英文论文写作常见的Reasoning方法

不知道留学生们在写作英文论文的时候，有没有使用reasoning方法的习惯。Reasoning方法其实对于英文论文的提升是非常大的，是提分的一种好办法。那么英文论文写作常见的reasoning方法有哪些呢？下面就给大家讲解一下。

1、Concession让步

让步的手法想必对很多人来说都不陌生。很多时候，作者为了让自己的观点更令人信服，需要先坦诚对方的观点也并非毫无道理。这样的写作手法可以体现出来作者不仅对于自己这一方的信息了如指掌，对于对方观点的支持证据也非常清楚，而他/她是在明白另一种做法的好处的前提下依然选择了自己文章中的观点。这样的写法对于站在相反立场的人们而言，比起作者单纯论证己方观点的优势，更加具有说服力。

以这道Assignment题目为例：Nicholas Carr,“Schools Should Beware the E-book Bandwagon.”这篇Assignment主旨是，学校不应该急于淘汰纸质书并且把所有教材都换成电子版的。纸质书有着自己独特的优势，这是电子书所不能取代的。

我们以下面的段落进行分析：

None of this is to say that e-readers won’t come to play an important role in education. Students already do a great deal of reading and research on computer screens, after all, and there are many things that digital documents can do that printed pages can’t. What the research does tell us is that it’s rash to assume that e-textbooks are a perfect substitute for printed textbooks. The printed page continues to be a remarkably powerful reading tool, and it seems to be particularly well suited to the needs of students.

作者在倡导继续使用纸质书的同时，也表示了自己完全能够理解为什么很多人会想要用改用电子书。在本段中，作者证明了他完全清楚电子书也具有自己独有的优势。他对于纸质书的支持，并不是建立在“电子书一无是处”这个基础上。对于作者而言，电子书的优势不言而喻，但是不能因此就鲁莽地否定了纸质书的存在价值。这样的论证逻辑，充分证明了作者本人的辩证思维能力(critical thinking ability);而那些站在反方的读者，看到作者对于电子书的认可，想必也会对于纸质书独有的优势进行更加深刻的思考。

2、Counterargument 抗辩

和让步类似，counterargument也会先总结反对方的意见，但是与之不同的是，counterargument会在接下来的段落中批判这个反面论证的问题所在。这种论证手法在双方冲突较为激烈，两方利益难以调和的情况下使用会更有效。

为了更好地说明抗辩的Assignment写作手法，我们来看一看下面这两段：

1. These draconian new rules have not been promulgated casually. Ashe believes that virtually ending all trade in African ivory in the United States — thus sending a message that ivory is valueless — is the best way to protect African elephants from the ravishes of poachers.

2. But that’s unrealistic and unproven. Today’s poaching problem has its roots in East Asia, where there is still a strong demand for and an active trade in new ivory objects. Demonizing older ivory objects to discourage possession of newer versions of similar items will not bring back the mammoths or save modern elephants from the economic forces that drive poachers.

在第1段中，作者首先总结了制定严苛的象牙贸易规定的人们的目的：他们是为了让象牙贸易在美国基本做不成，从而让偷猎者意识到象牙制品在美国是没有市场，因而是没有价值的，所以他们便会减少对于非洲大象的偷猎。然而在第10段，作者指出事实并非如此：这种政策制定背后的思考本身是有很大漏洞的，因为对于象牙制品最大的需求并非在美国，而是在东亚，所以不从东亚下手，反而从美国国内的象牙制品流通开刀，并不能解决对于非洲大象的偷猎问题。

和让步相比，抗辩是一个更加强有力的论证方法。此时，总结反方观点并非是给对方留有余地，而是指出对方观点中存在的根本性错误，从而在根本上动摇反方观点的可信度。这样的论证方法更加强势，对于较紧急、对立较明显的问题，是一个很常用的论证方法。

3、Contrast 对比

对比自然也算是修辞手法中的一种，但是对于逻辑论证的过程，对比的手法也是相当重要的。除了令人记忆深刻之外，contrast也更令人注意到问题的严重性，以及采取必要手段的急迫性。我们来分析一下下面这两段：

1. Those lucky enough to live in those towns, or those who own computers, or have high-speed Internet service and on-call technical assistance, will not notice the effects of a diminished public library system—not at first. Whizzes who can whittle down 15 million hits on a Google search to find the useful and accurate bits of info, and those able to buy any book or article or film they want, will escape the immediate consequences of these cuts.

2. Those in cities that haven’t preserved their libraries, those less fortunate and baffled by technology, and our children will be the first to suffer. But sooner or later, we’ll all feel the loss as one of the most effective levelers of privilege and avenues of reinvention—one of the great engines of democracy—begins to disappear.

在这两段中，作者首先指出了，随着图书馆的消失，那些受影响最小的，实际上是那些已经足够幸运，在这个社会上享有足够特权的人;而那些真正的弱势群体，那些难以跟上时代潮流和技术发展的步伐的人们，却会因为图书馆的消失而受到最严重的影响。这样的对比，让读者对于图书馆消失后，社会的不平等将会变得更加不明显这一事实，会有更加清晰深刻的认知，也让人们更明确地认识到图书馆对于整个社会的重大作用，从而出于良心、道德感和正义感，而对抗政府削减对于公共图书馆资金支持的决定。

以上就是英文论文写作常见的reasoning方法，具体使用哪一种，同学们可以根据不同的论文来选择使用不同的reasoning方法。

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Paper代写：Humor elements in product design

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Humor elements in product design，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了产品设计中的幽默元素。在产品的设计中，适当融入幽默元素的产品可以引人发笑。但也有的产品不一定让人发笑，但它却能让人所有所思。融入幽默元素的产品设计首先要洞察生活中的幽默，利用造型、材料等等，将它转化成产品巾的幽默元素，以产品设计的语言表现出来，营造一个轻松、愉快的生活环境，这样的产晶带有很强的精神附加价值。

The coming of information society, bring great convenience to people at the same time, also brought convenient behind endless misery and chaos, the most prominent is the lack of emotional, people's spiritual demand is more and more intense, in every single and busy life rhythm of modern society, people are busy with their work every day, in the face of the basic is a cold industrial supplies, household items, lack of emotional communication. The consumer market requires designers to think about design from the perspective of consumers' preferences and life situations.

Now. We are on the Internet is not difficult to see some design servant shine at the moment. The design idea is very unique, novel, some humorous way has attracted people's attention, give a person with different feelings and strong shock, the design has a north with the characteristics of is "humorous" elements on them, let a person see or use a thoughtful or smile.

As the subject of humor is human, it must be an extremely complex subjective factor. Humor, according to the different period, different nationalities, different individuals, different groups and different, that is to say humor timely, national, regional, difference, etc, so it can be seen that humor is a concept closely related to time and space.

People who live in a particular time, their ideas and ideas are influenced by this particular time. For example, the original people of social life, because of low productivity, material life is very poor, aesthetic idea and aesthetic interest also mean the restricted and influenced by the material living conditions at the time, lead to vision is very narrow, think that is useful is beautiful, therefore, can be appreciated also extremely limited, think beauty is equal to the utility.

A specific nation because of long-term living in the same environment, will accumulate with national characteristics of culture spirit, their interest and therefore has the characteristics of common, so as to distinguish it from other ethnic groups, and reflects a certain national unique cultural spirit. For example, people's general physiological perception of color, the sky is blue, the grass is green, the roses are red and so on. People also have general psychological perception to color, such as the cool and warm tone, red and yellow are warm colors, blue and white are cool colors.

Live in groups of interest in different areas of the criteria will be different, the eight great cuisines of China can illustrate this point, the region because of the geographical environment and climate differences reflect different aesthetic taste, so the interest has certain regional.

The difference in humor is determined by the complexity of the individual. This is mainly because there are differences in individual psychological cognition, inevitably with the characteristics of subjectivity or individualization.

The research of the humor in the product design just let the products get a kind of aesthetic feeling and aesthetic freedom. Laugh into humor products. But some products may not make people laugh, but it can make people all think. Into humor product design must first insight into the humor in life, using the shape, material, pattern, color and so on, turn it into a product of humor and language in product design of. Let the product in a witty, humorous, funny red type present eyes, create a relaxed, pleasant living environment, such as producing crystal with a strong spiritual value added.

"Association" in the product design is a familiar or funny things, expression, etc., using the correlation between things or expression and design work, similarity, giving it a new shape or function, etc., so that the product has the characteristics of the two things, humor, funny, with interest. In advertising often used in the design of this kind of superior vision elements design gimmick, in front of the ridiculous to attract consumers, thereby further raises a design to convey information, let a person called flavour is infinite, to have fun at the same time, excellent conveys a message.

A variety of humorous expression, transplantation is language combination creates humor its extraordinary appeal. Expressed the humorous meaning, give a person with fresh and lively, interesting and intriguing artistic aesthetic feeling. Formed a strong atmosphere of humor.

In product design into the humor exaggeration is also very common, exaggerated design technique characteristics, the advantage of the products can be more vivid to show it. Such as let consumer be clear at a glance, in product design using exaggerated performance kid, cheerful humor is general consumers for the purpose of body and mind, let the product has strong interest.

The process of using products by consumers is a dynamic process, which provides a starting point for the use of humor elements to generate sense of humor and interest. Novelty is a way of using humor elements to create fun and humor.

In a certain period, the use of products has become a kind of hard to change the set, such as daily life often contact the cups, table, chair and so on in people's impression has a fixed pattern, when out of the fixed pattern, the designer to design the use of a new way to realize this function, and in the way of using design into humor, can make the product in the use of the whole dynamic process to produce a sense of humor and fun.

Humor has a lot of humor, but also according to the characteristics of specific products amplified some humor, humor and matching products to express emotion, such as: "black humor" has the very strong warning, the warning to alert more people to pay more attention to Ann both life and physical and mental health, such as smoke rotary cylinder with terrorist swollen leaf shape has strong warning, and products to express "smoking is harmful to health.

Different era, different nationalities, different countries, different regions, different tastes are not the same, ancient and modern, China and the United States, north and south have different culture. Even the same person according to different family environment, education background, experience, personality, and so on interest is different also, into so humorous elements of product design to consider interesting, humorous characteristics. According to the product using the object, region, nation, and so on into the appropriate humor, make it accord with the region, the cultural characteristics of consumer groups.

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英国Dissertation的评分标准

对于英国留学生来说，留学是一段非常难忘的经历，不仅学到了很多在国内学不到的东西，还能获得国外名校的毕业证书。当然，要想顺利拿到毕业证书可没有那么简单，Dissertation要写好才行。下面就给大家分析一下英国Dissertation的评分标准。

一般而言，英国研究生的Dissertation为4个等级，也是与学位等级相对应起来，这四个等级分别是：

distinction，成绩在70%以上，非常优秀。

merit，成绩在60%-69%之间，成绩良好。

pass，成绩在50%-59%之间，成绩及格。

Fail，成绩在50%以下，成绩不合格，不能获得学位证书，学校只会授予一个文凭证书，即diaploma。

很多人可能不大清楚Dissertation与学位等级之间的关系？学位等级的含义？这里先向大家简单解释下：

1、最终学位等级的评定，是平时课程成绩和最终毕业论文成绩的综合评定，但不同的学校，在详细规则，分数占比上有差别。

举个例子：格拉斯哥大学distinction学位评定要求：

A candidate who has achieved at the first attempt a grade point average of 18 (equivalent to A5) or above for the taught courses and grade A5 or above for the dissertation or other substantial independent work will be eligible for the award with Distinction.

就是要求

平时课程成绩要达到A5(70~73%)以上，并且

Dissertation也要达到A5(70~73%)以上。

也就是说，Dissertation在70+以上才有机会获得distinction学位。

2、Distinction，Merit等学位等级都是会标注在你的毕业证书上，相当于打上“优秀”“良好”“合格”这样的标签，而不及格是拿不到证书的。

3、distinction，merit，pass，Fail这些学位等级特指的是英国研究生等级评定，英国本科生的学位等级是用First class，2:1，2:2，Third class，Fail来划分，要注意区分。

毕业论文的成绩评定对我们是否能毕业并拿到好学位起着举足轻重的作用，那分数评定到底依照什么标准?每个同学手上可能都有老师给的Dissertation guide，详细的标准咱就不说，咱说下大概区分标准：

1、Distinction(70+以上)

80+，Outstanding piece of work

评定标准：

a.All major and minor objectives achieved

所有硬性的可选的要求都完成了。

b.Excellent comprehension and informed criticism and analysis

具备优秀的理解能力，批判性思维和分析能力。

c.Evidence of outstanding work beyond question and some originality

有出众且原创的论据支撑论点。

d.Free from errors and showing advanced analytical skills

几乎没什么错误和展示了一些先进分析技巧。

简单概括为，不但符合要求还超标了，一篇研究生的毕业论文，写出了SCI的风采。

说虽然是这么说，但是实际上给分不会那么爽快，基本没有见过Dissertation给80+的，但不同的学科之间差别挺大的。

70~79，Excellent piece of work

评定标准：

a.All major and some minor objectives achieved

完成了硬性要求和一些可选要求。

b.Very good comprehension and analysis of the issues involved

对于所涉及的问题，有非常深刻的理解和分析。

c.Excellent familiarity with the source material

对数据资料很熟悉。

d.No major errors and only occasional minor errors

没有重大的错误，只有少量的小错误。

简单概括为，基本硬性要求都做的很好，此外有少量超纲，并且没有什么错误的优秀论文。

一般获得Distinction评价的基本就在这个分数段内了，一等学位的评定，近些年来有些“泛滥”，所以很多时候，毕业论文的分数都会比较高，在这个分数区间的不在少数，不过具体还是看老师，看学校啦。

2、Merit(60~69)

60~69，Careful and clear piece of work

评定标准：

a.Most major objectives achieved

硬性要求都达标了

b.Good understanding of the topic

对主题有很好的理解。

c.Good grasp and analysis of major issues

对主要问题有很好的理解和分析。

d.No major errors though some minor errors

没有明显的错误，尽管有些小错误。

简单概括：看得出来是认真写作，符合要求，并且没有什么大问题的论文。

大部分同学分数都处在这个区间，基本上，如果不是老师太过刁难，或者写作中有些大问题，认真仔细一些就能考取这个分数。

而考取了这个分数，同时也顺利获得Merit评价，也是不错的啦，这个评定在英国人眼中也是十分优秀，无论是申请名校还是找工作都很方便。

3、Pass(50-59)

50~59,Middle of the range piece of work

评定标准：

a.Basic question answered with relevant analysis

对于基础问题，有相关分析的回答。

b.Discusses and understands most relevant issues

有探讨和理解最相关的主题

c.Material a bit thin and/or poorly focused

材料相对有一些少，重点不突出

e.Possible major and some minor errors

可能存在大的或一些小错误。

简单概括：虽然马马虎虎但还是基本达标，有些问题但不严重。

在这个分数区间及格就稳了，不过这个pass和Merit在雇主和学校看来，还是有很大差距，大多数的雇主都要求毕业生达到Merit以上的成绩。

4、Compensatable Fail(40~49)

40~49，Adequate but relatively poor piece of work

评分标准：

a.Few major objectives achieved

完成的硬性要求较少

b.Demonstrates understanding of the general field Inadequate reading/preparation

表现出对一般领域的理解阅读/准备不足

c.Occasional major and some minor errors

有少量重大错误和一些小错误。

简单概括：阅读理解不到位，无论是读题还是实际写作都还不“深刻”。

这个分数就很尴尬了，如果平时成绩还不错，说不定最后还是能以pass学位等级拿到毕业证，不顺利的话，可能就需要补考，或者重来，严重可导致拿不到毕业证书!

5、Fail(40分以下)

30~39.A failed piece of work，

评分标准：

a.Not a full answer to the question set

针对问题没有一个完整的答案。

b.Still shows some understanding of the general field

还是有展示了对特定领域的了解。

c.Inadequate reading/preparation

阅读/准备不充分。

d.Major errors

有明显的错误。

0~29. A badly failed piece of work

评分标准：

a.No real attempt to answer the question

没有真正的尝试回答问题。

b.Poor arguments and lack of relevance

论点不当，缺少参考文献。

c.Completely inadequate reading /preparation

阅读/准备完全不充分。

d.Generally unsound

结构体系方面不健全。

明显有问题的论文。

无论怎样，40分以下就是不及格！不同的学校可能有不同规定，比如说可能有补考政策，但如果你不幸考取了这样的分数，请一定要自己检查自己的文章是否偏题，论点是否完善!

一般而言，如果不是真的存在不可忽视的问题，老师一般不会随便给不及格，如果有补考的机会，更要谨慎!有充足的时间，更建议重新选题。

以上就是关于英国Dissertation的评分标准，对照这份评分标准，想必大家心里都能有个底！

想要了解更多论文写作技巧或者需要论文代写，请关注51Due论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于论文代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有论文代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：Open field system in England

本篇paper代写- Open field system in England讨论了英国的敞田制。敞田制指的是中世纪欧洲所盛行的一种耕作制度，它将土地划为条田形式分配给农民，农作物收获后，农民需要将自己的田地开放，供大家共同放牧使用，其中还包括公共地和荒地。敞田制是英国农业史上最重要的土地制度之一，但敞田制的分布在地域上是有差别的，总体来说，西北和西南地区较少见，而以米德兰地区最为盛行。后来英国的国策开始转向重商主义，农牧混合的敞田制已不能满足英国社会经济的发展需要，敞田制开始其衰败的历程，逐渐在英国废除。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

In discussing the relationship between the British land system and agricultural development, the open field system is necessary. The open field system has been in Britain for a long time since its birth. However, with the development of social productivity, open field system inevitably goes to decline. The decline of open fields in England had a profound effect on the development of agriculture. The decline of open-field system has a positive impact on the development of agricultural labor force, changes in farmland and the extension of agricultural policies, making agricultural development more and more meet the requirements of society, thus promoting the all-round progress of British society.

With its unique geographical location and historical track, the land system in Britain has become a hot topic for many scholars to study, and the open field system has been paid close attention to by the academic circle. After the 16th century, great changes took place in the land system in England. The open-field system began to decline, and enclosure gradually rose, resulting in rapid changes in the land system. At the same time, the British agricultural production level has been rapidly improved, which has prepared a substantial material foundation for the great changes in the whole society. Therefore, it is of great reference significance to discuss the positive influence of the decline of open field system on the development of agriculture in Britain. Although domestic and foreign scholars have long debated about the origin and nature of open field system in Britain, this does not prevent us from studying other aspects of open field system. The impact of the decline of open field system on agricultural development is mainly in three aspects: labor force, farmland and policy.

Open field system refers to a farming system prevailing in medieval Europe, which divided the land into separate fields for farmers. After the harvest, farmers needed to open their fields for common grazing, including public lands and wasteland. A famous agricultural historian, jean? Thurske summed up the open-field system with four elements: farmland and grassland are divided into tilled fields, and each farmer has a number of scattered tilled fields; During harvest and fallow periods, arable land and grassland should be open for public grazing; There are public pastures and unreclaimed land, where the landowners have the right to graze their cattle and gather firewood, peat, etc. The above activities shall be uniformly prescribed and managed by the manor court or the villagers' meeting. The second is most important. Thurske's summary clearly reveals the content and features of the open field system. Open field system is one of the most important land systems in the history of British agriculture, but its geographical distribution is different. Generally speaking, northwest and southwest regions are rare, while midland region is the most prevalent, so scholars mainly study open field system in midland region. Later, British national policy began to turn to mercantilism. The open field system of farming and animal husbandry was no longer able to meet the needs of British social and economic development. Open field system began its decline process and was gradually abolished in Britain. The main cause of the demise of open field was the development of the enclosure movement. According to statistics, the open-field system died out in the decade of 1865-1875. In 1878, the British enclosure investigation committee officially declared the end of open-field system.

The impact of the decline of open field system is reflected in the change of agricultural population. It has two different consequences. On the one hand, it makes some landowners lose their land. On the other hand, some landowners accept the loss of land, expand the land area they own, and can engage in production independently. According to the number of farmers evicted in parts of Britain in the 16th century, 5,815 farmers were evicted in nine counties, including nottinghamshire, warwickshire, leicestershire, northamptonshire, Oxfordshire, buckinghamshire, bedfordshire, Berkshire and lincolnshire. As the open-field system became more damaged, more farmers lost their land and became free laborers. The forced transfer of agricultural labor force to land owning farms accelerated the transformation of agricultural development model, which greatly improved the level of agricultural development. As for those who got land in the enclosure movement, they not only obtained more land resources, but also broke the forced rotation system implemented in the previous open field system. Landowners, freed from the constraints of rotational farming time and crop varieties, were able to grow crops on their land to maximise their own profits and to arrange agricultural production more rationally. Free agricultural production has brought rich benefits to landowners, greatly increased their enthusiasm for agriculture and injected strong impetus into agricultural development.

Open fields have obvious external features, and the fields are divided by ridges, furrows and other boundary dykes for the convenience of distribution to farmers. The fact that crops cannot be planted along these boundaries is a waste of arable land. When landowners concentrate their land for cultivation, they will more or less destroy these barriers. Although the area of cultivated land does not increase, the area of arable land actually increases. Moreover, Britain's population grew rapidly after the 18th century. According to statistics, the total population of the UK was about 6.5 million in 1700, but it rose to 105.01 million in 1801. In 1901, it reached 37 million, the rapid growth of population, which required a greater increase in agricultural output. Although the destruction of open field system has increased the enthusiasm of land owners and increased land output, it is far from enough to meet the needs of population growth. Moreover, enclosure increased the number of landless people accordingly, so expanding the cultivated land area and cultivating new land became the best choice for farmers at that time. According to wenlipeng, with the rapid growth of population in Britain after the mid-18th century, the increase in grain output was mainly achieved through the cultivation of more land, and as a result of the large amount of land clearing, a lot of inferior land was cultivated. A large amount of land clearing increased the area of farmland in the UK, resulting in a large increase in total agricultural output, providing a material basis for the further development of agriculture.

The destruction of open field system makes a large number of farmers lose the land they need to survive, and there is too much surplus labor force in villages. As a result of the deterioration of the living environment of the peasants, serious social unrest directly threatened the political stability. So the rulers had to issue a series of laws prohibiting destructive enclosure in order to maintain their rule. After the British revolution in the 17th century, representatives of landowners took power. The open field system seriously impedes the interests of the landowners, so it is damaged more comprehensively. Instead of banning the enclosure, the government issued laws to encourage the enclosure, making the enclosure movement more extensive. Such new regimes were consolidated, creating a stable external environment for the development of agriculture. In 1801, the general enclosure act was passed by the parliament as a legal safeguard for enclosure. Paul mans figure after investigation concluded that the 1720-1800 parliamentary enclosure law promulgated by the total number of 2121, 1800-1810, achieved the mandate enclosure peak, the decade total enclosure act no less than 906. As a result, large areas of land became enclosed, and open fields became less and less a part of Britain. A large number of enacting laws on enclosure fully reflected the government's support for agricultural development and provided a good policy guarantee for agricultural development.

Open field system for a long period of time for the development of British agriculture, its important contribution is recognized by domestic and foreign scholars. However, open field system, like all other systems, has its own history of development and decline. After the 16th century, under the trend of capitalist development, the land system in Britain has undergone tremendous changes. With the development of economy and society, open field system has not adapted to the needs of development, and the emergence of new land system is inevitable. When the enclosure movement began to appear, the open-field system was damaged and gradually narrowed its application scope in the British countryside, and finally disappeared in the British countryside. Open field system still had great influence on agriculture in its decay process, and promoted agriculture to continue to progress. It not only provided free labor force for agriculture, improved the enthusiasm of landowners, but also expanded the area of farmland and collected funds for agriculture. At the same time, it is also conducive to consolidating the political power, enabling the government to carry out measures to promote agricultural development, remove obstacles to further agricultural development and make adequate preparations for agricultural development.

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Essay代写：The enterprise diversification management

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The enterprise diversification management，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了企业多元化经营。企业的多元化经营，就是将多个产业和产品放在一个企业或者企业集团内进行。在这个企业或集团内，可以充分利用企业的技术优势和市场优势等资源，合理配置资源，提高资源的利用效率。多元化经营还可实现企业内部资本市场的建立，并且将外部非确定性交易契约变成了内部合约。

A diversified enterprise is one that puts multiple industries and products into one enterprise or enterprise group. Within this enterprise or group, it can make full use of its technological advantages, market advantages, management advantages and other resource advantages, rationally allocate resources and improve the utilization efficiency of resources.

Diversified management can also realize the establishment of enterprise internal capital market. And the external non-deterministic transaction contract becomes the internal contract.

Diversified management, the enterprise will be scattered resources to different product or industry, to avoid the business scope of a single cause enterprises to rely too much on a particular market volatility generating weaknesses, make the enterprise in a certain product or business in the field of setbacks, through the success of the operation of the other products or industries make up the loss, so as to improve the ability to resist risks of enterprises, and to minimize the risk of loss.

The excessive pursuit of diversification by some enterprises is not to disperse risks, but to expand risks. If diversification can be conducted within limits, it will not only reduce the pressure of fund raising and allocation, but also increase the joint action, improve the success rate and make the enterprise group stable and sustainable development.

This is particularly obvious when an enterprise implements a diversified business strategy without association. Therefore, the wrong decision will not only make it difficult to establish more pillar industries, but also add a lot of burden to the original pillar industries. Generally speaking, each industry has different level of development potential, but has appeared stage of oversupply to varying degrees. Faced with this reality, the excessive pursuit of diversification will not only reduce the ability of the enterprise to diversify risks, but also increase the price paid for it, thus leading to the decline of the group's return on assets.

This is because this action will rapidly increase the number of branches of the enterprise, which will greatly increase the difficulty of enterprise management. As a result, the management quality of the headquarters of the enterprise group will decline due to the heavy management load, which often makes the non-related enterprises unable to achieve economies of scale after mergers.

In the history of business, the development strategy of the enterprise has a process of professionalization -- diversification -- returning to specialization.

The specialization and diversification strategies are applicable to different situations. The basic point of specialization is to aggregate the resource advantages of enterprise groups into a specific industry or product area. The aggregation of resources means the concentration of enterprise groups' advantages in a specific market, which can bring the scale economy into full play and seek for the leading position in a specific market, which can also greatly reduce the risk coefficient. Because of this, when the enterprise is in the initial stage of insufficient resources, or the field in which the potential is huge, the company has room for improvement, or the fierce competition in the industry lacks core advantages, the company should adopt professional strategies. Diversification is a kind of growth or expansion behavior adopted by an enterprise to adapt to the changes of external environment and seek for long-term development when it has reached a certain stage of development. A successful diversified operation can overcome the limitations of the original product or service demand scale and operation scale, so as to give full play and use to the enterprise's talents, talents, wealth and material resources, and avoid idle and waste of resources. Second, it can adapt to the change of external environment and market demand, grasp new market opportunities, and seek the growth and development of enterprises. Third, to diversify the risk of investment by developing new products, markets or entering new industries; the fourth is to enter into new business areas to achieve the strategic transfer of enterprises. When enterprises develop to a certain stage, diversification becomes the first choice of many enterprises. What we need to think seriously is the "trap" of time and content diversity.

Core competence is the enterprise with unique, consumers can bring special utility, make the enterprise long-term competitive advantage in a market ability of internal resources, is the corporation competitive advantage and distinguish it from the competition of knowledge, is the company's establishment and development in the process of development of a system of knowledge and complementary assets is the foundation of company competition ability.

It is the related diversification of the enterprise around the core competence. For example, Canon has successfully entered more than 20 market areas such as photocopier, laser printer, camera, imaging scanner and fax machine with its core capabilities in optical lens, imaging technology and micro-weight control technology, and has achieved a certain market position.

It is the potential and level of enterprise development, the comprehensive embodiment of existing business strength and the ability to effectively deal with multiple industry activities of different nature. Otherwise, it will not only fail to gain a dominant position in the new field, but also make the original business field affected and directly threaten the survival of the enterprise.

First of all, core competence is the key way for an enterprise to strengthen its adaptability to the external environment under the condition of knowledge economy. It not only guarantees the stability of enterprise diversification, but also can enhance the flexibility of enterprise operation by adjusting its external factors. Secondly, core competence can effectively reduce the risk of diversified business. In the process of developing new products and new markets, the combination of old and new organizational resources will produce a synergistic ability to resist market risks. Therefore, enterprises carrying out diversified business must rely on core competence, and continuously provide customers with competitive products through vertical improvement or horizontal expansion of core competence, strengthen development advantages in new and old fields, overcome risks, and achieve the balance between risks and benefits.

The core capability of an enterprise is hierarchical and phased, which requires continuous development. Therefore, the relationship between diversification and the development of core competence is actually a dialectical and unified relationship. On the other hand, successful diversity strengthens core competencies. To be specific, it is mainly realized through two ways: one is to improve the level of core competence through the application of existing core competence in new industries; The second is to acquire new core capabilities from new industries and integrate existing and new ones into a whole to improve core capabilities.

There must be some supporting conditions to realize the virtuous circle between core competence and diversification. It mainly includes an aggressive corporate culture, a united and lean learning organization, and a high-quality staff team. Only in this way can the core competence and the business field form a multi-level circular growth.

How to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages and turn disadvantages into advantages is the concern of every enterprise carrying out diversification strategy. Therefore, it requires enterprises to constantly track the market of their own industry and related industries, invest development trend, and measure whether the internal and external conditions of enterprise diversification are mature.

External conditions mainly refer to the contradiction between supply and demand and the degree of market competition. If the competition within the industry is not too intense, such industry and products should be entered in time to seize the market opportunity. At the beginning of reform and opening up, because of the good external environment of diversified operation. For example, it was a time of shortage economy. The core of enterprise production and operation is to expand the scale and improve the ability, the market competition system has not been established truly, the competition in most industries is weak, and the industry barriers have not been formed, which provide opportunities for new members or new products to enter. Therefore, in this particular external environment, the success of diversification of the enterprise natural and logical. For today's enterprises, the external environment has undergone tremendous changes. If an enterprise ignores the changes in the environment and just wants to be diversified, it will not achieve the goal, but will bring more risks to the enterprise.

Any product has to go through four stages: input stage, growth stage, maturity stage and decline stage. In different stages of the industry or product cycle, the difficulty level of enterprise operation is different, and the strategy adopted by the enterprise should also be selected. As long as there is still a profitable growth opportunities within existing industry investment, which has not yet entered the mature industry life cycle and the recession, or by finding new users, opening up new USES, increase product usage and expand the promotions have to expand the market opportunity, is likely to increase market share, there is no need to rush to pursue to diversify. On the contrary, if the growth potential of the industry in which the enterprise is located is not large, the enterprise's position in the industry is quite stable, and sufficient internal resources have been accumulated, then the diversification problem should be considered to find new business growth points and determine the future development direction of the enterprise.

A diversified enterprise must have core competitiveness. This should be an important condition for a diversified enterprise. How to evaluate whether an enterprise has core competence mainly depends on three aspects. Second, core management ability; Third, there are core values. As long as an enterprise or enterprise group has the capacity of these three aspects, it will prove that it has its own core competitiveness in the industry, which provides a strategic foundation for the enterprise to implement the diversification strategy.

First, the asset-liability ratio of enterprises is low, and the risk of diversification is relatively high. Second, the current ratio of enterprise assets is high. The high current ratio indicates that the enterprise can invest more assets, so the enterprise with low current ratio cannot diversify its business unless it carries out asset replacement to improve the current ratio. Thirdly, the cash flow of the existing industry and product portfolio is relatively large, or the profit is relatively stable. Fourthly, there is a relatively stable source of financing. Diversified operation is a strategic choice that requires a large amount of funds. Therefore, enterprises must also have a relatively stable source of funds.

One is that business leaders are adept at navigating the existing leading industries. Second, business leaders have the ability to adapt to new industries. Only the entrepreneurs with the above conditions can lead the enterprise to achieve the success of diversification strategy.

First, I have mastered the basic knowledge, experience and operational skills related to the industry. The second is to know the latest information related to this industry. Thirdly, I made social relations related to this industry. The fourth is to investigate and hire managers and business backbone who operate this industry. Fifth, the completion of new industries and products into the full evaluation and planning.

This provides a quantitative timing analysis. In other words, when the expected return of diversified operations is greater than that of non-diversified operations, diversified operations can be implemented.

On the road of enterprise development and growth, risk is inevitable. If an enterprise wants to have greater development and take the road of diversification, it may be an inevitable choice. Diversity has its advantages and disadvantages. It and enterprise specialization are two directions of enterprise development, which one should be chosen according to the conditions of the enterprise itself. In the process of diversification, enterprises should pay attention to the development of core competence. The choice of diversification strategy should also be cautious. We should make the right choice according to our own reality and avoid all kinds of dangers on the road of diversification.

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