作业代写：Volatility in the stock market

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Volatility in the stock market，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了股票市场的波动性。股票市场波动性的准确度量不仅是资产定价、投资组合选择和风险管理的基础，而且波动性本身是一种重要的经济风险因素，对于宏观经济和金融稳定性具有直接影响。中国股票市场作为世界新兴市场之一，市场波动性与成熟市场经济国家相比有所不同，具备许多新特征。

Based on the stock exchange csi 300 index, the ARMA model and GARCH model are used to analyze the stock market volatility. The arma-garch model has good fitting effect, which can explain the persistence, clustering and leverage of volatility. TARCH and EGARCH models show that volatility has information asymmetry and obvious leverage effect. The regression results of mean TARCH model show that the expected return has no compensation for the expected conditional fluctuation, and the risk and return are asymmetric.

Accurate measurement of stock market volatility is not only the basis of asset pricing, portfolio selection and risk management, but also volatility itself is an important economic risk factor, which has a direct impact on macroeconomic and financial stability. As one of the emerging markets in the world, China's stock market is different from that of the mature market economies and has many new features. Many domestic scholars have applied the ARCH model to predict the stock market volatility. Empirical tests such as ma ji showed that the history of China's stock market did have high volatility. Using the second-order markov structure transformation model, guo mingyuan et al. found that the fluctuations of Shanghai market depend on the duration of the fluctuating state. Wanwei et al. used GARCH and TARCH models to analyze the volatility of Shanghai and shenzhen, and believed that the EARCH model can effectively fit the volatility of stock markets.

Since 2005, great changes have taken place in China's stock market. With the continuous improvement of market environment, market trading volume has been expanding and price volatility has become increasingly frequent. In the past, scholars mostly studied the Shanghai and shenzhen stock markets separately or analyzed the single market separately, so it was difficult to comprehensively summarize the overall situation of China's stock market. The influence of the inconsistency of the scale and the incoherence of trading on the analysis results is easy to produce disturbance factors. The stock component of csi 300 index covers most of the current market value and can fully reflect the overall trend of stock prices. By using the latest data, we can select the most suitable conditional variance sequence model to better describe the new information of the dynamic development of the stock market. For financial yield time series rush thick tail, volatility clustering and leverage effect characteristics, this essay adopts the ARCH class models based on the csi 300 refers to the long-term volatility in the stock market dynamic analysis and empirical test, the ARMA model depicting average condition equation, the empirical analysis results on the stock market risk management and market management has important meaning.

The sample was selected as daily closing sequence of csi 300 index, with a duration of 4solstice in January 2005, and a sample capacity of 725 as at December 29, 2007. The data was obtained from CCFR financial data system. In practice, the log price ln(p) is taken as the absolute change quantity, and the logarithmic yield sequence rt=ln(pt)-ln(pt-1) is taken as the relative change quantity of the index. Pt is the closing price of the stock index on the day.

R (t) distribution features: the standard deviation is 0.017639, much higher than the mean value of 0.002284, indicating that China's stock market is at a higher risk at the present stage. The skewness was -0.571354, and the kurtosis was over 6.263, showing certain right skew and peak thick tail characteristics. According to the jarque-bera test of normality, the p value corresponding to the j-b statistic is zero, indicating that the yield sequence is significantly different from the normal distribution. Therefore, it is easy to use the normal distribution to fit the distribution shape of r(t), and the result of volatility analysis will be biased.

R (t) sequence volatility features: r(t) fluctuates around the zero mean, showing the typical explosive, cluster and persistent characteristics of financial time series data. The cluster bias became more obvious from 2007, indicating that the growth trend of the market in the sample interval was significant. Since January 2007, there has been considerable volatility in the market, with large positive and negative returns successively over a relatively short period of time, suggesting a significant increase in market risk.

Before establishing the model, the basic statistical test of r(t), including autocorrelation test, stationarity test and heteroscedasticity test, is required, respectively as follows.

In terms of the autocorrelation test, the autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions of r(t) are very significant in at least 3 periods. According to the ljung-box Q statistics and the corresponding P value, the null hypothesis without autocorrelation cannot be rejected with a lag of at least 12 months.

The stationarity, or unit root test, is performed on r(t). After removing the non-significant intercept term and trend term, the test results show that the ADF test value is far less than the MacKinnon critical value at the significance level of 1%, and the original hypothesis with unit root is rejected, indicating that the r(t) sequence is stable.

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Assignment代写：Creation of foreign movie and TV animation script

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Creation of foreign movie and TV animation script，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了国外影视动画剧本的创意。创意，是影视动画剧本的源泉，一个好的剧本对动画片的成功与否起了关键性的作用。日本动画善于挖掘被常人所忽略的题材，富有不断开拓的精神，立足于基本的人生价值观的寓意上，扩大故事的发展内容，升华故事的角色情感，最后我们看到的动画不仅是题材的多样化，还有它引人入胜的剧情和喜闻乐见的情感表达方式等等，所以日本动画不仅满足了动画的创作者们的思想和创作的成就感，也让不同的观众获得了情感上的满足。

At present, animation is globalized, while the development of Chinese animation is restricted by a bottleneck. Animation fast food without creativity and cultural background has become the main product of domestic film and television animation. At the root, the content is pale, the plagiarism is serious, the lack of innovation and planning ability, the lack of its own cultural characteristics, the lack of original animation script becomes the persistent problem that Chinese animation cannot bring out the best. In the process of watching and watching foreign animation industry become increasingly popular and Japanese and American animation works land on the beach, we can learn how to explore their creativity, how to explore the theme and how to innovate the script.

At present domestic animation is in a booming period, by the China animation association, Beijing university culture industry research institute in hangzhou of 27 of the 2013 annual China's animation industry development strips showed that in 2012 China's animation industry as a whole production growth is slowing, annual production of animated cartoon more than a total of 22 minutes, a fall of 15% on the previous year, we had negative growth for the first time since 2008. The state administration of press, publication, radio, film and television (sapprft) said it was a reflection of "scientific growth and rational return". The production of animation in China is tens of millions every year. Not only children cartoon channel, but also the TV channels of various provinces and cities have the setting of animation theater during the period. However, a large number of animations are broadcast, but they are not well received by the public. Familiar ones include "jubilation", "where the bear is", and "qin shi Ming moon" and "rainbow cat and blue rabbit". However, even those animation theaters that have gained market share and profits have not been unanimously praised by most people.

In contrast, the us-japan animation effects on us, almost every large theaters animation occupied by animation film production companies in the United States, and obtain the global hit effect, each big output, almost all can lead people to a period of time, and even some large release can let television animation the analysis of the issue of the film. So, what are some of the things we've come to love about these animated movies?

An excellent animation script influences the quality of animation films, and a good creative source promotes the birth of a good animation script. Creativity is the source of movie and TV animation scripts. A good script plays a key role in the success of animation, just as the root of a tree determines its health and a solid foundation determines the stable structure of a building.

A speech made by comrade liu yunshan at a film and television symposium, "the script is the foundation for creating excellent films and TV programs. A play, a play. For film and television works, the script is the source and the root. The story plot, character image and ideological connotation, etc. all come from the creative design of the script first. This 81-character law combines the experience and law of the development of film and television creation at home and abroad, and clearly provides programmatic guidance for the development and prosperity of China's film and television industry based on the actual situation of the development of China's film and television industry.

The "81-character law" points out the shortage of the creativity of Chinese film and television animation script at present. Looking at the domestic animation at present, it has good creativity and belongs to our own script, rather than the animation made up by foreign animation.

Creativity plays an important role in the creation of an animation script. How good animation creativity is discovered? Some people think that good creativity is natural and cannot be regulated, but others think that creativity can sometimes be rationalized. For those of us who love animation, the most direct, most labor-saving and most comfortable way is to figure out the clues of creativity from the daily watching of animation.

Pixar animation industry is almost every practitioner dream threw his arms studio, easing the company environment, personalized creation stage, crazy animation production staff, to our obsession, intoxicated with animated movie, is to our longing to its reasons, and break the traditional thinking their courage and spirit impressed us these workers engaged in animation industry.

"Finding nemo," which was released in 2003, broke the box office legend of "monsters inc." in just eight days, and ultimately broke the highest box office record held by "the lion king." But at this moment pixar has taken the taper under a new height, that is not to rely on physical simulation technology to attract viewers, but beyond the previous computer animation technology plays a primitive stage, return to the plot by the sublimation of subject content and the inherent meaning of mode of production, the magic of the computer technology combined with the traditional concept of human nature, create a touching animation story.

In short, instead of focusing on technological leaps, the audience will be influenced by emotions, stories and themes rather than visual effects. Since then, a series of excellent works on topics such as superman, cars, ratatouille, wall-e and up, with the theme of kinship, love and humanity.

In recent years, many excellent American animation works have adopted the reverse thinking mode. Conventional thinking is carried out in a fixed range according to the thinking from the beginning to the end, from the inside to the outside, using scientific abstract concepts to reveal the essence of things, expressing the results of understanding reality, reverse thinking is derived from the result to the cause, is the inversion of the causal relationship. Reverse thinking is to seek new thinking methods from the perspectives of opposition, reversal, reverse and reversal, so as to solve existing problems creatively.

Pixar animation studios are also reverse thinking, their game rules beyond imagination, these free and easy creation of the script to bring us constant surprise. Common people such as "monsters" inversion of the rules of the game, the inertia of thinking is the children are afraid of monsters, but the advantage of this phenomenon, pixar made up another set of contrary to the rules of the game, the monster is afraid of children, even dare not to contact, so monsters USES to first, constantly threaten human children, and to use their screams as monster energy saving of the world. Is the visionary of the general is hard to accept to accept, but pixar in full imagination at the same time, the added our familiar elements, such as monster the law of survival of the world and human beings are interlinked, they have employment pressure, bad results will be unemployed, have a professional stars, there are a bunch of groupies, intrigue against each other and colleagues, intrigues, the reality of human society elements make this seemingly absurd rules of the game and added great credibility, surprised the audience in the imagination of space found elements can rely on to understand, Accept, naturally, the development of monsters inc.

And this kind of reverse thinking mode of animation intensified, evolution to now completely subverts the traditional theme idea, starting from the "shrek", by a disfigured and a ugly princess as a film star, evolution to now the super big, bad, "despicable me" big reversal is the whole of 180 degrees, at the beginning of the big bad Wolf to finally become a hero to save humanity and the beginning of the protagonist has become the villain. For example, in super bad, the director arranged the tragic childhood of the big bad in the story, which made the audience feel sorry for the big bad guy. Meanwhile, the director also explained how he became bad in the future, and paved the way for the big bad to become good. "Despicable me" USES children's innocence to constantly infect the main character, gru, these artful arrangements for the plot to rationalize, while bringing us a refreshing feeling. From the beginning, American animation only added some negative emotions and characters to the animation characters, making the characters more popular and popular. Now the story plot has been turned upside down, which makes people wonder how the animation script will become in the future. Now that we have become accustomed to the traditional hero's victory over evil, the prince or princess, the mortal turned hero, the whole opposite narrative is now a chorus of praise.

Japanese animation is not only diversified in theme, but also globalized in content and form. Look at the Japanese animation classification on the Internet, we can see hot blood, love, magic, aircraft warfare, sports, funny, friendship, campus, adventure, tanbi, kids, music, reasoning, terror, original so many classification methods. At present, most of our domestic animations are about children and children, campus youth, friendship and funny themes. Compared with Japanese animation, both in quantity and quality, the subject of Japanese animation content diversity is really make we admire, in addition to the above form of subject matter, and we don't common blood type of the animation "blood prince" humor, and all the other characters unification substitute circular line offline, that we have a similar animation -- "xiaohe", began to talk at random form, gradually formed the animation, the corresponding animation derivatives, it'll be worth it for sure. The diversity of the Japanese animation theme has almost cover all aspects to our lives, thoughts, and even some also opens up a lot of way to change our lives, for example, detective conan fan of animation fulfill a group reasoning, form their own reasoning, offline discussion story not only the result of reasoning, and discusses the rationality of the story reasoning. In addition to the diversity of Japanese animation themes, it can also be deeply rooted in the hearts of the audience, which has been recognized and sought after by the Japanese animation makers.

The diversity of Japanese animation creativity is attributed to the Japanese people's earnest, rigorous, and tireless working attitude, as well as the desire and extreme beautification of human nature and the truth, goodness and beauty of life. The world they envision is nearly perfect, and their sense of touch is acute and slender. These are reflected not only in their TV series, but also in their anime. Such as some cartoon works there will be a negative case or extremely nasty means, but in the end is to be true, or influence, whether it is detective conan, "one piece", "naruto", and so on, whatever their subject diversification, eventually return to people's values. They are always telling you a distant, incredible, but "true" story. And all of this should be inseparable from his own rich life experience and positive thinking. His rich life experience also comes from his patient observation of the real world, and he is good at defusing a high degree of rationality into a plump image and stressed emotion. His works contain outstanding expression and creative spirit. Miyazaki has said that "animators from China, Japan and Korea can wow the world by showing only a small part of their artistic traditions." But how to put on the appearance of the characteristics of The Times for these national characteristics is the urgent matter.

The diversification of the Japanese animation theme they abide by the principle of, in carrying out publicity education function of the true at the same time, be good at mining theme which ignored by people, full of pioneering spirit, with careful and meticulous work attitude, based on the basic of the meaning of life values, to expand the development content of the story, the role of emotion sublimation story, finally we see animation is not only a subject diversification, and its fascinating plot, happy emotion expression, exquisite and elegant picture drawing, etc., so the Japanese animation not only meet the creators of the animation of thought and the creation of a sense of accomplishment, It also takes care of the audience layers of different types and stages, and they get emotional satisfaction.

Animation has a lot of means of expression, designers can use a new approach to show content in line with the theme, so that the audience is refreshing, especially in the already used expression techniques to position, can also achieve good publicity purposes. There are many methods of expression: computer three-dimensional, computer two-dimensional plane, ink animation, pastel animation. In the creative activity of animation, the creator should also try to find the appropriate artistic image to express the theme idea of the animation. If the artistic image selection is unsuccessful, it cannot stimulate and persuade the audience through the transmission of the idea.

American animation "cars", the subject of the film is not new, even a little old, a sought-after star in career after falling from a peak trough, how to find the process of finding yourself, but we seldom willing to try the role does object - cars, especially with 3 d technology to produce a mechanical character, and can also express emotions, the joys and sorrows of a mechanical object for 2 d animation, it is not surprising, but for the three dimensional animation is a bold attempt. Before this, people often used 3d technology to make characters. No one could imagine how to realize the emotionalization of an object without vitality in 3d software, but pixar was brave enough to try to change the production method, and achieved success. Later, the rich and deep expression of emotion in "wall-e" made us amazed. It turns out that three-dimensional animation can do this! If cars is through auto expressions to express the joys and sorrows, so the machine general mobilization, wall-e and EVA is more each other through action details to express emotions change, let a person can't help for their simple and moved by the deep feelings, also for the three dimensional animation can make highly praise the emotional strain.

In fact, the innovative animation art brought by life materials to the animation media is diverse, and some materials in life can be used in the animation as long as we try to imagine: paper cutting, puppets, MAO animation, ink, stickers, clay figurines These are the classic forms of animation. In particular, the ink animation that has attracted the attention of the international animation industry is the gem of Chinese art films. We should cherish and love our national culture more and get more creative sources and expressions from it.

Above all, is the basis of an animated cartoon animation originality, Japan animation's success, not only is the result of their animation script select material innovation, thanks to their animation market standardized and mature, also a animation film script, they will collect 100 creators of the script, select 10 scripts from 100 creators, 10 again play best one as the final, final script in another director, screenwriter, especially, the wisdom of the animators contribution add modify again, just become animated film story, we finally see their script for excellence, movement analysis fine long hair of the li, We need to learn more than just the creativity step to be critical of our work attitude.

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essay写作前要先了解写作要求

对于留学生而言，essay写作看似简单，实则博大精深，有很多地方都是需要注意的。特别是essay的写作要求，都是非常精细的，所以一定要先对写作要求有一个透彻的了解，再开始之后的写作，下面就给大家详细讲解一下。

首先，写作前需要将老师的要求至少读两遍。为什么是两遍呢？因为一般第一遍读要求通常获悉的只是题目要求以及大体的方向，对于老师要求背后暗示的第二层意思很多同学都是不容易在第一遍读题的时候就能认识到。那么，审题之下的第二层含义又意味着什么呢？

通常如果老师要求以继续的形式展开，即narrative进行写作，那么就需要多多的opinion，一定要用第一人称，把论点放在critical thinking的成果上面。至于文献也是“辅佐的小料”穿插文中作为论据，这样写通常是可以得到高分的，或者起码具备高分的基本条件。然而如果是学术性比较强的essay，这样的路子就走不通了。首先同学们需要对搜集的文献做一个分类，通过大量文献总结比较体现学术性，让老师看到足够的research，这是好印象的开始。同时，第一人称这时候绝对是减分利器，会让老师觉得不够专业，这时候尽量用被动语态表达，避免第一人称才能提现论文的叙述性和客观性。

那么，过了审题关，第二遍要做的是什么呢？同学们应该去lecture里面找答案。通常一个论文是否能够的高分的关键并不完全取决于华丽的语言或者满满的citation,而是学生是否认真听课，follow了老师的idea。同学们可以翻翻以往的作业，看看是不是题目都与课堂内容关联很大呢，所以写作之前通读课件是绝对必要而且有效地。

最后，reference是需要一定数量，但也不是越多越好，通常老师会根据学生以往表现以及眼下作业语法水平对学生research的能力有一个初步判断，如果语法水平一般却满篇research，那就是胡乱添加了，很容易造成老师的反感。

以上就是关于essay的写作要求解读，同学们在写作essay之前一定要先把写作要求多读几遍，这样才能读懂要求的第二层意思。

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Paper代写：Digital art design

本篇paper代写- Digital art design讨论了数字艺术设计。现代一般认为数字艺术设计是指使用各种数字化方式制作、存储、传输与呈现的艺术设计作品。数字艺术设计需要数字技术的进一步发展，在非物质设计和虚拟现实的发展中建立有别于传统设计的艺术趣味和审美规范。数字艺术设计会在非物质社会和相关设计发展下获得更大的发展空间，并最终确立与传统设计不同的艺术趣味和审美规则。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

With the application of computer and digital equipment in design, digital art design has been paid more and more attention and established a digital art discipline. However, at present, digital art design has not got rid of the scope of traditional design, and its volume is only a technical category, just a digital design. Digital art design needs the further development of digital technology, in the non-material design and the development of virtual reality can establish different from the traditional design of artistic taste and aesthetic norms.

Modern design has been inseparable from computer-aided design, the computer will visual symbols, sound and virtual three-dimensional space are all converted into digital symbols, so that the design can be copied and transmission capacity has been greatly improved, modern design depends on the digital means to become convenient and fast. With the popularization of computers and the perfection of network infrastructure, the digital photoelectric signals flowing in virtual space have gradually formed some emerging design types in our modern design. Therefore, digital art design has become the hottest topic in the era of computer flooding, and has become a new subject in the discipline setting of modern China -- digital art.

However, it is undoubtedly biased to think that digital art design now has the same status as traditional art design.

In modern times, it is generally believed that digital art design refers to the art design works produced, stored, transmitted and presented in various digital ways. Digital art works are very diverse in form, but in fact, they only include two major directions: one is the design made only by digital means, and the other is the design made entirely by digital means regardless of production and expression. The former actually covers almost all categories of modern design, because most design work, whether visual communication design, industrial product design or architectural design, can rely on professional computer design software to complete the design conception and preliminary production. The computer can accomplish the effect that the traditional design method is difficult to achieve or cannot achieve at all, the traditional design method has no advantage in front of the digital way. Computers actually reduce not only the steps in the design process, but also the human cost of the design -- but they increase the cost of the digital equipment involved in the design. "This change in technical conditions has led to a shift from big to small design firms. But this change is no longer an increase in personnel, but an increase in investment in equipment and the replacement of general designers by professionals. This digital change is just an engineering change, not a design change. The digitization of these traditional design types does not make them different from the traditional forms, and many elements of traditional design categories still play a major role in these forms. No matter how many digitized means are used in the design process, these designs should be embodied in concrete and materialized design forms in the end. Visual communication design needs to have specific paper, video or other media carriers. Industrial product design also needs to have specific products to enter the market and provide functions. Architectural design needs to have a specific engineering construction process to finally realize the design concept. Therefore, these designs are not so much digital art designs as digital ones, which is what I call digital ones. Many of the so-called digital art and design majors are in fact little more than technical school-based learning.

But there are designs that are made and presented in a digital way. These design achieve most instead of traditional concrete for the state of the digital design of the physical form, they are in recent years, with the development of computer and network technology in new species, such as network, electronic multimedia art, video games, computer animation, online games, digital illustration, digital effects and digital music, and so on. What these designs have in common is that they exist in a digital state.

By analyzing the individual forms of digital art design, we can find that the categories of digital art design only rely more on digital technology than traditional design types. It can be said that the whole digital art design is only a few design types which are separated from the traditional art design categories and rely more on digital technology, and it is no different from the traditional art design in terms of aesthetic requirements and artistic characteristics. Digital art design is still only a technical term, just digital design, not many independent design thinking or humanistic spirit. This is the reason why Chinese digital art education is actually quite chaotic. 'digital art' is a new concept that covers a wide range of Therefore, the training goal is different, and the professional direction must be detailed, which forms the current diversified features of digital art education. According to the market demand and the characteristics of the faculty of the college, combined with the traditional courses, the school has set up courses related to digital art.

So does digital art design have no future at this stage? On the contrary, digital art design has the most promising development at present and in the future. The non-material society and related design requirements provide the development space for the development of digital art design. The non-material society is a society that provides services and non-material products. The design of non-material society has many new features: "service, emotion, interaction and sharing are the main features of non-material social design". This is brought about by the speed of information generation and feedback in digital society. The optical signals that exist in the digital state and network may eventually form a virtual reality. "Although the term 'virtual reality' seems to contain paradoxes in itself, it has spread around the world as an invention, showing not only extensive application prospects, but also inspiring the rich imagination of artists. Projects based on them have become an important part of the cultural, entertainment or creative industries. The beginnings of this form of virtual reality are already emerging: young people are spending billions of dollars in online communities and online games in search of presence and satisfaction in virtual society -- a state reflected in the mainstream role of role-playing games in online games. Role-playing games are a major trend in online games today. The equipment in these online games or the clothes in the QQ image show do not form a specific material product, but it is a real design product -- and only exists in the digital state. These "products" also require real money to be purchased so that "virtual property" has become a new concept and even caused legal disputes. Even though the current state of immaterial design is still primitive, it may also be associated with traditional design, which cannot be called a specific design form. However, it is believed that in the near future, driven by the development of new science and technology and digital technology and equipment, digital art design will gain more development space in the non-material society and related design development, and finally establish the artistic taste and aesthetic rules different from traditional design. Just as the industrial society has brought about the development of modern design, the invention of writing brush and paper and the invention of oil painting techniques have brought about the transformation of painting art.

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Essay代写：The protection of liberty in a state of emergency

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The protection of liberty in a state of emergency，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了紧急状态下自由权的保护。自由权普遍性源自于人权的普遍性，即要求所有人都应当努力实现人权的共同标准，这基于人类的共同属性。自由权的绝对性是指某些自由权是由于人性或人的本质而应当并可能在同等程度上适用于一切人的性质，是不可剥夺的。正是基于自由权的这两个属性，自由权的保护成为当今世界各国的共同目标之一，即使是紧急状态下，对自由权的保护也是必须为国家和政府所关注和努力的。

In emergency situations, the government is often given a series of emergency powers, including restrictions on freedom, for the public interest and the needs of public order, which makes human rights under emergency situations more threatened than normal society. Therefore, in the case of the state of emergency, how to guarantee freedom is more crucial.

The full guarantee of rights depends on a peaceful and orderly society. However, when a country is in a state of emergency in part or in whole and the normal rule of law is broken, can we arbitrarily restrict or even discard human rights? How to protect human rights in such an abnormal society? This essay discusses the protection and restriction of liberty right under the state of emergency and discusses the relevant issues of human rights protection in such an abnormal society from the theoretical level.

The universality of the right to freedom derives from the universality of human rights, which requires all states and peoples to strive to achieve the common standards of human rights, based on the common attributes of mankind. The absoluteness of liberty means that certain liberty rights, due to human nature or human nature, should and may be equally applicable to all human nature, are inalienable and inalienable. It is based on these two attributes of liberty that the protection of liberty has become one of the common goals of all countries in the world today. Even under the state of emergency, the protection of liberty must be paid attention to and strived by the state and government. On the social contract theory, under a state of emergency, the country faces a crisis, the assignment for the benefit of the freedom of everyone more rights enjoyed by country, but some parts of individual rights is be transferred, then the country still has an obligation to protect these rights, otherwise state for individual has lost its meaning, the existence of the state is the foundation, became some authoritarian tools.

In a society ruled by law, the law and the state and the government use the law to restrain the power of the state and the government. To distribute the benefits reasonably between the law and the people by law; Between law and society, the use of law ensures that the public interests of society are not violated by power and rights. The rule of law has many intrinsic values, such as equality, fairness, justice, freedom, democracy and so on. As discussed above, the state of emergency is still a legal state and a special state of law, and the state of law emphasizes the protection of the fundamental rights of human beings, especially certain rights that cannot be separated from the existence of human beings. Therefore, how to find a balance between restriction and protection in the emergency state, and how to protect the unrestricted freedom of citizens through the emergency state law, the attention and solution of these problems is an important task of the rule of law in the emergency state, and it is related to the civilized rule of law spirit.

Under the state of emergency, the normal social balance structure is broken, and various social forces and interests are recombined and distributed. Although such a state is temporary, the power conflict and interest balance under the state of emergency must be controlled, otherwise the state of emergency will deteriorate and cannot make a smooth transition to the normal order. In such conflicts, the individual's rights are in an absolute weak position and even abandoned. If this situation is allowed to happen and continue, the whole social order may collapse, and the new reorganization will not appear as a state of emergency, but as a more intense way. Therefore, strengthening the protection of individual rights under the state of emergency is conducive to the restoration of social order, promoting the overall harmony of the society, and enabling the people to work together to complete the transformation from emergency to normal order.

China's legislation on the state of emergency is decentralized, there is no unified state of emergency law, the provisions on the state of emergency are scattered in various laws and administrative regulations. The protection of civil liberties in such a state is extremely unfavorable because of the absence of the emergency law, which makes the government have no uniform provisions to support in the face of the complicated and unpredictable emergency.

As far as the administrative procedure is concerned, the central problem is to restrict the discretionary power through a series of procedural mechanisms, and to guarantee the rationality of the exercise of discretionary power as far as possible. Throughout China's emergency law system, there are many regulations on entity issues, but few regulations on procedure, that is, there are many regulations on granting power, while there are no clear provisions on specific procedures for exercising power. This increases the arbitrariness of the power exercising in the state of emergency, which lays a hidden danger for the abuse of power and directly threatens the vital interests of citizens.

Under the state of emergency, the expansion of administrative power and the limitation of civil liberties become necessary in some cases. But the meaning of liberty extends far and wide, and to what extent, and to what extent, are the questions we must answer. The explicit limits of rights are crucial to both the executive and the citizen.

In case of emergency, in order to cope with emergencies, the government can take necessary measures to control the situation beyond the scope of the law. Of course, it can also take coercive measures to limit civil liberties as necessary, which is in line with the principle of rule of law. But while the government's intention to expand emergency executive powers is well-intentioned, there is no guarantee that no infringement of citizens' rights will occur in the course of enforcement by specific individuals.

Chinese mainland scholars began to study the state of emergency and its human rights from the legal perspective in the 1990s. The background of the study was the political storm in Beijing in 1989, and the government sent the military and police to implement martial law. Mo jihong and xu gao are the two most important scholars in the initial research, and they co-authored the state of emergency law and foreign state of emergency legal system. To some extent, the "SARS" crisis in 2003 led to the emergence of legal research in China out of the academic silence. Although the scope of research became wider, it was inevitably not sophisticated enough.

In recent years, disasters on the Chinese mainland have been frequent: SARS, avian flu, snowstorms in southern China, wenchuan earthquake, a/H1N1 flu and debris flow disasters. Every disaster, and every test, gradually improves the government's ability to respond to emergencies. However, although many provinces and cities have already put the construction of government emergency management system into the important agenda, our government is still at a loss when facing some mass emergencies, medical accidents, natural disasters and accident disasters.

International conventions such as the universal declaration of human rights and the international covenant on civil and political rights have made the right to know a fundamental right for citizens under a state of emergency. Article 53 of China's emergency response law stipulates: "the people's government performing its unified leadership responsibility or organizing the handling of emergencies shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions, issue unified, accurate and timely information on the development of emergencies and emergency response." After SARS, the government's ability to respond to emergencies has been improved, and the information disclosure system has been greatly improved to some extent, but it still cannot meet the standards of smooth and timely information, and cannot fully meet the public's information needs.

State of emergency in our country the establishment of the protection system of liberty, the most important step is to formulate unified "emergency law", and making such laws we besides can draw lessons from foreign experience in legislation, has yet to be deep research in the theory of legal science related to a state of emergency in our country, it can ensure the scientific nature.

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