本篇paper代写- The influence of transgenic technology on agricultural development讨论了转基因技术对农业发展的影响。转基因技术是一项具有丰富知识和经济价值的生物科学技术核心，在促进农业生态可持续发展和确保国家粮食安全方面发挥着至关重要的作用。在这几年基因作物发展进程上看，转基因作物商业化进展还很缓慢，主粮并没有商业化推广，国家对转基因技术的研发虽然力度很大，但市场反应并不大，大多数人还持观望态度，部分地区还存在市场恐慌情况。转基因作物的发展是时代的潮流，前景广阔，转基因作物市场化推广的实现将有助于提高国家粮食安全。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。
r more than 20 years of development, genetically modified crop products have also changed from early insect-resistant, herbicide-resistant and other initial products to second-generation products that can improve yield and nutrition quality. Although batch after batch of high quality and high yield products have been developed successfully, the complex economic and social impact and the technical level of risk resistance of gm crops in different countries lead to the difference of views on the industrialization of gm agricultural biotechnology in different countries.
Since the advent of gm technology in the late 1970s, gm technology has shown great potential in crop variety improvement and species diversity. In March 1986, China launched the "high-tech research and development plan", in which gm biotechnology was listed as a national development priority. After that, gm biotechnology entered the position of national overall strategic planning. In more than 30 years of China's vigorous development of gm technology, gm technology has achieved fruitful results, a variety of excellent gm crops from the laboratory to the countryside, and from the countryside to the market. The safety of gm food has become a focus of public opinion, which has affected China's gm policy. From the first time to strengthen the management of genetically modified food in the central document no. 1 in 2007 to the careful promotion of genetically modified products in 2016, eight mentions of genetically modified products showed that the central government attached great importance to the issue of genetically modified crops. By 2017, the industrialization promotion of genetically modified crops had been officially included in the national "13th five-year" scientific and technological innovation plan.
As a traditional agricultural country with a large population, how to ensure national food security and long-term effective supply of agricultural products has always been the primary task of our government. Therefore, in the marketization of gm crops, the government's management of gm crops and the supervision of corresponding agricultural policies are very important.
Since its inception in the late 1980s, China's transgenic technology has gone through four development stages:
The first stage was from 1986 to 2000. In the late 1980s, the cotton bollworm disaster broke out year after year in China's main cotton producing areas, resulting in a long period of "cotton shortage" in the whole country, which posed a great threat to the survival of China's cotton farmers and the cotton industry. Moreover, excessive use of pesticides also caused a significant reduction in cotton quality and large-scale ecological environment pollution. After the "cotton shortage" incident, China began to explore and actively introduce the world's advanced technology. Genetically modified cotton was introduced for the first time and began to be used for production. The laboratory began to develop edible genetically modified crops. The central government formulated the "863 plan" to deepen the study of staple food crops.
The second phase was from 2001 to 2009. China's transgenic research has begun to change from the stage of local independent innovation to the stage of comprehensive independent innovation. In 2009, huazhong agricultural university developed an inbred line of hybrid genetically resistant rice and transgenic maize, which successfully bred higher yield. New products that are more resistant to pests. In the first decade of the 21st century, China started a major project of breeding new varieties of genetically modified organisms, and gradually established a policy of "accelerating research, promoting application, regulating management and scientific development" for the development of genetically modified crops.
The third stage is from 2010 to 2013. After the ministry of agriculture released the safety certificate of gm research results from various institutes, the issue of the safety of gm food as the main food has triggered a heated debate. Supporters pay more attention to the development of China's transgenic science and technology, and believe that if China stops or slows down the research on genetically modified food, the transgenic science will fall behind the world in the future. However, the opponents are more concerned about their own interests. For them, the development of genetically modified food science is meaningless, and the absolute safety of genetically modified food cannot be verified, so safety problems have certain risks. Under such circumstances, China's research policy on genetically modified staple food gradually became conservative. Since 2009, the approval of new varieties of genetically modified crops and the production and operation license did not continue to be promoted. The government adopted the safety management mode of "continue to study and promote cautiously" to continue to study and observe genetically modified products.
The fourth stage is from 2014 to now. General secretary xi jinping attended the rural work conference of the CPC Central Committee in 2013 and proposed the development policy of "ensuring safety, independent innovation, bold research and prudent promotion" for genetically modified crops, and the national gm development strategy was gradually clarified. China's genetic modification policy mainly has three aspects: first, it focuses on independent innovation. We will continue to carry out major national projects to cultivate genetically modified organisms, and improve China's overall agricultural production capacity and agricultural ecological security. Strive to achieve world-class research, industrialization and marketization of agricultural gmos in China by 2020. Second, we will promote the product with prudence. The country is determined to promote the application of gm crops, but at the same time, we need to repeatedly study and explore, take small steps, and improve promotion policies through market feedback. Third, security is emphasized. The government must strictly manage and supervise it in accordance with the law.
The basic national conditions of China's agriculture have always been that there are more people and less land, especially the shortage of arable land resources. Under the dual pressure of increasing population and decreasing agricultural resources, the development of transgenic technology is extremely urgent. At present, China has preliminarily established the technological innovation and industrial development system of transgenic breeding, including functional gene cloning, genetic transformation, variety selection, safety evaluation, product development and application promotion. The application of transgenic technology is at the forefront of the world. With the strong support and development of the state, scientific research institutes have made great breakthroughs in the cultivation of new varieties and core technologies, mainly in the following three aspects:
In terms of crops, China has cultivated new high-quality and high-yield insect-resistant cotton, rice, corn, herbicide-resistant soybean, etc., which has the prospect of industrialization. In terms of animal husbandry, 43 new transgenic plant materials and recombinant human lactoferrin transgenic cows, high-lean pigs and other new transgenic animal strains have passed the general safety assessment of the ministry of agriculture and entered the production and inspection stage, laying a solid foundation for the industrialization of genetic modification.
New techniques for safe gm, such as the absence of selective markers, deletion of exogenous genes and integration at specific sites, have begun to develop rapidly. There were 339 genes with high yield, high quality and strong disaster resistance, and 37 genes with independent intellectual property rights and important value. New systems for large-scale genetic modification of major plants and animals such as rice, cotton, corn, soybeans and pigs and cattle have been established.
The platform for China's gm ecological environment and food safety evaluation, testing and supervision technology has been established, and more than 70 gm safety technology standards have been promulgated, greatly improving China's biosafety support capacity.
Since the introduction and development of gmo technology, China has attached great importance to the safety of gmo. It is the only country in the world that adopts qualitative and catalog-specific mandatory labeling. Gmo food must be clearly marked on its packaging in the process of production and management. In particular, the development of genetically modified staple food, from research and development to production, adopts strict control and long-term key monitoring of genetically modified agricultural products. In the no. 1 document of the CPC Central Committee with the theme of "issues concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers", the content of genetic modification appeared for the first time in 2007 and proposed to strengthen the labeling management of genetically modified food. In the following 11 years, the central government attached great importance to the development of gmos and mentioned the management of new gmos eight times. Although the no. 1 document released by the State Council in 2018 did not contain any content about gm, the State Council mentioned gm technology again in the subsequent 13th five-year plan, with the tone of vigorous research, prudent promotion and safety assurance. By comparing the no.1 document of the CPC Central Committee over the past years, we can draw a conclusion that since the implementation of the special project of new varieties of genetically modified organisms, China's policy on the development of genetically modified technology has been "bold research and independent innovation", while the regulatory authorities have also "strictly managed and carefully promoted". In May 2016, the ministry of agriculture reviewed and approved 10 standards including the general requirements laboratory for the safety management of agricultural gmos. Ensure strict monitoring of the genetic modification process from the research and development stage, cultivation and production of field trials, and prevent the spread of gmos to the environment and markets without safety assessments.
As a core of biological science and technology with rich knowledge and economic value, transgenic technology plays a vital role in promoting sustainable development of agricultural ecology and ensuring national food security. This is because it can solve the problem of food shortage caused by the rapid growth of population. Meanwhile, in the process of human development, a large amount of traditional energy, such as coal and oil, will be consumed, causing serious pollution to the environment and causing human beings to fall into the crisis of survival. The bioenergy brought by vigorously developing transgenic technology can effectively solve this problem. As a traditional agricultural country with a population of 1.3 billion, the main work of the government is to ensure national food security and effective long-term supply of agricultural products. In terms of the development process of gene crops in recent years, the commercialization of gm crops in China is still very slow, and there is no commercial promotion of staple food. Although the national research and development of gm technology is in full swing, the market response is not great, most people still hold a wait-and-see attitude, and there is still market panic in some areas.
In the future, China will continue to face the dual pressure of decreasing agricultural resources and increasing population. The in-depth research and application of gm crops will be an important measure, which not only conforms to the central policy on gm application, but also conforms to the sustainable development concept of "innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing" in the 13th five-year plan. Therefore, the development of genetically modified crops is still the trend of The Times and has broad prospects. The realization of marketization of genetically modified crops will help improve national food security. It is in line with the future national strategy, and at the same time, genetically modified crops can produce considerable economic benefits rapidly due to their high yield and high quality. Observe the world gm agriculture industry to gain support from most governments and organizations for this emerging biotechnology. In the future, genetically modified food will be changed from providing basic staple food to helping human beings solve the problem of various nutrient deficiencies and even have certain medicinal value, which cannot be matched by traditional agricultural products.
As a new high-tech thing, the public has little knowledge about gm, so it is normal to arouse doubts and anxiety. Due to their strong professionalism, it is difficult for gm scientists to communicate directly with the public, and some scientists even feel "too lazy to talk nonsense with laymen", which intensifies the public's doubts and resistance to gm technology. In this case, the government proposed to increase the safety management and scientific popularization of gmo technology, put the popularization of gmo technology and r&d management in the same position, and strengthen the popularization of gmo technology will be an important task in the promotion of gmo in the future.
Therefore, the publicity department can mobilize more forces in the future gm science work, such as making some gm science popularization boards easy for the public to understand and putting them into the community to train science popularization experts. In addition to traditional media, television and newspapers, we should also organize on-site lectures and training activities on the knowledge of transgenic science by means of new media, such as WeChat microblog, to improve people's understanding of transgenic technology. In popularizing science, we must also insist on openness and transparency. Let the knowledge dissemination of transgenic science and technology research and development go hand in hand, so that the society has a certain understanding of transgenic biotechnology, and create a positive social atmosphere for the application and development of transgenic technology in the future. With the rapid development of transgenic technology, it can be improved from the following aspects:
We will improve the research and development model of major national transgenic technology projects, improve top-level design, and establish a research and development system for cooperation between the government and enterprises, with enterprises as the main body. After the establishment of the system, the government research department is mainly engaged in the basic application research of transgenic technology, expanding and innovating the research and development of genetically modified organisms for enterprises. The division of labor between the public sector and government enterprises in gm technology research and development is clear and complementary. At the same time, the management and implementation of intellectual property rights should be strengthened, and relevant preferential policies should be introduced to provide incentives for enterprises to innovate, so that enterprises can gradually become the main body of gm technology research and development and promote the development of modern agricultural gmos.
Reform the existing investment mechanism and establish a new assessment mechanism. For the research units and researchers in the national system of gm technology research and development, the operation mode and evaluation mechanism of the transnational technology organization unit are adopted. In the mode of enterprise operation, it is the evaluation and appointment of professional managers by the board of directors. In the research unit, the chief engineer can fully understand the backbone of scientific research and technical research in the organization, as well as the evaluation, appointment and dismissal of the heads of each internal research unit. In the competent department of specific scientific research tasks, the person in charge shall evaluate, appoint and dismiss the internal scientific research workers. Based on the evaluation of corporatization, the coordination between upper, middle and lower reaches, large-scale and standardized r & d mode can be effectively implemented. The implementation of this evaluation mechanism and the improvement of the work of researchers can effectively stimulate the enthusiasm of researchers at all levels. By reforming the existing research input mechanism and integrating domestic research resources, the strategic goal of national gm technology development can be achieved.
The research and development of gm technology is affected by the innovation ability of enterprises, the quality of public research system and the quality of researchers. There are still many problems to be faced. In this regard, appropriate strategy and policy research is particularly important. In transgenic technology at the beginning of the special project, the relevant leaders and relevant departments attaches great importance to the research of transgenic strategies and policies, but in 2008, especially after the start, all sorts of reasons lead to the government at a higher level of the marginalization of gm technology development, and the government's neglect lead to research project funding cuts, departments of scientific research to the follow-up research and technology for further research and investigation. The research and development stage is the key to the successful completion of the established goals of major gm projects. However, the development strategy, industrialization and related policy research of national gm biotechnology cannot be ignored.
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