection procedures. It is conducive to the long-term development of enterprise confidential information security system protection, improve the confidence and trust degree of enterprise employees in network security, and to a certain extent, it also promotes the long-term development of enterprise trade secret protection, and brings a great promotion role for enterprise trade secret protection.

The confidential protection of the enterprise is of great importance in the development of the petroleum enterprise, which records the information exchange of many businesses and the development of the petroleum enterprise itself. Therefore, by strengthening the protection of business secrets of enterprises, the effect of management can be comprehensively improved. The leakage of enterprise confidential information will bring huge risks to the future development of the enterprise. The increasing risk will affect the internal stability of oil enterprises, and thus affect the external development status of oil enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the protection of oil enterprises' trade secrets, find loopholes and problems in time, solve them effectively, and finally achieve perfect results.

Strengthen the training and training of enterprise information security officers, build good experimental conditions, strengthen practical training, and effectively improve the actual combat ability of information security personnel. To further strengthen cooperation and exchanges, training innovative scientific and technical personnel, to introduce embedded training. Embedded culture refers to the combination of software and hardware. For information security officers, they should not only master theoretical knowledge, but also accumulate practical experience. Improve the ability of strain and practical operation, in the occurrence of information security problems can quickly and accurately solve the relevant problems.

Promote the establishment of large data, cloud computing environment of enterprise business information security of government unified regulatory system, the establishment of top-down unified regulator, strengthen the industry regulations, carry out the personal information security protection, matter and afterwards "advance" the whole life cycle of monitoring, formulate the relevant certification standards and processes, encourage the establishment of monitoring mechanism of the third-party evaluation, strengthen the dynamic assessment and performance evaluation. Through the means of the law, the form of the system to protect the security of enterprise information, reflects the importance of our country to the security of enterprise business secret information. It is also an institutional constraint on the application of enterprise business information security under the background of big data and cloud environment.

In the process of promoting the development of petroleum enterprises, the internal basic work of petroleum enterprises should also be carried out steadily. First of all, the relevant system should be established to determine the relevant responsibilities through the system, so that the relevant staff can understand their own duties and responsibilities, and pay attention to the nature and content of the work of the relevant responsible person in the oil enterprise. To protect the business secrets of enterprises, we should establish a system of mutual containment and restriction, and establish a defense line of supervision based on prevention. When engaged in business, relevant petroleum personnel must clearly define their business handling authority and responsibilities. For general business or business directly in contact with customers, they must go through review. For important business, it is better to implement the double-signature system, and prohibit the process of individual handling business independently, so as to prevent violations of enterprise rules. Carry out daily and periodic checks on each position and each business, and establish a monitoring defense line based on "blocking". On the other hand, it is necessary to strengthen supervision and management, confirm that there are fair and equitable personnel with strong sense of responsibility and comprehensive working ability to assume supervision and management positions, and incorporate them into procedural and standardized management, and report the supervision process and results directly to the person in charge of the confidential department on a regular basis.

With the increasingly extensive application of big data and cloud computing in all aspects of economic and social life, more efforts should be invested in the security of enterprise confidential information. By strengthening embedded training, relevant staff can take quick and effective measures to prevent the disclosure of confidential information in the first time when the enterprise information is in danger, thus playing a key role in protecting confidential information.

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英文论文各部分的写作格式

很多留学生在去到国外才知道，原本留学生活并没有大家想象中的那么轻松，平时的学习压力非常大。单单是教授平时布置的论文作业，就经常把大家搞得头大。对于英文论文来说，格式必须要保证准备无误，这是前提。下面就给大家讲解一下英文论文各部分的写作格式。

一、英文论文的标题

一篇较长的英文论文一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英文论文是留学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。

如果英文论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。

二、英文论文提纲

英文论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上Thesis一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、英文论文正文

有标题页和提纲页的英文论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

四、英文论文的文中引述

正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英文论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式（即英文论文参考文献）的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。

1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:

The divorce of Arnold’s personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).

这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)；阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9)；作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。

2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:

Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”

is an admirable and characteristic

diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it

Whitman is unable to conceive the

extreme crises of society, one is certain

that no society would be tolerable whoses

citizens could not find refreshment in its

buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)

这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英文论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起；二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。

3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:

Dr.Beaman points out that“he has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).

值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。

4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号)；点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:

Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn…with undisguised scorn and contempt…(Nitchie 43).

5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如:

Professor Chen Jia’s A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).

圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线；规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字；其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。

6.如果英文论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:

Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).

Farrington points out that Aristotle’s father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15).

这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy及The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle.

7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。

When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed…”(1.1620-21).

这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格；圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写；21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。

五、英文论文的文献目录

论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:

1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。

2.目录页应视为英文论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。

3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。

4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。

现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。

Two or More Books by the Same Author

Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A

Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950.

—The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats,

Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963.

引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名；各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。

An Author with an Editor

Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B.

Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959.

本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth；如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:

Blackmur, Richard P.Introduction. The Art of the Novel:

Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribner’s,

1962.vii-xxxix.

如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):

Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery.

London: Macmillan, 1972.v-vi.

A Multivolume Work

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928.

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. Vol.2. London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols.

第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容；第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。

A Selection from an Anthology

Abram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.”

Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New

York: Columbia UP,1963.63-88.

被引用的英文论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英文论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。

Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers

Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.”

Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48.

报刊杂志名需划线,但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号,如既有卷号,又有期号,则要将二者以句号分开。如:(3.3)；1984为出版年份,应置于圆括弧中。

Arnold, Marilgn.“Willa Cather’s Nostalgia: A Study in

Ambivalance.”Research Studies Mar.1981:23-24,28.

月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月；23-24,28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页,后一部分则转至第28页。

Gorney, Cynthia.“When the Gorilla Speaks.”Washington Post

31 July,1985:B1.

引用日报上的英文论文必须同时注明报纸出版的年、月、日。B1为该文在报纸中的版面及页码。

以上就是关于英文论文各部分的格式讲解，最后，建议大家在完成论文后，再花时间检查一下，保证不出错。

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Paper代写：Agricultural organization in Japan

本篇paper代写- Agricultural organization in Japan讨论了日本的农业组织形式。日本的农业协同组织是日本最基本普遍的农业合作组织形式。农协的发展历史最早可以追溯到明治维新时期农民和手工业者自发组织的“同业组合”。二战后，日本政府在驻日盟军总司令部的指导下，于1947年出台了《农业协同组合法》，正式用农业协同组织取代了农业会，到1948年底日本基本已经形成了覆盖全国的农协网络。在法律制度的保障下，农协成为了日本农业生产中必不可少的组织形式，此后在1954年日本政府又设立了农协在都道府县的联合会和全国的中央会，以加强对农协的规范化管理和指导。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Agricultural organization form innovation is the important content that promotes agricultural modernization construction. Since the founding of new China, the form of agricultural organization in China has experienced many explorations and changes. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the masses spontaneously formed mutual aid groups, agricultural cooperatives, and then the people's communization movement. Collectivization in agricultural production was constantly strengthened, but the lack of effective incentive mechanism led to the low efficiency in production of people's communes.

In order to better find the ideas of agricultural organization form innovation in China, we might as well analyze the development and structure of Japan's agricultural organization, and combine with China's national conditions to explore the ideas and programs of agricultural organization innovation that can be used for reference.

Agricultural cooperative organization in Japan is the most basic and common form of agricultural cooperative organization. The history of the development of the association can be traced back to the "association of the same trade" organized by the peasants and craftsmen during the Meiji restoration. In 1900, Japan issued the law of industrial combination, and the government began to become an important driving force for the development of rural "industrial combination". With the encouragement and support of the government, Japan's industrial portfolio developed rapidly. In 1924, about 80% of the cities in Japan set up an industrial portfolio, and about 50% of the farmers joined the industrial portfolio. During the World War II, in order to launch the war of aggression, Japan merged the industrial groups into the national unified control of the "agricultural association", through which the government directly controlled the country's agricultural production.

After World War II, the Japanese government, under the guidance of the general command of the allied forces stationed in Japan, issued the law of agricultural cooperative organization in 1947, formally replacing the agricultural association with agricultural cooperative organization. By the end of 1948, Japan had basically formed a nationwide network of agricultural cooperative organizations. Under the protection of the legal system, the association has become an indispensable form of organization in Japanese agricultural production, and then in 1954, the Japanese government established the association in prefectures and prefectures in the capital and the national central committee to strengthen the standardized management and guidance of the association.

In 1956, the Japanese government enacted the "agricultural reconditioning measures" to further strengthen the legal protection of agricultural associations. With the expansion of agricultural products market, decentralized small agricultural association has gradually failed to meet the needs of Japan's agricultural development, and integration has become the main trend of the development of agricultural association. In 1961, the Japanese government introduced the "law on the promotion of the merger of peasant associations", which promoted the merger of peasant associations nationwide by means of government economic subsidies, and stipulated that the base size of peasant households included in the association was 1,000. After the 1970s, the Japanese agricultural association continued to accelerate the merger and expansion, and the competitiveness and influence of the agricultural association also increased with the expansion of the scale.

In general, the organizational structure of the Japanese farmers' association can be divided vertically into grassroots farmers' associations at the municipal level, central farmers' associations and federations at the prefectural level, and national farmers' associations and federations. Horizontally, the Japanese agricultural association can be divided into comprehensive agricultural association and professional agricultural association. The comprehensive agricultural association is a general agricultural association, which guides the agricultural production and daily life of the group members based on the group members engaged in agricultural production in a certain area. Professional agricultural associations are composed of producers of specific agricultural products and provide guidance and purchase and sales services for the production of specific agricultural products. Compared with comprehensive agricultural associations, the number of professional agricultural associations is larger and smaller, reaching 4097 at its peak. In addition, according to the different sources of financing, the association can be divided into the group members' investment in the funds and the non-investment in the operation of the poundage, in which the non-investment in the financial services such as savings deposit cannot be handled by the association.

With the continuous development of Japanese agricultural association, its function has gradually expanded from simply arranging agricultural production within the association to all aspects of farmers' production and life. At present, the main functions of Japanese agricultural association include agricultural guidance, economic affairs, welfare, credit support, mutual aid and other agricultural affairs. Among them, agricultural guidance mainly refers to the guidance for farmers in agricultural management and agricultural technology, including promoting farmers to jointly arrange the marketing of agricultural products and procurement of production materials, and providing on-site agricultural technical guidance. The economic affairs of the association mainly include marketing and procurement, in which marketing is mainly to obtain higher prices in the market through unified rating and transportation of agricultural products. In order to realize the unified scheduling of the marketing process, most agricultural associations are equipped with rating centers, temperature controlled warehouses and grain elevators. In terms of procurement, the association helps farmers purchase fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural machinery at a low price. Some of the associations also set up supermarket chains and gas stations for their members. The welfare undertakings mainly involve welfare security and medical and health affairs in the daily life of peasant families, including organizing women's associations and providing life services such as medical care, recreational activities, travel and purchase of high-end consumer goods. Credit support refers to the bank services such as deposit and loan, foreign currency exchange, bill discount and purchase of national debt provided by the peasant association. This business is mainly undertaken by the credit department of the peasant association, namely the central Treasury of agriculture and forestry. In order to ensure the stability of agriculture and farmers' life, the agricultural association's mutual aid business is to provide diversified mutual insurance according to the different life cycle needs of members, and improve the community's pension benefits and traffic safety. In addition to the above functions, the association also undertakes additional services such as housing rental and sale, processing of agricultural products, and community environmental protection. It can be seen that the agricultural association in Japan has been far from a simple organization of agricultural cooperative production, but a complex organization that covers all aspects of Japanese agriculture and continues to expand its functions.

It is precisely because the association occupies a crucial core position in Japanese agriculture that it is often seen as the spokesman of Japanese agriculture and farmers, which makes the association's political status in Japan constantly improve, and the association's ability to influence politics also enhance.

Japanese agricultural association in the long-term development process of the progress of Japanese agriculture has a huge role in promoting. The association has raised farmers' incomes. By taking advantage of its monopoly advantages, the agricultural association unified allocation of agricultural procurement, production and exchange links, which not only lowered the cost of purchasing fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural tools, but also raised the price of agricultural products in the Japanese agricultural market. Since the scale of the association began to expand in 1961, the per capita income of Japanese peasant households relative to non-peasant households has been rising year by year. The expansion of the association not only brings economies of scale effect, but also gives the association a higher political voice, which can influence the direction of government policies and regulations, so as to better protect the interests of farmers. The association has improved the community service system in rural areas for public affairs such as welfare, health care and medical care. Although the association is a non-governmental non-governmental organization with free access and democratic management, to a certain extent, the association has assumed part of the administrative work and social security functions at the rural grass-roots level. More than 40% of the hospitals affiliated to the association are located in cities and villages with less than 50,000 people. In rural areas, the association plays a more important role in health care than Japan's jisen and the Japanese Red Cross.

Moreover, the association has improved the management and technology of Japanese agriculture. On the one hand, the association can directly strengthen the training of farmers in agricultural technology and purchase more advanced means of production for farmers. On the other hand, the unified dispatching of agricultural production by the association also promotes the modernization of agricultural management.

In general, the association is of positive significance in safeguarding Japan's agricultural production and social stability. Under the management of the agricultural association, farmers' production and life are fully guaranteed, and the uncertainty of production of individual farmers is significantly reduced. In addition, the association also participated in the construction of infrastructure and environmental protection in rural Japan, strengthening the protection of rural ecological environment and ensuring the stable and sustainable development of agriculture in the future. According to the central committee of the national farmers' association, the association spends more than 8.2 billion yen a year on major environmental protection and infrastructure projects in rural areas.

While protecting agriculture, the association also monopolized the agricultural production in Japan, resulting in high prices of agricultural products in Japan and damage to the overall welfare level of the society. According to the statistics of the ministry of general affairs of Japan, since 1970, the price of rice in Japan is always higher than the overall price level, when the gap between the two is the largest, the price of rice is 60% higher than the overall price, indicating that the price of agricultural products in Japan far exceeds the general level of residents' living price.

The strength of the agricultural association also formed resistance to Japanese agricultural imports. In order to maintain the high price of agricultural products in Japan, the agricultural association actively USES its political influence to prevent Japan from opening up the international trade of agricultural products, and the strict trade protection of agricultural products has become the crux of deadlock in various FTA negotiations in Japan. At the same time, under the excessive trade protection policy, the farmers with small production scale and high production cost also lack the motivation to reduce the cost, which further solidifies the high price of agricultural products in Japan.

The important position of agricultural association in economy and politics led to special benefits. As a non-governmental organization, the association is an important channel for the Japanese government to directly regulate agricultural production, and often receives many additional privileges. For example, the association can engage in multiple financial activities at the same time, while other financial institutions are severely restricted in this respect. Moreover, the agricultural association directly controls the various stages before, during and after agricultural production, and can often obtain the high price difference in the purchase and sale of means of production through the intermediary.

Japan ja's history has been nearly 70 years, in the long-term development, the ja in perfecting the function of the organizational structure is becoming more and more complicated at the same time, the organization redundancy, cause the ja operational efficiency is declining, the layers of all kinds of the ja operational costs were added to the agricultural prices, which further led to the Japanese agricultural prices rise.

In addition to the current problems of the Japanese agricultural association, Japan's domestic agricultural development is also facing new challenges. First, the quality and quantity of the labor force are declining. Not only is the structure of rural labor force aging, but the absolute number of rural labor force is also declining. From 1960 to 2015, the agricultural area of Japan dropped from 6.07 million hectares to 4.49 million hectares, a decrease of about 26%. Third, the economic downturn in Japan has also led to a continuous decline in the market demand for high-priced agricultural products. According to the statistics of the ministry of agriculture, forestry and fisheries, the per capita consumption of rice in Japan has dropped from 111.7 kg in 1965 to 54.2 kg in 2017, a decrease of more than 50%.

As calls for agricultural reform grew in Japan, the Abe government launched a comprehensive agricultural reform program after taking office, including restrictions on the power and organizational structure of the agricultural association. In May 2014, Japan issued "opinions on agricultural reform", including the abolition of the central committee of the agricultural association system, the abolition of the agricultural conference and the national agricultural conference system, and the "agriculture-wide" incorporation of reform proposals. Japan's agricultural association also carried out independent reform, and accepted the government's "agricultural association reform law system and other basic programs" in September 2015.

The focus of the reform is to weaken the control power and economic privilege of the central committee of the association and promote the development of the association as an enterprise. Although the effectiveness of Japan's agricultural reform policy is still unclear and the rationality of many policy measures is still debatable, it can be reflected from the side that there are many contradictions that need to be reconciled between Japan's agricultural association and domestic economic development.

Since the reform and opening up, China's rural areas have implemented a general household contract responsibility system. Under the land contract system, the stability of farmers' expected income is enhanced and their production enthusiasm is also improved. However, individual farmers with small-scale production can only passively accept the market price when facing the market, so the stability of their production and income is constantly impacted by market fluctuations. In the following part, we will start from the above analysis of the form of Japanese agricultural organization, discuss its reference significance to the innovation of Chinese agricultural organization from both positive and negative aspects, and then discuss the possible path of the innovation of Chinese agricultural organization.

As a cooperative production organization for farmers, jha can provide technical guidance, centralized purchase and sales, and financing facilities for farmers' production, thus effectively reducing the uncertainty of farmers in the production process. After the reform and opening up, the people's commune system in China was gradually abolished, and the degree of agricultural cooperation in rural areas was greatly reduced. Meanwhile, the process of marketization was constantly accelerated, and the costs and risks faced by individual farmers in the market also rose accordingly. Although many agricultural cooperation organizations have been established in China, they are generally small in scale and imperfect in system. Therefore, strengthening the standardization construction of agricultural production cooperation and expanding the scale of agricultural cooperation organization are of great significance to the current innovation of rural organizations in China.

From the specific function of the Japanese agricultural association, it not only provides effective guidance and management of agricultural production, but also provides convenience for the public life of the community of farmers. At present, China's urban-rural income gap is large, the rural social security system is not perfect, rural health care construction is relatively backward. Therefore, the association of agricultural cooperative organizations with public services in rural communities can promote the increase of agricultural income and at the same time promote the improvement of agricultural community management level and farmers' living standards in China.

From the development of Japanese agricultural association and organizational structure. Japanese agricultural association is in a series of legal system under the promotion of continuous development and improvement. In addition, the organization structure of Japanese agricultural association is very perfect, which can promote the cooperation of agricultural producers in the same region and the same product.

The low efficiency of the Japanese agricultural association is largely due to the excessive organizational hierarchy of the association. The multi-layer management from the local grass-roots level to the central level leads to the over-expansion of the management department and staff system of the association, and the resulting administrative expenses further drive up the cost of Japanese agricultural products. Therefore, in the development of agricultural cooperatives, we should not only improve the organizational structure to provide various guarantees for farmers' production and life, but also avoid too complicated vertical structure, which would lead to unnecessary waste of manpower and material resources and reduce social efficiency.

Moreover, the power of agricultural cooperatives is regulated and limited by the national government. As the direct spokesman of farmers, the Japanese agricultural association has a very important political position in Japan, which also leads to the special rights and interests of production, operation and financing under various agricultural protection policies. Its agricultural monopoly also has a negative impact on the overall welfare of Japanese society. Therefore, while promoting the development of agricultural cooperatives, it is also necessary to strengthen their supervision, management and legal constraints to avoid the problems of privileges and corruption.

Finally, agricultural cooperatives should be truly "run by the people and manage their benefits", practice democratic management, democratic supervision and financial transparency. Because the Japanese agricultural association is not a complete enterprise organization, do not need to be audited, so in the operation of the farmers to earn a lot of financial chaos. Only by strengthening the management and supervision of agricultural cooperatives by the public and the society and maintaining financial transparency can agricultural cooperatives be prevented from becoming fishing tools that harm the interests of farmers.

China's current agricultural organization innovation has a long way to go. In addition to strengthening the construction of agricultural cooperation organizations, there are many ways to reform township enterprises. For agricultural cooperative organizations, on the one hand, the fragile individual agricultural production in the market economy needs collective organization to guide and manage, so as to ensure the stability of farmers' income and agricultural production. Regions in our country, on the other hand, have different level of economic development in the countryside, rural land is a great disparity conditions, natural conditions, the specific implementation of agricultural cooperation organization construction needs to adjust measures to local conditions, to consider the local production, promote the improvement of agricultural production cooperation with local farmers life, at the same time, strengthen the management of agricultural cooperation organization standard, the greatest degree to the protection of the interests of farmers.

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Essay代写：The impact of globalization on China

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The impact of globalization on China，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了全球化对中国的影响。经济全球化是资本在世界范围内的扩张，对于发展中国家来说，可以吸收外资、管理经验和先进技术。但也有不利的方面。目前，全球化推动了中国进一步的对外开放，吸收了大量的外资，先进的技术、管理经验，还增加了就业。然而，在全球化带来机遇的同时也带来了不利影响。比如，增加了国家宏观调控的难度，增加了金融业的风险和国际资本的投机机会，而且，全球化对国内金融机构影响巨大，国内企业在资金管理，品牌等多个方面与国际企业相比都处于不利态势。

Globalization is not only manifested as economic globalization. With the continuous development of society and science and technology, culture and politics are also affected, resulting in political globalization and cultural globalization. With the rapid development of international trade and transnational corporations, the scope of globalization involved is more and more extensive, including various fields. Globalization has become the trend of today's development.

The so-called economic globalization is the expansion of capital in the world. For developing countries, they can absorb foreign capital, management experience and advanced technology. But there are also disadvantages, such as lack of capital, deep debt, increasing financial risk and so on. The current wave of globalization is getting stronger and stronger. Globalization has promoted China's further opening up to the outside world. In today's world, the world is like a huge factory, with each country having its production workshop. Under the background of globalization, developed countries have gained rich profits. At the same time, developing countries have attracted large amounts of foreign investment, advanced technology and managerial expertise, and increased employment.

However, while globalization brings opportunities, it also brings adverse effects. For example, it increases the difficulty of national macro-control, risks of the financial industry and speculation opportunities of international capital. Moreover, globalization has a huge impact on domestic financial institutions, and domestic enterprises are at a disadvantage compared with international enterprises in capital management, brand and other aspects.

The impact of globalisation on politics is enormous. Under the condition of marketization, the government should try not to interfere with the economy. With the development of the society, the power changes from centralization to decentralization, and the political civilization is promoted and developed. Second, globalization has created conditions for China to participate in and establish a new international political order. Globalization is not about safeguarding the interests of a few people or countries. It is about looking at issues from an international perspective. What globalization advocates is world peace and human development. As an important member of the international community, China should also participate in the establishment of a new international political order. Globalization has brought developed countries closer to developing countries, which has also provided more opportunities for our country. Third, it promotes the construction of our legal system. Under the background of globalization, the rule of law is quite crucial and important. Only by accelerating the construction of legal system can China participate in the operation of the construction of legal system. Globalization includes trade and trade, securities, environment, immigration and other issues. International legislation is particularly important, which also promotes the development of China's legal system. Therefore, we should establish the concept of legislation, draw on the experience of international legislation, integrate with the international community, and improve the democratization and standardization of China's legislation.

Globalization presents political opportunities as well as challenges. Globalization is the production, distribution and consumption of internationalization. It is an international organization and the joint participation of different countries. To some extent, each participating country should submit to the international institutions, so national sovereignty will be challenged. Secondly, under the background of globalization, there will be impact and collision between Chinese and western political cultures. Due to the differences between Chinese and western political systems, there will be differences between Chinese and western political cultures, and conflicts will inevitably occur in the communication between the two cultures. Third, China's political culture is threatened by westernization under the background of globalization. The current world culture is an open and diversified culture. Therefore, some western values are gradually accepted by Chinese people. Today's society is the world order established by western countries. Western countries establish international organizations and rules of the game according to their ideas and ideas. With the continuous opening of the domestic economy, hedonism, liberalism and other western ideas have also been introduced into China, which have a direct impact on China's political culture, making China's political culture face the threat of westernization.

The impact of globalization on culture is also enormous. It is reflected in the impact on the domestic cultural market. When foreign cultures enter China and cultural products enter the Chinese market, the domestic cultural masses and cultural workers are influenced by foreign cultures, and the domestic cultural characteristics are weakened and the tendency towards the west is becoming more and more serious. It has a great impact on the spirit of national culture and the function of Chinese culture, which leads to the great resistance to the participation and development of Chinese culture in international affairs.

At present, the integration of global culture is embodied in the convergence of advanced high-tech culture in the west and the assimilation of advanced culture in the west. Therefore, traditional culture has no coping power in the process of global cultural integration, and is assimilated, swallowed up and eventually disappeared by global advanced culture. The so-called cultural integration is that under the background of globalization, various countries and ethnic cultures exchange and influence eventually become an organic whole. The purpose of cultural integration is to assimilate and devour the national culture of developing countries culturally. This kind of cultural imperialism has become a trend that cannot be stopped. In the wave of globalization, developed countries, with their economic strength as the background, formulate rules for cultural industry, promote the internationalization and large-scale development of high-tech culture in western countries, and consolidate the international monopoly position of cultural industry in western countries.

So how to deal with the influence of culture, the first step is to extract the excellent components of Chinese traditional culture and transform it into a valuable culture that influences the whole world. At present, China's excellent traditional culture should not only retain its excellent cultural elements, but also collide with the external culture and the international environment. It should not only adapt to, but also keep up with the pace of The Times. It should keep pace with The Times, reflect the characteristics of The Times and have strong vitality. The second is cultural innovation. Cultural innovation requires not only values but also capabilities, including concepts, policies, guarantees and other elements. It is cultural innovation as a whole, not local or individual. Cultural innovation also covers many fields. In the development of cultural industry, the government should not only support, but also promote the development of cultural industry. The government should not only improve policies, but also strengthen management and promote the development of culture. The domestic cultural industry should be continuously competitive. While stabilizing the domestic market, it should also go global and actively go global. More excellent Chinese cultural products should be introduced to the international market, western countries and the world.

Globalization is inevitable for any country nowadays. We should not only adapt to the development of globalization, but also participate in its development. For China, globalization is both an opportunity and a challenge. Therefore, we need to emancipate our minds, keep pace with The Times, participate in and build globalization so as to realize our goals and realize our Chinese dream.

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