英文论文写作的四点建议

想必留学生们都知道，国外大学对于学生的学术要求非常高，所以英文论文写作的重心全在于论点以及论证身上。同学们在写作英文论文的时候，一定要注意论点要明确，并且论证要有力，下面就英文论文的写作给大家四点建议。

一、论点明确

一篇好的英文论文的要点必须要明确，这样可以使得整篇论文的重点和论点突出，给看论文的老师一目了然之感，那么文章的印象分就高了；再者就是论点的陈述要交代好你整篇文章的结构和目的，就是你所要论述阐明的理论、分析角度要清晰。

二、理论支持和批判缺一不可

切记英文论文不是你毫无根据的侃侃而谈，没有理论支持的分析，显然以你目前水平还没达到自论自答的程度，没有前人的理论陈述，那么你的观点就会很苍白，没有一定的说服力；但是相反，如果通篇都是理论陈述、参考文献的话，没有个人观点和分析，这样的英文论文同样得不到高分，因为老师看不到你对课程延伸和你自主分析的能力。

三、举例论证

这点是很实用的技巧可以使得你的论文增色，作为英语非母语的学生，英语写作上的语法和句式在表达时总会遇到困难，那么举一些鲜明准确的例子既可以佐证你的观点，又可以弱化这个英文写作的劣势，不是一举两得吗？

四、合理安排时间

想要在短时间内“赶”出一篇好的英文论文，前提是你熟练掌握语法句式并对论文的主题和陈述观点把握十分到位，如果你还做不到这样程度的话，那就要合理安排好论文写作的时间。所以，我们的英文论文写作要既有理论支持又有个人批判，相得益彰。其实真正要写好一篇英文论文是很难的，我们需要花大量的时间去做研究、去读相关资料，再做好整理、查重、选题、搭框架的过程，还最好有自我思想。但你准备得越好，就越有机会做出最好的结果。

以上就是对于英文论文写作的四点建议，希望同学们看完之后都能有所收获，然后写好英文论文。

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Paper代写：P2P online lending risks

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- P2P online lending risks，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了P2P网络借贷风险。如今，大多数P2P网络借贷平台主要的业务具有期限短、收益高的特征，流动性较强，甚至有时平台在根据监管部门要求发布信息后也很容易引发挤兑提现。这对平台内部风险控制系统和高管提出了更高的要求，信息披露不及时，很多指标的动态监测模式存在漏洞。另外平台仍然面临着非法集资、非法吸收公众存款等刑事犯罪，存在很大的法律风险。

In recent years, the transformation of government weathervanes has led to the reform of Internet finance, which is especially obvious in the P2P online lending industry. Based on the types of problems and risks of online lending platforms since 2016, this paper will propose specific regulatory path improvement to prevent, transfer and resolve information asymmetry and promote the industry to play its role more effectively.

P2P lending since 2011 to enter the public line of sight, the 2014-2015 years of explosive growth, as the industry's soft rules introduced gradually, especially at the end of 2015 the net borrowing information intermediary business management interim measures "issued after the new network platform loan also emerged in 2016 dropped substantially, the cumulative number of platform is still in a slight increase.

After the special rectification work of Internet finance began in April 2016, the number of newly closed and defective platforms increased sharply from April to August, and reached the historical low growth rate of -50% in September, and then the number of closed and defective platforms decreased, until February and march this year.

Since 2016, except for January and February of 2017, the overall volume has maintained a growing trend, which did not decline due to the strengthening of the regulation and platform withdrawal. In march of 2017, the volume was 250.843 billion yuan, which was a record high in a single month, and it increased by 22.76% compared with February. In addition, the historical accumulative trading volume of the industry reached 4105.69 billion yuan, and the historical accumulative trading volume was 1745.027 billion yuan at the end of march last year. It can be seen that the accumulative trading volume of the online loan industry in the past year exceeded the historical accumulative trading volume of the same period last year.

During the rectification period, the exiting platforms can be mainly divided into five types: suspension of business, transformation, runaway, withdrawal difficulties, economic investigation and intervention. At the end of March 2017, it happened to be the end of the year for rectification work. The types of withdrawal platforms in March were mainly business suspension, withdrawal difficulty and escape, without intervention of economic investigation. Since last year, compared with 2015, the suspended business and problem platforms have also changed greatly. According to data from wangdaizhijia, in 2016, the number of these two benign exits was 66.11% and 1.61% respectively, while in 2015, it was 32.3% and 0.08% respectively, both increasing. In 2015, the number of such platforms accounted for 44.44 percent, 22.18 percent and 1 percent, respectively. At present, the number has dropped to 22.46 percent, 9.53 percent and 0.29 percent, respectively.

Since last year, the number of suspended platforms has increased dramatically, mainly due to the risk warning of liquidity and the capital chain rupture, which further worsened and led to withdrawal difficulties and flight. The main business of most P2P online lending platforms is characterized by short term, high yield and strong liquidity. Sometimes, even after the platforms release information according to the requirements of regulatory authorities, it is easy to trigger a run on the bank. This puts forward higher requirements for the platform's internal risk control system and senior management. Information disclosure is not timely, and there are loopholes in the dynamic monitoring mode of many indicators. In addition, many platforms promise high returns and high returns for investors, but the platforms cannot sustain due to high operating costs.

Lending to P2P network development process, in order to control risks, such as the composite mediation mode, assets securitization, etc., as the guidance, information about lending platform positioning to the P2P network, these patterns are difficult to continue to exist, although mode to a certain extent, is to learn from the concept of Basel risk reserve asset securitization helps keep liquidity platform, but the financial innovation to run such as opportunity left the occurrence of moral hazard, strengthen efforts to the renovation of the P2P lending platform had a great influence, especially since the end of 2015. In February 2017, the central bank issued the business guidance on online lending fund depository, which undoubtedly raised the threshold for P2P online lending mainly hosted by third-party institutions. In addition, platforms still face criminal crimes such as illegal fundraising and illegal absorption of public deposits.

Credit risk is the main reason. From one aspect, it explains the absence and imperfection of supervision and law, which leads to fraud and other moral risks. Moral risk is the most important type of credit risk in P2P network lending. For example, the "self-financing" platform absconded with the money. On the other hand, the credit default of borrowers combined with a run on the bank can easily lead to problems of P2P online lending platforms.

From the rapid development of P2P in China to the current withdrawal tide, many platforms originally have the bad purpose of regulatory arbitrage. Up to now, laws, policies and regulations urgently need to establish the entry threshold and exit mechanism of the industry. Can draw lessons from Britain and the United States from the lowest operating capital, executive qualification requirements, the structure of the internal control and risk control system, specific access request body positioning, etc. That borrowing in practice to distinguish the different operation mode of network platform, such as pure intermediary mode, assets securitization, creditor's rights transfer mode setting different entry requirements. Based on the fact that suspension accounts for a large proportion of the platforms in question at present, relevant procedures should be set up in the withdrawal mechanism. Referring to the requirements of the United States and the United States for the submission of withdrawal plans and relevant financial data, the regulatory authorities should carry out physical inventory and liquidation of the financial status of the companies provided by the platforms that apply for suspension.

Article 28 of the administrative measures on online lending information intermediary business activities issued by China banking regulatory commission and other departments stipulates the customer fund bank depository management system, which is mainly based on the consideration of custodian risk, but puts forward a high entry threshold for platforms, making many P2P platforms step back. According to incomplete statistics from the research center of P2P lending home, as of April 5, 2017, a total of 281 normal operating platforms announced to sign direct depositary agreements with Banks, accounting for only 12.32% of the total number of normal operating platforms in the P2P lending industry in the same period. At present, the supervision aspect needs to clarify the specific power and responsibility of depository Banks, refine and implement the third-party fund custody system, select some commercial Banks with custody experience and risk control ability, and require them to develop a special operation mode suitable for the fund custody of online loan industry on a pilot basis.

Guide enterprises to establish risk concept and strengthen internal risk management. First, strengthen industry self-discipline. Strengthen the important role of industry associations in avoiding financial risks, formulate business management rules and industry standards, establish industry risk control index system, strictly supervise the quality of institutions' innovative products and services, as well as competitive means, maintain the credibility of the industry, and establish the first barrier to prevent financial innovation risks. Second, improve the information sharing mechanism and information disclosure system between P2P platforms, strengthen the information management of P2P platforms, make full information disclosure and risk tips, and clarify the rights and obligations between platforms, investors and borrowers. Third, P2P platforms should establish their own risk quantification index system and risk dynamic assessment system according to their own capital borrowing rate, average borrowing period and other characteristics, so as to reduce the possible liquidity risk and avoid the risk of withdrawal difficulty.

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Essay的写作心得

在一篇essay中，结构、语言和格式是三个非常重要的部分。如果这三个部分都符合规范，那么essay拿高分的几率是非常大的。所以同学们要是想提高自己的essay写作，可以从这三方面下手，组织好语言，让收尾做到呼应。下面就给大家分享一些essay写作的心得。

其实对于essay的写作，完全可以运用句子将读者的心跟着你的文章节奏走，比如你优雅地准备结束并快速地用一句话总结你的文章，然后结束对一些值得纪念的思想的表达，也许是引文，或有趣且奇特的逻辑，或某些行动的呼吁。这样读者心里觉得文章更加的起伏。

再者说，当你提出论点的时候，选出你最棒的观点，用清楚地语言表述出来，作为整篇essay的中心论点。你的论点就是你的中心思想，用一句简洁的话总结出来，让你的读者知道你想说什么。这样显得很简练但又不缺乏明确的中心思想，否则冗长的句子会使得文章脱泥带水显得臃肿。

首先，在你已经对文章的论点进行了思考之后，要将这些论点按照正面论点和反面论点整理成一个一览表，然后进行直观的分析，用怎样的句子去表达这些罗列的论点。适当的运用语言去组织，可以凸显文章的论点的同时，使得你的文章的思路更加的清晰。

其次，在每一个段落的内容中，举例子和提出论点时要清晰，每一段不能只有一句话，一定要保证多一些内容。精练的句子也不能铺天盖地的使用，会使得语言枯燥乏味。

第三，要避免非正式文体的出现，也不要使用缩写形式和俚语之类的表达方式。这样，显得文章的严谨性。

第四，在文章每段的开头，都要有一句主题句，也就是中心句，顾名思义，主题句就是用来明确的表达出这一段落的主旨的句子。

第五，如果可以的话，你可以使用一些语录和数据，但是要记住，一定要提及到这些数据的来源。

以上就是给大家总结的essay写作心得。不知道对各位同学们是否有帮助，希望大家都可以写出一篇自己满意的论文。

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：Dividend distribution of financial listed companies

本篇paper代写- Dividend distribution of financial listed companies讨论了金融业上市公司的股利分配。股利政策是上市公司利润分配的核心问题，涉及解决公司和股东的当前利益和长远利益、增长和分配之间的矛盾。现金股利作为股利发放的主要形式，是向股东进行利益回报的重要方式。而现金股利的发放需要权衡各方利弊，以寻求最佳平衡点。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Dividend policy is the core issue of profit distribution of listed companies, which involves solving the contradiction between the current and long-term interests, growth and distribution of companies and shareholders. Dividend distribution is one of the important financing activities of listed companies, the reasonable dividend distribution, on the one hand to steady the stock price, enhance the confidence of investors, to maximize shareholder value, on the other hand, is conducive to better allocation of funds of listed companies, in order to meet the needs of enterprise funds, enable enterprises to better and faster development. How much dividends are distributed affects investor confidence, which in turn affects the volatility of a company's share price. If the listed company hopes to stabilize the stock price and enhance the investor's confidence, it must choose the dividend distribution method reasonably. Compared with western countries, the dividend distribution of China's listed companies has a big gap in theory and practice, its dividend policy is changeable and has a strong randomness, and even the phenomenon that the dividend is not distributed but the stock price goes up against the trend. In recent years, under the supervision and guidance of China securities regulatory commission, the dividend distribution policy of China's listed companies has gradually become standardized. This paper studies the dividend distribution of listed companies in the financial industry, deeply analyzes the current situation and characteristics of dividend distribution in this industry, and puts forward relevant countermeasures and Suggestions on the basis of analyzing existing problems.

As the main form of dividend payment, cash dividend is an important way to return benefits to shareholders. Dividend payout ratio, also known as dividend payout ratio, refers to the proportion of dividends in net income: cash dividend payout ratio refers to the proportion of cash dividends in net income. Agency theory, the listed company dispatch cash dividend will reduce agency cost, so as to improve the value of the company, but on the other hand will be distributed to investors cash dividend of listed companies, the company's residual income will reduce, when business is insufficient funds need to external financing, increasing the enterprise's external financing costs, shareholders received a cash dividend, need more pay income tax, it makes the shareholders of tax increase. Therefore, the distribution of cash dividends needs to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of all parties to find the best balance point.

The cash dividend payment rate of China's financial listed companies is low. From table 1 shows that the cash dividend distribution in 2015 as an example, the dividend payment rate is more than 40% of the listed companies only accounting for 8.00% of the total listed companies: more listed company's dividend payment rate is below 40% : don't pay cash dividends of listed companies from 2006, 59, 26 % fell to 4.00% in 2015, showed a trend of decline in 10 years, it shows that there have been more and more pay attention to the cash dividend distribution of listed companies, but there are still a few enterprises are not cash dividend distribution. As can be seen from table 1, the average cash dividend payment rate of listed companies in China's financial industry generally shows a trend of rise and then decline, from 28.96% in 2006 to 55.07% in 2012, and from 2012 to 2015, the cash dividend payment rate has decreased to 28.03%.

At present, most listed companies in China have not formed a complete set of relatively stable dividend distribution policies, which makes the dividend distribution of most listed companies lack continuity and regularity. The dividend distribution of a company is mainly decided by its shareholders and management according to their own needs, but it ignores the overall interests of the company as well as the interests of small and medium-sized investors. Frequent changes in the company's dividend distribution policy send a signal that the company's performance is unstable, affect investors' confidence in the company, and thus affect the company's long-term development. The continuity of dividend distribution of listed companies in China's financial industry is shown in table 2. From 2006 to 2015, the number of listed companies that have carried out dividend distribution for more than 8 consecutive years accounted for 40% of the total number, while the number of listed companies that have carried out dividend distribution for 5 consecutive years or less was as high as 44%. Even if some companies pay dividends continuously in ten years, their dividend distribution amount is very uneven in each year, and the amount varies greatly between years. Some annual dividend distribution is extremely high, and some annual dividend distribution is extremely low, which reflects the randomness of dividend distribution of listed companies and gives investors an unstable signal.

China's listed companies have a high degree of equity concentration and imperfect equity structure. The company law does not make specific provisions on dividend distribution, nor does it make reasonable protection for the interests of minority shareholders, which makes the company focus too much on the interests of minority controlling shareholders and ignore the interests of minority shareholders. If the listed company of ownership concentration is too high, so big shareholders due to the high stake in the decision making process in a dominant position, they might be to their own interests in violation to other small and medium-sized shareholders and the interests of the company as a whole, this will greatly affect the confidence of small and medium-sized investors, inhibit the enthusiasm of small and medium shareholders. If the equity of the listed company is excessively dispersed, then the shareholding ratio of the company's shareholders is relatively low, and the governance cost of the company will be greater than the governance income, thus affecting the governance effect of the company. Therefore, a reasonable and perfect equity structure is crucial to the dividend distribution policy of listed companies. The shareholding structure of China's financial listed companies is shown in table 3. As of December 31, 2015, 30 of the top 10 shareholders accounted for more than 60% of the equity shares, accounting for 60% of the total, with an average shareholding ratio of 75.62%. There are 40 companies with more than 50% of the equity shares, accounting for 80% of the total. In some listed companies, the share of the top 10 shareholders is as high as 90%, which shows that the ownership structure of listed companies in China's financial industry is unreasonable, and it is common for a few major shareholders to hold a disproportionate share of shares. In this case, whether, how and how much a listed company pays dividends depends to a large extent on the will of the controlling shareholders, which leads to the common phenomenon of irrational dividend distribution in listed companies.

At present, the relevant laws on dividend distribution in China's securities market are not sound enough, and the dividend distribution of listed companies is quite arbitrary. Due to insufficient market supervision, listed companies can change the dividend distribution method at any time based on their own needs, so that they cannot form a stable and unified dividend distribution policy for listed companies. In recent years, the way of dividend distribution has been diversified from the original singularity-oriented to the current mixed dividend distribution, including cash distribution and share delivery, cash distribution and share increase, cash distribution and share increase, and cash distribution and share transfer and share increase, etc. Dividend distribution of listed companies of China's financial industry is as shown in table 4, overall its dividend distribution way more heavily on cash dividend distribution form, any year sending far more than the number of companies now turn add and send the number of company shares, cash dividend distribution is still the main form of dividend distribution, the financial industry listed companies in recent years, the number of companies don't pay dividends reduce gradually, but less number of share out bonus, the increase in the number of cash dividend company shareholders the actual yield is low. In 2006, the proportion of listed companies paying dividends was 7.41%, while in 2014, the proportion of listed companies paying dividends rose to 89.36%. The number of companies paying dividends increased rapidly. Combined with the data in table 1, the cash dividend payment rate of listed companies in the financial industry shows a trend of first rising and then falling, which can be concluded that the actual return of shareholders in 2013 and after is relatively low.

Listed companies should establish the awareness of dividend distribution, realize the important influence of dividend distribution policy on the company, so as to reduce the blind dividend distribution behavior of the company and improve the scientific and reasonable dividend distribution. Listed companies should maintain sufficient cash flow, improve the operating efficiency of cash, and provide effective guarantee for the dividend distribution policy of enterprises. Based on their own development needs and after analyzing the influencing factors in various aspects, enterprises should formulate a reasonable dividend distribution policy to coordinate it with other business activities and give full play to the dividend distribution role to a greater extent. According to the signal transmission theory of dividend, the stability of stock price of listed companies conveys the future profitability of the company. When the stock price stability, investors have confidence in the listed company, it will increase its investment, the company's equity to enlarging the scale, the listed company's dividend distribution policy is one of the important forms of corporate finance activities, a listed company can pay a dividend and how much to distribute dividends, depending on the company's profitability and financing ability. When an enterprise has a good project, the project may bring a lot of profits to the enterprise, and the company can not pay dividends: when the enterprise has excess capital but no suitable investment opportunities, the enterprise can pay a proper amount of dividends to enhance the confidence of investors, thus stabilizing the stock price. When making dividend distribution policy, enterprises also need to consider the financing cost of the listed company. The listed company can increase its retained earnings by reducing dividend distribution, so as to improve its capital accumulation ability. To judge whether a dividend distribution policy is reasonable, we need to consider from three aspects: first, whether the interests of shareholders and the overall interests of the company are balanced; second, whether the short-term financial situation and long-term financial situation of the company are taken into consideration; third, whether the expected future earnings and risks of the company are weighed. If the above three points are satisfied, the dividend distribution policy can be called moderate and reasonable.

Optimize the equity structure of listed companies, rationalize their equity structure, and reduce the control of individual controlling shareholders on the company. Need to speed up the circulation of non-tradable shares of listed companies, makes possible the circulation of all equity, dilute the controlling shareholder's equity, reduce the possibility of big shareholders manipulate the company's dividend distribution policy at random, in order to achieve the purpose of protecting minority investors, the listed company shall establish and improve the internal governance mechanism, make the company's internal checks and balances between the shareholders, the board of directors and managers, to standardize the company dividend distribution, because our country modern corporate governance theory research and practice time is not long, the ownership and management rights of listed companies do not like western countries fully independent. The dividend distribution policy of the board of directors will favor the minority shareholders and ignore the interests of other investors. Strengthening the internal governance structure of the company can be implemented from two aspects. On the one hand, the board of directors and the board of supervisors should perform the supervision function, clarify the rights and obligations of the board of directors and the board of supervisors, and make the internal and external supervision and restriction mutually. On the other hand, the relationship among the board of directors, shareholders' meeting and managers should be coordinated to improve the level of corporate governance and reduce the behaviors that infringe the interests of the company due to short-term goals.

Strengthening information disclosure is conducive to standardizing dividend distribution behavior of listed companies, reducing losses caused by blind investment and supervising various illegal behaviors of listed companies under the circumstance of information asymmetry. Enhancing the transparency of information can limit the non-standard behaviors of listed companies, make their business behaviors appear before the public, accept people's joint supervision, and prevent the occurrence of joint fraud of listed companies. Information disclosure makes investors in a fair and effective market, reduces losses caused by information asymmetry, and ensures fair competition among investors.

We will strengthen market oversight, improve market rules, promote oversight over the distribution of dividends by listed companies, investigate and punish violations of laws and regulations by listed companies, and strengthen oversight over the distribution of dividends by enterprises. Securities market supervision departments can learn from foreign securities market experience, such as restricting the source of funds for the distribution of cash dividends: when the company's retained earnings fail to reach the standard, it is not allowed to distribute cash dividends; When the company does not distribute cash dividends for a long time, institutional investors are prohibited to invest in the company: for the company that does not distribute dividends, reasons for not distributing shall be submitted: for the company that needs rights offering and transfer of shares, certificates of its operating profitability and feasibility study reports shall be submitted. The feasibility and stability of supervision and management policies affect the stability of the securities market, help protect the interests of investors, and make the supervision and management objectives of the securities market come true.

It is conducive to the sustainable and healthy development of the securities market to restrict the dividend distribution behavior of listed companies and promote the distribution of companies that meet the dividend distribution conditions. Perfect laws and regulations are conducive to the effective operation of the capital market, the orderly distribution of dividends of listed companies and the protection of investors' legitimate rights and interests. However, at present, the formulation of relevant laws and regulations in China still lags behind some western countries. Although some regulations have been issued by relevant departments, their application scope cannot cover all listed companies. It is precisely because of the lack of relevant laws and regulations that some listed companies pay low dividends or even do not pay dividends. Therefore, it is necessary to establish and improve relevant laws and regulations. Relevant laws and regulations can force listed companies that meet certain conditions to distribute dividends, which can restrict the arbitrariness of dividend distribution of listed companies, thus reducing the phenomenon of low dividend distribution or no dividend distribution.

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Essay代写：The digitization of ancient British books

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The digitization of ancient British books，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国古籍的数字化。英国古籍文献数字化过程中，在数字化加工、资源描述等方面借鉴相关行业标准，如英国分布国家电子资源项目标准体系、英国电子政府互操作框架标准体系指南等。经过不断探寻，英国逐步形成本国古籍标准化处理流程和相应管理体系。英国古籍数字化过程，实行数字化文件格式规范化、字符编码标准化等手段和方法，用以实现数字化文件的通用性和共享性。

In the middle and late 1980s, foreign libraries began to carry out the work of digitization and miniaturization of ancient and vulnerable documents, among which the digitization of ancient books became the top priority. The digitization project of foreign ancient documents not only includes the digitization of domestic ancient documents, but also carries out international joint activities, adopts corresponding standards and norms, and implements the digitization preservation of documents in other regions. Representative projects include: independent projects in the United States - project Gutenberg, Japan - bibliographic index of rare books, Canada - project Amicus digital library, etc. Sino-us digital library project of one million books, Sino-British franco-russian IDP dunhuang project and other cooperation projects.

In the process of digitization of British ancient books and literature, relevant industry standards are used for reference in digitization processing, resource description and other aspects, such as NOF/People's Network project standards and guidelines in the field of British public libraries, British distributed national electronic resources project standard system, British e-government interoperability framework standard system guide and so on. After continuous exploration, Britain gradually formed its own ancient books standardized processing process and corresponding management system. By describing the digitization methods and standardization work of British ancient books, this paper summarizes the application characteristics of its digitization standards for ancient books, so as to provide a feasible reference for the construction of Chinese ancient books digitization standard system.

A large number of ancient British books are brittle paper. In order to better preserve the documents, the state administration department, in cooperation with relevant institutions, has invested a lot of manpower, financial resources and technology, and adopted scanning, microfilm or a hybrid processing method combining the two to process the documents into digital images or microfilm products.

It can be seen from table 1 that different preservation methods of ancient books have different processing procedures. For the ancient book data which can only be processed once, the microfilm is firstly microfilmed and then scanned for retrieval. For properly bound data, it is more convenient to scan the digital image and then process the digital image to retain the version; For the ancient literature with good paper quality, scanning or microprocessing can be, in order to save cost first.

Under the reality of promoting access and use of new forms of literature, when Britain digitizes the original manuscripts, rare copies of ancient books and a small amount of archival data, it will restore the original appearance of the damaged data or complete the recovery of the original data as far as possible. But sometimes, using certain computer tools is not the best solution. At this point, control is required through data management and document encoding techniques. Metadata technology is also applied in the digitization of British ancient books, and metadata standards are required to assist the library catalogue or Web to browse and access the library literature. Therefore, in terms of technical control, British library adopts data management technology, document coding technology and metadata management technology to regulate the management of ancient books.

To control the depth and breadth of digital image search in digital project, it is necessary to search image files through data management technology.

Digital conversion, the priority of the file generation format. Today, TIFF is the most common file format for storing digital image versions. There are other graphic formats you can use besides TIFF. The scanner software used automatically creates many technical and administrative information labels and records them in the file header. In other words, you can record directly to the file itself. The information in the TIFF header file is stored in ASCII format, in the sense that their processing platforms are independent of each other. The TIFF header file is a common and obvious place to store metadata: it ensures a tight connection between the original document, the conversion process, and the converted image file.

Most of the existing digital projects and schemes adopt SGML or XML document encoding technology. The aim is to combine images with structural elements that are accessible in a single main unit or in the overall collection. The data encoded in the file can also be stored in the underlying database system and converted into a standardized representation for exchange. However, SGLM has problems with support for many application software, and XML is starting to take over as the most commonly used markup language.

At present, the British ancient book digitization work is based on the famous SGML coding rule TEI, in which the DTD encodes various texts in the field of humanities. The code archive description initiative has developed a retrieval tool for encoding documents about DTDS, used to encode entire collections of documents or other objects.

The British library plans to create digital image files based on digital objects. First, basic metadata elements are defined, metadata is classified, and then management is realized. Metadata can be roughly divided into two types: managed and structured. The former refers to descriptive elements that are located within or outside digital objects to ensure real-time management. The latter refers to the elements within a digital object that are used for navigation. In order to improve the storage management of metadata elements, the metadata management process is implemented.

Metadata element management mainly involves digital image scanning, digital storage, conversion of machine-readable directory format, change of coding identity and other processes. Before scanning the digital image, define the resolution, digital depth, file format and version type of the digital image, define the ownership structure, and record the corresponding technical method. The scanned image is stored digitally, the project name and project organization name are recorded, and the unique identifier of its object is defined for the convenience of digital storage and retrieval. Then, the digitized stored data is converted into the bibliographic record output in computer format. When the storage record of the marked object is modified, the identification code is also changed accordingly.

Britain has many ancient documents of China, xixia, India, Turkey and other countries. Ancient books in different countries have great differences in language, but there are overlapping phenomena in digitization. Among them, the British collection of Chinese ancient books accounted for a large proportion. In this part, according to Chinese ancient books and ancient books in other languages, the general situation of digitization and standardization of ancient books in other countries in the UK are expounded.

The UK has participated in many projects on the characterization of ancient Chinese books, among which the IDP project hosted by the British library is the most important one, which is jointly participated by national libraries and research institutions in China, France, Russia and Berlin. The IDP aims to promote worldwide research and discussion through international cooperation, the development of national collections of Chinese literature, the full digitization, and the sharing of online resources. Among them, the international dunhuang project database contains more than 50,000 central Asian engraving and printing copies, and more than 30,000 dunhuang literature resource data collected by the national library of China. Readers can search and read title, key words, site and language on IDP homepage of national library of China and IDP homepage of British library.

British library, museum original a large number of ancient books image materials. After receiving the funding, the British library began to adopt the systematic image digitization technology, which processes and stores the image color, figure shape and other information in the form of data code, and USES the computer to realize the processing, so as to facilitate the viewer's retrieval and transmission. Dunhuang medical manuscripts are kept in both the British library and the national library of China, but most of them are damaged. After careful review and judgment by experts, the British library usually determines the piecing together of several fragments to get a complete manuscript. At first, the damaged manuscript fragments are classified and numbered, the manuscript fragments are recorded uniformly, the main contents are extracted, and a concise summary is formed. After integration and processing, the manuscript summary list and catalogue list are formed. Experts analyze the existence and paper status of medical manuscripts, which are generally divided into two categories.

Before the digitalization of ancient Chinese books in dunhuang, the versions of ancient books are selected first, and the results of previous collation and collation are analyzed to form a comparative study, so as to ensure the authority and accuracy of the digitalized ancient books. Secondly, coordinate and deal with the digital storage format of ancient books. Most of the digital resources stored in IDP database exist in the form of doc, HTML and PDF. The storage format is more convenient for readers to browse and read. At the same time, there are some unreadable manuscripts in dunhuang literature. The words are hard to understand. A large number of buddhist literature is difficult to understand; The writing style is different from later editions, which is difficult to grasp. Therefore, to solve the problem of Chinese character set missing in the digitization of ancient books has become the primary problem. In the dunhuang literature, there are also a large number of rare characters, rare characters and characters that are not easy to be distinguished. The existing character database cannot match with them, and the computer cannot interpret them. In this way, the authenticity and value of ancient books are artificially destroyed, which also brings great obstacles to academic research. As a result, scholars are afraid to quote electronic versions of ancient books as annotations, which affects the use efficiency of digital ancient books.

In addition to a large number of dunhuang Chinese literature, the British national library also has a certain number of rare ancient books. For this reason, since 1980, the British library has established the "catalogue of concise titles of ancient books", which mainly includes the bibliography of the 15th century letterpress edition, and is the largest online database of such literature in the world. The British library also includes including part of Chinese ancient books bibliography, and with six universities such as Oxford, Cambridge, the institute library, establish a "joint retrieval of Chinese books" platform, to integrate Britain a large number of Chinese ancient books, the Internet platform of bibliographic retrieval, for the reader to understand the collection of ancient Chinese literature provide a convenient condition. In the retrieval system, most ancient books and documents are given the catalog code, using the advanced retrieval to check, in order to prevent the full-text retrieval when the Chinese simplified and traditional characters switching retrieval, Chinese characters automatic segmentation, natural language retrieval or subject term retrieval and other standards are not unified drawbacks.

The British digitization of ancient Chinese literature involves character processing, technical specifications and other standards. Among them, character processing standards. For dunhuang ancient books and documents, before digitization, the characters and related text terms contained in the documents should be standardized and normalized. According to the existing character set standards, further standardized processing should be carried out to form a character set suitable for the digitization of dunhuang documents and documents. In terms of technical standards, in view of the phenomenon that ancient books have different forms and paper properties, relevant technical standards are applied to define and constrain them and convert them into documents in digital format, so as to achieve the purpose of international use and resource sharing. The current document format coding standard is applied to control the digitized document format and convert it into PDF and HTML file format as far as possible. The British library has built a number of digital document databases and retrieval systems to facilitate people to retrieve and use relevant documents. In the database and retrieval system maintenance has also formed a unified, standardized standards to provide a complete tool and stable platform.

The British library has a collection of over 45,000 manuscripts or documents printed on paper, wood and other materials in Tibet, Sanskrit, xixia, khotan, kucci, sutter, uygur, turkic and Mongolian, some of which contain several languages. The British library also contains the central Asian manuscripts collected in India, often referred to as the Hoernle collection. Deciphering and deciphering manuscripts from the Hoernle collection, published in 1902 and eventually deposited in the British museum. According to incomplete statistics, the Hoernle collection contains over 2,000 Sanskrit texts, 1,200 tocharian texts, and an additional 250 khotan texts.

The British library has made a complete catalogue of documents in different languages. Most of the catalogues and most of the manuscripts were simultaneously microfilmed. In addition, in order to properly preserve the ancient Indian diamond sutras, the digital version of the sutras can be browsed and its digital contents recorded on optical discs, so that scholars can use mobile devices for research at any time. In order to prevent damage to the original ancient books, namely made into microfilm or digital image form. Part of the manuscript is divided into several parts, which are exhibited regularly, so as to avoid overuse of the manuscript and make it free for readers to browse. If the researchers need to read it, they can request to see the original manuscript, but they must contact the person in charge in advance. For fragile manuscripts, managers must check all the details beforehand.

In the process of digitizing multilingual ancient books in Britain, technical standards and norms are mainly adopted. In order to avoid many problems in the process of bibliographic description, the British library translated and transcribed the manuscript before the bibliographic description, and limited the description format of the manuscript to the existing standards for future storage and use. Some documents that are not suitable for digital processing shall be scanned or formed into digital image data according to the provisions of data processing standards, which shall be stored and used in the form of pictures. These data are also added to the online retrieval system and normalized through the relevant document retrieval catalog standards.

The document formats of digitized ancient books in Britain are universal and compatible. According to the unified document storage standard, the United Kingdom has standardized the digitized text files to standardize the storage format of documents. Most of the documents are in PDF format; A small number of files can be read as Word documents. Based on the Web page browsing version of the file, to the compatible HTML, XML, SGML core language coding, readers can be comprehensive browsing, retrieval and access.

Because the old ancient books, paper, printing mode and writing format have bigger difference, and most of the ancient books have different degree of damage, as a result, the British in the construction process of relational database, the collection of the ancient books of formulated the corresponding management standards, according to the paper, appearance of different dibon, damage the ancient books of different paper, without damage, on the basis of the original ancient books digitization processing.

Most of the current British standards for the digitization of ancient books are applied or combined with the current standards of relevant industries or international standards, and combined with the specific conditions of the country, to complete the standardization and standardization of document digitization engineering. The United Kingdom believes that the establishment of digital procedures based on appropriate international standards and the management of digital information will facilitate its future access, use and long-term preservation. From the perspective of communication and sharing, all countries' digital projects should properly follow established and internationally recognized standards, especially before such standards are established in their own countries. It is the best choice to adopt international standards.

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