作业代写：Global production network

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Global production network，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了全球生产网络。如今，以物流业和金融业为主的生产性服务业网络成为资本运动的新载体，并与生产网络嵌套形成跨国公司主导的全球生产网络，它将更多领域纳入资本主义经济网络体系之内。由全球生产网络构成可以发现，当前以金融资本为主导形态的资本运动网络之中，生产网络与服务网络是相互嵌套的整体。生产网络、商品资本网络以及金融网络既相互区隔，又有相互嵌套与重叠之处。

By means of information technology, network support, feasibility, diversification of capital movement to the networking, virtualization and internationalization direction, heterogeneous network combination of capital formation, and deduce with the service capital network new organization form of contemporary capitalist countries capital accumulation, multinational companies dominate the global production networks, it will be more areas into the capitalist economy within a network system. This spatial network structure reorganizes the regional division of labor and functions in different countries. It not only redraws the new landscape of labor under the conditions of network economy, but also promotes the evolution of contemporary capital relations.

Capital has never stopped moving since its emergence. The basic form of capital keeps becoming independent and diversified in the process of movement, and then develops towards the direction of network, virtualization and internationalization, forming the network combination of heterogeneous capital. With the help of the network technology support, the nature of capital movement of increasingly, and breakthrough of the industry, the boundaries between country and market, expanding its range of movement, and transform its movement under the profit-driven carrier, in the contemporary, financial industry and logistics industry as the main content of the producer services network become a new carrier, capital movement and production network nested form the new organization form of the contemporary capital accumulation, multinational companies dominate the global production networks, it will be more areas into the capitalist economy within a network system. The globalization and networking of capital relations highlights the hegemony logic of capital movement and further accelerates the formation and expansion of asymmetric global production network.

Capital is the product of high development of commodity economy. In the late 15th century and the early 16th century, when world trade and world market came into being, commodity economy began to transform into capitalist economy. Logically, the internal contradictions of goods drive the creation of money, and the value added of money announces the birth of capital. Historically, capital has developed from the production and circulation of commodities, but only when labor became a commodity under the capitalist mode of production in which commodity production and circulation were dominant can money be converted into capital. In practice, the commercial sector is highly valued for the reason of pursuing money to realize primitive accumulation of capital. In theory, at this time, the research on capital dominated the theoretical field, and more attention was paid to the circulation field. The mercantilist theory, with the commercial sector or commercial capital as the research object, believed that the value and wealth came from the circulation field, and the accumulation of national wealth was also realized through the circulation field. Therefore, business capital became the earliest capital form studied in history. Commercial capital is also the starting point and initial form of capital movement in theory. The mercantilist scholars started the study of capital and preliminarily clarified the nature of capital's pursuit of profit. The nature of this capital has not changed even today.

With the establishment of capitalist mode of production in Britain, industrial production has gradually occupied a dominant position in the social economy, and industrial capital form has become the dominant mode of capitalist economy. To industrial capital as the research object of the British classical political economists, such as William match first, Adam Smith, David li jia figure and other scholars, the research object from circulation in the field of production, the opinion that wealth comes from industrial production department, the production is the source of wealth accumulation. The definition of capital in the classical political economy of Britain is either multiple or historical, but they seize the typical form of capital in the industrial age -- industrial capital, take it as the research object, and seize the essence of capital from the source of surplus value, which is their significant historical contribution to capital research.

In the industrial era, besides the dominant industrial capital, the agricultural capital studied by French physiocratic school became another important form of capital. They believe that only the agricultural sector can truly create social wealth and that land is the only source of wealth. Research on the agricultural sector has enriched the form of capital and expanded the field of capital movement.

On the basis of previous studies, Marx conducted systematic and scientific research on capital. With the development of social productivity and the progress of technology, there is no doubt that the profit-seeking nature of capital is revealed, and the carrier of capital is constantly enriched, transferred and transformed along with the evolution of the leading industry of economic activities. It is precisely because Marx accurately grasped the essence and characteristics of capital movement that he studied capital from the perspectives of philosophy, economics and sociology. The concept and explanation of "capital" given here is the most thorough. Here, Marx takes industrial capital as the research object, unifies monetary capital, production capital and commodity capital into the circulation and turnover process of capital, investigates in detail how capital multiplies in the movement, and further analyzes the capital relationship.

The essence of capital lies in movement. Driven by profits, capital never stops moving. Under the pressure of capital accumulation expansion, capitalist countries are constantly looking for new economic growth points and capital growth points. Since the 1970 s, in order to increasingly in the way of compression of profit margins, on the one hand, the carrier of capital into the financial capital transfer, on the other hand the us-led western developed countries to offshoring manufacturing, through the global distribution of manufacturing, and foreign direct investment and international trade multiple paths to expand the field of capital controls, and relying on intellectual property, technology property and technical standard grab high value-added links of the profits. The change of information technology and the dynamic evolution of division of labor and the consequent decomposition, networking and modularization of labor process have laid the material foundation for the expansion of capital movement.

It can be seen that the movement of capital promotes the independence and internationalization of capital form, and the constant upgrading and change of industry is realized under the impetus of labor division and technological change. Each industry becomes the main carrier in the process of capital movement. Commercial capital, industrial capital or industrial capital, financial capital and today's knowledge ownership capital respectively occupy a place along the historical development sequence and form the corresponding industrial entity.

Increasingly different capital form of retrieval and internationalization, it is in the condition of network economy, with the aid of "network" and the information technology to reduce the cost, the pursuit of high profits, driven by breakthrough the limitation of the geography and space, also broke the boundaries between industries and equilibrium, based on industrial gradient transfer to global expansion, the more countries and regions, and from different countries or regions labor into the capitalist market economy system, into the scope of capital movement and territory.

Capital experienced commercial capital, industrial capital and agricultural capital, and developed into the standard capital in network economy, namely intellectual property capital. This kind of intellectual property capital focuses more on the innovation, guidance and control of knowledge or technology, and it is a spiral regression of Marx's ownership capital of production materials. These kinds of capital forms were once dominant in different stages of human social and economic development, and financial capital and ownership capital are especially remarkable in modern times. In the era of network economy, these capital forms interweave together to form a complex and staggered value network, which is a capital network -- a combination of heterogeneous capital. The heterogeneous capital of network link is interlaced with the logistics network, financial network and other service network in the circulation field to form the current global production network. Of course, the global production network is not only the production network in the narrow sense of the production field, it is the heterogeneous capital network and the productive service industry network representing the diversification of capital.

Based on the analysis of capital movement and capital form evolution, this paper further analyzes how the heterogeneous capital network is embedded with other capital carriers and forms a global production network. As mentioned before, in the absence of foreign trade and international division of labor, different forms of capital, monetary capital, industrial capital and commercial capital, are unified in the same country to form different industries. With the expansion and deepening of domestic and international division of labor, socialization of production process and economic globalization, different forms of capital unified in the same production process have become increasingly independent and internationalized.

Commodity capital first realizes internationalization through the world trade, and forms the circulation capital and the logistics network serving its movement around the form of commodity capital movement. Monetary capital later by the securities investment capital into the overseas market also implements the internationalization, and based on the monetary capital formed composed of financial instruments, financial derivatives, financial capital, financial capital and movement form network, including monetary capital, loan capital and bank capital, stocks, bonds, derivatives and so on. Production capital realizes its internationalization through the large-scale growth of multinational corporation and international production. In addition, due to the division of labor, outsourcing and authorization within the manufacturing industry in developed countries, different forms of capital intersect and constitute the spatial movement network of capital, forming a hierarchical and spatial global production network.

Although from the form, the different capital in the form of a circular motion, but the close ties between them, each movement forms are intertwined together, such as deacon says, the cycle of capital movement can be seen as three circles, namely monetary capital, capital and commodity production capital circle circle, the three ring is connected to become unified whole. In fact, beyond these three circles, there is an invisible hand controlling the division and flow of interest flow, namely intellectual property capital or standard capital, which determines the final ownership of the profits of the other three circles.

As can be seen from the chart of global production network, in the current capital movement network dominated by financial capital, the production network and the service network are all nested in each other. Production network, commodity capital network and financial network are not only separated from each other, but also nested and overlapping each other. In modern times, the financial and logistics belonging to service activities are an important part of producer services and indispensable to the formation of global production networks. The production network of multinational companies is coupled with the producer services such as the financial industry and circulation industry in a nested way, and the latter is more and more dominant in the whole network, becoming the main source of added value. As a result, producer services have become an important factor influencing the strategic choice of transnational corporations and, in turn, an important factor affecting the balance of international economy and the adjustment and upgrading of industrial structures in various countries.

Service activities such as finance and logistics not only provide a link between production segments within a production chain, and between overlapping production chains, they also tie the production and circulation circles together. As they not only provide spatial and transactional linkages, but also integrate and coordinate independent and global production processes, service activities already play a vital role in the production chain. In the geo-economic picture, an unbalanced, highly complex and dynamic network of production networks, economic Spaces and economic locations connected by various streams.

Whether it is financial capital network, logistics network or production capital network, it is the network capital movement process of existing forms of original capital with the help of information technology and Internet revolution. Therefore, the global production network, as a new carrier of capital movement, is still a combination of heterogeneous capital formed by continuous circulation and mutual transformation of various capital forms based on technological network as the material basis and economic network unit as the allocation method. Based on this, this paper argues that the global production network is based on information technology, dominated by the production network of multinational companies, and the global economic division of labor network, which is the product of the globalization of capital movement. It is a heterogeneous capital network composed of diversified, independent and internationalized capital forms, which crisscross and interweave. It is a new organizational form to realize flexible accumulation of capital under the condition of network economy. It is a multi-dimensional spatial network structure with technical attributes, economic attributes and social attributes.

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Assignment代写：Electronic money

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Electronic money，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了电子货币。电子货币是一种储蓄或预付价值的支付机制，通过销售终端进行支付，也可以在两个储蓄设备之间直接转移价值，或通过开放的计算机网络转移价值。电子货币是现代信息技术的必然产物，因此电子货币与网络技术有着密切的联系。

With the continuous progress of science and technology, electronic currency is generated in order to adapt to the increasingly rapid pace of life and save more time, so as to make online transactions rapidly popular. The use of electronic currency transactions will inevitably face a variety of risks, strengthening the security of online transactions has become a pressing issue.

The emergence and use of electronic money marked the development of the information age, but some criminals used this fast-paced means to conduct illegal activities. To truly manage our electronic currency effectively and make the Internet more functional and operational is already a problem we must face.

E-payment exists everywhere in today's society. Websites such as taobao, dangdang and amazon are using alipay and online banking to conduct transactions. "Money is a common property that is fixed and ACTS as the medium of exchange. The primary function of money is to measure the value of the property that each market subject USES to trade."

Eu payment system working group to Europe in May 1994, the monetary authorities to submit the prepaid value according to the report: "it is a kind of the recent emergence of the new payment tool, called the multi-purpose card or" electronic wallet ", it is a true real purchasing power of the plastic card, in order to get the card, consumers must pay in advance of its value." "The term 'electronic currency' is used in different contexts to describe a wide range of payment tools and technologies," according to the August 1996 e-currency security report. A similar definition is used in the Basel committee. In the risk management of e-money business issued in March 1998, e-money is known as a "payment mechanism for savings or prepaid value, which is paid through sales terminals and can be transferred directly between two savings devices, or through an open computer network. It consists of two types: card based and electronic money based on software or computers.

Therefore, different countries have different ideas about electronic money. Generally speaking, money is a means of payment between transactions.

Electronic money is the inevitable outcome of modern information technology. Therefore, electronic money is closely related to modern electronic information technology. The basic features of electronic money are the multi-functionalization, pure instrumentalization, informatization, networking and the security and efficiency of information technology. These features are mainly:

Electronic money is produced and developed on the basis of electronic information technology and network technology. Therefore, the characteristics of electronic money are closely related to information technology and network. It can be said that electronic money is a kind of network information resource. Just like traditional money is a special commodity separated from commodities, electronic money is a special currency and special information separated from currencies. That is, it is safer than traditional currencies, because it requires more to store, carry and pay than traditional currencies, and it adds a lot of more efficient technical content. Electronic money makes money to fulfill its function of the efficiency of almost a perfect realm: from the point of view of the issue and management of cash, monetary authorities issued from the whole process of cash to raise cash, don't have to take the traditional design, printing and transportation tools, but should be directly on the network to realize the issue of cash and drained. In this way, problems such as high cost, counterfeit, safety and supply of cash can be avoided. Electronic money makes the financial supervision implemented by the central bank more convenient and fast. Electronic money makes monetary policy more effective for central Banks. Electronic money makes the entire financial system more efficient; Electronic money makes markets work efficiently.

The risk of subject mainly includes the risk of issuing subject, the risk of media subject and the risk of using subject. Different from traditional currency, the issuing subject of traditional currency is specific, while in electronic currency, due to the diversification between Banks, it has certain risks. In addition to customers, online Banks and other issuing entities, there are many related parties such as fund transfer system operators, communication line providers, computer manufacturers and software developers. It is difficult to determine the legal responsibilities of all parties if there is some failure to allocate funds accurately. In the media, traditional money is tangible, such as paper money, metal money and so on. Electronic currency is composed of a series of procedures and chips, and the transactions of the transferor are formed virtually without any visible traces indicating the existence of the transactions. For users, traditional money can test real money, including its authenticity, the amount of its face value, etc. For users of electronic money, their functions can be learned about the completion of transactions through the network, and they cannot control the real concept of money.

For the electronic currency of non-financial institutions, the electronic currency business is still in a regulatory vacuum, and its business is not under access management. In this case, the issuing body absorbs a large amount of prepaid funds from the public. This operation mode of "receiving payment first and providing goods later" is easy to form the case that the default benefit is greater than the cost of default, thus causing credit risk. For the credit card, due to the lack of credit constraints, if some people use false proof, forged identity documents, guarantee materials, etc. to cheat the bank credit, or the cardholder maliciously overdraft, refuses to perform obligations or evades the performance obligations, which constitutes the credit risk of electronic currency. Errors, malfeasance and fraud caused by reasons other than the issuing entity or customer of the electronic currency will also force the issuing entity to bear the credit risk. For example, in the process of providing electronic services, communication may be interrupted due to various reasons such as power terminal and network congestion. If it is not possible to undo and back up the unfinished operation, it is easy to cause data errors, thus affecting the credibility of the issuing body of electronic currency.

Environmental risk refers to the risk caused by the operating environment of network Banks, mainly including the following two aspects:

Artificial risks, such as hacking into network systems; Unauthorized third party intercepts confidential customer information; The virus invades the electronic banking system and intentionally destroys the relevant data of the bank. Forging, altering, or duplicating electronic currency, etc.

Identify authorized risks, such as falsifying certificates issued by Banks, to defraud customers.

Money laundering exists under the traditional currency, but there are a lot of obstacles under the traditional currency. Due to some necessary features, such as legal currency, securities currency, and strict transaction requirements in the transaction, criminals conduct money laundering through invisible means. Money laundering, in essence, is the act of transforming illegal income, especially money property, into legal property in form, especially money property, through certain channels. Due to its certain characteristics, electronic money becomes more convenient to launder money online. Electronic money is a kind of network currency, which is not strictly monitored by users. In modern life, because of the increase of international trade, it is impossible to have a monitoring room for the network when international cooperation is not completely reasonable. This kind of monitoring provides a barrier to cooperation for the benefit of each country and the secrecy of each country, which makes electronic money a loophole for money laundering.

The legal system of electronic currency should be constantly improved to prevent risks caused by new practices in terms of the specific authorization, privacy protection and the definition of rights and obligations arising from the operation of electronic currency. The issuing body of electronic money is clarified through legislation. The issuing body of an electronic currency must meet certain conditions, such as prior approval and minimum capital requirements. Control the risk of electronic currency from the source by restricting the access conditions of issuing bodies.

Establish a good credit evaluation system. Before customers participate in the electronic currency system, make necessary investigation on their property, reputation and other aspects, and make good analysis and prediction of customers' credit and capital status. At the same time, the customer's digital certificate is verified and backed up, which is used to verify the customer's digital signature in future transactions, so as to reduce the possibility of credit risk.

Check the hardware and software capacity regularly. In the process of system operation, it is necessary to carry out the first test, strengthen the report of virus detection and detection and repair, and summarize the development plan afterwards. Plan for unexpected events, such as system interruptions, to be promptly communicated to customers, and to develop system fixes. Implement the online monitoring system of virus detection and internal system security measures, and regularly maintain the information accumulated in the central database.

Apart from financial institutions such as Banks, they should also include non-bank e-currency issuers and Internet service providers, and urge them to fulfill their anti-money laundering obligations and crack down on the use of e-money.

Banks and related departments should carry out publicity activities on security precautions, such as firewall, password management, encryption technology, reasonable authorization of terminal users, etc., to inform customers of the importance of protecting their information security in unsafe electronic transactions. Conduct legal publicity on electronic banking, make the public understand some relevant laws and regulations in the use of electronic currency, improve people's legal awareness, and reduce the risk caused by some malicious ACTS.

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Sentence Fragments该怎么处理

Sentence Fragments，就是不完整的句子。如果你的tutor在评阅你的英文论文过程中，遇到一个不完整的句子，让他不明白你在说什么，自然就会扣分。有人认为只要表达到了意思，那么就ok了。然而正式学术写作中，这些问题却是老师喜欢扣分的点，下面就给大家讲讲该如何处理Sentence Fragments。

What do you call a sentence that isn’t…?

如果你觉得这个句子缺少了某一部分，那么就对了！

What Are Sentence Fragments?

简单地说，不完全句式是一个不完整的句子。这通常是本想作为句子来表达的某事（即以大写字母开始，以句号、问号或感叹号结尾），但不包括完整的独立分句。

在其他情况下，这是因为句子的另一部分缺失了。例如，这篇文章的第一句话是缺少一个完整的谓语。这告诉我们句子中主语是doing或者being。在这种情况下，完整的句式是“What do you call a sentence that isn’t complete?”

这种情况的发生有很多原因。有时是因为漏掉了一些部分，或者是因为编辑错误。但是，不完整句式在我们的日常生活中也很常见，所以许多人在写作时使用它们，没有意识到它们实际上是不正确的。

Are Sentence Fragments Always Wrong?

不，这很大程度上取决于语境。在正式的写作中，例如写Essay时，写完整的句子总是更好的。但不完整句式可以在某些情况下使用。

Fragments 在列表中很常见，例如，在小说中，人物对话通常用句子片段来反映我们在现实生活中的谈话方式。不完整句式也可以用来制造特定的效果，比如在语句中添加停顿。例如：

I write in full sentences. Because grammar.

这里的“because grammar”并不是一个完整的句子。但是这种“because” 的用法在网上很普遍，常用来暗示某种解释或者理由是非常明显的。不过正式的写作中，大家还是不应该使用这样的书写风格，虽然它在其他一些情况下效果很好。

How Do I Avoid Errors in My Work?

在不太正式的写作中，你所需要做的就是确保句子片段是有意义的。虽然你使用的是一个不完整的句子，只要你的读者能理解你的意思，那就无所谓了。

然而，在正式写作中，你应该尽可能使用完整的句子。这意味着要确保每个句子至少包含一个独立的从句：这意味着一个句子至少应该有主语和动词。例如：

The experiment failed. Not enough time.

第一部分是一个完整的句子：它有一个主语（experiment）和一个动词（failed）。但第二部分是没有主语或动词的片断。我们知道第二句话的意思是什么，因为第一句话说明了，但要语法正确的话，我们需要连接这两个句子：

The experiment failed because of a lack of time.

这里，我们用了一个完整的句子来表达同样的意思，用连词“because of”来介绍失败的原因。或者，我们也可以在第二个句子里添加一个主语和动词：

The experiment failed. We did not have enough time.

这种情况下，主语（we）和动词（have）使第二句完整。在其他情况下，例如当一个动词缺少一个对象时，校对工作通常会发现这些错误！

以上就是关于Sentence Fragments的讲解，希望同学们看过之后，都可以解决这个问题。

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Paper代写：Sino-us trade friction

本篇paper代写- Sino-us trade friction讨论了中美贸易摩擦。随着中美经贸量的提升，摩擦与纠纷已成为常态，所以管控分歧成为中美新型大国关系的应有之义。中美贸易摩擦有自身的经济逻辑与政治逻辑。从经济层面看，贸易摩擦直接源于美国对华贸易逆差。从政治层面看，选举政治以及守成大国与新兴大国的结构性矛盾也是造成中美贸易摩擦的重要诱因。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

On May 19, China and the United States issued a joint statement in Washington on bilateral economic and trade consultations. The two sides agreed not to fight a trade war. Although the storm over, but it brought us thinking is still going on. Sino-us trade friction has its own economic logic and political logic. From an economic perspective, trade friction directly stems from the us trade deficit with China. From the political perspective, the election politics, the best window for US President to implement policies in the first two years of his first term, and the structural contradictions between established and emerging powers are also important causes of sino-us trade friction. We should take a correct view of the trade deficit between China and the United States, face up to the adverse impact of trade frictions between China and the United States, effectively manage differences and promote mutual benefit and win-win results. We should put the china-us trade deficit in perspective

The United States has long been concerned about the trade deficit with China, but this issue needs to be viewed comprehensively and historically. On the one hand, the United States has a deficit in the trade of goods between China and the United States. On the other hand, in the field of service trade between China and the United States, the United States has maintained a long-term surplus. Over the past decade, us services exports to China have increased fivefold, with the us trade surplus in services to China reaching $55.7 billion in 2016, about 40 times higher than in 2006. According to the statistics of China's ministry of commerce, China's service trade deficit with the United States reached 55.7 billion usd in 2016, accounting for 23.1% of China's total service trade deficit.

There are many reasons for the sino-us trade deficit. First, after the reform and opening up, China became a "world factory" thanks to its demographic dividend, with comparative advantages in labor costs, and the export scale of footwear, toys, mechanical and electrical products and other goods was rapidly increased. The consumption power of the United States is strong, and the two countries complement each other. Second, the United States restricts the export of high-tech products to China. If the us were to relax controls on high-tech exports to China, exports would increase by 25-40 per cent. Third, there is a big difference in the amount of goods exported from China to the United States. For example, according to us statistics, in 2017, the us trade deficit with China was $375.2 billion, accounting for 47% of the total trade in goods between China and the us. That compares with $275.8 billion, according to the general administration of customs.

China has a trade surplus, but its profit surplus is in the United States. China's goods trade surplus is closely related to the global industrial layout of multinational companies and is the result of the gradient transfer of international division of labor. Most of China's leading export industries are labor-intensive and have been in the middle and low end of the global industrial chain for many years. According to statistics from China's ministry of commerce, 59 percent of China's trade surplus in goods comes from foreign-funded enterprises and 61 percent from processing trade. Apple inc., for example, had about $230 billion in operating revenue and a net profit of $48 billion in fiscal 2017. Foxconn, apple's contract manufacturer in China, had revenue of rmb354.5bn in the same year, while net profit was only rmb16.2bn. In other words, China and the United States have different positions in the global industrial chain, and the United States, which is at the top end of the industrial chain, has benefited the most. The negative impact of sino-us trade friction

China is the largest trading partner of the United States, and the United States is the second largest trading partner of China. Today, China and the United States complement each other's advantages through economic and trade cooperation, and their mutual dependence has been increasingly enhanced to an unprecedented depth and breadth, forming a pattern of interests in which "we are interconnected and we are connected". In this case, trade frictions can have a number of adverse effects.

The trade friction between China and the United States has a "pan-politicization" color, which damages the overall interests of the long-term development of sino-us relations. The announcement of the results of the us investigation into China on March 22 was a landmark event in the growing trade friction between China and the us. It follows five us investigations into China. Three times came from disputes over intellectual property, one over market access and one over clean energy. Several times, the United States has proposed to impose tariffs on Chinese goods, both sides will always erupt fierce public opinion war and psychological war. The end result is known. The scope and scale of the 301 investigation is beyond the past and is heavily politicized. If the two sides fail to properly manage their differences, the us move to politicize market issues will affect the building of a new model of major-country relationship between China and the us, which is not conducive to the long-term development of bilateral relations.

If trade frictions escalate, the us will suffer even greater economic losses. The economic and trade cooperation between China and the United States has brought huge economic benefits and a large number of jobs to the United States. Since China joined the wto, us exports to China have increased by 500%, compared with a rise of only 90% in the same period. China is an important overseas market for many U.S. products, and among U.S. exports and products, 62 percent of soybeans, 14 percent of cotton, 17 percent of cars, 15 percent of integrated circuits, and 25 percent of Boeing aircraft are destined for China. According to the analysis by the peterson institute for international economics, if the trump administration starts a trade war, domestic prices will rise, consumption and investment will be lower than the benchmark of no trade war for many years in a row, economic growth will continue to decline, the United States will enter a recession in 2019, and the unemployment rate will climb to 8.6% from the current 4.9%.

Us trade unilateralism will disturb the global trade order. China and the United States are the world's two largest economies, accounting for 40 percent of the global economy, nearly a quarter of global exports of goods, and nearly 30 percent of global outbound investment and foreign investment. Therefore, if sino-us trade friction escalates, it will have a negative impact on global markets. In addition, it should be noted that the organization consists of 193 members, and there are 101 countries and regions that currently have trade surplus with the United States, which means that more than half of the members have trade surplus with the United States. If the us used the trade deficit as an excuse to pursue a trade war of its own, it would cause the volume of trade in the global market to plunge by 40%, which would endanger the normal global trade order. Promote the "two constructions" and promote mutual benefit and win-win results

The trade frictions between China and the United States, ranging from confrontation to dialogue to the signing of a joint statement and the conclusion of a series of institutional arrangements, indicate that china-us economic and trade cooperation has made important steps and will become a historic event in the building of a new model of major-country relationship between China and the United States. Over the past 40 years of sino-us economic and trade cooperation, frictions have frequently occurred. Due to the frequent interaction between the two countries, new frictions and differences are inevitable in the future. How to effectively manage differences and promote the healthy development of sino-us relations has become an important issue of The Times. Perhaps, on this issue, promoting the building of a community of Shared future for mankind and a new type of international relations will provide China with a solution to the dispute. "Two constructions" goes beyond the old way of zero-sum game and becomes a new paradigm of exchanges between countries.

First, we need to promote the creation of a community of Shared future for mankind. America's fomenting of trade friction bears a deep generational stamp. Since the 2008 financial crisis, the west, led by the United States, has been hit hard economically, with the real economy sluggish. On the social level, the gap between the rich and the poor has widened. In politics, the rise of populism has been accompanied by a resurgence of assertive foreign politicians in the United States, Britain and many European countries, as a result of the government's inability to regulate the old antagonistic, self-interested ways. Mr Trump, who shouted "America first" during the election campaign, went to great lengths to build a border wall and start a trade war.

Against the background of globalization, China reaffirms its commitment to building a community of Shared future for mankind. This concept advocates building a world of lasting peace, universal security, common prosperity, openness, inclusiveness, and clean and beautiful. We will create a security pattern featuring fairness, justice, joint contribution and Shared benefits. Seeking open, innovative, inclusive and mutually beneficial prospects for development; To promote harmonious and different, inclusive cultural exchanges; Build an ecological system that respects natural and green development. Among them, "common prosperity" is a prescription for the unbalanced world economic development. Today's world is no longer a self-closed era. Economic globalization has linked countries together and increased interdependence. Therefore, the final solution is win-win cooperation and common prosperity.

Second, we need to build a new model of major-country international relations. The new model of major-country relationship is an important part of the new model of international relations. The bottom line is no conflict or confrontation. In 1979, when China and the United States established diplomatic ties, two-way trade was only 2.5 billion us dollars. This figure fully indicates that China and the United States, as the world's two largest economies, are mutually beneficial and lose-lose. As President xi jinping said during his meeting with US President trump, "" cooperation is the only right choice for both countries." " The hard-won china-us economic and trade consultations vividly demonstrated that negotiation and cooperation is the correct solution to the differences between the two sides.

The sino-us trade friction has its own economic and political logic. It is unrealistic to imagine that it can be completely solved through one or two negotiations and consultations. In the future, as the economic and trade volume of China and the United States increases, friction and disputes may become the normal state. Therefore, the management of differences has become the due meaning of the new model of major-country relationship between China and the United States. High-level communication between the two countries is crucial for reaching the framework agreement, but the specific implementation of the agreement still needs further negotiation and game. With midterm elections set for the second half of the year, there is still uncertainty about whether trump will play the trade card again for the votes. The two countries need to manage their differences constructively so that the new model of major-country relationship can be implemented and both sides can achieve mutual benefit and win-win results.

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Essay代写：The imbalance of language development

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The imbalance of language development，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了语言发展的不平衡性。语言发展的不平衡，很大原因是体现在语言系统，即其内部结构发展的不平衡。一种语言体系的内部结构的发展是指其词汇和语义等部分的发展。其中词汇及其语义发展速度最快，随着社会不断发展而处于经常变化之中。由此可推，语言的各子系统内部的发展变化也是不平衡的，这就是一个导致语言发展不平衡的因素。

Based on the principle that "the most significant rule of language development is its imbalance and gradual change" and some practical examples of the imbalance of language development, this paper analyzes the reasons for the imbalance of language development, and the author will choose two aspects of the same and different language development to explain.

Generally speaking, the development of the same language under different conditions is unbalanced. I think there's internal performance and external performance. Internal representation refers to the internal changes of the language system, such as the influence of vocabulary, grammar, and even dialect variations of the language. The external performance refers to the external performance caused by obvious external objective reasons, which can basically reflect the changes from the external communication between people. Here's what I thought:

The imbalance in the development of the same language is largely due to the imbalance in the development of the language system, that is, its internal structure. The development of the internal structure of a language system refers to the development of its lexical, grammatical, phonetic and semantic parts. Among them, vocabulary and its semantic development speed is the fastest, which is in constant change with the continuous development of society. Therefore, the internal development and changes of language subsystems are also unbalanced, which is a factor leading to the imbalance of language development. Therefore, I chose three obvious and specific aspects to elaborate:

Vocabulary development is the fastest among the many internal factors of language, and it responds to the changes of communication environment and social development in a timely manner. For example, the change caused by different occasions, the continuous development of social movements or the change of people's thinking may lead to the rapid change of vocabulary development. The typical example is "the network popular" "gao fushuai", "bai fumei" and so on. It can be seen that the imbalance of language development caused by vocabulary changes affects the balance of the original language structure.

Grammar changes more slowly than vocabulary, but it never stops. Rear front in ancient China, object, adverbial, such as grammatical phenomenon in grammar application has an important position, and then to the needs of the development of oral convenient colloquialism, over the years, the development of Chinese grammar gradually had great changes, into the "subject-predicate bing" structure of fixed, which changes the time dimension of some long, looks like a for many years, away inside is also changed.

The change of language is even harder to figure out, but it does not mean that it does not exist. For example, when the speaker's mood changes and mood changes, the pronunciation will change with time and circumstance. The subtle twist of one or two sounds may be subtle, but it is also a subtle presence that cannot be ignored.

Language development in different periods is unbalanced. For example, in radical times such as drastic social changes, language changes faster. On the contrary, it will be slower. For example, during the Chinese revolution, people called each other "comrades" and shouted all kinds of revolutionary slogans, but now it seems outdated to still use such names. This caused the imbalance of language development for different ages.

Due to the different levels of social, political, economic and cultural development in different regions, the same language tends to be unbalanced in the development of different regions. The languages that create this imbalance within the same country are called dialects. Taking a look at the actual situation of all languages in Chinese, for example, the large scale difference in language development between north and south dialects in China is due to the rapid development of the ancient north and the rapid change of language, while the south is slow and the language change is less, so it is not surprising to retain more elements of ancient Chinese. So the imbalance of language development in different regions is inevitable.

The imbalance between the development of different languages can be said to be obvious. For example, foreign languages and national languages, whether expressed or expressed internally, can easily feel the difference. This is mainly caused by the differences between language systems and the inconsistency of the social environment and internal structure of each language. I think it would be nice to go back to the formation of language to explore this.

In primitive society, people started as tribes. Each tribe had its own language and beliefs. After years of elimination, each nation has its own language, which is the cause of different languages in each country. And then it goes on and on, and on and on, and on and on, and on, and on, and on, and on, and on, and on, and on, and on, and on, and on, and on, and on, and on, and on. English is Germanic, while French is romansh. It was a European language, and it went its own way. In the analysis of internal performance, the Japanese grammar I mentioned comes from China. Now China is "subject + predicate + object", while Japan is "subject + object + predicate". The development of different languages is doomed to unbalanced fate from the very beginning.

To sum up, this article is about language in linguistics outline the basis of the theory of unbalanced development, put forward the internal imbalance of the development of the same language, different language between the imbalance of development, the unbalanced development of language to explore and analyze the cause of, and poor one presents examples to describe them. I have benefited a lot from analyzing the reasons for the imbalance in the development of language on the shoulders of the giant of general linguistics. That's all I'm saying.

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