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Assignment代写:Polanski's movie

2017-12-04 16:53:55 | 日記
下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Polanski's movie.,供大家参考学习,这篇论文讨论了波兰斯基的电影。罗曼・波兰斯基是一位充满争议的导演,他在电影艺术上取得了不朽的成就,叱咤影坛近半个世纪,创作作品达四十余部。波兰斯基似乎对暴力、惊悚影片情有独钟,创作了大量的惊悚影片,以《冷血惊魂》、《荒岛惊魂》为代表。
Polanski is a controversial director, he has made immortal achievements in the film art, booming cinema nearly half a century, the creation of 40 more. When Polanski first entered the cinema, he was deeply influenced by the modernist trend of thought, and the works were full of absurdity and logic. This stage of his works to the main film, representative works have two Men and a wardrobe, mammals and so on. The film that truly represents Polanski's highest achievement is genre and adaptation. Polanski seems to have a passion for violence, thriller film, created a large number of thriller, with Repulsion, Culdesac as the representative. At the same time, try to "Macbeth" "Oliver Twist" "Tess of the d ' urbervilles" and other classical literary works, popular literature is also the object of the adaptation of Polanski, the pianist successful adaptation for him won the Academy Award. This article will take Polanski's adaptation film as the research object, take the concrete film as an example, deeply discusses the relation between the literature classics and the film adaptation.
Literary classics refers to the literary works which have achieved higher artistic achievements, have eternal artistic value and have great influence on later generations. This part of the classic works is constantly being mentioned and read, is the human mind's record tool, with immortal significance. When the film and the literature establish the close connection, the classical literature becomes the famous director chooses the object, recalls these high frequency appearing on the screen the classical works, it often has the characteristic of the times and the nationality.
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First of all, literary classics are of the Times. Literature is the most faithful record tool in social life, and some art master's literary works, such as amplitude and monumental, can reflect the spirit of the times accurately and vividly, and have positive guiding significance. The classical literature works are closely related to the times and social life, and flesh is an important way for the posterity to know the times accurately. Such as Thomas Hardy, the famous Victorian novelist, was regarded as an outstanding representative of realism. His works have distinct characteristics of the times, his novels on the theme of rural life are regarded as classics in the history of literature. Hardy's novel is a true reflection of the social life in the Victorian era, which records the devastating impact of mechanized mass production on the social life of the vast rural areas. The novel "The Tess of the d ' urbervilles" uses artistic brushwork to reproduce the kind and unsophisticated rural girl Tess in this particular era of the next step toward the destruction process. The double contradictions between character and environment, times and individuals have been accurately explained in the novel. So when such a work is carried on the big screen, it can arouse people's interest and evoke a good memory of a bygone era. At the same time, classical literature works can deviate from the specific time, background and so on, and form the glamour of crossing time. Taking Hardy's novels as an example, the realism factor, the superb artistic skill and the implied humanistic spirit in his works are the common features of literary works of any age, which is an important factor to make their works become classics. It was in the eye of Polanski that he chose to move Hardy's Tess of the d ' urbervilles to the big screen.
Second, the Classics literature work also has the strong humanities spirit. A classic literary works can be widely circulated in the world, enduring, because the work contained in the humanistic spirit is not divided into races and times, is the common pursuit of human society, the beautiful emotion, such works can be called classics. Literary classics can provide a steady stream of spiritual nourishment, explain the depth of human nature at different levels, can give people the pleasure of reading, bring the enjoyment of beauty.
Polanski has seized on this key factor in the adaptation of his literary classics, and his film "Oliver Twist" was adapted from a novel by Charles Dickens with the same name. But in the process of adaptation, Polanski has consciously weakened the blood and violence of the original works, but it is a very important part of the humanistic spirit. First of all, the film does not portray the original evil characters into a flat image, without blindly rendering their character of cruelty and evil, but to portray them as the heart of a kind and love complex character. For example, the old money, is a real bad person, the audience can also from his deeds and deeds to feel the weak human beauty. Secondly, the brilliance of human nature has been vividly displayed in the film. In the early days of the film making, Polanski positioned the film as a gift for his children, precisely because of this starting point, in shaping Nancy and Oliver and other good people, the full display of their human charm. Oliver grew up in the poorhouse and was abused and suffered a lot. However, the hard environment did not destroy the seeds of his heart, no matter how difficult the environment in which he always maintained a childlike innocence. Suffering did not make him degenerate, but made his will stronger, finally defeated the power of evil, and strive for a happy life.
The movie "Oliver Twist" and "Tess" are important works of Polanski. The two works are adapted by the classic classics, which fully preserves the essence of the original Dibon, and integrates the will of the Director in this foundation. The two films were neither a creative transplant, but also a faithful version of the basic principles, after the release of the original readers and film audiences unanimously recognized. Apart from maximizing the essence of the original, the key factor in the success of Polanski's film adaptation is the visual impact of adapting films to audiences.
Hardy's work "Tess of the d ' Urbervilles" has been adapted many times, very early to be moved to the big screen. In the 1980s Polanski again made a radical adaptation of the work, and once again moved it to the film screen. The Polish version of Tess, once released, won plaudits for the film field, with the unanimous endorsement of critics and viewers. Much of this is due to the spectacular visual symbols presented by the film, which deeply impress the audience. The Wessex area that Polanski presented in the film coincided with the scene of the beautiful countryside in the audience's mind. Film and fiction are two very different artistic means of expression, and Polanski in the process of adaptation of the full use of color, composition, light and other art means, the description of the details of the scene and portray the image of the character, the plot of the transforms perfect combination, the audience succeeded in feeling the beautiful scenery that Hardy had traced in the original. At the beginning of the film is a stretch of the mountains and yellow sky, empty lenses show a wide plateau of the natural beauty. As the lens moves back, a country road appears on the left side of the screen, the crowd moves from a distance, the lens continues to move back, the road gradually into the center of the screen, lined with trees on both sides of the road, and the distant gray hills and warm sky side by side. The picture level is clear, the mountain, the road, the tree and the human together constitute a lively countryside scenery. In the film, the color changes in different seasons and the change of light in different time periods were used to restore the rural scenery in Hardy's Wessex area. Polanski's use of unique visual symbols to convey the style of the original and the author's creative intent, which is the key to its success.
"Oliver Twist" is another masterpiece of Polanski's adaptation of classic literature into a film, which was filmed when Polanski was over seven years old and created a miracle in the history of the film. The film style is beautiful, tender, the City of London Victorian period of the scene truly present in front of the audience. From the buildings on both sides of the street to the furnishings of the interior, even with such obscure details as a candlestick, Polanski strives for perfection and precision. The costumes of the characters are exquisite and meticulous, and they are completely replicated in Victorian England. These exquisite designs set the tone for the success of the film. Audience in the theater as if through time and space, came to the British century ago, feeling the story of everything. The hustle and bustle of the streets of London, coupled with the tight dresses of women and the old cockney English in London, truly reflect the landscape of that era. It was on this street that a story about the struggle between sin and humanity was staged. At the same time, the film focuses on the portrayal of the inner world of the characters, Oliver's lonely inner world and the lively London streets and cold buildings against each other, outlining the Victorian era only belongs to the United Kingdom.
The novel has developed into a mature art form, its narrative concept and narrative skills have a very important impact on the development of film art. Compared with the thousand-year tradition of literature, film is still a new industry. Classic literature works for the development of the film industry has provided a rich theme, brought fresh blood, casting the golden age of film development. Both enrich the expressive force of human art. The discussion on the relationship between the two has never stopped, and Polanski's adaptation film perfectly explains the relationship between film and literature.
The classical literature works to a certain extent to ensure the success of the subject matter of the film, which also determines the film to be faithful to the basic principles of literary construction. Film is a comprehensive art form, since its birth and literature has a close relationship, and with the continuous development of film art, the relationship between the two increasingly close, more frequent interaction. The adaptation of literary classics into movies, which is the most effective way of interaction between literature and film, is a short cut from literary classics to film classics. Literature becomes an important art treasure of film, for the development of the film to provide a continuous inspiration and nutrition, while, at the same time, literature with the popularity of film, entertainment, the art features, down the altar, by more people understand and love, the film has become an important means of literary communication, the two formed a good interactive relationship. Some of the classics have even been on the screen many times, for example, Tolstoy's work "Anna Karenina" has been adapted to 13 times, Shakespeare's works are often moved to play stage. In a way, when classic literary works were adapted to a movie, a large part of the consumer group they targeted was devoted to the original, and only the faithful were able to turn the reader into a fan. Polanski's "Pianist", based on the autobiography of the famous Polish musician Anjei Spielman, has made the film's release a quiet, long time of Polanski again into the public eye. The film really restores the art master Anjei Spielman waves treacherous, full of legendary life, shaping a talent, wisdom and luck in a piano home. It is worth noting that the original style of writing is biased towards the scattered culture, it is not suitable for the narrative structure of the film, so Polanski to the original narrative structure of the integration, carding the original time frame, so that the film narrative clues more clear, this small change can be regarded as the film on the "Betrayal" of literature, But it is on the basis of the faithful original, so did not affect the overall artistic style, but for the film added art luster.
Re-creation on a faithful basis is also the golden rule of literary adaptation films. All along, the film industry has been recognized as the highest standard of adaptation of films is the faithful original, but Fidelity does not mean to copy verbatim. Although there are some similarities between the film and the novel, it still belongs to two different art forms, and when the literature is adapted into a film, it is not only the visual presentation of the novel, but also the artistic features of the film. Even in order to be able to highlight the theme of the film, in the faithful original premise of the original plot in a reasonable range of germinal, on the basis of the original to create. A large number of film works prove that the adaptation of the film can be in the ideological content and characterization of more than the original, such as the "Pianist", Polanski to his childhood real experience to join, so that the authenticity of the film further enhanced. But the small scope of the play does not mean to tamper with the original, some directors in the process of adaptation of the bold idea, in the relationship between the characters and the design of the plot to maintain a certain distance, thus distorting or even misunderstanding the original spirit, such a practice will only be less than useless. In addition, in the process of adaptation too much to consider the market efficiency of the film, the economic benefits in the first place, excessive pandering to the audience's hobby, will make the film's commercial characteristics too strong.
In the field of film adaptation, Polanski is a worthy master, and his series of films can be seen as a successful example of a classic film adaptation. This article takes the characteristic of literature classics as the cut-in point, takes Polanski's film as the research object, probes into the relationship between literature and film, in order to provide a superficial view on this problem.
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怎么在英文论文中引用对话

2017-12-04 16:53:39 | 日記
不知道同学们在写作英文论文的时候有没有引用过Dialogue,就是对话。Dialogue也属于文献资料的一种,也是可以在论文中引用的。当然,引用Dialogue跟引用其他的文献资料肯定是不一样的,下面就给大家讲解一下。
关于引号的使用规则你可能已经熟记于心。当文章中引用外部资源或是对话的时候,我们就需要使用引号。
你可能已经知道什么时候使用引号,什么时候引用外部资源,但是“对话”呢?引用资源和使用对话到底有什么具体区别呢?怎样标明文章中的引用呢?怎样把对话合理地融入到你的文章中去呢?
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在这篇文章中,我将一一为你解答这些问题。我们先从四个方面说起。
什么是对话?
在文章中什么时候使用对话比较合适?
为什么要使用对话?
怎样在文章中使用对话?
对话:是什么?不是什么?
在了解如何使用对话之前,你首先应该知道对话到底是什么。其实这个问题非常简单。对话就是两个或两个以上的人之间的交谈。在电影,戏剧,小说,案例,或是文章中都会出现。
人们经常会混淆对话和外部资源的引用,因为对话和直接引用都会使用引号。搞清这两者之间的区别是至关重要的。为了帮你理清这个问题,我在下面列出了这两者的具体差异。
对话:
两个或两个以上的人之间的交谈
使故事更加丰满
直接引用:
来源于外部资源,在文章中直接引用
强化论点
另一个容易混淆的是直接引用对话。在这种情况下,你首先需要仔细想想你使用对话的目的到底是什么–是为了给你的论点提供依据。因此,对话的引用通常会被划入直接引用的范畴。
现在你已经知道了什么是对话,那我们来探讨一下什么时候该使用对话。
什么时候在文章中使用对话比较合适?怎样在文章中使用对话?
正如我之前提到的, 对话的使用范围很广,尤其是在电影,电视,小说和戏剧中。此处,我们只讨论记叙(narrative essay)文中的对话。
为什么对话不会出现在其它文体中呢?因为其它类型的文章(如,议论文和说明文)旨在论述和说明。议论文(argumentative essay)通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法,来确定其观点正确或错误,树立或否定某种主张。说明文(expository essay)是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐述事理。而记叙文更像是在讲故事,把作者的经历叙述给读者。这些经历大部分都会涉及到其他人,以及他们相互间的交谈。
对于议论文和说明文而言,在其中使用对话不会起到强化论点的作用,甚至有时候反而会弱化。因为,对于文章的论点来说,家人朋友之间的对话并不是最有力的论据。反而,直接引用或是转述专家的观点效果会比较好。
在记叙文中使用对话是个小技巧。对话可以使故事更加生动,人物更加丰满,从而提高读者的兴趣。
试着想象一下,你在读一本小说,里面一个人物的对话都没有,或是看一场电影,所有的演员都闭口不言,你会感觉如何?很枯燥无趣吧!对记叙文来说,也是这样的道理。
怎样在文章使用对话呢?
到目前为止,你已经了解了什么时候该使用对话,现在我们进入细节部分,看看使用对话的正确格式。这部分涉及到两个问题,一是如何正确使用引号,二是如何使用其它标点。
引号的使用(美国用法):
规则1:在文章中直接引用别人的话用双引号。
例如:When I was young, my mother told me, “Follow your passion and the money will come.”
规则2:引号里面还要用引号时,外面一层用双引号,里面一层用单引号。
例如,“What did Benjamin Franklin mean when he said, ‘An investment in knowledge pays the best interest’?” Ms. Jackson asked.
规则3:如果文章中一个人的话超过了一段, 就在每段的开始使用左引号,只在最后一段的末尾使用右引号。
例如:
Sarah nodded and said, “I think you’re right. We can’t get very far on this project if we can’t work together.
“But now there’s hardly any time left. Do you really think we can get it all done by Friday?”
其它标点符号的使用:
规则1:如果引用的话在句末,把句号置于引号之内。
[错误] Ricky cried, “Lucy, you’ve got some ‘splaining to do”.
[正确] Doc explained, “The reason the time machine isn’t working is because the flux capacitor doesn’t have enough power.”
规则2:如果问号和感叹号是引用内容的一部分,就把它们置于引号之内。
[错误] The girl shouted, “Get that thing away from me”!
[正确] Billy was so ecstatic that he screamed, “I passed! I passed calculus!”
规则3:如果引用的话是感叹句或问句的一部分, 就把标点符号置于引号之外。
[错误] Did you hear Leo scream, “I’m king of the world?”
[正确] Did he just say, “The bird is the word”?
规则4:said, asked, exclaimed 等,这类动词在引号之前时,其后要用逗号。
[错误] My brother said “I’m going to get you for this, sis.”
[正确] Mom always says, “Don’t play ball in the house.”
规则5: 如果以上动词在引号之后,把逗号置于引号之内。
[错误]“It’s getting dark. Come back inside” our mother called.
[正确]“Dinner will be ready in 10 minutes,” Mrs. Perkins said.
规则6:如果要拆开引用的话,把逗号放在第一部分之后,然后用said, asked, exclaimed,等词隔开。
[错误]“Yeah” she shrugged “I guess you’re right.”
[正确]“No,” she said, “I don’t have any plans tomorrow.”
以上就是关于Dialogue引用的讲解,引号以及其他标点符号的正确使用对一篇文章来说是非常重要的,希望同学们都能注意一下。
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Paper代写:The popularization of Marxism

2017-12-04 16:53:20 | 日記
下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- The popularization of Marxism,供大家参考学习,这篇论文讨论了马克思主义大众化。马克思主义大众化是马克思主义最新的理论成果,能够将社会主义理论与人民群众的实际生活联系起来,使得抽象的理论知识转变为实践,使得社会主义理论能够逐渐被更多的人接受与理解。与此同时,大众化也是动态化大众化过程需要达到的一种状态。
he 17 major report of the party formally put forward the popularization of Marxism, which combines the basic principles of Marxism with Chinese practice. The popularization of Marxism needs to be studied and perfected from two aspects of theory and practice, and in the popularization of Marxism, we should strengthen the development of ideological and political work, give full play to the advantages of ideological and political work, and make the popularization of Marxism a success. In the early stage, the popularization of Marxism was mainly embodied in the field of literature and philosophy. The current Marxist popularization is from the larger scope of the analysis of Marxism, through the Marxist theory of Chinese practice analysis and know, so that the Marxist theory has been well perfected, and through the popular way to achieve smoothly.
At first, the popularization of Marxism appeared in the 17 report, and in the fourth plenary meeting of the 17th CPC Central Committee, the CPC Central Committee's decision on strengthening and improving the party's construction of some important issues under the new situation was formally put forward.
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In order to grasp Marxist popularization accurately, it is necessary to define the concept of Marxism and popularization.
Marxism in contemporary China is the result of the further development and inheritance of Marxism and the combination of the theory of attention and the concrete practice of our country. The scientific understanding of contemporary Marxism can better understand the popularization of Marxism and can lay a solid foundation for promoting the popularization of contemporary Chinese Marcus. For the first time in the party's 17 report, the concept of the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics was put forward, and the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics was the theoretical achievement of Marxism in China. It is also a theoretical system formed by the combination of Marxism and current Chinese practice. The seventh part of the party's 17 report, the construction of socialist core value system in the study of the "Development of Chinese characteristics of the socialist theoretical system publicity activities to promote the popularization of contemporary Chinese Marxism" requirements, this shows that the contemporary Chinese Marxism is actually a socialist theoretical system with Chinese characteristics, To promote the popularization of Marxism is to promote the popularization of socialist theoretical system with Chinese characteristics.
The so-called popularity, in the "Modern Chinese dictionary" means the same as the masses, to meet the actual needs of the masses. In the study of New democratic culture, it can be concluded that the popularization is not occupied by the minority, and is occupied by the majority of the civilian population.
The concept of popularization is characterized by duality, a dynamic process and a result and state. These two are not contradictory, the popularization is the process of the dynamic, to realize the popularization is through certain way and the method makes the value and the knowledge to be accepted by the populace.
At the same time, popularity is also a state that needs to be achieved in the process of dynamic popularization. The popularization of Marxism popularization is a process, the State through certain methods and means, so that Marxism can be more accepted by more people, better guide the practice of the masses.
In a word, Marxism popularization is the newest theory achievement of Marxism, it can connect the socialism theory with Chinese characteristic and the people's actual life, make the abstract theory knowledge turn into practice, make the socialism theory with Chinese characteristic can gradually be accepted and understood by more people.
The formation of the market needs two of conditions, demand and supply, only the two exist at the same time can have market existence, in this economics is the most basic principle. The demand is that in a certain period of time, consumers at the price level have the desire to buy, and can buy the quantity of goods, can be a consumer's desire and ability to buy together. The desire and ability to purchase constitute the effective demand of the market, in economic activities, there are many factors affecting the purchase desire and ability of consumers, mainly the reasons of commodity itself, social and economic reasons, consumer reasons, etc., if other factors remain unchanged, commodity prices and demand is negatively related, this is the law of demand. In the market structure, supply is also a very important factor, that is, in a certain period of time, consumers at the price level of the willingness to buy and can buy the volume of goods.
The effective supply of the market mainly includes both the desire and the ability of supply. The quantity of supply will be affected by many factors, such as the price of the commodity itself, the level of production, the price of factors of production, the future development of the manufacturer, the government policy, etc., if other conditions remain unchanged, the relationship between commodity price and supply is positive change, that is, the law of supply In the theory of economics, the law and conditions of market formation can satisfy the formation and development of scientific theory. If the popularization of Marxism in contemporary China is the market of economic activity, then the demand side is the spiritual need of the people, and the supply side is talking about the theoretical achievement of Marxism. It can be seen that the popularization of Marxism in contemporary China mainly includes the spiritual needs of the masses and the innovation of the theoretical achievements that need to be satisfied.
In the theory of economics, the law and conditions of market formation can satisfy the formation and development of scientific theory. If the popularization of Marxism in contemporary China is the market of economic activity, then the demand side is the spiritual need of the people, and the supply side is talking about the theoretical achievement of Marxism. In the market of Marxism popularization, it is necessary to satisfy the people's spiritual needs to realize its effective operation. The analysis of the theory of demand of economics, purchase desire and purchase ability together constitute the effective demand of the market, the research on the popularization of Marxism in contemporary China needs to take the actual needs of the masses as the starting point, from the economic point of view, The construction of the popularization of Marxism is to make the people's interests continuously satisfied. The demand of the people in the market is the balance between the reality need and the benefit drive, therefore, in the practice of Marxism popularization, it is necessary to combine the people's actual needs and interests, and then realize it smoothly.
The analysis of the popularization of Marxism from the angle of economics is the rational application of the theory of supply and demand. People's needs are mainly material and spiritual needs of two kinds, according to the practice of Marxist popularization to meet. At present, the people's appeal is gradually diverse, social construction is a relatively large project, need to deal with the economic, political, cultural and social relations.
The continuous development of society, the people's material life gradually improved, the spirit of demand also showed a change in the situation, the human movement and society is the interaction between the progress of the community through the improvement of living standards and the spirit of the world's satisfaction can be achieved, if out of the interests, Social construction is not compatible with the popularization of Marxism.
The popularization of Marxism is a kind of scientific theory, but also a kind of practice. With the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics, Chinese Marxism has also been enriched and progressed, and the people's spirit and practical needs have been gradually improved, and received more recognition and acceptance.
The development of theoretical knowledge depends to a great extent on the satisfaction of the actual needs, and the thoroughness of the theory lies in grasping the masses. At present, there are still many problems in the ideological and political work, which can not satisfy the development needs of Marxism popularization, the ideological and political work lacks the solid mass foundation, the masses ' demand for Marxism can not be satisfied well, and the effect of the ideological and political work is also lack of scientific evaluation standard.
The reason for the above problems is mainly because the ideological and political staff in the Marxist popularization of the understanding of deficiencies, and the Marxist popular institutional mechanism is not sound, in the course of the popularization of Marxism, the lack of professional ideological and political work team. In order to realize the popularization of Marxism, it is necessary to perfect and optimize the ideological and political work, and to provide an effective way for the popularization of Marxism. Combining Marxist theory with practice, in practice, we should further popularize the theoretical knowledge of Marxist popularization and be accepted by more people through practical activities. Ideological and political workers need to guide the values of the masses, actively carry out educational activities, targeted people to education, so that the popularization of Marxism has a solid mass basis. In our country's traditional excellent culture to find the carrier of the popularization of Marxism, through the network of media, strengthen social management, so that the popularization of Marxism has been effectively spread. The method of ideological and political work is optimized and the guarantee mechanism is perfected. If the way of ideological and political work is well optimized, the system of ideological and political work needs to be perfected and the need of Marxist popularization should be clarified.
In the market, the desire to supply can be said to be a successful experience in the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Our party's guiding ideology continues to develop, actively innovate the ruling idea, the Chinese characteristic Socialism cause also realizes the very good development and the progress, these all with the socialism theory is inseparable, also needs the practice and the populace to consummate, through the practice development Marxism obtains the very good practice and the development, and further enriches the Marxist theory , let the people benefit, make the people's living standards and spiritual needs to be promoted, and better promote the popularization of Marxism positive forward.
In a word, the popularization of Marxism from the perspective of economics is to use the scientific application of supply and demand theory, through the development and practice of Marxism popularization, so that people's material and spiritual needs can be met. At present, the party's guiding ideology has been perfected and developed, and the ruling idea has been perfected and innovated, which can promote the development of socialist cause with Chinese characteristics, improve the people's living standard and spiritual needs, and promote the popularization of Marxism to achieve better development.
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Paper代写:The Consumerism

2017-12-04 16:53:05 | 日記
下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- The Consumerism,供大家参考学习,这篇论文讨论了消费主义。消费问题是普遍存在的、与人类生活息息相关的问题。无论过去、现在还是将来,人类都离不开物质和文化需求的满足,离不开消费。但消费主义不是从来就有的,而是社会发展到一定历史阶段的产物。消费主义在人们心中会确立这样一种理念:人生的意义和价值可以在我们拥有的东西中发现。
Marx's evaluation of a social system or phenomenon has two main scales: one is the historical scale, the other is the moral scale. The so-called historical scale, whether conforms to the objective law and the historical inevitability, whether conforms to the majority person's interest, whether is advantageous to realizes the human development as the standard. The so-called moral scale refers to the use of certain moral norms, moral concepts as a means of determining the value of a thing has no, correct and size standards. The historical scale and the moral scale are the basic ways to understand and grasp the world, and also the embodiment of the human subject spirit. Through the use of double scales, human transformation of history, the transformation of reality, to promote social progress and the all-round development of people. Therefore, from the perspective of the ultimate goal of human all-round free development, these two scales are consistent. However, in real life, these two kinds of scales often present two law backs. "This fundamental consistency and the reality of the reverse requires us to evaluate a social phenomenon consciously use dialectical thinking, adhere to the historical scale and the unity of moral standards." ”
The problem of consumption is a common problem which is closely related to human life. Regardless of the past, present or future, human beings can not leave the material and cultural needs of the satisfaction, inseparable from consumption. But consumerism is not always there, but the product of social development to a certain historical stage. Since modern times, the development of science and technology in Western countries has made material production grow exponentially, social production is relatively surplus, need consumption to maintain, pull and stimulate the further development of production, people gradually ended the "production" as the center of the Society, into the "consumption" as the center of the era. At this time, the purpose of people's consumption is the nature of the means, consumption is no longer a simple economic behavior, but has become a way of life and cultural behavior. At this point, consumerism arises. French sociologist Jean Baudrillard in the "Consumer Society" in the book on the definition of consumerism, that is, the purpose of consumption is not for the actual needs of satisfaction, but in the constant pursuit of the created, stimulated out of the desire to meet.
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"Many years ago, if a person is uncomfortable, do not know how to be good, he may go to church, maybe go to revolution, etcetera." Today, if you feel uncomfortable and overwhelmed, how can you be free? Go spend! " In the perspective of consumerism, man is the consumer, and the value of life lies in the creation and profligacy of wealth, and there is no other choice. People in the endless consumption of the "I spend, therefore," the credo, and through consumption to strengthen the belief in this creed. In summary, the basic idea of consumerism is expressed in the following aspects:
In the field of material consumption, consumerism takes possession and enjoyment of material products as the first meaning of self satisfaction and happiness, and it never stops stimulating people's needs, and the value of human beings is located in the enjoyment and satisfaction of a single material life. People do not care about the consequences of consumption, regardless of the cost of the environment and resources, disregard the economic capacity of individuals, even for consumption can be desperate. In the field of cultural consumption, the trend of "cultural" and "commercialization" of the commodity is intensified, and the essential difference between the cultural text and the commodity tends to melt. With the popularization of new media, a large number of cultural works in the direction of life, entertainment, consumer development, a large number of entertainment programs to serve the audience's senses and instincts, pornography, murder, violence has become a lot of film and television works theme, funny, amused, does not make sense of the creation of many works. In this case, people no longer pay attention to reason, lofty, only focus on pleasure and stimulation, cultural consumption should have metaphysical transcendence and ascension into the form of indulgence and depravity.
According to Maslow's hierarchy theory of needs, people's needs have the level of high and low, higher demand is based on the lower demand, people only to meet the lower demand before the pursuit of higher levels of demand. In the traditional society, because of the lack of material information, people in the consumption choice is to meet the needs of the physiological needs, security needs and the demand for ownership, and the need for self-esteem and self-realization is not important in the consumption choice. Today, due to the richness of material information and the differentiation of homogeneous products, to make consumers to the consumer choice of personalized and self-realization of the pursuit of possible, the consumption choice is to a large extent to meet the self-esteem and self-realization, and not just not even to meet the physiological, security and attribution of low-level needs, This situation is particularly evident in conspicuous consumption, personalized consumption and fashion consumption.
Consumerism establishes the idea in people's minds that the meaning and value of life can be found in what we have. Therefore, consumption has become the source and symbol of personal equality, happiness, freedom and happiness. Consumerism, for example, promotes equality for all through consumption. People can not only use consumption to erase their social status, income, power and other aspects of the differences and discrimination, and individuals can improve their identity and status through consumption. At the same time, consumerism takes wealth and consumption as the standard of people's happiness. The modern media uses the network, the advertisement, movies, television, etc., will be beautiful, romantic, magical and other cultural characteristics of the ingenious integration with the commodity, creating and consumption itself is not necessarily linked to the various intentions, so that people feel that this is the so-called happy life, so as to continue to stimulate people into the dream of "happiness" The pursuit of life.
After the emergence of the western developed countries, with the process of globalization, with the unstoppable momentum to spread and spread to other developing countries, even China such a "prudent" traditional people have been affected, some people began to abandon the thrifty, rational consumption concept, To identify and practice the concept of consumerism and the way of life. Here, the global expansion of consumerism is not to say that consumerism, people immediately have a consumerist life, the important thing is not what people have, but what people want, what constitutes the basic meaning and pursuit of people's lives. The correct view of consumerism requires us to adhere to the unity of historical scale and moral scale, not only to see its historical inevitability and progress, but also to see the moral limitations and harmfulness brought by it.
To look at consumerism from the historical scale is to examine it from its generation, rather than just to measure it with the present standard. The typical period of consumerism is the era of capitalist market economy. Market economy as a decisive means of allocating resources, what enterprises produce, and how much they produce are determined by the market. In the market economy, individuals as independent subject to engage in production activities, individual labor and products only through market exchange and consumption will be recognized by society, the value of the individual can be realized. In this case, the value of human beings is transformed into the value of things, the relationship between human beings and things, the relationship between goods and goods, the domination and domination of human beings inevitably occur. However, the development of consumption and people's own development is precisely in this period of realization.
Consumerism is the phenomenon of social productivity development to a certain historical stage. In traditional society, the low level of productivity development, the lack of means of production, therefore, the ruling class to preach asceticism and hierarchical system, so that ordinary people satisfied with the basic survival needs, while the very few privileged to engage in material enjoyment and spiritual activities. From the essence of "consumption", the "consumption" of the real meaning can be opened only after satisfying the "consumption" for survival. After the Industrial Revolution, machine production completely changed the purely human, animal and natural forces of the production model, the progress of production technology to make large-scale commodity production possible. Into the 20th century, the Ford doctrine was widely used, mass production to make large-scale consumption become a reality, history into a "rich era", consumerism emerged. In this case, people's consumption ideas and consumption patterns have also changed significantly, the concrete manifestation is in two aspects: first, the consumption of industrial products is no longer monopolized by the minority or dominant group, but by the public as the object, the public has become the target of the industrial system, some people call it "the democratization of consumption"; On the other hand, in consumer society, " The connotation of the masses has also changed, it originally refers to the society in the majority of people engaged in manual labor, at this time, the income is relatively stable and has been expanding the middle class is also included in the trend. As a result, the social lower class as a luxury thing in the rapid spread of the whole society, so that the past luxury has become a necessity, a mass consumer society quietly formed.
The realization of the value goal of human "free individuality" is the precondition of consumption satisfaction. Marxism believes that human history "is a history of the development of human power." Marx took the human personality as the clue, inspected the human development process, and combed the role of consumption in different stages of human personality development. In the social stage of "human dependence", by the restriction of the level of productivity development, people sell the surplus goods outside the household consumption, the majority of the products are consumed by family members, people's production ——— consumption structure is in a narrow and closed state. In this case, people cannot break through the limitations of their activities, there is no way to put other people's social production capacity into their own, which determines that the relationship between the individual and others can only be political or blood dependency relationship, people are tied to a certain family and political community within, human personality expression and the realization of independence is not discussed. In the phase of independence based on "The dependence of things", consumption and production began to break up and consumption was realized through currency exchange, thus, people's reliance on commodity exchange and currency replaced the social dependence based on blood relationship. This mode of production has freed people from the narrow community of the shackles, broke through the various forms of personal relations, formed an independent individual and individual personality, human independence, freedom and equality of the realization of the material basis. From this point of view, consumerism is the inevitable phenomenon of the specific stage of human development process, which is not only the inexorable trend of historical development, but also the significance of historical progress.
In the consumer society, suppressing people's consumption desire is not only an anti-humanity, but also unrealistic. Can not suppress people's desire for consumption, but may lead people to the pursuit of material consumption to the enjoyment of spiritual consumption, and the symbolism and symbolic characteristics of consumerism itself contains the possibility of its turning to spiritual consumption. One of the main characteristics of consumer society is that symbol system and visual image play an increasingly important role in controlling and manipulating consumption interest and consumption fashion, "meaningful consumption is a systematic symbolic manipulation behavior." On the one hand, people show their taste, identity, status and individuality through consumption, on the other hand, people's consumption products themselves symbolize a certain meaning, mood, beauty, grade, mood and atmosphere. Thus, the symbolic character of consumption reveals its inherent paradox: the more the pursuit of material consumption, the more it has nothing to do with the human physiological needs. Thus, the symbolic and symbolic features of consumerism frame the bridge to spiritual consumption. "Without a symbolic system, the human life will be limited to his biological needs and actual interests, and will not find a path to an ' ideal world ' ——— the ideal world is open to him in all its aspects, from religion, art, philosophy and science. "There is no sign, there is no spiritual life, no spiritual life, no one to the reality of transcendence and human development."
To judge consumerism from the moral yardstick is to look at consumerism according to the moral principles and moral concepts of today's society. From this point of view, the greatest moral flaw in consumerism is that it pursues not the need, but the desire, because the human needs are limited, but the desire is endless. To satisfy the desire of unlimited consumption will inevitably impact the traditional consumption concept, affect the atmosphere of the whole society, and ultimately endanger the survival and development of mankind.
In ancient society, both China and the West advocated thrift, moderation, moderation and balanced consumption view, against extravagance, profligacy, greed and indulgence. Ancient Chinese thinkers generally advocated the consumption concept of extravagant Cong. Confucius in "The Analects of Confucius," pointed out: "The propriety and luxury, Ning", "Saving and Love", advocated big to govern the country small to hold ceremony should be frugal, save, against extravagance and waste. "Zuo Zhuan" also mentioned: "Frugality, virtue of the common also, extravagance, evil of the Big also", the "thrifty" and "extravagance" as a judge of the moral nature of the important standards. Taoism requires people to "see the desires, less private", advocating people out of the bondage of material desires, the pursuit of inner peace and harmony. Han Fei-zi, a master of Legalist school, pointed out in the famous "Han Fei zi" that "extravagance and sloth are poor, but the force and frugality are rich", and frugality as an important measure of the rich and the poor, the main Zhang, the conservation. Mohist School is to increase thrift to the height of the rise and fall of the country, in the "Mozi," put forward "thrift is advocated, adultery is dead" concept.
In the Western Ancient society, the dominant idea is that the value of life is the happiness of virtue or the pursuit of God, not the pleasure of satisfying the desires. Even in the early days of capitalist development, Protestant ethics, by preaching asceticism, punishing extravagant laziness, emphasizing ascetic secular toil and self-denial, accumulated primitive capital for capitalism and made diligent, hardworking and frugal an important part of capitalist spirit. When consumerism emerged, the pursuit of taste, fashion, identity symbol of luxury consumption replaced the traditional life ethic of frugality, moderation of the concept. At present, with the further development of the globalization process, especially the emergence of new media, consumerism is more rapid and convenient to the world than ever before, with the help of computer network, film, TV, advertisement and so on, and it is gaining more and more legitimacy and control in people's daily life. Not only does the majority of the developed world emulate the consumerist lifestyle, but some in the developing world are worshipping, yearning for and pursuing this way of life. In this case, "I spend, therefore," and "No consumption on the decline" of the credo of people's values and lifestyles, the traditional thrifty, moderate consumption view is completely abandoned and subversion.
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Essay代写:The concept of property in the view of historical materialism

2017-12-04 16:41:09 | 日記
下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The concept of property in the view of historical materialism,供大家参考学习,这篇论文讨论了历史唯物主义视野中的财产观念。在《德意志意识形态》中,马克思坚定地站在历史唯物主义立场上与施蒂纳等人论战,批评后者把共产主义歪曲为“共同占有财产”,并指出财产的现实形态总是“取决于社会关系”。按照马克思的看法,亚当·斯密和黑格尔犯了同一个错误,那就是都把财产看作“一般”财产,而非“历史的”财产。
What is the meaning of communism "total"? The issue is controversial both in academia and in the masses. On the whole, people mostly discuss the "social form" of property, that is, the problem of the property right of the communist is mainly regarded as the problem of the private property storage, the property system arrangement and so on. This kind of thinking is particularly easy to fall into the "dead End", because Marx criticizes both private ownership and does not agree with simple public ownership, so communism's "total" is the equivalent of challenging people's imagination.
We believe that only by examining the "property" from the perspective of historical materialism can we understand the true connotation of communism, otherwise it will inevitably fall into the dogmatism of simplification and vulgarity. Based on this, this paper attempts to set aside the "social form" of property and to interpret communism from the "social nature" of property, with a view to providing a new way of thinking for relevant research.
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People usually understand "property" as material wealth, but philosophy is advocating the spiritual world, if the pure wealth is understood as material things, then it and the lofty spirit of the world will become contradictory. Thus, in ancient society, the moral family regarded the human's desire for wealth as a first-class scourge, and believed that it concealed the power of harm and destruction, which would corrode the noble warrior spirit.
Classical economics has broken the prevalent understanding of wealth, no longer regard wealth as pure "thing", but as the condensation of the subject's wisdom, which endows the property with positive social meaning and theoretical meaning. Muller, McCulloch and other people believe that "rich" not only without prejudice to virtue, but also to promote the self-cultivation and quality of individuals or countries, wealth not only for survival, and the prerequisite for the promotion of noble talent. "Without the peace and leisure of accumulated wealth, the pure and elegant learning that expands our horizons, our habits, and our status will not be achieved successfully." "But the legitimacy of property is not just derived from its" effectiveness, "it is fundamentally rooted in the concept of" Labor creates wealth. " In modern political philosophy, the concept of "labor to establish property rights", in classical economics there is "Labor value theory." In addition to the mercantilism, which regards money as the essence of wealth, the school of heavy agriculture, Adam Smith and Ricardo have all steadfastly regarded Labor as the source of value, and according to this view, wealth and substance cannot be equated, only by adding labor to the proper material, making them useful to people and then becoming wealth, so wealth is no longer " External possessions "is the result of the subjectivity of the outside. "The actual and only result of labour is the production of wealth by giving the existing substance a means of utility, which has been repeatedly proved." Marx also praised classical economics for revealing "the subject nature of wealth".
At the same time, we can also see that the "labor" of classical economics mainly refers to "natural labor", and wealth is regarded as the result of the material transformation between man and nature by Labor, and the content is mainly the "necessities, comforts and pleasures" of human life. Classical economics mainly inspects the "useful nature" of property, it regards the relation of property as the "possession" of wealth, but this "possessive desire" is no longer greedy and evil, but legitimate.
In refuting the criticism of Communism by Stirner and others, Marx explicitly objected to the view that property right should be regarded as a possessive relationship. He noted that although the two words eigentum and eigen were interrelated in the etymology of German, property was not "there". Stirner and others are based on the property as a "possession", the private property as "own" before the absurd criticism of communism. Because they think, no matter what society, there are always some things belong to themselves, the total elimination of private property is impossible. In response, Marx retorted that this refutation of Communism was nothing but "the fallacy of seeking refuge in the Zi study." "Stirner completely misused the concept of" property "," property "is not" there "," private property "is not synonymous with" own "meaning of" private goods. " Marx is on the basis of Hegel to talk about property issues, he absorbed the latter on the positive view of property, the property as the human essence of the object of power. Hegel also regards property as the condensation of labor, but he is more concerned about "spiritual labor", so for property, he examines not the "useful nature" of property, but the "spiritual nature" of property. Hegel has carried on the philosophical metaphysics investigation to the property, make it rise to a philosophy concept. In him, the relationship between man and property is no longer a possessive relationship, but an "object-related" relationship. According to Hegel, "ownership" is "the embodiment of his will in the matter", only "something belongs to Me" internal performance and will is not enough, but also must obtain possession of the object, will be able to get "fixed." The rationality of ownership is not to satisfy the need, but to discard the subjectivity of the subject. From the simple subjectivity of the person, the subject has unlimited free will, but if this kind of free will is not associated with him, can only be empty, the "I" will add to the "object", free will on the form of "fixed in". In Hegel's words: "When the thing is born to me, I give it different from its original soul, that is, I give my soul to it." So Hegel believed that the property not only has the anthropological significance, but also has the metaphysical significance, which makes my free will become the will of reality, which constitutes the true factor of the legitimacy of possession property. "If the need is to be the first thing, then, from the perspective of need, the possession of property is like a means to meet the needs." But the real point of view is that, from the point of view of freedom, property is the first place of freedom, and it is the purpose of nature. ”
Marx agrees with Hegel's philosophical definition of property, and also regards property as the outward nature of human freedom. Marx said: "In fact, if the narrow bourgeois form, then, wealth is not in the general exchange of personal needs, talents, enjoyment, productivity, and so on the universality?" Wealth is not the full development of the rule of nature, which is usually called ' natural ' force, but also of the human being. Is wealth not the absolute play of human creativity?
From this statement, we can also see that Marx's recognition of Hegel is limited, his series of praise of property need to add a qualification: "If the narrow bourgeois form is thrown away." It is this qualification that clearly shows the basic standpoint of Marx's critique of classical economics and Hegel, as well as the fundamental principles of Marx's investigation of property issues, namely, historical principles. By introducing the historical principle, Marx saved the property from materialism and idealism, and pulled it into the field of historical materialism.
On the whole, Marx neither inspected the "useful nature" of property, nor limited the "spiritual nature" of property, but focused on the "social nature" of property. As early as the 1844 manuscript of economic philosophy, Marx criticized classical economics for not seeing private property as an established fact, but as "a fact with historical form"; In the German ideology, Marx had firmly stood in the position of historical materialism and Stirner and other people to debate, Criticized the latter for distorting communism as "shared possession", and pointed out that the real form of property always "depends on social relations"; In the poverty of philosophy, Marx criticizes Proudon to define the title under "an Abstract and eternal concept", and the actual ownership always exists in the social relations of history. The definition of bourgeois ownership is nothing more than a description of the whole social relations of bourgeois production "; In the Communist Manifesto, Marx made it clear that" turning capital into a public property belonging to all members of the community is not to turn personal property into social property. " What is changed here is only the social nature of property "; In the Critique of political Economy, Marx answered the question of self questioning more than 10 years ago, and questioned the historical origin of private property by long text, and inspected the change of the social nature of property in different stages of history.
According to Marx, Adam Smith and Hegel made the same mistake of seeing property as "general" rather than "historical" property. Strictly speaking, classical economics, Hegel and Marx all agree that "the essence of property is Labor", the difference is that the former two understand the Labor is the individual labor, the latter is the labor understanding as social labor. In Marx's view, Robinson-style, isolated individual labor is only the "original state" of mankind, even if it existed, can not be used to explain any real society, the starting point of social research should be "a certain social nature of the production of individuals." As an individual labor, there is no difference in the nature of labor in different stages of history, it is the material transformation between man and nature, but as social labor, labor in different stages of history has the essential difference, because it always carries the specific social relations. Therefore, the property as the condensation of labor has always been a historical event, its realistic form of the specific social relations in the "special form"-Land, government rent, profits, capital and so on, divorced from the historical dimension of property rights is only an abstract right.
Marx attributed "property" to "relationship", and "social nature" of property means "the relationship between man and man" in labor. property is not equal to "thing", it is always the specific social relations in the history of the "things", private property is not equal to "private goods", but carrying the capitalist production relations of "property." We know that Marx distinguishes between "private property as Labor" and "private property as capital", the difference between the two is that the former is the general form of property, the latter is the special form of property that has obtained the historical stipulation. Any property is "labor", but only the private property carrying the capitalist production relations is "capital", "capital" is the special form and reality form of the property under the capitalist production relations. In refuting Stirner, Marx corrected the latter's concept of "private property" with the example of "My big dress". "My big dress" is my private property? Of course it is, because it is what I have, but in Marx's view, it can be called private property only when it is able to dominate the work of others as "the goods of Sale". Clearly, private property is defined by its social nature, and it is completely pointless to understand private property from "personal belongings" and Marx's critique of private property. According to Marx's thought of examining the "social nature" of property, as the private property of Labor is not Marx's research object, as the private property of capital is Marx's research object.
"The sanctity of private property" is the cornerstone of capitalist system, from Hobbes, Locke to Adam Smith, Ricardo, as the basis of bourgeois political, economic and legal order. In this tradition, private property is described as the center of personal freedom. Through the revelation of the social nature of private property, Marx exposes the deep fact that the "individual is subject to abstract domination" concealed by the capitalist freedom Cloak.
In the tradition of enlightenment, freedom and right are the same, property rights are stipulated as natural right, Hobbes and Locke are all from "natural state" to demonstrate individual rights. Hobbes described the "natural state" of mankind as the "suffering" of the war situation, "Everyone has the right to save themselves" as the most fundamental "natural law", the other laws from this natural law to the performance. On the basis of Hobbes, Locke further put the natural rights into the property right. He put forward two far-reaching views on the future, one is that "in the various rights of modern liberty, private property right is the most important right", the second is "Labor to establish property rights." In Locke's view, everyone has the right to protect himself, so he also has the right to do everything necessary for his own preservation. Property is the necessary means to maintain life, the protection of property is in accordance with natural law, that is, "rational." The right to property is a corollary to the fundamental right of self-preservation, which is not generated by contract and social behavior, but by natural law. In the original state, the natural things in a common state, is the individual labor to make them out of the common State, determine the individual for their property rights.
"His body is engaged in the labour and the work carried out by his hands, we can say, rightfully belongs to him." On the basis of this fundamental right, it can be deduced that the society established by the contract entered into by the laborer must regard the individual's ownership as the lawful behavior basis, so the private property becomes the foundation of the Capitalist "freedom". Smith's "Labor Value theory" regards labor as the source of value, thus affirming and developing the thought of "establishing the property right of Labor", becoming the rationality of political economy and the legitimacy foundation of capitalist economic system. Under the interpretation of modern political philosophy and plutonomy, property right is declared as "human rights", which conforms to the natural law and conforms to "human nature". Private property and personal freedom are equated, thus becoming solemn and sacred.
Through the historical investigation of private property, Marx reveals the social nature of private property, and illustrates the fact that under the condition of capitalist production, the private property is transformed from "right" into "power" and becomes the dominant power above the individual. Therefore, Marx completely deconstructed the legitimacy foundation of the capitalist system and laid a scientific foundation for the ideal of communism.
"Labor establishes the property right" has a key presupposition: the unification of labor and ownership, that is, the laborer is the owner directly. Marx keenly found that "the unity of labor and ownership" only works under the "Natural state", and once it has left this fictional state into the social reality, it becomes an illusion immediately. Therefore, the Natural legal act is a kind of abstract legal, must put "the property" in the specific production relations in order to make the essential sense of the investigation.
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