Pragmatism and American foreign economic policy

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Pragmatism and American foreign economic policy，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了实用主义与美国对外经济政策。实用主义产生于美国，活动中心也一直在美国。在形成后约一个世纪以来，实用主义一直被认为是美国民族精神和生活方式的理论象征，有人甚至认为实用主义在实际上具有美国准国家哲学的意义。从美国开始受到全球化挑战到全力参与全球化进程并成为全球化的倡导者和积极推动者这一转变过程，以及其在全球化过程中采取的相应政策措施来看，实用主义的哲学理念仍在时刻指导着美国政府的对外经济政策。

Pragmatism was born in America, and the centre of activity has always been there. Since its formation about a century ago, pragmatism has been regarded as a theoretical symbol of American national spirit and way of life. Some scholars even believe that pragmatism actually has the meaning of American quasi-national philosophy. One of the important reasons why pragmatism has such a high status and great influence in the United States is that the basic spirit of pragmatism is deeply rooted in the unique history and culture of the United States. As is known to all, the United States is a country of immigrants from all over the world, mainly from European countries. These immigrants have brought traditional cultures from all over the world. The new culture formed by the mutual exchange and integration of various traditional cultures is the negation of these cultural traditions themselves. Any kind of tradition has lost its significance as a criterion of judgment, and only those that are useful and successful in opening this new continent can be affirmed and inherited. The evaluation of the effectiveness and ineffectiveness, success and failure of the main activities goes beyond any cultural tradition or ideological principles and is regarded as the criterion of people's thoughts and actions.

In addition, the utilitarian concept of pragmatism is related to the protestant ethic practiced by the early immigrants. In contrast to Catholicism and other religions, the protestant ethic maintains that believers' piety towards god should be manifested in their earthly activities and that they should be judged by their concrete achievements. Ernest burman believed that the puritans who came to North America became "visionary pragmatists" while focusing on utility and judging success by the "validity, feasibility and practicality of ideas and purposes". Of course, the prevalence of pragmatism in the United States is inseparable from the development of modern natural science in the United States since the second half of the 19th century. Natural science in the United States has developed rapidly since the second half of the 19th century, and technological innovation has greatly driven the improvement of production technology and production efficiency. The emphasis on experiment and innovation has become the basic attitude of Americans towards the development of science.

The idea of American foreign policy is rooted in the pragmatism of American history and culture. It is not only the popular philosophy of the United States, but also the "official" philosophy of the United States.

In his introduction to tocqueville's on American democracy, lasky points out: "Americans are a practical people, not very thoughtful. They think about immediate interests rather than long-term ones. What they are loyal to is something that can be obtained, touched, tangible and valued in money. Former us secretary of state Henry kissinger once said that pragmatism is the "American spirit", which not only cultivates Americans' realistic style, but also cultivates everyone's enterprising spirit. It can be seen that the spirit of pragmatism has penetrated into every field of American social life and become the popular philosophy of the United States. For this reason, its citizens always show this feature when dealing with problems. For example, when Americans do things, they pay attention to whether it is good for them, pay attention to input and output, and pay attention to utility. At work, efficiency is valued. As David bono said, "... As pragmatists, Americans like to solve the problems at hand as quickly as possible. As a result, Americans value technology and have a strong desire to control the material world.

Pragmatism not only shapes the values and world outlook of the American people, but also actually influences the values and policy ideas of the American policymakers. America's bureaucracy, as kissinger puts it, is "bureaucracy-pragmatic leadership". Influenced by pragmatism, American bureaucrats usually deal with and solve problems in a pragmatic manner. Although the United States in the formulation and implementation of its diplomatic strategy and policy, always put forward many's idealism color, such as democracy, human rights, freedom and market economy, although these claims is embodies the American values and ethics, and these values are accepted by many countries, but the United States around the world promoting the extremely behind idealism color values, morals, deeply hidden is the United States in the pragmatism philosophy under the guidance of realism. As former us secretary of state George shultz said: "a foreign policy based on realism cannot ignore the importance of either ideology or morality. But realism demands that our foreign policies avoid being based entirely on moral absolutism divorced from political reality. Thus, for the United States, pragmatism plays a decisive role in both realism and idealism. As crabbe, the historian of American diplomacy, has pointed out, "the exercise of American power abroad must be shown to be connected with an artificial purpose clearly worth pursuing, and that purpose must be understood by the American people... Otherwise, exercising American power abroad... It can't be successful or permanent." And American citizens often use pragmatic efficacy criteria to evaluate the degree of adherence to the ideal.

Yan xuetong, a famous Chinese scholar on international issues, once said that "economic security became the focus of national interests after the cold war". The rapid development of science and technology not only facilitates the contact among countries in the world and pushes globalization to a new climax, but also brings huge challenges to the sovereignty and security of countries integrated into globalization. In order to cope with the challenges brought by the rapid development of globalization, the United States should maintain its leading position in the global economy, maintain its economic strategic security, fully participate in the process of economic globalization, and gradually become an active advocate and promoter of globalization. From the perspective of the transformation process of the United States from being challenged by globalization to fully participating in the process of globalization and becoming an advocate and active promoter of globalization, as well as the corresponding policy measures taken in the process of globalization, the philosophy of pragmatism is still guiding the foreign economic policies of the United States government at all times.

Economic globalization not only promotes the rapid development of the world economy, but also makes the international economic power become more and more decentralized, and finally makes the world economic pattern in the early 1990s have the situation of the United States, Japan and Europe. At the same time, the European integration process was accelerating, and the single currency system was implemented after the signing of the Maastricht treaty in 1991. The euro also became one of the major international reserve currencies. This makes the United States and the international status of the dollar has been a huge impact and challenge. At this time, the United States realized that globalization made open countries "have no clear demarcation line between foreign affairs and domestic affairs". Moreover, "under the new circumstances, the concept of security must be expanded, transformed and enriched. It is necessary to pay attention to and discuss new realities and problems in the era of globalization, such as economic security. Therefore, after Clinton took office, she clearly proposed economic security as one of the three strategies of her diplomacy. The proposal of economic security strategy makes the United States gain strategic advantage in the process of economic globalization. In fact, in the wave of economic globalization, although no country can avoid this process, only the United States "has the advantage of resources, capital and technology, so it is completely possible to make the most favorable choice according to absolute interests and comparative interests in a larger scope. It also proved that the United States was quick to make what was in its best interest when the time was right. It can be seen that pragmatism, as the "philosophy of action" and "enterprising philosophy", plays an important guiding role in the selection and formulation of American foreign economic policies.

Since the 1980s, the United States has actively promoted the signing of regional trade agreements, such as initiating the establishment of the north American free trade area, advocating and hosting the first informal meeting of leaders of the asia-pacific economic cooperation. In addition, he actively advocated the establishment of a global trade organization, the world trade organization, on the basis of gatt, and led the formulation of wto policies and rules. These steps have not only removed trade barriers and barriers for American goods and services to go global, but they have also strengthened America's leadership in the new global economy. If you want to ask why the United States actively participates in the process of economic globalization, the answer to the question is only one, that is: participating in and leading the economic globalization will greatly promote the national interests of the United States, that is, "usefulness is truth". Facts have also proved that full participation in economic globalization has not only brought sustained and rapid economic growth to the United States for more than a decade, but also made the United States the biggest beneficiary of economic globalization so far.

In addition, while vigorously promoting trade liberalization in the world, the United States also adopted some ugly practices that violated international trade norms in order to expand and safeguard its own interests. For example, in order to prevent the international business community from investing in Cuba, Iran, Libya and other countries, block the external trade with Cuba, and strengthen the containment of the United States against Cuba, the United States congress passed the helmsbury act and the damato act respectively in 1996 to promote economic power. Through conditional assistance, to promote the reform of developing countries in favor of the interests of the United States, the implementation of "new interventionism"; Restrict the export of high-tech products to China in order to maintain the technology monopoly; Linking trade to human rights, etc. This is a short-sighted practice under the influence of the instrumentalist view of truth.

The "buy American" provisions of the us stimulus package and later the "special tyre guarantee" and other protectionist measures have a strong pragmatic philosophy. The pragmatic view of truth that "usefulness is truth" and "truth is tool" has been fully reflected. From the current domestic economic and political situation of the United States, the introduction of a series of trade protectionism measures is the product of the "bureaucrat-pragmatic leadership group" after weighing the pros and cons and fully considering the current "effectiveness" of the policy.

After years of economic globalization, the world within the scope of the economic landscape has been basically formed, the high-tech industry, financial industry, service industry and so on all have stronger competitiveness and advantages, and traditional industries such as steel and textiles were losing comparative advantage, which can lead to gradually lost competitiveness in the international market, mainly rely on imports to meet domestic demand. In the context of the current financial crisis and the increasingly obvious economic recession, through the "buy American clause" and other measures can to some extent improve the American people's demand for products from domestic related industries, thus playing the role of increasing employment and stimulating the economy.

For now, the domestic situation in the United States is urging President Obama to support a degree of protectionism, but other countries want him to live up to the liberal foreign economic policies he campaigned on. However, as a "pragmatic leadership group", it is most "effective" to gain the support of the American people and then implement the new economic stimulus plan as soon as possible to promote the recovery of the American economy from the economic downturn. The "buy American" provisions have won the support of some American people and domestic interest groups. Therefore, politically speaking, the introduction of these trade protectionist measures is also the result of relevant political forces in the us congress yielding to pressure from individual industries or interest groups for domestic political considerations.

As the world's largest trading country, the United States' total imports and exports account for nearly 15% of the world's total imports and exports, which means that protectionist measures such as "buy American" clauses cannot fundamentally reverse the existing trade deficit pattern, nor can they really stimulate the us economy to stop falling and pick up, or even stop the recession. In the long run, protectionist trade policies are tantamount to drinking poison to quench America's thirst. Pragmatism "often leads policy makers to temporarily avoid long-term strategic goals and focus on immediate problems. This matter-of-fact habit may prevent policy makers from taking a long-term view. Short-sighted pragmatists cannot anticipate future trends and take long-term problems as serious subjects."

"Our question today is not whether our government is too big or too small," Obama said in his inaugural address. Where the answer is yes, we go. Maybe, we can see from Mr Obama's speech: whether it is as the advocates of economic globalization, there are advocates of free trade and practitioners, or as carrying out trade protectionism under the current financial crisis, the United States, the United States leadership group is under the influence of pragmatism philosophy and shape, and this kind of influence and shape the moment reflected in U.S. foreign economic policy and its action choice. Therefore, "usefulness is truth" and "truth is tool" -- pragmatism, as a kind of "American spirit", is a philosophical thought that we must examine when interpreting the orientation of American foreign economic policy. Starting from the pragmatic philosophy, we can have a deeper understanding of American policies and actions.

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University of Minnesota

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- University of Minnesota，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的明尼苏达大学。美国的明尼苏达大学始建于1851年，是美国最具综合性的高等学府之一，排名美国公立大学前三名。该校主要拥有5所分校、370个专业、6万多名在校生及众多国内外知名教授、学者的高等教学和研究机构。这些分校中，有的侧重研究，有的侧重本科教育，学生人数不一样，提供的课程也有所不同。明尼苏达大学的教学管理有比较全面和严格的制度、评价体系，但也赋予教师和学生较大的自由度。

Founded in 1851, the university of Minnesota is one of the most comprehensive institutions of higher learning in the United States, ranking among the top three public universities in the United States. The university has five branches, 370 majors, more than 60,000 students and many well-known professors and scholars at home and abroad. Some of these campuses focus on research, while others focus on undergraduate education. The number of students varies and the courses are offered. Shuangcheng campus has about 50,000 students. This article combines the experience in shuangcheng branch school to analyze the teaching management of the school.

The organizational structure of teaching management can be roughly divided into three layers: the first layer is the vice President in charge of teaching and academic affairs; The second layer is the colleges and related functional departments, such as libraries; On the third floor are the departments of the college.

Such as twin cities campus including biological science institute, school of continuing education, dental medicine, design institute, education and human development institute, food, agriculture and natural resources, college of liberal arts, carlson school of business administration, medical college of science and technology, college of nursing, institute of technology, Hubert, Fred - hangzhou institute of public affairs, law school, adult education college and veterinary college, etc.

Each college include several series, such as institute of technology and majored in mechanical and aeronautical engineering, astronomy department, department of biomedical engineering, chemical engineering and material science, chemistry, department of civil engineering, computer science and engineering, department of electrical and computer engineering, geology and earth physics, mathematics, department of mechanical engineering, department of physics.

The college has a dean, a deputy dean in charge of academic affairs, research and planning, and student affairs, and administrative staff in charge of enrollment, finance, communications, and human resources. Each department has a dean and related administrative staff.

Teaching management includes student management and teacher management. Student management includes student registration, course guidance and professional planning; the management of teachers includes the management of curriculum setting, curriculum evaluation and teaching level.

University of Minnesota has abundant teaching resources, such as library, computer laboratory, etc. In general, each professor has his own office. The university and some departments have set up computer LABS. The university has a number of libraries according to the subject category, which are generally located adjacent to the department. For example, the main collection of Walter library is science books, near the institute of technology.

The school has established an academic consulting system for tutors. Each student can go to the department to consult on course selection, major planning, career options, and future development to determine a four-year undergraduate program. A registration system is used by students to select courses for each semester, and corresponding fees are paid. The teaching resources and laboratories of many courses are only available to registered students.

Credit and grade point rating system credit is the main standard to measure students' graduation or further study. The university of Minnesota has two evaluation systems: a-b-c-d-f and s-n. The latter is mainly used for self-evaluation. S stands for meeting the course requirements, which is equivalent to C, and N is not meeting the course requirements. The former is used at the result that maintains a student, credit, degree asks, change major asks, study graduate student to ask to wait. The specific meaning is shown in table 1.

In order to ensure that each student has enough time to study, each student is required to take no more than 20 credits of courses in each semester. In order to guarantee the completion of credits in 4 years, the minimum courses should be no less than 15 credits per semester. The credit of general course is 2 ~ 4 credit, so the course that needs to take every semesters commonly is probably 5 ~ 7. According to the requirements of the 4-year undergraduate training program, the freshman students are divided into 1 ~ 30 students, the sophomore students are divided into 31 ~ 60 students, the junior students are divided into 61 ~ 90 students, the senior students are divided into 91 or more students, and the graduation credits are generally 120 or more credits.

Freshmen can choose not to major in a certain period of time, but generally students who have completed 60 credits must choose a major in order to enter the learning stage of professional courses. Students can change major during study, but must achieve the requirement of the credit that changes major and achievement.

Graduation requirements: the general total credit requirements are 120 credits, professional course credit requirements according to different majors and different.

Bachelor's degree: at least 75% of the courses in a student's major should be at least D. The department reserves the right not to grant a degree to a student with a D. Different departments require different grades. For example, some departments require a grade of C or above for all courses, that is, a grade point average of 2.0 or above.

Each major has its own curriculum system, including basic courses, core courses and elective courses. Due to the implementation of the course registration system, students are required to take the corresponding basic courses when choosing a course. The level of the course can be determined by the course code.

In general, a certain number of registered students are required to start the course, but it also depends on the nature of the course and the requirements of the department. For example, some departments require at least 15 students to register for courses with a grade of 1000 ~ 5000, and at least 5 students to register for courses with a grade of 5000 or above, or they will consider canceling or combining classes. Students will be notified 5 days before the first class if there is a cancellation. But some courses are so important that they are offered on a case-by-case basis, even if the number of students is small.

New course setting: when a new course needs to be set up, the teacher should give a detailed teaching outline, apply to the department and school, and many professors will evaluate whether it can be set up or not.

Schools provide rich resources for teachers to learn, to improve the level of teaching, teaching is also evaluated. Each course should be evaluated at least once a year. Evaluation is divided into the first half of the semester and the entire semester course evaluation. The former aims to help teachers improve their teaching quality, while the latter can serve as a reference for teachers' promotion and salary. There are a variety of forms, including c-sr, d-sr, f1-sr and f2-sr. The content includes evaluation items and student information stipulated by the school evaluation policy. The contents of the basic form include the overall evaluation project, the background of the students and the students' response to the teachers.

The evaluation includes the overall teaching ability of the instructor, the professional knowledge of the instructor in this field, the respect and care of the instructor to the students, whether the classroom facilities are conducive to the students to see, listen, concentrate and participate in teaching activities, and how much knowledge the students can learn from this course.

Items of student background include major, credit score of last semester, whether the course is a professional course, compulsory/elective course, grade, age, gender, racial background, course teaching method.

Teachers whether offers a structured learning environment, teachers' emphasis the width and depth on course content, course instruction and outline whether accurately describes the term learning activities, whether teachers inspire students to think deeply about the course content and guidance materials, and whether teacher to the student's performance in the learning process has very high expectations, whether teachers in various teaching and learning strategies were used in the course, teacher to student's performance provided timely and useful feedback, whether classroom learning can help students learning, students whether for almost all of the lessons this term, if you want to this course taught by other teachers.

The class C table is the basic format that covers the above. Category D table also adds some evaluation items, which are mainly used for curriculum process improvement. Evaluation contents of 7 levels are included, including: clarity of teachers in teaching or discussing courses, harmony between teachers and students, degree of teachers' inspiration for students' thinking, overall quality of books or lecture notes, etc. The evaluation contents of the two levels are as follows: whether the class is effectively controlled, whether the course content is selected in accordance with the course length, whether the examination cheating is judged, whether the grading criteria are clearly explained, whether multimedia or other technologies are effectively utilized, and whether the students are punctual.

The evaluation results shall be summarized and collected by specialized statistical institutions, and students' opinions and related evaluation results shall be informed to teachers to promote their teaching level.

The teaching management of university of Minnesota has a comprehensive and strict system and evaluation system, but it also gives teachers and students more freedom. Pay attention to the guidance of students' major and schoolwork; To allow students to determine the professional direction according to their personal interests in a wide range; From the system to protect students' learning time, limit the number of courses; Teachers are evaluated in many ways and treated differently according to the nature of the curriculum. The teacher has certain freedom in the lecture content and the manner, does not make the rigid stipulation. In a word, the purpose of teaching management is to enable students to find their own career direction, master the necessary professional knowledge and ability, and promote teachers to improve their teaching level.

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Econ Essay写作步骤

Econ Essay，顾名思义就是经济学论文。对于在国外读经济专业的同学们来说，最不想碰到的就是Econ Essay了。因为Econ Essay不仅涉及经济学专业知识理论，还需要有数据和图表的证明，对综合能力有一定的要求。下面就给大家讲解一下Econ Essay的写作步骤。

第一步：审题。写之前请认认真真读一下prof到底给了什么方向或者什么题目，不要天马行空的胡写，不然写的越多死的越惨。

第二步：Review related lectures（复习课程相关章节）。因为我大Econ的学生一直都是以水著称，下笔之前建议先复习相关lecture的内容，此时可以顺手整理一下prof对于这个问题的观点，同时你应该知道：

1) 这些lecture和课本哪个范围有关

2) 这些lecture给定的reading material有哪些

第三步 (非常非常非常重要)：有筛选的做大量的reading并做notes. 此项应该在你确定thesis statement之前做，千万不要想一个thesis再对应的去找支持的reading. Econ是一门没有绝对真理的伪科学，此时你要明确的知道academic world关心的是主流大牛们怎么想而非小朋友们怎么想。你应该至少读完prof给你的reading list（课程推荐的写论文之前应该阅读的拓展阅读材料，这个国内不知道叫什么）和我刚才第二步提到的课本范围＋reading materials。推荐学霸们进一步通过reading list给的文章的reference list找他们cite的那些文章再读。当然你也可以上Google Scholar自己找，搜出来的文章多数学校都可以通过institution login（总之就是页面上institution login这个链接，不明白我在说什么见下方图片）登陆并免费查看全文（具体的可以问下自己学校的IT Service/Academic Service），找知名作者且相关的内容看，如果不知道谁知名，rule of thumb的观点是看谁被cite的多就看谁的文章。读的时候不要像看小说一样看过就算数了，一定要做notes，总结各个人的观点，了解他们撕逼主要的point在哪里，看到有好的数据可以顺手标记一下。

第四步：出thesis statement，确定topic方向。楼下好多人强调topic独特、有心意，我是不同意的，因为明显的还不是时候，你们学的知识不够多，academic三观也不够正，在econ激烈的撕逼＋互黑过程当中，除非给你加特效，不然很难duang.作为本科新人，你很难在有限的时间、字数、经费的前提下提出一个很棒的thesis然后再去作一个完美的证明。真正意义上的本科essay来说在topic选择上你们应该循规蹈矩的，新意（original thinking）最多也就用在model/theory的改良上，切不可凭空无支撑的写一堆自己的想法，否则但凡正常的prof都不会因为你idea很吊够创意给你高分。出thesis的时候你需要：1)一定要critical，因为econ的世界里总是有反例的，你不能太极端的支持某一方，要给反例留出余地，并且在文中用适当的篇幅去讨论反例对我的主要观点有多大影响。2)根据你了解到的撕逼走向定thesis，不要凭空想。

第五步：出outline。给你的同学看一下你的outline，让你的同学来challenge你的outline。我知道国内很多学霸不喜欢把自己写的东西给别人看，生怕自己想到的好的point被人模仿走了。说实话econ的essay大可不必，不要去吝惜那些你们觉得很好的idea，因为econ这么多年，那么多scholar，你觉得这个topic里好的point也许prof早就看的想吐了。而且一个module这么多人一起修，小范围的交流真的无伤大雅，如果两三个人对于某个有意思的point分析很透彻反而有加分，因为prof能感知到你们下课再做额外的group study，面试也好、学术也好这种都是加分点。最后对你outline中吃不准的东西office hour找prof聊一下，不要浪费office hour。

第六步：对需要数据支撑的位置有针对性的去各大database搜集数据。学校图书馆的database用起来，真的不要网上随便搜个链接出来。如果没有英文的你完全可以用中文的，只要确保database信息的准确程度即可。如果你发现中文英文某data差很多，你可以分析差距来源并做adjustment，这也是加分点。最后根据data和你的reading 微调一下thesis。

第七步：各种拖拉，差不多到DDL的前一晚一个字都没有写，你去买咖啡开始准备通宵了。

第八步：通宵写完essay，按照学校要求的格式打出来。电子版无所谓，纸质版一定要单面打印，prof看双面打印的纸质essay绝对幸福感暴跌。当然此处还是以学校规定为准。

第九步：上交。一气呵成，一篇写完了，准备写下一篇。

以上就是关于Econ Essay写作步骤的讲解，同学们可以参考一下，结合自己的写作方法，争取写出一篇好的Econ Essay.

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Paper代写：The JetBlue

本篇paper代写- The JetBlue讨论了捷蓝航空。捷蓝航空是一家规模相对较小的航空公司，因其以典型的大幅折扣而在全国赢得了声誉。与最早的廉价航空公司西南航空相比，捷蓝航空的市场份额并不大，其航线覆盖全国各城市。与维珍航空致力于中端市场不同，捷蓝航空不得不承受廉价机票的压力。发展捷蓝航空业务的最佳战略计划是细分市场，细化需求，改善服务，最有希望的方案是提供相对更愉快的短途和长途航线。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

1. Introduction

As a relatively small-size airline corporation, JetBlue harvests a nationwide reputation for its mission to restore humanity during the flights at a typical deep discount. Compared with the earliest budget airline—Southwest Airlines, JetBlue does not possess a large market share and various courses covering cities in the whole state (Wu, 2012). Different from Virgin Airways committed to the mid-range market, JetBlue has to shoulder the pressure from the cheap tickets (Lohmann & Koo, 2013).

Currently, JetBlue’s courses cover the most domestic metropolises and some neighbor countries in America, for instance Cuba and Bahamas. Moreover, JetBlue’s groups of customers can be tagged with small and medium business owners and Y-Generation (or Millennials) mostly. Therefore, based on the corporation’s current situation, how to maintain a stable development should be taken into account. A rapid expansion by acquisition to explore the uncovered domestic and international market, is not a wise scheme (Johnson, 2015). Most founders and senior managers are worried about the possible issue caused by the expansion (Wynbrandt, 2010). All things considered, the best strategic plan to develop JetBlue’s businesses is segmenting the markets, refining the requirements and improving the services (Dodds, 2011). The most promising scheme is to provide relatively more enjoyable flights covering short-distance and long-distance courses (Rabinowitz, 2013). More services will be especially provided in these courses. The ticket prices will be a little higher than the ordinary flights’.

2. Research approach

2.1 Describing methods

Initially, the target population are small and middle business owners or those seeking highly cost effective but diversified services during the flights. Therefore, an interview will be designed to collect their basic information about their ages, occupations and so on. The second part of this interview will explore their preferences and comments about various airlines and flights. The last part will be applied to find out their comments about their just completed flight. Therefore, this research can identify the relations between different groups and their preferences. What’s more important is to discover the potential issues and undetected inferiorities of JetBlue’s services.

Secondly, in order to prove the feasibility of this strategic plan, there will be a series of interviews conducting in the airport. The interview respondents should include JetBlue’s customers and other airways’ customers, which will be more objective (Brinkmann, 2014). At least 6 interviews will be accomplished in order to ensure the objectivity of this research. Those respondents will be selected to conduct interviews at their convenient time, in order to ensure the completeness and accuracy of this interview.

Last but not least, a series of interviews should be divided to two parts. The first part should be accomplished in the working days for those enterprisers. The second part should be arranged on the weekend for those with leisure purposes rather than business purposes.

2.2 Recruiting

Six interviewers will be recruited to accomplish the interviews in different airports within a week, as an interview team. This team will be divided three groups to three main airports in the U.S. If it is convenient and possible, the email addresses or phone numbers of these interviewees can be collected for a deeper conversation. These deeper conversations will be centered on some more information about their useful choices and answers. During these return visits, three semi-structured interviews will be accomplished.

3. Results

3.1 Description of participants

The interview is designed for the explore the feasibility of JetBlue’s strategic program to target business travelers, especially those belonging to Generation Y or Millennials. There are six interviewees just off the plane and taking a rest for their following schedule. Because of the target group of this program, only six interviews are helpful to identify the preferences and needs of this group. Nevertheless, the other interviewees do not meet the criteria of this program’s target population, their interviews still assist the program planning to avoid some possible issues.

Six interviews are selected to collect some basic information about the target group. Then three return visits will be implemented to explore the deeper information about this target group.

Initially, all the six interviewees are all Millennials, including both female and male. Secondly, the most selected interviewees all possess the ability to not only feed themselves but also leave some leisure time for their private life. For privacy, the marital status is not included in the interviews. But the survey still collects some influences from customers’ marital status. Thirdly, their business affairs, mostly sustain their demand of flights. Meantime, they all possess a certain demand of flights only for leisure or private purposes.

3.2. Quotations/descriptions

The first key finding, based on the initial-phase interviews and return visit interviews, is that JetBlue’s current strategic program should narrow the target group. The previous target group contains both business travelers and Generation Y. According to the answers of Interviewee C, as a student without powerful economic forces, the most frequently mentioned words are “Price” and “Promotions”. Therefore, this strategic program enacted for business travelers or Generation Y does not meet the requirements of most Generation Y students (Myre, 2015). Narrowing the target group to business travelers belonging to Generation Y is better (Kee, 2015). JetBlue can keep those customers who are still students as their potential group. Those current programs and services are enough.

The second key finding is the advertising as a vital part of the spadework of this program. Most airlines would like to use social network and traditional advertisements and cooperate with some travel agencies (Sunday & Awara, 2014). But according to JetBlue’s consistent style, the promotional activities should not contain the cooperation with some travel agencies. From Interviewee F’s answers, those accustomed to travel agencies pay much attention to “Price”. Meanwhile due to their passive acceptance of their schedules, they will be less loyal to an airline. Moreover, they will also neglect the convenience of JetBlue’s purchasing procedures and the benefits given by the TrueBlue program. Therefore, this brand-new program’s advertising should concentrate on those preferring to purchase tickets on their own rather than through those travel agencies. Moreover, according to the answers of Interviewee B, in case JetBlue would like to attract those business traveler, those features satisfying their requirements should be emphasized in the promotional activities. His answer “Sorry, I do not know much about JetBlue’s current services but I heard about its promotion and in-flight internet” shows that JetBlue should show their professional features and superiorities to attract and conquer these people. Because Interviewee B always places “Price” to the least important position and deems “Schedule” as the most important element during an enjoyable flight. Therefore, JetBlue’s advertisements should repeatedly show its high efficiency and punctuality. Moreover, the schedule and course of this new program should be carefully discussed and designed to avoid those relatively inconvenient periods for those business travelers.

The third key finding is that based on the interviews. Schedule and the telephony service should be especially and carefully designed. Although in 2015 JetBlue has already launched its Mint Program with premium services (Majcher & Sumers, 2015). This new program should be an advanced version of Mint. For those loyal customers of JetBlue, they are all satisfied with JetBlue’s high efficiency and high cost-performance. But the main reason to force them to select other airlines is that there are less courses. Therefore, in case JetBlue has no idea to expend their courses to those relatively median-size cities (Schumann, 2017). The schedule of every course should be added or designed more scientifically according to the seat occupancy rate. Moreover, currently only a few domestic airlines are partners of JetBlue (Smyth, 2014). If it is possible, even those seeming rival airlines can become partner of JetBlue to achieve a win-win mode. Recently, due to the closely overburdened market, JetBlue should not introduce more courses to increase its costs and lost its superiorities. Therefore, a partner mode is the best way to solve the current dilemma.

The last key finding is that, according to Interviewee E’s answers, JetBlue should pay more attention to those female business travels. Those professional ladies, compared with other groups, possess a higher degree of loyalty, in case the airline can provide the services they need. They are easiest to be satisfied with some services ‘details.

4. Preliminary discussion

Based on the interviews with these six passengers, this strategic program for business travelers possesses a clearer target group. Narrowing the target group to business travelers belonging to Generation Y is better. Then, this brand-new program’s advertising should concentrate on those preferring to purchase tickets on their own rather than through those travel agencies. What’s more important during the advertising is that, JetBlue should repeatedly show its high efficiency. Not only social media, but also corporation with WSJ and Financial Times may enhance the reputation and brand awareness among those business travelers (Kiron, 2015). Moreover, the time arrangement of this new program should be carefully discussed and designed to avoid those relatively inconvenient periods for those business travelers. Thirdly, in case JetBlue has no idea to expend their courses to those relatively median-size cities. The flights of every course should be added or designed more scientifically according to the seat occupancy rate. Both long-distance and short-distance courses should be taken into consideration. Those taking long-distance flights pay more attention to their contact with the outside world and keep in touch with their VIPs. Last but not the least, JetBlue should pay more attention to those professional ladies possessing a higher degree of loyalty.

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Essay代写：Cultural consumption in 18th century Britain

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Cultural consumption in 18th century Britain，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了18世纪英国的文化消费。英国人的阅读能力在18世纪得到了根本性的提高，从而使得文化消费具备了最基本的条件。另外，英国在18世纪出现了购买力超强的中等阶层，他们极力模仿上层人士的消费，从而推动了英国的文化消费。英国文化消费的高度商业化既吸引了大量文化人士生产文化产品，同时又极大地促进了文化消费。18世纪的英国文化消费出现繁荣局面，是英国走向现代化的标志之一，与工业革命一道为社会转型奠定了坚实的基础。

After the publication of consumption society by French sociologist jean baudrillard, the western academia has made a profound analysis and philosophical reflection on the consumption of contemporary western society, especially the American society, and formed a great discussion on the contemporary consumption society. The discussion of "consumer society" in the western academic circle aroused the interest of historians to trace back to the source, and then began to pay attention to the consumption problem before the industrial revolution in Britain. Although scholars are still debating whether Britain formed a consumer society in the 14th century, 17th century or 18th century, more and more scholars begin to agree that the United Kingdom in the 17th century to the 18th century has preliminary characteristics of a consumer society. As the advanced demand in maslow's hierarchy of needs, cultural consumption is a crucial representation of the formation of consumer society. At the same time, the cultural consumption is nearly two hundred and thirty years one of the hot spot of study in the history of western academia about consumption, specializing in the 17th and 18th century British famous historian John brewer of cultural consumption, the British art history research expert Ann Birmingham, early modern British printing culture research experts Helen Barry are all scholars of early modern British culture consumption is studied. Therefore, cultural consumption also became part of the daily consumption of the middle class as the main consumer group at that time.

Since the second half of the 17th century, the consumption of books, newspapers, magazines, plays, music, paintings and other cultural goods has been on the rise, which can be seen from the diaries, family property catalogues, bankruptcy records, wills and wills of the people at that time. To the 18th century, culture and art is no longer the king and courtiers, the exclusive forbidden area, the aristocrat and the clergy is no longer a circle owing to cultural consumption of the court, but as the public property, become the commercial cultural consumption, become scattered in cafes, theatres, concerts, clubs, reading association, studio and auction houses and other places of cultural activities of popular consumer goods.

Printed matter is an important part of British People's Daily consumption. As the British royal family relaxed the restrictions on printing and publishing, the printing culture experienced a period of rapid development and formed a tide of mass reading. The explosion of newspapers, magazines and books is evidence of this trend. According to British cultural historian Jeremy black's study of newspaper circulation in the 18th century, the total circulation of newspapers in Britain reached 2.5 million in 1713 and 14 million in 1780. Professional political and economic magazines and entertainment magazines are springing up. Book reading has become an important part of the cultural life of the middle class. According to the British bibliography of the 18th century, bestsellers at that time were divided into four categories: over 50,000 books on religion, 47,000 books on social science, 45,000 books on literature and 25,000 books on history and geography. By contrast, books on philosophy, technology and languages do not figure prominently.

By the 18th century, the British art market was also booming, and the art trade saw an amazing growth. Art became entirely a commodity, and its principal consumers were the gentry, merchants, or professionals, who at first bought paintings as private ornaments, and after the mid-18th century, public displays of art proliferated. Of course, it was mainly foreign artists, such as the French and Italian decorators, the Dutch sculptors and landscape painters, the Swedish and Austrian portraitists, who dominated London's art production in the early 18th century. In addition to these foreign artists living in a large number of production art, Britain also import a lot of works of art from continental Europe, to draw as a example, imported from France in 1725 only include paintings, etchings, engraving, painting and other kinds of painting total of more than 3000, various types of imported from the Netherlands painting close to 2000, from the Italian imports of all kinds of painting close to 6000. Since then, as London became the largest city in Europe and towns across Britain grew rapidly, British artists joined the ranks of art producers, and with the help of French and Dutch immigrants, eventually local practitioners of painting and applied art could compete with the best of their continental counterparts.

Drama consumption is one of the most important parts of urban culture consumption. During this period, London and other British cities witnessed a boom in the construction of theatres. The number of theatres kept rising, and theatres constantly developed new plays to attract audiences. John brewer in the imagination of pleasure: 18 th-century English culture, on November 14, 1769, 5 PM London's royal Drury theatres open their doors, the programme has already been published in the newspaper, attract the ticket seat an endless stream, critics and cultural unruly young people spend three shillings in the theatre of the front bench, sincere honest citizens and visitors buy the first layer side seat for 2 shilling, servants and ordinary people buy their upper side seat for a shilling and prostitutes wandering between the box, the chaps are selling fruit, the rich to enter the reservation before it begins box. The scene is a common one in British theatre history. In addition to acting in plays, the theater explored Italian opera and gradually began singing in English. The success of opera had a profound impact on the British music industry. Before that, music performance was only performed in the theater as part of the drama performance, and few individual concerts were held. Since then, the mass concert has become one of the fashion of cultural consumption.

The reasons for the prosperity of British cultural consumption in the 18th century are complex, mainly due to the following factors:

The reading ability of the British was improved fundamentally in the 18th century, which made cultural consumption have the most basic conditions. From the 16th century to the late 18th century, the British literacy rate experienced a continuous growth. According to the most reliable estimates, the male literacy rate was 10% in 1500, 45% in 1714, and 60% in the mid-18th century. The literacy rate for women was only 1% in 1500, 25% in 1714, and 40‰ in 1750. By 1600, the aristocracy, the gentry, and the rich merchants were almost all literate. Londoners have the highest literacy rate, at 66% by the 1820s. With literacy rates rising, britons have a foundation in consumer culture.

In the 18th century, a middle class with super purchasing power emerged in Britain. They tried their best to imitate the consumption of the upper class, thus promoting the cultural consumption in Britain. By the late 17th century, Britain had begun to form a large middle class, earning between 40 and 100 a year, according to research by early modern British consumer behavior and material culture expert lorna wetherell and two British social historians, Jonathan Barry and Christopher Brooks. By this estimate, half of all British households are in the middle class. Driven by strong purchasing power and imitation of consumption, the British middle class is very keen on cultural consumption.

The high commercialization of British cultural consumption not only attracted a large number of cultural professionals to produce cultural products, but also greatly promoted cultural consumption. In the 100 years between the restoration of Charles ii and the accession of George iii, the English king increasingly retreated to the court. The king was one of many patrons, though he also sponsored musicians, painters, theatres and operas. Art, literature, music and drama turned into compelling commercial activities. People were shocked at how commercialized British culture had become. Some embraced the change with great enthusiasm. In any case, cultural consumption is holding them tight. Many foreign visitors also acknowledge that the rise of British art was a triumph of commerce and urban society rather than of court culture, and that the burgeoning commercial economy helped create English literature and the performing arts for the masses. That this highly commercialized, makes London attracted Scotland's book and publishers tobias Wright, David Hume, William umaine, Irish essayist, lecturer and actors such as dean swift and Sheridan Edmund burke, father and son, welsh poet and painter such as evan Lloyd, Richard Wilson, England local celebrities such as Johnson and rick, thus greatly promoted the cultural production and consumption.

A large number of coffee houses, clubs and other emerging places of consumption and cultural activities have greatly stimulated British cultural consumption. The coffee house is not only a place for leisure consumption, but also a place for cultural consumption, a reading room for books and newspapers, an exhibition place, and sometimes even a theater. Coffee houses usually offer a wide variety of newspapers, magazines and pamphlets. The contents contained in these cafes often arouse heated discussions among customers. The various clubs, associations and informal circles created at that time were communities of taste and knowledge, and the coffeehouse clubs and tavern associations were involved in all processes of cultural production, the creation of artistic and imaginative works, their exchange, acceptance and consumption, all taking place in these cultural Spaces. These places became the source of British cultural consumption.

All in all, the 18th century witnessed a boom in British cultural consumption, which was one of the signs of Britain's modernization and laid a solid foundation for social transformation together with the industrial revolution.

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