作业代写：Stage photography

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Stage photography，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了舞台摄影。舞台摄影是摄影艺术的一个门类，舞台摄影是一种时间的艺术，它通过瞬间的凝固来显现摄影者自身智慧与舞台的合二为一。它包括音乐和舞蹈等诸多内容。作为摄影工作者，其根本任务就是将舞台艺术的精彩瞬间真实生动地凝结在摄影画面上，创作出思想性、艺术性俱佳的摄影作品，给观者以感染和教育。

Stage photography is a kind of photography art. Stage photography is a kind of art of time. It shows the combination of the photographer's own wisdom and stage through instant solidification. It includes drama, music, dance, art, acrobatics and so on. As photography worker, its basic task is to stage the moment of truth vividly condensation on the photographic images, create delicate ideological content and artistic photography, to the viewer to infection and education.

Due to the restrictions of theater atmosphere, stage lighting and acting form, stage photography has its particularity in shooting method. The photographer should try to solve the common problems in stage photography by starting from the variety of the form of performance, the particularity of stage lighting, shooting methods and techniques, etc.

Stage photography is already familiar. On the surface, compared with other photography categories, the basic shooting requirements and art processing techniques seem to be no different, but the careful analysis is not the same. The main difference is that taking a stage photo often takes a very short period of time to complete the composition and quickly press the shutter. This requires the photographer to have a hard shooting technique and artistic processing skills. However, there are rules for the creation of stage photography. Especially in the selection of equipment and technical aspects, some methods can be the main point, so that beginners less detours.

If you are free to act in the theater, the most common use of stage performance is standard lens and medium length focal length lens. It can mainly rely on the standard lens to shoot the panoramic or central scene of the plot, while using the medium length focal length lens as the supplement, the actor's solo dance, solo, solo or close scene, etc. If the 35mm miniature camera is used, it is generally said to take a 35mm lens at a distance of about 10 meters from the platform and fill the scene with a single person. However, if the actor's performance is large, use an 80mm or 50mm lens to avoid the action.

The lighting of the stage performance is weak, and when used with color light, it is less bright. There is no doubt that it is suitable for the selection of high speed films, such as ISO400 film. Especially in the handheld camera or with long focal length lens, zoom lens, in order to keep the sharpness of the image, cannot use the slow shutter speed, in this case, the use is faster than ISO400 higher is necessary.

A tripod is often used for stage performances, but some theaters are not allowed to use tripods. So, it's best to bring a light, one-legged stand to help you with your shooting.

Theatrical performances are seldom suitable for the use of the average measurement table for uniform illumination. The lighting in the theater is usually very bright, while the others are very dark. In this case, if use a light meter for metering, whether it is "built in" or a handheld camera "separate" light meter, it is difficult to get accurate measurement of light as a result, because of this kind of light meter "Angle" is too wide, will be measured to some very dark around the area, exposure to excessive lead to actors. In order to overcome this shortcoming, we can consider using a meter. This photometric table is extremely narrow, although it can accurately measure the brightness of individual actors' faces from a distance, and can obtain very accurate exposure. Or use a narrow corner attachment. Some photometers have 5 degrees and 10 degrees of photometric attachment. If the photographer is not too far away from the actor, this narrow Angle attachment can be used to obtain the accurate flash reading. However, it is necessary to accurately measure only the bright spots, not the shadows.

Go to the theatre or the square to take a picture of the stage, first choose the location and perspective. Generally speaking, it is good to find a position that is a little bit off, and will not obstruct the audience. The Angle of view is also very important, the Angle of view is too high, the character that is taken out will be deformed; The Angle is low to see the person's foot, to be able to see the stage countertop is good.

The stability of the camera is important to take a good stage picture. Usually took pictures stage, control the shutter speed to 1/60 of a second, this is done to make the move move, the static goes down, make of both the main body of clear image, and make the picture has a sense of flow. To achieve these goals, the shutter speed of 1/60 seconds, the camera's stability cannot be ignored. Another factor, because to make the picture with the actual situation changes, the effect of aperture to enlarge as far as possible, often doing that can lead to the depth of field to shorten, the camera slightly shaking, definition of the images would be affected. Therefore, the use of tripod or monopod to increase the stability of the camera is quite critical.

Stage photography has evolved from the simple record of the past to the present creation, which is the process of stage photography from practicality to artistry. Shooting with the help of a flashlight is nothing more than trying to make the picture clearer. The result of this is that the light of the flashlight dilutes the unique lighting and color effects of the stage, and even the stage effect is completely lost. These effects are precisely the essence of stage photos. So, strictly speaking, it is not appropriate to use a flash. Of course, there are times when the stage light is too weak, or just for a photo shoot, you can use the flash, but the picture is sure to lose the stage effect.

Aperture, as a means of controlling depth of field, is used properly, and the photos taken will have a better effect. In the shooting scene, the camera has a certain distance from the stage, and the stage itself has a depth, which is generally more than 1 0 meters. If not using large aperture, clap out before and after pictures will take in everything in a glance, lack of sense of primary and secondary, not to mention the actual situation changes, especially in the theatre stage photo, most of the background is simple, if the background images clearly intake, is bound to affect the overall effect of the photo. The background can be blurred by using a magnifying aperture to control the depth of field. The background of the former is more prominent, and the hazy effect of the background is more a formal aesthetic feeling. Even in a formal theatre, the proper use of aperture is important. Because the shutter speed control in the case of 1/60 of a second or so, choose the stage as the strength of the light change and adjusted, the adjustment should not only adapt to determine by stage characters movement speed shutter speed, and to consider the different depth of field of due to the size of the aperture effect.

The above four aspects are the inevitable technical issues in stage photography. These technical essentials can make beginners less detour, and lay a technical foundation for future stage photography. As long as you choose the right equipment and master the skills, you will be able to create a photographic work that is thoughtful and artistic.

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Assignment代写：The space and time art of cinema

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- The space and time art of cinema，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了电影的时空艺术。在电影艺术中，时间总是存在于空间构造的基础之上的。通过电影，时间名副其实地成了空间的工具。一部优秀的影片常常会通过把握故事的环境氛围来衬托影片脉络，然后选择极富视觉冲击力的形象元素来构建一个具有整体感的空间构架。如果电影建立了一个非常完整而且合理的空间构架，那么影片的时间艺术的线索会得到完美的呈现。

If you want to list the most direct and effective carrying modern society and the richest of the world cultural heritage task art means, then only the movie the audio-visual combination, with time and space image recording ability of carrier is enough. The film not only conveys the history of our past, but also conveys ideas and imagination about the future. It is not only the time art, but also constructs a rich picture in all kinds of changing time factors to show the complete screen image. It is also the space art, which can delineate various stereoscopic images in the picture, which has the outstanding expression of attracting the audience. Referring to the seventh art declaration by giotto kanudu: "a film is a comprehensive art that includes both time art and space art."

The importance of time art has always been emphasized at home and abroad. Therefore, the film of traditional techniques also tends to impact the audience's vision by emphasizing various timeliness changes. In the 1968 science fiction film, for example, in "2001: a space Odyssey, director use a lot of time, turn from ape to human astronaut of course according to the development of linear time, divided into the four movement to narrative, especially at the end of the film actor David watched their ageing, until in transparent crystal sphere spawned a new life, star child. The montage technique to rapidly changing through time, will be the film's philosophy center to get incisively and vividly express: the end of life is death, but time didn't end, death is but the beginning of another new life.

The emphasis on time art films has a strong ability of plot performance, which has always influenced domestic and foreign film creation. Famous American film masters Griffith created "narrative montage", this kind of movie film narrative method, the most commonly used to plot, event display as purpose, according to the time the process of the development of the plot and causal relationship to cutting lens, scene and the paragraphs, so as to guide the audience understand the plot. It is a clear, logical and coherent creation method that has a profound influence on world films. Compared with the development history of China, it can be seen that most of the story films in China have constructed their own movie views according to the development of the plot. This is a kind of linear development mode, the three-dimensional development of the space merely serves as the attached vase, making the audience of the audience lack sufficient imagination space. After all, the film art is different from the ordinary literary works, and the artistic definition of the film and the way of lens creation are doomed to form a more complex space and time structure. It must form a comprehensive art of sports time and space through various lenses, shapes and sounds.

In film art, time always exists on the basis of spatial structure. "The film takes time and space to go further, and time is really a dimension of space," said art historian elifur. Through movies, time is literally a tool of space. Thus, a good film is often through the atmosphere of the story to foil film context, to select the image of extremely rich visual impact elements to build a space frame with integral feeling. Like director James Cameron's film "avatar", the film of up to nine hundred feet on Pandora towering old trees, colorful, full of magic lush rain forest, there are various kinds of bright light plants, plus with the hallelujah mountains floating in the sky, just like the dream of fantasy garden show in front of, these environmental modelling will film rich imagination show incisively and vividly, will also be stated clearly story background and developing direction. Neville tree of people in the home, in particular, in the interior of the monolithic tree building depth, intertwined, like a maze, the display of the environment, both symbol neville close contact between people, also with the film sensors set complement each other. As Screen International puts it: James Cameron's success has been to see the director as the creator of a unified image of his work. In almost every film he creates a new aesthetic form or technological innovation with imagination. And avatar, it is because of the director to set up a very complete and reasonable space frame, build makes the space environment of the space can accord with the characters' emotion and mood, hidden in the film, the intrinsic emotion extension in space environment, the art of time clues to get the perfect present.

But not every director is James Cameron, and it's not easy to create a space that fits the theme of the movie. By turning simple plane images into creative stereoscopic impressions, early filmmakers have left many valuable lessons in both theory and practice. Use traditional drama aesthetic Angle of view, for example, with unique camera records and reveals that through the environment perspective and section combination, give priority to with short shots, highlight the prospects and deep shot long focal length lens, to maintain continuity of time and space and in the foreground of clarity, create a moving true presence, opened up the space field of vision. Found a gun in the film, there is a very typical lens structure of the space performance: actor Ma Shanzai driving a motorcycle in the middle of the night to be a clue to the missing gun and trace, at the same time, the lens slowly by mashan driving motorcycle switch to the panorama of mashan image space: lens simulation shows the protagonist see road and the roadside scenery, lens drift, shaking indefinite, hazy feeling. Subjective view of the long rendering, vividly conveys the hero mashan, due to the loss of gun and began to doubt the subjective emotion of everything around him, the Angle of doubt vividly recreates the right now, can only exist in the human brain consciousness of the abstract, the character psychology depicts lifelike. The next shot, aimed at the road, continues to move forward and constantly toggles the short lens of the protagonist's inner life: the protagonist's wife and son wave goodbye to him, the gaze of silent gaze flickers. Because of the loss of guns, ma shan's distrust of people has seriously affected his normal communication with the people around him. The car continues to move forward and the camera cuts into the subjective picture again. Not far from the camera flashes a gunman's back, which is shaking as the horse's motorcycle jolts. This lens makes the audience feel empathy, fully reflects "I must find the gun, or the life of the people" anxiety anxious.

Of three groups of lens will switch the film hero "doubts" psychological stereoscopic display, through the real space in the picture, to express the plot content, reflect the activities of the characters and psychological state provides credible basis, recreates the outstanding unique real space in the film.

In addition to the montage of the lens, the film's formative art from the beginning to the end is also one of the ways to enhance the sense of space, which is the fundamental of space art. However, how to promote the art of plastic arts, expand the film space, sublimate the emotional tone of the film, and become the subject of many directors' life exploration. Michelangelo antonioni, Italy's famous modernist director, gave the best demonstration of what he called a "no-plot". He abandoned the traditional narrative technique and used the symbolism and metaphor in the film, especially through the surrounding environment and buildings to reflect the change of the characters' emotions. For example, in "red desert" in 1964, almost every shot is filled with a lot of color, which is a metaphor for the lost and hopeless emotional world of the heroine. Strange color and solid industrial buildings will be the worries of the film performance incisively and vividly, the most prominent is abrupt, almost black industrial building up human: those who braved yellow smoke chimney, black old machines, crisscrossed rust pipes... These lifeless, cold modern industrial products made antonioni's picture composition. The little heroine is in these unemotional buildings, all neurotic ACTS are against the modern industrial society. Antonioni by capture the various details, will be revealed the psychological state of distinctive characters, and special images and scenes, and further establish out the characters' emotion, what makes the movie's charm exudes a deep.

As a medium of communication, architecture in the film often produces a unique and unique effect in the film space. Whether it is science fiction, adventure, literature and art films, action films or documentaries, and even to all types of movies, buildings are as indispensable elements, become the important front for director space fantasy. In terman guidance director walter in Germany in Berlin - metropolitan symphony is mentioned: aside their material reality, building metaphor has been a must for the movie thought. It could even be said: "architecture is a frozen music."

Architecture is not just a stage for film stories, it often has acting talent that many good actors do not have. Such as expressionism famous movie "the clay figurine elder brother even", in this story of 17 th-century Prague, famous architects Pulitzer as designers of the main film building, continuous arrangement will be in the movie houses and streets of the city, and design a giant building shaped like shell, as the main interior of the story, make the whole movie of the buildings around a strange and terrible atmosphere, copy is like medieval gothic gloom hovering around of the soul. From this, the building becomes "the angry face, the house between some kind of a hermit and the hand talk". Through the strong performance of the building, the space modeling of the film becomes the three-dimensional coagulation in the hands of the artist, and becomes a kind of expressive organic form.

However, the modern film space has already gone out of the studio, the camera records the real world, more of those fleeting moments. And the space scene of building construction is the most straightforward language of the film, which is often the means to show these bright points. For example, there are scenes like this: a typical qingshi street, surrounded by houses, and a pool of stagnant water reflecting the yellow light in the foreground. Scenes like this can happen in inglourious basterds moment before the jewish girl determined to revenge: dim light through the glass reflection no expression on her face, she watched the quiet street, the in the mind waves, a carriage drove by, crushing the calm water, the girl's face to hide in the dark. Can also occur in the live show, "auspicious street: a-mei carelessly sit by the window on the second floor, the in the mind secretly contemplating business today, downstairs double Yang standing on high heels, sound is ringing, but accidentally stepped on the puddles, break the light, to a" collapse ", also brought the opening show of auspicious street night market. These seemingly minute scenes are close-up in the film's lens. It can be said that the film holds the audience's attention, while the space scene of the building is the cornerstone of the audience's imagination and reality, a strange psychological obsession.

The spatial modeling of the building is reflected in the continuous exploration of the camera, which extends both the film's own space and the movement that the building has never had before. As a model of art, architecture is no longer just a boring story background, but a golden supporting role in film performance. It changed people's impression of the film space art, improved the space construction of the film, and made the film have a lot of expression and emotional appeal. "Can't you make a passionate film about the Paris city plan?" wrote walter Benjamin in "arcade DE Paris."

In the film's time, everything is a passive existence, but in the space of the film, the free imagination can stretch in any direction. It is with the infinite imagination of space modeling that the film presents a rich and colorful world in the time. Only in this way, the comprehensive art of inhering the culture in the era of modern civilization can go to the wider and deeper art world! Film art is the pursuit of the eternal theme of the film art of space and time, its aesthetic value is far beyond our vision, carries on the constant exploration and innovation is one of the important channels of film creation, this is we each a literary history of humanity.

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研究性paper怎么写

很多留学生会对研究性paper感到有点无力，不像写作essay那样顺畅。其实这是正常的，因为留学生以前根本没有接触过研究性paper，所以需要时间去熟悉。那么研究性paper该怎么写呢？下面就给大家讲解一下研究性paper的写作技巧。

选择主题

选择你的主题是第一步，也是最重要的步骤。在您的研究性paper中，不管你的主题是怎样的，重要的是记住几个问题，主题研究是否可用，主题是否是新颖独特的，与自己的专业是否相关。选择一个所感兴趣的主题，这样才能在写作上更成功。还有，了解其他学生的主题，是否你的论文是独特而有趣的，避免所写内容过于重复。

开始你的研究

选择一个主题后，下一步是开始研究。研究有许多形式，包括网络文献、期刊文章、书籍和博客文章。寻找专业资源提供有效的研究。尝试使用五个不同的来源。一是实证研究。只要有可能，找同行评议的实证研究。这些文章的数据和观点更有担保性，可以在科学期刊中找到或通过在线搜索。对于研究文献来源，有图书馆，学术数据库等。如果你找到好的文献，适合你的主题，试着做文献列表记录。

做一个参考文献

一旦你收集所有的研究文献，用便签纸进行记录。这一步是非常重要的，通读研究文献，做笔记，突出关键事实。对文献划出重要的部分研究，添加自己的评论和注释，你可能会在你的paper中使用它。同时写下你的想法。然后整理笔记，通过一个更清晰的描述过程。试着编写每个引用做标记。构建一个初步的参考书目。通过你的笔记，记下作者，页码，标题和来源。

确定论点

确定你的主要观点。你的文章正文将围绕主题进行写作。经过你的研究和注释，来确定最关键的点是什么。学会表达你的论点或信息，是否有充足的事实和研究证据支持。把你的要点写在纸上，然后进行组织。对于大纲主要思想，要有一个特定顺序。如果您正在编写一个相对长的研究paper，将观点分散到各段落。

开始写作

先编写你的introduction，也可以在paper写完之后再弄。确定支持与陈述的证据。这是一篇研究paper，有充足的解释关于你的研究。要有陈述事实，不应当有评论，确保你的论文独特。避免使用过多的直接引用。尽管你的论文是基于研究，重点是提出自己的论点。paper应该流畅，而不是生硬的方式。确保你的每个段落过渡衔接。

结论

仔细地阅读你的论证过程，编写一个结论，简要总结你的发现。简要重申paper的语句，慢慢缩小你的主题，结论应当简洁，对论文进行总结，不应当用太多新的论点，应当简练一点。

以上就是关于研究性paper的写作讲解，在写研究性paper时，需要有一定的步骤，不过对于introduction和abstract，放在最后写可能更为适合。

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Paper代写：Shadow banking

本篇paper代写- Shadow banking讨论了影子银行。影子银行，指的是游离于银行监管体系之外、可能引发系统性风险和监管套利等问题的信用中介体系。从概念来看，影子银行体系游离于传统的银行体系之外，与传统银行体系平行发展，不受银行监管体系的全面约束。影子银行在金融市场中扮演的是信用中介角色，通过在金融市场形成一条很长的信用链条来实现其中介功能，并且把纯粹的金融活动排除在其业务活动之外。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Shadow Banks the term first appeared in the field of vision, in 2007, by the United States Pacific investment management company's executive director, Paul McCulley in public, he defines it as "non-bank investment channels in structured products, tools, and the combination of leverage", shadow Banks as the financial intermediary activities, is similar to a traditional bank credit, term or liquidity transformation function but not is regulated by the financial supervision and regulation department of the organization.

From the financial institutions and scholars in the definition of shadow banking, we can find the shadow banking system of the two main characteristics: one is the shadow banking system, free from the traditional banking system and the traditional banking system parallel development, from the banking supervision system of constraints. Second, the shadow Banks in the credit intermediary role in the financial markets, through the financial market to form a long credit chain to achieve its intermediary function, and exclude pure financial activities in its business activities.

At present, the development of China's shadow banking system has not been fully developed, and the potential of the shadow banking system has not yet been fully explored, and experts and scholars have not yet studied the shadow banking problems. But by analogy with the analysis of the shadow banking problems by western scholars, the types of shadow banking in China can be viewed in general.

Shadow Banks out of high demand for profit, and less financial regulation by financial regulators, would prefer having cashability is not strong and high credit risk of financial assets for a long time, the traditional commercial bank is not willing to tread on such assets, such as subprime mortgage bonds.

This includes two meanings: the high leverage ratio of the large amount of capital used to leverage the leverage to leverage the leverage of financial derivatives, and the high leverage of financial derivatives.

The profit model used by shadow Banks is to borrow short and long, which is inseparable from their high risk preference, so liquidity risk inevitably becomes an endogenous risk.

At present, the financial system of our country is developing towards the development mode which is dominated by the banking industry and indirect financing. In recent years, the national policy to encourage and under the joint action of market economy, the rapid expansion in financial markets, financial products innovation, financial derivatives and financing tools, securities, bonds and stocks and other financial innovation products and derivatives in promoting the development of the real economy status all the way up.

The traditional banking system and shadow banking system are very different in terms of source of funds, business model, trading place, supervision mode and degree of supervision. Rapid development in the advent of the shadow banking is, is that it has taken on a series of innovative financial products and packaging, effectively avoid the traditional financial regulators for risk control, design a series of innovative financial derivative products, and formed a set of high-risk operation pattern.

Some research suggests that the financial crisis was caused by poor regulation of tail risk. Shadow banking problems in recent years has received the high attention of researchers both at home and abroad and emphasized that China is continuing to integrate into the world economy spring tide at the same time, the financial problems and financial security is becoming more and more countries attach great importance to.

Comprehensive financial reform in the United States, Britain, the European Union, the committee and other western countries and financial institutions to the problem of the shadow banking regulatory experience, we can also see in shadow banking regulation, there are five key areas need regulatory focus on, is a traditional business part of the overlap between commercial Banks and shadow Banks, shadow Banks to prevent spillover effect affected the traditional banking system. Second, we will strengthen supervision and reform of money market funds and reduce their "susceptibility" operation. Third, note the systemic risk posed by other shadow banking entities. Fourth, to prevent the financial derivatives innovation highly leveraged. Finally, it should be noted that the activities related to securities lending and repurchase are to prevent periodic risk outbreak.

From the developed countries and international regulatory experience, you can see that the regulatory body hasn't put special supervision on the shadow banking system has not yet formed perfect regulation system, in the groping stage, so should not blindly echo and copy of shadow banking regulatory measures in the world. In today's economic globalization, China should strengthen supervision in these aspects when we actively respond to the wave of financial globalization.

This is our country to deal with shadow banking risk the most important method. China's financial market development degree is low, the shadow banking at an early stage of development, can not blindly fighting suppress shadow banking credit activities, and for its standardization guide, will be free in the traditional system of financial derivatives market regulatory scope, for the development of the traditional financial institutions to create a good legal environment.

We will gradually reduce the government's restrictions on financial innovation and rationally design financial products and services. But it's not that the government is completely hands-off. Due to the complexity and diversity of financial derivatives, the market cannot form a reasonable and effective pricing mechanism, which requires the orderly intervention of the government. At the same time, the information of financial market participants should be strengthened, so as to avoid the loss caused by information asymmetry.

In the long run, financial market tools should be used to further promote the reform of interest rate liberalization, improve the implementation of monetary policy, and change the methods of artificial regulation. Because the shadow banking risk is contagious and interactive, it is a big problem that the risk detection and early warning mechanism of shadow banking is gradually established.

The high leverage ratio of shadow Banks is amplified in the market operation, which requires the construction of a new supervision system of macro-financial supervision and micro-financial supervision and coordination. First of all, for regulators, we should strengthen the sense of supervision and responsibility, enrich the means of supervision, and improve the ability to recognize and analyze systemic risks. At the same time, we should deepen micro-prudential supervision, focus on individual risks, strengthen liquidity management, prevent maturity mismatch, and constantly improve the effectiveness of countermeasures. For investment Banks, it is necessary to strengthen social responsibility, actively publicize assets information in real time and strengthen communication with investors. For investors, we should not blindly follow the trend, be misled by the market, and strengthen our ability to distinguish financial derivatives.

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essay代写：The development of Internet finance in China and the United States

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The development of Internet finance in China and the United States，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了中美互联网金融的发展。整体上来讲，中美的市场发育程度是不同的。在90年代时，美国面临着通货膨胀，金融脱媒，货币市场基金迅速发展，存款增速下降，而中国正处于利率市场化改革的关键阶段，进行利率管制和一定的负债脱媒。对于中国而言，传统的互联网金融更占优势。互联网金融难以取代传统业。互联网金融是对传统业的升级、弥补、创新。

In 2013, it could be said that in the first year of the development of Internet finance in China, the emerging payment and credit models of P2P, crowdfunding, alipay and yu 'ebao were emerging. In the 1990s, Internet finance in the us reached a stage of vigorous development. The United States is the birthplace of civil Internet technology, and almost all kinds of Internet finance in China can find "templates" in the United States. From microscopic basic principle on China and the United States are the same, but from the macroscopic aspect, the development of the Internet financial background in China and the United States is different, the soundness of financial institutions and financial markets is still a big gap between the development degree. The American response to the impact of Internet finance is of great significance to China. However, due to the gap, China still needs to further compare, explore and explore, to prevent risks and conduct effective supervision. Based on this, this paper will review and compare the development of Internet finance in China and the United States, find out the differences and give some opinions on the future development of Internet finance in China.

Internet finance, the description of financial authorities in China is: payment, information intermediary and financing through Internet technology. In response, the industry for some of the impact of the Internet financial, can be divided into roughly divided into two main points: one is that Internet financial in the near future will disruptive impact on the traditional financial industry. First, it is believed that this new financial model is complementary and complementary to the traditional financial model, which is only the innovation in the channel, and is not fundamentally different from the traditional industry in essence.

China's Internet finance has several important forms, such as third-party payment and mobile payment, Internet in traditional financial industry, P2P and crowdfunding, big data finance and virtual currency. Here are some important categories to analyze:

First of all, it is the integration and upgrading of existing traditional financial services, which is more typical of online banking upgrade and ATM upgrade. And in monetary fund form innovation, such as yu 'ebao. In addition, the Internet provides institutions and platforms for traditional financial services, such as the fund network. Internet has brought the traditional financial upgrade, restructuring and optimization of the business, make the existing business more convenient, safe, and the improvement of the more efficient the basis of the traditional financial business operations and services.

As a new payment system, third-party payment is an important innovation of Internet finance. It mainly through the third-party payment platform and the mobile terminal intelligence, so that the payment system and the Internet convergence, the payment tends to network. Of course, there are many forms of mobile payment system, but the core principle is the gateway payment account mode. It mainly provides payment interface through third parties to connect customers and merchants, and USES third-party functions to pay and guarantee. Alipay is to establish a third-party payment system through a deposit account.

The Internet credit business is mainly to conduct network loans, such as P2P and big data finance to carry out online bond financing, crowdfunding, and network equity financing. P2P is based on mutual trust mechanism to conduct loan transaction; Big data finance is the direct use of data in the market to match customers. The Internet credit business accelerated financial disintermediation and financing, skipped commercial Banks to raise funds to handle loans, and to a certain extent hit the basic business of commercial Banks.

The most typical Internet virtual currency is bitcoin. Virtual currency up to a certain extent affected the monetary policy and the currency issue, but because our country the virtual currency regulation is very strict, almost never use it circulation, so the virtual currency did not bring substantial influence our country's traditional business.

In essence, the United States does not have the concept of Internet finance, which they call "electronic finance". This concept is clearly broader than the concept of Internet finance. Due to the long history of Internet finance in the United States, the following paragraphs will analyze the Internet finance in the United States from several different historical stages:

In the early 1990s, the world wide web and web browsers developed in tandem, allowing the Internet to spread to finance and commerce. In 1993, through the network economics theory, the popularity of the Internet financial financial transaction cost is greatly reduced, and increased the size of financial markets, the information revolution is to solve the asymmetric information, the financial market to further expand the scale, which makes the liquidity increases significantly, derivatives markets began to flourish, the formation of scale economy more accelerated the financial disintermediation.

After 2000, America's investment in high technology declined significantly, and investors' mentality gradually changed from blind optimism to calm and rational. Due to the impact of the Internet, large Banks and other financial institutions tend to be informationized and networked. The increase of liquidity in financial market makes the structure and strategy of traditional financial institutions have changed greatly. The us market faces huge regulatory challenges. The research and coping strategies of this stage in the United States undoubtedly have great inspiration and reference significance to China.

In 2007, P2P lending to customers became an online financing platform with great potential. In 2009, crowdfunding -- a new model of Internet finance emerged. It raises small amounts of money for the public and allows creative people to get it. The outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008 caused a severe run on the money market, and the profits fell sharply. The Internet financial advantages no longer fell to the bottom.

The United States is a pioneer of Internet finance. In the 1990s, it was relatively perfect and mature. Internet financial break the limitations of the geographical distance and to America's economic development has brought the huge impact, achieve economies of scale in the bank, increased the liquidity of financial markets, and implements the derivatives and reduce the cost of access to information. Without Internet finance, there would be no bank mergers and acquisitions in the 1990s, no subprime crisis and financial crisis.

Generally speaking, the market development degree of China and America is different. In the 90 s, the United States is facing inflation, financial disintermediation, the rapid development of money market funds, deposit growth decline, and China is in a critical stage of market-oriented interest rate reform, interest rate control and certain liabilities disintermediation. Today, the Chinese Internet financial is booming and experienced by the 70 s and 90 s was hit a similar to the United States, the difference is that the Chinese background situation was complex, the population is much easier to achieve economies of scale in commercial Banks.

For China, traditional Internet finance is more dominant. Internet finance is hard to replace the traditional industry. Internet finance is an upgrade, remedy and innovation of traditional industries. However, it must adjust and innovate according to the degree of impact, and even seek to take the initiative in the competition. In a word, the impact will not bring about subversion, but more is to prevent monopoly and unfair competition to make competition and integration coexist.

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