Contrast essay写作详解

Essay是国外大学最常见的作业形式，其中Essay写作分为很多类型，不同类型的写作难度是不一样的。Contrast essay是其中难度较大的一种，它是对比类的Essay，要求大家从两个需要对比分析的东西去思考，得出自己的结论，下面就给大家详细讲解一下。

如何开始比较和对比文章？学生通常被指定一个主题来写，但有时教授给他们的学生自主选择题目的自由。在后一种情况下，选择一种最优的比较和对比的文章题目可能成为一种挑战。在研究选题时，不要选择两个完全无关的主题，否则发现相似之处会有问题。一开始有一些基本的相似点，例如两本小说，两幅画，演讲等等。

一旦你选择了在你的比较文章中写什么，头脑风暴的想法，并试着写下每一个，选择那些与主题相关的。你可能想把你的纸分成两部分，然后开始记下你脑海中出现的每一件事，包括相似点和不同点。一种寻找相似点和不同点的有效方法是使用维恩图。维恩图是一个表示两个对象之间逻辑关系的方案。图形上它可以被描述为两个重叠的圆圈，每个圆圈表示一个实体。重叠部分是表示相似性的区域，而不重叠的部分则是差异。写一篇有效的比较和对比文章的一个非常重要的一点是正确的对比线的选择：如果你比较两个对象，你应该将它们与一个和相同的参数进行比较。

从这一点开始，比较和对比的文章的主体结构有两种方式:第一种方法：作者可以列出一个主题的特征，然后再通过分析它们的相似和不同来将它们组合在一起。这意味着文章的主体将以一个主题的若干段落开始，继续以相似的段落来讨论其他主题，然后完成一个关键段落，使用列出的特征来比较和对比这两个主题。第二种方法：作家可以列出被试者之间的相似之处，然后列出相同之处的不同之处。这意味着文章的主体将以若干段落开头，讨论它们的相似之处，并以若干段落结束它们之间的差异。有了这个结构，就不需要在最后进行分析，因为它的内容在前面的段落中传播。

一旦文章的主体完成了，它的结论就应该重新陈述论点，但更有自信的方式，因为它已经证明了它的观点。有时，结论会总结前面的段落，以更大胆和更直率的强调，而其他时候，结论将让他们以更含蓄的方式提供他们的支持。

连接词和短语可以并且应该用于比较和对比论文写作。Compare and Contrast Words写任何文章的一个重要的方面是使用特殊的提示词，使你的文章更加连贯和合乎逻辑。在比较和对比的文章中，你需要用提示词来表示比较。

以上就是关于Contrast essay的写作讲解，虽然对比类的Essay并不好写，但只要大家知道学会了Contrast essay的写作方法，那么写作还是没问题的。

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Paper代写：Traditional elements in art design

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Traditional elements in art design，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美术设计中的传统元素。在当代美术设计中，从色彩到造型灯，我们都运用了较多的传统元素。传统色彩具有极其丰富的内涵，将其运用在当代美术设计中能够勾勒和强调作品的表现力。另外，服饰是我们文化发展的重要载体，在经历长期的生产和社会实践，使得服饰形成了具有典型特色的艺术，而传统服饰在诸如现代游戏美术、服装美术设计等方面都有大量的应用。

Examples of using traditional elements in the design of contemporary art, such as using a large number of shadow play in children's picture books, traditional toys, such as ink painting to attract the attention of children, the 2008 Olympic Games will be the contemporary art design skills and perfect fusion, resulting in the ancient traditional calligraphy Chinese seal, while improve the design level, greatly enhanced design and artistic charm, is well worth the contemporary art designers reference.

Traditional colors have extremely rich connotations, such as white symbolizing desolation, red symbolizing warmth and happiness, black symbolizing solemnity and mystery, and yellow symbolizing royalty and dignity, etc., which can be used to outline and emphasize the expressive force of works in contemporary art design. For example, the five mascots of the 2008 Olympic Games, fuwa, respectively used five colors of red, yellow, blue, green and black, and combined with five unique animal images in China, so as to express the emotional connotation of health, enthusiasm, prosperity, passion and joy.

The plane modeling includes folk painting, brocade, embroidery, paper cutting, wood engraving and printing and dyeing cloth, etc.; the three-dimensional modeling includes cloth products, ceramics, stone carving, bamboo carving, clay sculpture and dough modeling, etc.; the comprehensive modeling includes shadow puppetry, kite and lighting, etc.

When we first graphically recorded everything around him, "figure" is gradually penetrate into the history of human civilization, as the evolution of The Times, China's design also formed a unique cultural landscape in every period and the regional customs, further reflects the Chinese history goes back to ancient times and the rich diversity of ethnic culture. In recent years, traditional Chinese design also changed under the influence of various aspects, and we are on the road of inheriting Chinese traditional art, of its use in the modern commercial art and improvement, such as the 2008 Olympic Games torch, in design using the traditional Chinese culture on behalf of the connotation of the "origin of symbiotic and harmonious together" xiangyun grain, shaped like a scroll on modelling, expressed the papermaking for thousands of years from one of China's four great inventions of the importance of circulation of world culture.

Clothing is an important carrier of our cultural development. Through long-term production and social practice, as well as the intelligence and superb skills of Chinese people, clothing has formed an art with typical Chinese characteristics, while traditional clothing has been widely used in such aspects as modern game art and costume art design.

In the process of specific design products, to create products with Chinese traditional elements, is not the product stiffly carved sculpture craft ornaments, like more than modern product shell with several groups of the Chinese traditional auspicious graphics, designers will be accumulated a profound traditional cultural knowledge and life experience, at the same time, in a modern concise and summarized to express, to China love to humanize the design thought of the most inspired its sensitive form of abstraction and conceptualization, is very important, to be on the basis of morphology to extract the most representative form or instruction as a specific design.

Has extensive knowledge and profound connotation of art designer is to promote the traditional elements in the premise condition of contemporary art in the design of application, this means that the graphic designer must learn more knowledge and master history, cognition of traditional culture, but to lay a solid knowledge of traditional culture, can effectively use the traditional culture in modern design, at the same time also want to continue to learn from the advanced modern design concept, build modern art design system, cultivating modern design talents with international vision, from traditional culture to absorb nutrients, and fully used in modern design, Build a design talent team with international and forward-looking modern design art.

In the process of the application of traditional elements, designers can choose a variety of design themes, through the combination of graphics, text, color, fully meet the needs of people, at the same time, it should be noted that the application of traditional elements is not copied, but take its essence, the dross of the process. Designers need to seize the people psychology of pursuing beauty, seize the development of modern and traditional combination of points, from the perspective of modern design, to re-examine the art of culture value and thought background, and the idea of traditional culture in conformity with the modern aesthetic design application to his work, so as to create more characteristic of art.

For example, in the sculpture art, the ancient people often used complicated and precise patterns to show the exquisite pictures, while the modern people tend to prefer simple and generous designs. Therefore, when using sculpture art, designers can take the form of reducing complexity to simplicity, extract representative patterns in the sculpture art, show the value and charm of traditional sculpture art, and in the specific way of collocation, learn from the western design concept, the Oriental charm and modern thinking organic combination.

Among the traditional elements, many of them are not only practical and decorative, but also have certain ideological connotations. And as the goldfish represents good luck, turtle represents longevity, magpie represents happiness,

And so on. These traditional ideological implications can be turned into exquisite patterns, and become very common application elements in art design. Therefore, in contemporary art design, designers can take representative flowers and animals as design images, combine auspicious language and myths and legends, give full play to the spirit and imagination, and express different artistic concepts.

Stand out in the international bidding, for example, China's national stadium -- "bird's nest", from the external model looks like the "bird's nest" of branches woven, transparent membrane materials covered gray like mineral steel net, a soil red bowl stadium contain among them, like the Forbidden City in Beijing caesious walls red LeiZhu grand palace, with the implicit beauty of Chinese traditional culture. The whole "bird's nest" is located on the base of the mineral slope landscape, in order to facilitate the orientation and?? On the plinth of each venue, Chinese zodiac patterns can be clearly seen. Many people who have seen the design model of the "bird's nest" describe it as a "nest" that weaves a stadium that can accommodate ten thousand people into a warm nest to care for and give birth to life with branch-like steel net, and holds the hope of mankind for the future. Here, hollow-out techniques, ceramic lines, brilliant and warm red are the elements of traditional Chinese culture and advanced modern steel structure design perfectly integrated together. The whole structure is connected by a huge net, and there are no columns inside, and the complete bowl shaped stands without any cover, just like a huge container, endowing the national stadium with unparalleled drama and incredible power.

The importance of traditional elements lies in that they often contain profound social content and historical precipitation, and gradually evolve into the pursuit of beauty in the process of history. Chinese traditional elements are broad, profound and time-honored. The application of traditional elements in contemporary art design is conducive to reflecting the diversity of design and national characteristics, and the expression of design can also gain the vitality of national art from the height of traditional culture.

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如何学会essay写作的表达技巧

很多英国留学生老是说写不好essay，不管有多认真，但最后的分数还是不太理想。其实这都是大家忽略了写作细节的问题，特别是写作中的表达，表达不清楚或者表达错误的话，会被扣很多分的，所以同学们需要学会essay写作的表达技巧。

Essay写作需避免重复

如果你总是使用同样的单词，教授会将之视为懒惰或者语言能力不足的表现。那怎么词语重复呢？最常见的一种方法就是使用同义词进行代替。但是同义词很多时候并不好想。这时候你需要借助同义词词典。这不是单纯在积累，而是在帮你回忆。其实我们学习英语这么多年，已经掌握了很多同义词。但是因为很多单词长时间不用，所以被暂时性遗忘了。而查阅同义词词典可以帮你回忆起它们。

另外，还有一个很少有人知道但很有用的方法。第一步，删去表达中重复的部分。第二步，圈出关键词 (跳过as a, of, while, it,等等)。第三步，编辑一个新句子，句子中含有圈出的关键词，但是不包括那些重复的单词。这可能需要你加入更多ideas 让你的观点更丰满，但是这样扩充新句子的方式会大大提升你的整体essay水平。

Essay写作可以使用你熟练的单词

Essay写作中，是否使用了看起来很高大上的单词不重要，重要的是你怎么去用这些单词。如果你不是非常清楚这个单词的使用方法，建议你还是选用自己熟悉的单词。尤其是在避免重复时，不要使用不熟悉的单词进行同义替换。如果用错单词表达出了其他的意思，那么还不如保留重复。

使用主动：Breathe life into your essay writing

尽量使用主动语态而非被动语态。如果使用了被动，建议找出动作的行使者，将其前置。比如：

The ball was tossed by Tom (被动)

找到was tossed中的动作行使者，是Tom。把Tom放到动词前面。

Tom tossed the ball (主动)

这样一来，表达就更合乎标准语法了。

Essay写作要避免陈腐的表述

尽量不要使用陈词滥调的俗语，而是给出你自己的original thoughts。尤其是一些人尽皆知的老掉牙的观点，比如A friend in need is a friend indeed. 尽量将这类表述降低为零，用自己的表述去阐释会更好。

也许这些俗语可以很好地强调出你的核心观点，但是更有可能的是，教授会认为你在creativity上表现欠佳。

Literary present

在引述文学或者电影等作品的内容时，必须用现在时态。我们常常会自然而然地使用过去时态：

The river symbolized freedom and enlightenment for Huckleberry Finn.

但是按照literary present这个要求，应该这样写:

The river symbolizes freedom and enlightenment for Huckleberry Finn.

总之，这本书的故事发生在什么时候，当你提及书中地人物和事件时，要使用现在时态。也许你会问为什么？但是有些约定俗成的要求就是easier to accept than to question.

Essay写作要保证拼写和语法正确

写作过程中要时刻关注拼写和语法正确，不然教授不能读懂你所表达的观点。教授不能帮你把"it"变成"in"，或者把"you're"变成"your"。先认真地用肉眼搜查出所有的拼写和语法错误，再按下提交。如果保留这些小错误的话，即便是很棒的文章也只能领到一个不理想的分数。

Essay写作简洁是美

Essay写作中建议使用简洁清晰的语言。避免使用没有任何实际作用的过渡词。控制住你那一直想敲出and的手。避免从句里面套着从句，一个句子里尽量控制从句不超过两个。避免一口气不停歇地写到底，该用句号用句号，减少过长句。

以上就是关于essay写作的表达技巧讲解，希望大家都能学会这些表达技巧，把它运用到essay写作当中，这样肯定能提高分数。

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Paper代写：Communication and conflict negotiation in a relationship

本篇paper代写- Communication and conflict negotiation in a relationship讨论了关系中的沟通。尽管女性和男性在沟通和冲突协商方面有不同的观点和方法，但沟通在一段关系中总体上是重要的，对一段成功的关系的发展是至关重要的。承诺、信任和亲密建立了一种积极的关系和有效的沟通策略的基础，包括用语言表达感情，向你的伴侣表示感情，这些都有助于加强关系。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Introduction

As Sigmund Freud once said, "The great question that has never been answered, and which I have not yet been able to answer, despite my thirty years of research into the feminine soul, is 'What does a woman want?”. Even the greatest psychology could not fully understand women, not to mention an ordinary guy in love. Those who do not attach importance to communication with their girlfriends and wives usually end up with endless fights. Not only for women, but also the two-way communication between the two partners overall is discussed as the topic of this paper.

In my opinion, communication is king in a relationship and is critical to the development of a successful relationship. This statement is going to be further expanded and explored through detailed and sufficient research evidence, analysis of Gottman’s research in terms of the communication tactics, explanations of controversies, and followed with the final conclusion.

The major points that will be covered in this paper include my personal experiences and feelings about communication and conflict negotiation in a relationship, controversies in terms of communication between males and females in a relationship, effective and destructive communication tactics, and the overall conclusion and recommendation in terms of communication of couples in a relationship.

Importance of communication and conflict negotiation in a relationship

To me, I experienced that what negative consequences that it can end up with when not communicating well with my girlfriend. Once I did not notice the negative emotions of my girlfriend and did not took time to talk to her, she started to show dissatisfaction and this leads to a bad dinner and a fight with no reason. Later we talked about what happened that led to the bad times that day, and I found that she was just feeling sentimental and wanted to talk a little bit and know that I care about her. While I do agree that communication is important in a relationship, I found conflict negotiation difficult with my girlfriend because it is hard to get into her mind and know what is she really thinking about. Thus, communication proves to be even more important for us in order to learn more about each other’s thoughts and feelings, and to manage the relationship. As a result, research is conducted to further analyze the way of communication as well as effective and destructive communication tactics.

Research evidence

What couples communicate are three basic topics, commitment, trust, and intimacy; and what they usually argue about is control and power (Harris, 2015). In a relationship, commitment is the first issue that both parties communicate about. With commitment, both parties are able to move on to managing the relationship. Trust is considered as one of the most important elements of a relationship after commitment. A trusting relationship, in which two partners give each other space and trust and support each other, builds foundation for better communication between each other and strengthens the couples’ ability to negotiate conflicts as well as a positive outlook about the future of the relationship. With commitment and trust being foundation in a relationship, intimacy, a combination of physical, emotional, social, and spiritual connections and communications between the partners, further strengthens the relationship.

Regarding the topics that couples argue about, control and power can be the most involved topics. Two people can be different in terms of characteristics and interests as well as the way they see things. When one person see an issue or tries to solve the issue without considering how his or her partner approaches it and communicating with each other, control and power may be directly exerted and result in win/lose or lose/lose situations. From both the topics that partners communicate about and topics that partners argue about, we can see that communication is the key to a stable and positive relationship (Harris, 2015).

Controversy

A focus group study is conducted in the hope to understand in depth the individual opinions about communication and conflict negotiation, as well as the controversy and conflicts around this topic. A group of 6 males and a group of 6 females were invited to the study, all of them ranged from 20 to 30 years old. This particular group of respondents characterizes one of the main audience group that may arise conflicts and controversies in this topic. They are those who just started a relationship, or trying to manage relationship, or struggling in a relationship and communication is a major part in these stages. The moderator started with general demographic questions including age, how long has he or she been in this relationship, what the respondents do with his or her partner, and etc to get the conversation started in the group.

Several important insights generated from this focus group study include that females and males do have different opinions and conflicts in terms of the topic of communication in a relationship. According to the focus group of six males, what they focus on in communication in a relationship is to diagnose the needs of his partner, what she wants, what she hopes to achieve from the communication or negotiation, and then tries to solve it as a problem. What most of them think is important for them is to help their partners solve their issues effectively and efficiently. They think that this is the meaning of communication and conflict resolution. However, among the other group of females, most of them express their actual needs of being listened and the feeling of being cared and loved. This leads to the further insights in terms of conflict negotiation in a relationship. Females usually care more about the process instead of the content of the communication.

Besides, it is also found that females tend to express their feelings into words and initiate a conversation more often than males. Males more often times prefer to jump the communication stage and would like to put words into action. Females show a greater level of need and expectation for in-depth conversations, and they said this is a way that she can learn more about her partner, including his feelings, thoughts, and need at the moment and feels the love from him. This is what build up trust for them and what strengthens the relationship. More specifically, in conflict negotiations, females tend to be sentimental and emotional in terms of communication styles, while males are relatively calm and objective when confronting issues in a relationship. Half of the males in the focus group express their feelings of depression during conflict negotiations with their partners.

Analysis of John Gottman’s research

- effective and destructive communication tactics

According to John Gottman, one of the leading researchers in the field of marital therapy, the positive and negative interactions among couples are the predictors to whether a relationship will survive. at least five positive interactions to one negative interaction, the chances of a successful long-term relationship are very good (Bruce, 2013).

Conquest, war, hunger, and death respectively, are the metaphor that Dr. Gottman uses to describe communication styles that can forecast the end of a relationship. First, criticism is an important element to avoid in communication in a relationship because it could potentially put the victim in the position of being hurt and assaulted (Lisitsa, 2013), but the problem may not be detrimental to a relationship unless the criticism becomes pervasive in terms of communication in the relationship. The partner may felt hurt and lack of self-confidence in both himself and in the relationship as a result from criticism as a pervasive kind of communication.

Second, contempt should be avoided as another destructive communication tactic. Any form of disrespect, either verbally or non-verbally, including ridicule, sarcasm, or even mimicking, and body language such as eye-rolling in communication contributes negatively to the development of a relationship. The third type of destructive communication involves defensiveness, which he or she act defensively and does not take responsibility. However, passing the fault to your partner or blaming your partner without careful communication could lead to misunderstandings and dissatisfactions in a relationship. The fourth defensive communication type is stonewalling, and this happens when one person shuts down from listening and reacting to his partner. Instead of confronting the issue and solving it through talking it through, if people solve issues through stonewalling, the lack of interaction can result in broken relationship (Lisitsa, 2013).

Contrary to all of the above defective communications, effective communication tactics include to express your feelings into words, show your empathy, and to ask open-ended questions. First, being able to put one’s feelings into words enable the communicators to express his or her feelings more deeply and enables the listener to understand the other partner at the same time. This also correlates back to the three elements that build the foundation of a relationship, one of which is intimacy, because in intimate conversations, focusing makes our conversations about feelings much deeper and more intimate as the words reveal who we are (Lisitsa, 2014). Deeper verbal communication also allows the couples to know about each other’s thoughts and feelings at the moment, as well as the needs of one person that the other person can actually help to fulfill. Second, expressing empathy also enhances the intimate communication between the couples. Showing empathy makes the other half understands that she is being listened and cared. It also enables the couples to know that their own perceptions make sense to the other person. Third, another skill of intimate communication is to explore the feelings of one another is to ask open-ended questions and showing an expect of answers. Through multiple rounds of in-depth communication can enforce the commitment, trust, and intimacy between the couples and foster the tacit understanding between each other.

Conclusion

To conclude, although females and males have different perspectives and approaches to communication and conflict negotiation, communication in general is important in a relationship and is critical to the development of a successful relationship. Commitment, trust, and intimacy builds the foundation of a positive relationship and effective communication tactics, including expressing feelings into words, showing empathy to your partner, and asking open-ended questions help to strengthen the relationship.

Bibliography

Cornelius, T. L., Alessi, G., & Shorey, R. C. (2007). The effectiveness of communication skills training with married couples: Does the issue discussed matter?. The Family Journal, 15(2), 124-132.

Ellie, L. (2013). The Four Horsemen: Criticism, Contempt, Defensiveness, and Stonewalling. https://www.gottman.com/blog/the-four-horsemen-recognizing-criticism-contempt-defensiveness-and-stonewalling/

Ellie, L. (2014). Dr. Gottman’s 3 Skills (and 1 Rule!) for Intimate Conversation. Retrieved from https://www.gottman.com/blog/dr-gottmans-3-skills-and-1-rule-for-intimate-conversation/

Victor, W. H. (2015). 9 Important Communication Skills for Every Relationship. Retrieved from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FY/FY127700.pdf

King, B. M. (1999). Human sexuality today. Pearson College Division.

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Essay代写：Commercial health insurance in the UK

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Commercial health insurance in the UK，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的商业健康保险。商业健康保险作为英国医疗保障体系的重要组成部分，能满足居民多方位、高质量的保障需求，对于实现医疗风险管控、提升服务效率、完善健康管理以及推进医疗改革等方面都有重要作用。

As an important part of the medical security system, commercial health insurance can meet residents' multi-directional and high-quality security needs, and play an important role in realizing medical risk control, improving service efficiency, improving health management and promoting medical reform. Compared with the domestic development status quo, the development of commercial health insurance in Britain is relatively mature, and its development experience is worth learning. This essay focuses on the analysis of the government and insurance companies in the British commercial health insurance market in the development of commercial health insurance in order to enlighten the development of China's commercial health insurance.

On October 14, 2013, the state council issued the state council on several opinions to promote the development of health services, clearly put forward the eight main task to promote the development of health service, requiring further perfecting health insurance services, commercial health insurance products, a big increase in number of ginseng, the commercial health insurance spending accounts for a substantial increase in the proportion of the total health expenses, form relatively perfect health insurance mechanism.

As an important part of the medical security system, commercial health insurance can meet residents' multi-directional and high-quality security needs, and play an important role in realizing medical risk control, improving service efficiency, improving health management and promoting medical reform. Based on similar basic coverage and healthcare structure, the health insurance market in China and the UK has a similar development environment. Under the relatively high welfare basic medical system, the British commercial health insurance market is becoming mature, covering up to 12% of the population. However, under the basic medical security system of "extensive coverage and low level" in China, the domestic commercial health insurance has not really played its supporting role, and its development is stagnant, which still needs reform and improvement in many aspects. Therefore, how to develop the commercial health insurance market has become an important problem for the insurance industry and even the government. This essay will analyze the structure of commercial health insurance in the UK, and on this basis, study the behavior of the government and insurance companies in the UK health insurance market, and put forward valuable Suggestions for the practical development of the insurance market.

At present, there are three typical medical security systems in the world: national health service system, social insurance system and commercial insurance system. The UK is a typical representative of the national health service system. It adopts the public health care for all model, with the national health service system as the leading model and social medical assistance and commercial health insurance as the auxiliary model. The national health service system, social medical assistance and private medical insurance each perform their respective functions and provide targeted protection for different types of people.

Britain's national health service, established in 1948, is the world's largest government-run health service. The national health service covers everything from prevention to rehabilitation, from tests for pregnant women to end-of-life care, from headaches to fevers to heart bypass surgery, and all legal residents are entitled to a near-free NHS. "Near free" means that residents also have to pay for medical expenses that are not covered by the NHS, such as prescriptions, dentists, eye care and travel.

The main beneficiaries of the social medical assistance system include the elderly, the sick, the government subsidy recipients, the tax credits and the low-income people. It includes out-of-pocket costs for those outside the NHS and follows the principle that "those who can afford it must pay for it and those who cannot". For the assistance application submitted by a specific group of people, the government will investigate their living conditions and medical needs, and finally determine their eligibility for assistance according to relevant regulations. In addition to the income standard, residents' health status and family structure will also be taken into consideration when considering the ability to pay of the salvors to ensure relative fairness.

Private medical insurance, also known as commercial health insurance, exists mainly to meet the needs of citizens at different levels of medical services. In 2012, 6.31 percent of the population was covered by commercial health insurance. In the UK health insurance market, the types of commercial health insurance can be mainly divided into three categories: the first is ordinary commercial health insurance. This insurance covers the cost of diagnosis, surgery and hospitalisation in private hospitals, eliminating the waiting time that patients may face in NHS services. Be the same as other insurance type, the draw up of insurance premium because of the person different, the respect such as the amount of compensation of the age that basically bases on protecting a patient, prospective, family to ensure and occupation. Second, the major disease insurance. Such insurance generally covers cancer, heart disease, stroke, organ transplant or permanent disability. Compensation is mostly a one-time payment, the amount is generally tens of thousands of pounds. Third, permanent or long-term medical insurance. Such insurance is used to protect the basic property of a disabled person. Insurance companies are responsible for making sure patients pay for all or part of their private care without having to sell their homes.

The above three systems constitute a relatively stable medical security system in the UK. The establishment of the NHS, on the one hand, provides a solid health guarantee for the British people and realizes the epidemiological transformation, making the diseases with high morbidity and mortality turn from infectious diseases to chronic diseases. On the other hand, it laid the foundation for Britain's economic prosperity and the development of medical treatment for chronic diseases. But over time, the problems of the government-led NHS have become increasingly apparent. Although the NHS is financially funded by the government and is supported by policies and regulations in its operations, long periods of underfunding and long waiting times have led to a sharp decline in people's satisfaction with the system, with some people turning to private medical institutions. Aiming at the inefficient NHS system, the government carried out the "internal marketization" reform in the 1980s and introduced the market competition mechanism, which to some extent improved the system efficiency, but problems such as vicious competition and resource waste still exist.

In Britain, which is famous for its welfare state, the national health service system has reached the guaranteed area covering all the people. On the surface, the development space of commercial health insurance market is extremely limited. However, as shown in table 2, from 1990 to 2012, the number of insured people in the British commercial health insurance market remained above 4 million for a long time, and the proportion of the insured people in the commercial health insurance in the UK remained at 6% ~ 7%. According to Laing & Buisson, in 2010, 6.39% of British people independently chose private health insurance in the form of individuals or groups, and the number of people covered by commercial health insurance reached 7.2 million, accounting for about 11% of the population, compared with 3 million in 1979. In the current process of social and economic development, the security system will not be completely taken over by the government, nor is it suitable for free competition in the market. The market for commercial health insurance is bound to be co-sponsored by the government and insurance companies.

The national policies and regulations clearly define the service scope of public security and commercial insurance, and provide guidance for the complementary cooperative relationship between them. Although the NHS provides near-free coverage, it still requires residents to pay for certain treatment items, such as prescriptions, dentists, eye care and travel. These government free treatment programs are mainly divided into two parts. One part is the high frequency and high cost, such as the cost of dentists. Another part is the expense that residents are supposed to bear, such as the cost of plastic surgery and travel expenses for medical treatment. The definition of laws and regulations provides the development space for the commercial health insurance market, and also indirectly positions the insured population of commercial health insurance at the higher income group, which increases the high-income customer resources of commercial health insurance companies.

In the medical security system of high welfare state, the social security covers a wide area and covers a wide range of projects, and the cost is mostly covered by the government and hospitals. Therefore, when the disease status is uncertain, patients tend to choose more treatments than they need, resulting in a waste of resources. Therefore, in order to prevent the excessive use of medical services and irrational consumption of medical resources, legal medical insurance institutions have established relevant restrictive provisions.

In 1980, the British government began to reduce subsidies for some social security programs. Short-term benefits for patients were reduced by 5 per cent from 1980 to 1981, and income-linked short-term benefits for illness were abolished in January 1982. The reduction of the security level is aimed at reforming the social medical security system, shifting from the government's sole responsibility to the individual's sharing of the cost with the government, so as to enhance the individual's sense of rights and responsibilities in the system. This has reduced the deficit in government spending on health care and boosted demand for better commercial health insurance. Similarly, the dismal state of health insurance in Britain needs such a move. According to table 2, since 2001, the number of people insured in the individual market has decreased from 1229,000 to 993,000 in 2011. During this period, the number increased slightly from 2006 to 2008, but the overall number still reached a decline of 20.5% in 2010. The company, which has the largest share of the UK health insurance market, will stop selling individual health insurance through intermediaries due to the downturn in the individual market. In response, the British government has moderately reduced the coverage of the NHS and controlled the supply of treatment, so as to guide high-income people to choose more convenient private health insurance and more reasonable allocation of existing medical resources.

Service outsourcing mode is formed under the general environment of "internal marketization". Until 1980 Britain's health system was one of the best examples of command and control. Public hospitals generally only provide emergency and in-patient services, without outpatient departments. As the budget unit of the government, the expenditure of public hospitals is fully managed by the government. Under such a system, the medical and health sectors are wasteful, overstaffed and underserved. For economic planning under the market economy of the medical and health sector, the government introduced the "internal market" reform measure, namely the government in maintaining the public sector as a whole organization structure remains the same, in the internal market mechanism simulation, through the way of government purchase services, to promote the competition between public service providers. Its main purpose is to establish a mechanism and organization for the government to purchase medical services, and change the original mode of "government purchasing and providing services" into the mode of "government purchasing and service competition".

Since then, 152 district-based primary health care funds have been the biggest purchasers of health services, controlling 75% of the NHS budget and at the heart of the NHS. In order to improve the purchasing power and management level of PCT, the British government comprehensively promoted the "service outsourcing" model in PCT in 2007, aiming to introduce commercial health insurance companies and further reform the medical system. The government's outsourcing procurement programme has a rigorous pre-qualification process in place, with each agency providing services matching its qualifications to assist the primary health care trust fund in assessing the needs and trends of people in different regions.

The government outsourcing service procurement plan actively promotes the development of local commercial insurance companies, enables insurance companies to participate in the operation of the national health service system, ensures that residents get timely and effective medical security services, and improves the efficiency of the medical security system. Fourteen companies, including Britain's prudential and America's aetna, are bidding to join the British government's outsourcing procurement program. Among them, aetna, unitedhealthcare, hennuo, baobai and other 4 companies can provide all management services. The 14 companies provide quality and efficient health care through four main areas: evaluation and planning, contracting and procurement, performance management, resolution and review, and patient and public participation.

The development course of British commercial health insurance brings good enlightenment to the development of Chinese commercial health insurance. The development of our country can be inspired by the government's policy support for commercial health insurance and the continuous expansion of market share in the market changes that insurance companies themselves are dealing with. Britain's sound medical security system is gradually formed in the process of constant change and reform. It is the product of the comprehensive effects of politics, economy, culture, history and other factors. We need to take into account when learning: on the one hand, nothing can be accomplished overnight. For China's medical reform, the direction is the first step, followed by gradual reform from the grassroots level, for the reform process exposed new problems, we should be honest, efforts to solve rather than perfunctory, cover up, so as to develop in the continuous negative and positive. On the other hand, the development of the British medical security system is based on the national conditions of the UK. Therefore, China cannot completely copy the system, and it should be combined with its own national conditions to achieve the true sense of "for our own use". It is believed that in the foreseeable future, China's commercial health insurance market will flourish under the cooperation of the government and insurance companies, further expand and subdivide the value chain of health insurance, provide residents with high level of protection and better service, and lead the insurance industry to a more professional future.

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