essay的摘要部分怎么写

对于经常接触essay的同学们来说，摘要对于essay的重要性想必大家都非常清楚。一个简介高效、清晰明了的摘要可以让你的essay更上一层楼，所以如何写出一个出色的摘要对大家来说非常关键。那么essay的摘要部分该怎么写呢？下面就给大家讲解一下摘要写作重点。

1、先写正文还是先写摘要

相信有很多同学们看过很多文章也包括我们之前的一些文章都被告知最好要先写正文在写摘要，但是，这种方法仅限于一些short essay，如果遇到一个很大需要耗时很长的项目论文，此时你所完成的研究全貌可能在你脑子里已并不清晰，那么这样的方法可能就不适合了。先写论文可以解决这个问题。在你将你的调查研究结果的所有方面浓缩到一个文件里时，你的记忆将得到有效的刷新。文稿可以指导摘要的写作，而摘要是你的研究的精简概括。如果你无法决定从哪里开始写，就考虑过一遍你的essay并勾出每部分最重要的句子（介绍、方法、结果和讨论/结论）。

然后，用这些句子作为提纲来撰写摘要。用通顺的语句将这些提纲连接起来，那么相信会成就一段非常不错的摘要。

2、提供介绍性背景信息，引出你的目标陈述

摘要的第一部分举足轻重，第1-3句话必须让tutor知道你essay的主题。

例如：“The importance of epistasis¬—non-additive interactions between alleles—in shaping population fitness has long been a controversial topic, hampered in part by lack of empirical evidence”这是一个很好的引导性句子。它既陈述了主要议题(the role of epistasis in shaping population fitness)，也说明了问题(the lack of empirical evidence in this area)。

这样，读者的注意力被立刻抓住了。下一个句子可以接着讲述这个领域缺乏什么样的信息，或者以前的研究者曾做了哪些努力来解决这个问题。这样的陈述可以很自然地引出关于你的研究如何能独特地解决这个问题的陈述。使用诸如“Here, we aimed to…”or“Here, we demonstrate that…”等句子来向读者表明你在陈述你的研究目标或目的。

3、简短介绍你的方法

摘要的方法部分是概括你的研究基本设计的机会。过度的细节并不需要，但是你应该简短地陈述使用的主要技术。生物或临床领域的摘要应该提到研究的生物体、细胞系或种群。如果是生态论文，研究地点通常是重要的信息。临床试验方面的论文应该提到样本大小、病人组群、剂量和研究持续时间。以下例子用一句话清楚简洁地提供了所有这些信息：

“One hundred consecutive consenting male inpatients in a state of moderately severe, uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal at screening were randomized to receive either lorazepam (8 mg/day) or chlordiazepoxide (80 mg/day) with dosing down-titrated to zero in a fixed-dose schedule across 8 treatment days.”

4、清楚描述研究最重要的发现

就像摘要可能是科研论文最重要的部分，关于结果的分部可能是摘要最重要的一部分。这是因为别人看你的摘要的主要原因是为了了解你的发现。因此，结果分部应该是摘要最长的部分，你应该在这里提供尽量详尽的细节。

比如以下陈述：“significant differences in body weight were observed between the animals in groups A and B”are not very informative. Instead, consider making more specific statements, such as “the average body weight loss of the animals in group A was greater than that of the animals in group B (20.4±0.3 g vs. 8.4±0.6 g; p<0.01)”.注意p-值有效传递了区别的显著，因而不再需要“significant”这个词。

5、简洁陈述结论并避免夸大

摘要的最后 1-2 句话应该用来概括有关研究的关键信息：你的结论。开始这一部分的好方法是使用诸如“Our study revealed that…”或者“Overall, we conclude that…”.这样的句子。然后，尽量简洁地陈述你的主要发现。如果你有其它有意思的次要发现，也可以提及它们。

最后，考虑写一句陈述有关你的工作的理论性或实践性意义的话，或者你的工作如何推动整个领域发展。这将帮助读者更清楚地了解你的发现的重要性。在摘要里不要夸大结论的重要性以至误导读者。

以上就是关于摘要的写作重点，一个高质量的摘要绝对是一篇高分论文的前提，所以大家在写作摘要部分的时候一定注意这些要点。

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北美作业代写：Dependency theory

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Dependency theory，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了依附理论。依附理论作为发展研究的转折点，它站在不发达国家的立场上，以创新的视角和和跨学科的视野解释欠发达地区的不发达问题，批判现代化理论的“西化”，唤起了广大非西方欠发达国家人民的主体意识。虽然依附理论具有相当的时代局限性，但是它在不发达问题上，仍具有很强的现实意义，是研究当今发展中国家的发展问题一种有力的分析模式。

Since the 1950s and 1960s, three different development theories, namely, modernization theory, dependency theory and world system theory, have been proposed in the face of the modernization problems of developing countries. These three theories have different knowledge and historical background, and have occupied the leading position of development theory research and application in different periods. Dependency theory is in the second stage of development theory evolution. Different from modernization theory, which explains the social development of developing countries by using the transition from traditional society to modern society, attachment theory mainly USES the unequal relationship between "center" and "periphery" to explain the reason why developing countries are underdeveloped. Dependency theory replaced the appearance and development of modernization theory in the core position in the development and research, it is in the third world, especially in the countries of South American economy in the world capitalist economic system as the basic premise, for many scholars study the third world, the developing countries in economic and political development mode of analysis provides an important theoretical support.

The emergence of attachment theory is of great significance to the development of research and has a great impact. The emergence of attachment theory is regarded as the turning point of development research.

The rise of dependency theory is associated with a series of adverse economic and social consequences brought about by the implementation of modernization theory in developing countries. Prior to the emergence of attachment theory, modernization theory had occupied the dominant position of development research and was the orthodox and only development theory. Almost all of these modernization theories are the scholars of western developed countries, and the adherents to them are the scholars and leaders of some non-western underdeveloped countries, especially African and Latin American countries. Dependency theory to modern theory of criticism, the awakening of a large number of the people of the third world countries, make them realize that sits in the western developed country theorists into salvation and allow the western developed countries of the hui is an unrealistic illusion, only your action, and groped his way, is the only realistic and feasible, only oneself can save yourself. From then on, they no longer blindly believe or even believe in the authority of western developed countries' development policies, but began their own thinking and self-exploration process.

After the rise of attachment theory, modernization theory had a heated debate with it. The result of the argument is that both sides have found their own limitations and deficiencies, and both sides have had to absorb some reasonable points of the other side. The attachment theory transfers to the world system theory through the correction and improvement of itself, while the modernization theory has also made some changes to itself and revised some of its views and views.

Dependency theory focuses on the poor and backward colonial history of non-western underdeveloped countries. According to modernization theory, the reason why they are less developed is analyzed from their historical and practical connections with western developed countries. To achieve modernization development, developing countries must import western civilization to transform their original social and traditional culture, namely the so-called "total westernization" or "copy the western model". Dependency theory was different, it is for the development of theoretical research provides a new perspective: the dependency theory, standing on the position of less developed countries, with the reality of Latin America and parts of Africa as a starting point, from the western developed countries to developing countries exploitation and robbing the inequality of the international division of labor and trade patterns, analyses the reason of development in developing countries.

Secondly, the theory of attachment explores social problems not only from the perspective of economy, but also from political science and sociology. For example, when the economy develops, the society fails to develop, that is, the phenomenon of "growth without development". It makes the development theory to develop in the direction of the multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, has prompted scholars to study foreign aid, trade, investment, and the role and consequences of multinational companies, but also make policymakers pay more attention to social and economic problem of the relationship between the distribution and foreign economic policy and development, so as to make people more clearly realized that development is not only economic growth, but the coordination of the whole society progress.

Under the historical conditions at that time, the dependency theory played a positive role in guiding the development of some countries and regions in Latin America and Africa, which is indeed commendable. However, influenced by the limitations of history, attachment theory also reveals many shortcomings.

It criticized the dichotomy of modernization theory "traditional" and "modern", but it fell into the simple dichotomy of "developed" and "under-developed", "core" and "border", or "urban" and "satellite".

It criticized the theory of modernization in the value of cultural aspects of internal determinism, but also fell into the political and economic aspects of external determinism.

It argues that development and attachment are incompatible. If developing countries want to develop, they must break their dependence on western developed countries. If we want to develop, it can only be an underdeveloped development. This is not in line with reality. The reality of development in many countries, such as Brazil, shows that development and attachment are not entirely incompatible.

Its research has a great regional or particularity. It is a theory based on Latin America and some African countries. For some countries in Latin America and Africa, it has certain applicability in a specific historical period or development stage, but it is not appropriate to simply deduce it to all developing countries, especially Asian countries and regions.

The influence of attachment theory on the study of international relations has not been paid much attention by the mainstream international relations theory. Dependency theory because the original is not specializing in international relations theory, but to study the causes of backward economy in Latin America and other developed countries and the way out, then evolved into inner link of the entire capitalist world system and the least developed countries the analysis of the domestic political and economic and social structure, and in Latin America and other developed countries has produced important influences on economic development strategy and foreign decision making. On the other hand, the western central color of the theory of international relations makes it difficult for the attachment theory, which is critical to capitalism and has adopted marxist research methods and thoughts, to occupy a place in the mainstream theory.

Due to the above reasons, the theory of attachment has been doubted and attacked by many parties since its birth. By the mid-1970s, the world pattern had changed greatly due to a series of events, and the attachment theory began to decline. The world economic crisis has ended the "natural life cycle" of the dependency theory. The new world pattern requires the emergence of new development theory to discard the one-sidedness and deficiency of the dependency theory. In this context, the theory of world system emerged.

Any theory has relativity, also has certain rationality, if western modernization theory with emphasis on the internal cause is not developed to the extreme, when the dependency theory with emphasis on the external cause to also go to perfection, and it has been proved that both in simple external cause and internal cause theory cannot fully explain the poor of the world today. Some of the views of attachment theory are not appropriate due to the limitations of The Times, but its research perspective has opened another window for the study of international relations. The undeveloped problem is still of great practical significance and is still a worldwide problem to be solved by the theoretical circle.

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英国Paper的写作技巧

很多初到英国留学的同学们在经过一段时间的学习之后，已经能写出一篇不错的Essay了，但却还是被Paper写作给难倒了。虽然相对于Essay写作，Paper的难度会大一些，但同学们还是要尽快掌握英国Paper的写作。那么英国Paper该怎么写呢？下面就给大家讲解一下英国Paper写作技巧。

一、重视题目要求

写Paper中间，读懂reading，回答清楚问题，大大增加拿A可能性。这是有两个问题，首先，审题扣题。

能够清楚地回答好prompt中的问题决非易事，而这一点绝对在英国大学的paper拿A中占了非常大的分量。很多时候你认为简单的Paper题目，却可能因为没有完全理解、符合题意，最终写出差强人意（比如B＋）的Paper。

另外，有的同学说了，我连reading都看不懂，如何写paper，扣题？学生无法一概而论地去给大家出具体科目的主意，但是，大家只要记住，理解reading是一项需要结合text、网络资源、和教授讲课的过程。

二、针对评分要求去写

写Paper之前一定要清楚老师的要求，并且知道可以利用的资源（比如TA，Reader）。Paper的要求不仅包括这篇具体作业老师对你写多少篇幅，采用哪些资源，回答哪些问题，如何构架文章的具体要求，还包括老师的评分要求。

在学生遇到过的多位老师中，有的老师会对文章遣词造句的风格有极其严苛的要求，有的老师则只会看重Paper是否清晰阐明了想法；有的老师可能喜欢学生非常有创意性，也就是想法取胜，有的老师则喜欢学生思维缜密，逻辑取胜。

以上就是关于英国paper写作技巧的讲解，本文就讲到这里，如果大家意犹未尽的话可以看一下我们网站的其他文章，希望本文对大家有所帮助！

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：International trade in a low-carbon economy

本篇paper代写- International trade in a low-carbon economy讨论了低碳经济下的国际贸易。低碳经济发展促使传统的经济发展模式产生了变革，同时也对国际贸易带来了不小的冲击。在此过程中，国际贸易在短期内必然会承受低碳经济发展所带来的成本压力和技术要求，同时也必须对自身的生产理念、生产技术、技术格局以及产品格局做出改革，而在此过程中，出口贸易企业也可以获得持续发展的动力。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Climate and environment crisis, energy and resources crisis and other crises call for the development of low-carbon economy. The development of low-carbon economy will inevitably make the contradiction between environment and economic development become a hot issue in the economic field. In the process of the development of China's international trade, the extensive economic development model cannot meet the needs of low-carbon economic development. Therefore, in the face of the impact of low-carbon economy, China's international trade subjects must make reforms and innovations in production technology, product structure and other aspects. In this context, understanding the impact of low-carbon economy on the development of China's international trade and exploring the development strategies of China's international trade in the context of low-carbon economy are of great practical significance for promoting the sustainable development of China's international trade.

Low-carbon economy promotes the use of low energy consumption as support of social development and human activities, its economic development characteristics of low energy consumption, low pollution and low emissions, its essence is to improve energy utilization efficiency and optimize the structure of clean energy, its core is the system of energy technology, energy and to society development of continuous innovation, thus effectively curb climate deterioration, and achieve a win-win situation for the sustainable development of social and environmental sustainable development. Obviously, low-carbon economy is of great significance for social development and environmental protection, but it is also a subversion of the traditional economic development model. Therefore, the development of international trade under the traditional economic model is bound to be affected to some extent.

The development of low-carbon economy has led to the reform of the traditional economic development mode in China, and also brought a significant impact on China's export trade. In the process, China's export trade in the short term will inevitably bear the cost of low carbon economy development and technical requirements, at the same time, it must be on their own production ideas, production technology, technology structure and product structure reform, and in this process, China's export trade enterprises have motive force of sustainable development. It can be seen that the influence of low-carbon economy on China's export trade is two-sided, and these influences are mainly reflected in the size of export trade, product structure of export trade and competitiveness of export trade enterprises.

In the context of low carbon economy, many countries have improved their environmental and technical standards for imported goods and used carbon tariffs to curb the import of high carbon products. And the relative is the development trend of international trade, export trade in our country is still in high carbon products, and reflects the characteristics of resource intensive and labor intensive, among them, the plastic products, such as mechanical and electrical, chemical products, and steel export trade in our country occupies a high proportion, it also determines the export trade in our country must need to bear some of the impact of low carbon economy development. According to the research and report of the world bank, if most countries start to regard carbon tariff as a fixed tax in international trade, the export volume of China's export trade will probably decline by more than 21%.

From the structure of China's export trade enterprises, smes occupy a high proportion. Although these enterprises have shown obvious price advantages in export products for a long time, the development of low-carbon economy will increase the export cost of these enterprises. These costs include the introduction of low carbon technology, environmental technology, research and development, including the Chinese government to encourage low carbon production and levy a tax on emissions, and the carbon tariffs imposed by importing countries and so on, in this context, China's export trade will present a percentage of the high carbon product reduce the trend, and the proportion of low carbon products, and will continue to rise.

In the mode of low-carbon economic development, China's economic and industrial chain inevitably needs to be reorganized and rebuilt. From the perspective of China's export trade, this brings good opportunities for the transformation of China's economic development, but at the same time, it also brings severe challenges for the development of China's export trade enterprises. In fact, for China's export trade enterprises, it is not realistic to realize the innovation of low-carbon technology and the adjustment of production mode in the short term. At the same time, facing the increase of production cost, the profit space of many enterprises will be gradually compressed, and some enterprises lacking market competitiveness will even face bankruptcy crisis. Need to see is, however, in the long-term development, China's export trade companies will of its own low carbon technology to constantly update and upgrade, the low proportion of carbon products will gradually improve, this is a low carbon economy development the positive impact brought by the export trade of our country, is also a low carbon economy development model to promote technological progress and the important of environmental protection, in the process, China's export trade enterprise competitiveness will also gradually increase. Therefore, on the whole, China's export trade enterprises need to bear the impact of low-carbon economic development in the short term, while in the long term, they can constantly improve their international trade competitiveness.

Under the background of low-carbon economy, international trade development in our country is facing a good opportunity, also must face the severe challenge at the same time, in order to seize the opportunity to realize the sustainable development of China's international trade, not only need government guidance and norms, as well as the foreign trade enterprises must build up his consciousness of low-carbon development, by updating their production technology, adjust their product structure, to realize own rising international trade competitiveness.

First, Chinese government departments should formulate an overall plan for the development trend of low-carbon trade. Due to China's international trade has been at the economic model of the extensive influence, so under the background of low-carbon economy, our country government departments shall establish learning mentality, to the other countries in the development of low carbon economy system construction and the advanced experience to draw lessons from, at the same time on the basis of respect for China's national conditions for innovation, in order to develop a set of can meet the demand of development of China's foreign trade development strategy. Therefore, China should set up a scientific research institution specially in charge of low-carbon economic development to guide China's low-carbon economic development and low-carbon international trade development, so as to ensure China's international trade can develop in the right direction in the context of low-carbon economy. Specifically, this research institutions need to research the content is mainly embodied in the following aspects: first, the need for low carbon barriers in international trade, foreign trade of our country's environmental protection standards formulated, guide the main body of international trade to improve its low carbon technology level, the main body in international trade to adapt to a low-carbon economy under the background of the competition of international trade; Secondly, it is necessary to participate in international negotiations on the formulation of international low-carbon standards, so as to provide more dominant rights and discourse power for China's international trade subjects on the basis of the right to formulate rules. Secondly, it is necessary for Chinese government departments to perfect international trade laws and regulations against low carbon trade barriers. With the rise of low-carbon economy in the world, China's foreign trade faces more and more trade disputes caused by green low-carbon barriers. Therefore, it is necessary for Chinese government departments to formulate corresponding countermeasures so as to avoid the escalation of these trade frictions. In this process, China should define the target of energy conservation and emission reduction, and assume the corresponding responsibility of emission reduction based on the experience of other countries' low-carbon economic development. At the same time, our government should popularize international trade laws for international trade enterprises, and promote international trade enterprises to understand the overall low carbon standard of international trade. At the same time, the Chinese government should improve the ability of foreign trade enterprises to deal with trade frictions and disputes, improve and strictly implement the laws and regulations on low-carbon trade, and cooperate with other countries in international trade to defend their own interests.

Firstly, China's international trade subjects should pay attention to the research and development of low-carbon products and technologies. International trade in the process of enterprise development in our country, mainly processing trade over a long period of time reflects the characteristics of the extensive international trade development mode, which mainly rely on cheap Labour force participation in international trade competition, in the international trade development mode, China's international trade enterprises not only difficult to get high profits, and inevitably suffers from all kinds of trade barriers, especially under the background of low-carbon economy, these trade barriers include not only traditional countervailing and anti-dumping barriers, including carbon tariffs and other barriers. Therefore, China's international trade enterprises should understand the requirements of low-carbon economic development and pay attention to the development of low-carbon products and low-carbon technologies on the basis of the principle of low-carbon development, so as to enhance their competitiveness in international trade and their advantages and status in the new pattern of international trade. To be specific, the research and development of low-carbon products and low-carbon technologies of China's international trade enterprises should be based on increasing economic input. International introduction and independent innovation of low-carbon products and technologies should be completed by establishing technology import fund and low-carbon research and development fund. Secondly, China's international trade subjects should pay attention to popularizing the carbon label system and building the brand of low-carbon products. The promotion of carbon labelling system can effectively push China's international trade products to suffer from low carbon international barriers. In 2007, the UK has already introduced the carbon footprint logo. Subsequently, European and American countries, South Korea and Japan have also promoted the carbon footprint logo system. In this context, many international companies require the products provided by suppliers to have carbon labels, which makes China's international trade enterprises face a huge impact. Although China's home furnishing industry, textile industry and photovoltaic industry all face stringent carbon footprint requirements, there are still few enterprises that can promote low-carbon certification. Therefore, China's foreign trade enterprises should improve the low carbon level of their products and enhance the international competitiveness of their products on the basis of actively applying for low carbon certification. Finally, China's international trading subject should lead the low-carbon consumption concept. From the perspective of the domestic market, the reason why it is difficult for high carbon products to completely withdraw from the market is determined by the consumer demand for high carbon products. Therefore, China's international trade subjects should take the publicity of low-carbon consumption as their own responsibility, and change consumers' consumption concept and lifestyle by improving their awareness of carpet consumption, so as to encourage consumers to buy low-carbon products. On this basis, China's domestic demand for high carbon products will also be continuously weakened, and low carbon production will naturally become an inevitable requirement under the market development. This can provide a good social and cultural atmosphere for promoting the overall production level of low-carbon products and the innovation of low-carbon technology in China.

In short, low-carbon economy to promote the main body in international trade is facing both opportunities and challenges of the situation, and in order to promote our country international trade development pattern and the adaptability of low carbon economy, our country government must play its role in the lead in the development of international trade and the specification, and the international trade enterprises should also pay attention to own the introduction of low-carbon technologies and research and development, the promotion of brand of the low carbon labels with low carbon and build, and takes the lead in domestic consumer consumption idea, to the international trade in the implementation of low carbon concept provides a good technical environment and cultural environment.

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Essay代写：Enterprise internal management

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Enterprise internal management，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了企业内部管理。企业变化的核心主要在内因，即企业的管理。加强企业内部管理非企业自身努力不可，这项工作搞不好，即使产权制度明确了，企业经营自主权落实了，社会保障体系完善了，企业的活力也难以发挥出来。所以，能不能搞好企业内部管理，是关系到企业兴衰成败的问题。

At present, state - owned enterprises after the restructuring of more about external conditions. We will establish a clear system of property rights, implement enterprise autonomy, and improve the social security system. Admittedly, this is very important, and the reform in this regard will be accelerated in the future, but after all, external factors are the conditions for change, and the basis for change is mainly internal factors, namely, the management of enterprises. It is not up to the enterprise itself to strengthen its internal management. Even if the property right system is clarified, the right to operate independently is implemented, and the social security system is improved, the vitality of state-owned enterprises cannot be fully displayed. Therefore, the internal management of enterprises is related to the success or failure of state-owned enterprises, especially large and medium-sized enterprises. Practice has proved that any enterprise with vitality and vigor can continuously improve the efficiency and efficiency of capital operation, which is rooted in scientific enterprise management. Therefore, state-owned enterprises must change their ideas and strengthen their management. First, it organically combines the enterprise restructuring with the internal management of the enterprise to overcome the phenomenon of "replacing the management with the management", so as to change the system and maintain the system with the management. Second, we should properly handle the relationship between the growth of enterprise benefits and the strengthening of management, overcome the one-sided understanding that good performance is good management as long as good performance is good, and not cover up the dilution and weakening of management with rising profits, so as to solve the problem of the decline of enterprise management. Three is based on the market as the guidance and the end-result, widen the breadth and width of enterprise management, from the enterprise the management decision to engineering hand in after service, as well as the influence of every link of enterprise benefit into the enterprise management content, limited to the engineering construction process from the past or a particular aspect of management, expanded to include people, goods, content and construction workers, transport, the whole process of management; Fourth, we need to deepen development. We need to explore deeper issues, carry out "three reforms and one management", combine reform, restructuring and restructuring, and focus on management. The deepening reform requires the deepening of management work, which can ensure the reform to be carried out in an orderly way and the reform to be implemented in practice. The renewal of ideas is the guarantee of the deepening of management, which is the precondition for the establishment of transit system.

Scientific property rights system and scientific management mechanism are the two major supporting conditions for enterprises to change their mode of operation. They are interdependent with each other, and one cannot be dispensed with. If only the property rights system is changed and the internal management mechanism is not changed, the modern enterprise system can only go the old way with new shoes.

Traditional management system is a management according to different work tasks, the function department of enterprise internal organization into changed to subdivide employees for work task and work of different positions, and work out a series of rules and regulations to ensure that this highly detailed division of labor, no extensive management of the enterprise management, to ensure the high degree of specialization, improve the technical level. In a certain level of productivity development has a positive role. However, the evaluation index of this management system emphasizes quantity over quality. Heavy input, light output; to value material and financial resources over human intelligence; It has become an important problem that affects enterprises and must be reformed.

Establish scientific management system in the first place to abandon outdated ideas, system and operational mechanism, the pursuit of the development of the single speed to complete the construction task into the pursuit of total cost, quality, service, efficiency and speed of unity, from the management concept, enterprise organization system, management system and operation mechanism, etc., to modify the old system. By advancing the deep-level reform, reorganizing the enterprise mechanism and completely changing the bones of the enterprise, the "fission reform" within the enterprise can be realized, so as to achieve the purpose of transforming the state-owned enterprise system and establishing a modern enterprise system to improve the economic benefits.

People are the most active and positive factor in productivity. China's economic reform is centered on strengthening the vitality of enterprises. The strength source that strengthens enterprise vigor lies in giving full play to the wisdom and talent of laborer. As the saying goes: the matter belongs to man, the matter to man and the money to man. Enterprises to realize transferring system, must strengthen the management of people-centered, through optimizing the management of employee behavior, and improve the mechanism of restraint and incentive mechanism, enhance the consciousness and the ability of employees to participate in the production and business operation decision, give full play to the staff's enthusiasm and creativity, for the majority of staff to create a they can grasp their own destiny, stimulate the potential ability of the cultural atmosphere, to create their own management characteristic and new idea.

In the final analysis, "mechanism" is the combination of internal management systems, the problem of the enterprise's neural network, and one of the fatal problems in invigorating state-owned enterprises. To enliven the mechanism, it is necessary to perfect and perfect the internal management system and system to realize its effective and reasonable optimization combination, while the advanced management method is the precondition to realize its effective combination.

Scientific management mechanism, must be based on the advanced management methods and means to achieve, through reform and perfect the enterprise internal management model, improve the overall quality of enterprise management, mechanism innovation, system innovation, technology innovation, management innovation, realize the business transformation mechanism, establishing the modern enterprise system to adapt to the new market economy system.

Enterprise management is a complex system engineering. To give full play to the effective function of management, the management system must be optimized. To achieve this, we should grasp several key links.

The project quality is the comprehensive reflection of an enterprise's comprehensive quality and also the foundation of the construction enterprise's survival. To grasp quality is to grasp the "cow nose" of enterprise internal management. For the construction enterprise quality management, it is necessary to take the opportunity of the completion of the standard, improve the quality assurance system, strictly control the process, strictly implement the internal control standard system, create more quality and famous brand projects, and realize the quality commitment to the owner. Quality management is the overall, comprehensive, the whole process of management, in recent years vigorously promotes the quality of our company do not relax, from human, machine, material, engineering, management, all-round to science and education, manufacturing, and engineering construction inspection process, all in strict accordance with the procedures, this kind of the normal functioning of the quality assurance system, to ensure the engineering quality pass rate reached 100%, my company is more than 96%.

The basic purpose of an enterprise is to pursue the return on investment and optimize the benefits. And one of the most prominent indicators of benefit is profit, which is contradictory to profit in the integration of cost. As an enterprise, no matter front and rear, no matter agency and grassroots, all activities are related to cost. Therefore, cost management first requires education and mobilization of all the staff, to improve the cost consciousness of all the staff, determine scientific cost objectives, make them actively participate in and supervise cost accounting and control, explore the potential to reduce costs, reduce expenditure and reduce consumption. Second, we should focus on the key point and grasp the big head. In addition to grasp scientific and technological progress the bulk cost reduction, but also pays special attention to the business entertainment, travel, low-value and crystal, operating income and various receivables and five four number and other various management on the construction site, always do a good job in economic activity analysis, to find a higher cost, a waste and the real reason for all kinds of loopholes, and then suit the remedy to the case, take decisive measures to solve them. In recent years, in view of the rising trend of comparable costs, our company has paid close attention to the management of project profit retention, internal labor contract, etc., with the focus on planning, operation, income and distribution policy, and closed various loopholes. Strict business trip management, implement the unit, finance, the company's leadership three - level control, advance loan control, the post - reported control, not only to achieve a comprehensive consideration, the handling of the matter, but also greatly reduce management fees.

The rules and regulations of the enterprise are the foundation of management work. First, the internal management system should be complete, so that everything has rules to follow. Second, the system should be strictly enforced, so that everyone must follow the rules. Our company has a systematic supporting management system in terms of the construction of material civilization, including quality, safety, environmental protection, archives, finance, materials, planning, labor and site, as well as the construction of spiritual civilization, such as political work and family planning. At the same time, we paid close attention to the implementation of the system. For example, site management, the requirements of on-site goods must be set; As for labor management, the company implements the third-level inspection system of work groups, branches and projects. From company leaders to workers, the company implements a strict attendance registration system.

Only "constancy" can turn management into productivity, while the half-stop management, no matter how strict, is the destruction of the management system and the shaking of the foundation of the enterprise building, and its consequences are as bad as the failure to grasp management. To achieve "constancy", it is necessary to constantly strengthen the management awareness of the whole staff, especially the management personnel, and improve the quality of management, so as to overcome the passive practice of promoting management by external forces and constantly improve the management methods and means, so as to truly achieve constant persistence.

In recent years, our company has been unremitting and consistent in strengthening business management, enterprises have achieved better economic and social benefits. The company's annual operating tasks have exceeded 500 million, and the construction output value has been achieved 2. 224 billion, the realization of profit reached 4.4 million yuan. The company has been awarded "national excellent construction enterprise", "national May Day labor medal" and "national model worker's home" and "national customer satisfaction construction enterprise".

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