Essay代写：Reform Act on Financial Regulation in the United States

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Reform Act on Financial Regulation in the United States，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国金融监管的改革法案。美国次贷危机的爆发，使人们重新审视美国近30年来所推行的新自由主义经济政策。美国政府一直通过制定和修改法律，放宽对金融业的限制，推进金融自由化和金融创新，将银行业与证券、保险等投资行业之间的壁垒消除，从而为金融市场创新和金融投机打开了方便之门。此次新监管法案的颁布意味着美国金融监管再次从严，将会严格限制商业银行的自营业务，种种严格的要求表明了美国金融监管当局从华尔街金融巨头手中抢回主动权的决心。

The enactment of the us financial regulatory reform act means that the us financial regulation has abandoned some basic principles in the financial services modernization act of 1999 and returned to the glass-steagall act of 1933.

The financial services modernization act, signed and enacted by then-president Bill Clinton in 1999, repealed the glass-steagall act, which abolished the boundary between banking, securities and insurance, and the old separation of businesses, allowing financial institutions to conduct multiple businesses at the same time. The glass-steagall act, also known as the banking act of 1933. The law strictly separates investment banking from commercial banking and ensures that commercial Banks avoid risks in the securities industry.

The outbreak of the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States in 2007 made people re-examine the neoliberal economic policies implemented by the United States in the past 30 years. The so-called neoliberalism is a set of ideological trend whose main goal is to revive the traditional liberal ideal and reduce the government's intervention in the economic society. An important element of neoliberalism is deregulation, including financial regulation. The us government has been making and revising laws to relax restrictions on the financial industry, promote financial liberalization and financial innovation, and remove barriers between banking and investment industries such as securities and insurance, thus opening the door for financial market innovation and financial speculation. The absence of financial regulation led directly to the worst financial and economic crisis since the great depression of the 1930s. The enactment of the new regulation law means that the us financial regulation will be tightened again, and the proprietary business of commercial Banks will be severely restricted. All kinds of strict requirements indicate the determination of the us financial regulatory authorities to seize the initiative from the Wall Street financial giants.

As is known to all, the financial system is divided into financial entities and the virtual financial, virtual financial based on the entity's financial, at the same time can promote the development of financial entities, the two complement each other, be short of one cannot, proportion of a country's financial entities must be greater than the proportion that virtual financial, to enable the healthy development of the country's financial sector feet on the ground. Light has a solid financial, can't do without a virtual financial, financial innovation is indispensable link of financial development, financial innovation can accelerate the development of a country's financial industry, the lack of the financial system of virtual financial development is slow, such as our country is so so, due to a serious shortage of virtual financial, lead to the development of financial industry in China is very slow, lags far behind the western developed countries. Virtual financial, on the other hand, the light has no physical financial consequences are more serious, in Iceland, for example, in recent years, Iceland's national gradually from the original fishing as the main business into financial as its main business, not before the outbreak of the financial crisis, the financial industry is developing rapidly, but after the crisis, since there is no real financial support, lack of Iceland's financial collapse suddenly building foundation. One of the deep-seated reasons for the outbreak of the financial crisis in the United States is the imbalance of the financial system. The proportion of virtual finance is too large. New law on financial regulatory reform measures, indicate the direction of adjustment to the U.S. financial system, to increase the proportion of financial entities, financial innovation to give priority to with the entity level, gradually by the financial system dominated by virtual financial adjustment to give priority to with real financial, virtual financial system and the balanced development of the entity's financial health, it will be good for the U.S. economic recovery and the development of the future.

The sudden emergence of the new law has caused a huge shock in the financial sector. Such an epoch-making reform of financial supervision will inevitably benefit some institutions and interest groups, while damaging other vested interests. This creates a conflict of interest, and the American authorities have to compromise in order to balance different interest groups. The final stage of the bill's consideration had two main concerns: the volcker rule and the Lincoln amendment. The volcker rule would have banned all proprietary trading in banking and separated it entirely from hedge funds and private equity funds. Results, and ultimately through the law not only allow 3% of the banking institutions will be the core capital to invest in hedge funds and private equity funds, and in the process of exit from existing investments get very easy transition: after the act, banking institutions will be two years of buffer, then can apply for 3 times and each time the extension of the period of 1 year demand, and in illiquid investments, Banks can grace period on the basis of the former back to five years. So in theory, Wall Street's largest financial institutions could not fully comply with the volcker rule until 2022 at the latest. And Lincoln amendment for large financial institutions to divest all derivatives trading, exit the financial derivatives market and eventually compromise for bank may retain the conventional interest rate, foreign exchange, commodities, such as derivatives trading, only junk bond credit default swaps and other high-risk derivatives can be spun off completely, and the bank also have two years of transition. In short, the new regulations are not as robust as previously thought.

It is worth emphasizing that the structure of financial regulation should adapt to the development of the financial system, rather than run counter to it. Financial regulation should keep pace with the development of finance, and it should not put the cart before the cart by limiting the development of finance to achieve the purpose of easier regulation. What are the trends in the modern financial system? The traditional financial system with Banks as the main body turns to the new financial system with capital market as the core. One of the significant changes is the "deregulation" of financial development. The salient feature of the new regulatory bill is that it ends the continuing trend of "deregulation" in American legislation, but it reinstates financial regulation in a way that does not impose the heavy restrictions on financial liberalization that had been predicted. Instead, the new regulations almost entirely recognize a series of changes in the U.S. financial system, and seek to manage the new risks posed by these changes only by adapting the regulatory architecture and rules to the new changes in the financial system.

To sum up, although the new regulation bill's intention is to maintain financial stability, but it reflects the "financial stability just means, financial and economic development is the ultimate goal" deep thoughts, the financial supervision should adapt to the development of financial, rather than cut, this idea is very worthy of our reference in the reform of financial supervision system of our country seriously. How to deal with the relationship between financial regulation and financial development will be our next to solve the new problem, let us wait and see.

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Assignment代写：The American art tax system

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- The American art tax system，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国艺术品的税收制度。在美国境内的艺术品交易，美国国家税收署依据最初购买动机而将交易对象分为销售商、投资人和收藏家，对交易对象征收长期资本所得税或利得税。经销商最初的购买动机是为了获得利润，缴纳所得税；投资人，其最初购买的动机是为了投资，缴纳长期资本利得税；收藏家购买艺术品为了欣赏，出售持有超过一年的艺术品的所得被视为长期资本利得，适用资本利得税，销售持有期低于一年的艺术品所得，则需缴纳所得税。另外，美国为扶持其艺术事业的发展，实行直接的财政补贴政策和间接的税收优惠政策，降低了艺术品的交易成本，成功地吸引世界性艺术品和投资资本。

In the United States, art is treated as assets. Therefore, Gains in the United States are mainly subject to Capital Gains Rates Tax and Sales Tax.

Capital gains tax is a tax levied on income from capital asset appreciation. Gains on investment Capital beyond one year are defined as long-term Capital Gains Tax with a rate of 28%. Short-term capital gains less than one year of investment are regarded as ordinary income for investors and are taxed at a 35% income tax rate.

For art transactions in the United States, the Internal Revenue Service divides the transactions into sellers, investors and collectors based on the original purchase motive, and imposes long-term capital tax or income tax on the transactions. The dealer's initial purchase motivation is to obtain profit and pay income tax; An investor whose initial motivation for purchase is to invest and pay long-term capital gains tax; A collector's income from the sale of art held for more than one year is considered long-term capital gains and is subject to capital gains tax. Income from the sale of art held for less than one year is subject to income tax.

A sales tax is a "destination tax" that occurs when art is delivered or ownership is transferred locally. If the dealer registers with the state tax authority in which the dealer is located and receives a resale certificate, the dealer is exempt from sales tax in any state where the art is purchased, because the art is used for resale and is ultimately borne by the consumer. Use tax is used to supplement sales tax, may be for some reason did not pay sales tax, levy use tax to supplement. For example, a collector lives in California and buy artwork in other states, have consign in its place of residence, according to the regulation of tax law, need not pay consumption tax in the state that buys artwork, but should pay use tax in its place of residence California, it is to use the ground to levy to article essentially.

In addition, people who receive art advisory services are also subject to tax and sales tax. Art consultants provide interior decoration and design services for art works for collectors or investors, and carry out actual installation instructions to customers' homes. The service fees earned are subject to state sales tax, which is borne by the customer being served.

The United States has a zero tariff policy on art imports. However, a customs royalty equivalent to 0.21% of the declared value of the work shall be levied on foreign sellers.

If an individual donates to a public charity, the pre-tax deduction for his donation shall not exceed 50% of the tax payable. For donations to private charitable foundations, the pre-tax deduction for individual donations shall not exceed 20% of the tax payable, and the excess shall not be carried forward. The company's donation enjoys the tax deduction of 10% of the adjusted gross profit. There are more specific restrictions on donations to specific non-operating private funds. Donations in excess of the limit can be carried forward for five years to be deducted.

Taxpayers who want to reduce their tax burden by donating artworks should be aware of the donation regulations. The first step is to determine whether the donated property is long-term capital gains or ordinary income. Generally, if a charitable donation of art is defined as a long-term capital gain, the taxpayer will receive a full fair market value tax deduction as a long-term capital gain, but if the donation is defined as a general income deduction, the original cost will be limited.

Second, there are requirements for whom to donate. If a taxpayer donates art to a private charitable foundation, he receives only a tax break for the original cost of the purchase. However, donations to public charities receive a full market value deduction. For example, someone who bought a painting for $1,000 a few years ago now has a fair market value of $10,000, and if they donate it to a public charity, they get a $10,000 charitable income tax credit. Donors who have a 35% tax bracket are exempt from paying $3,500 in income taxes. All else being equal, a taxpayer who donates a collection to a private charitable foundation will receive a charitable income tax credit of $1,000 on the original purchase cost, or $350.

In the process of transferring collections, collectors can choose reasonable tax planning tools to maximize their tax deduction. Before choosing a tax planning tool, you should first understand the estate tax and gift tax in the United States. Under the tax break Obama signed into law in 2010, a new tax rate was introduced for the excess progressive rate of inheritance and gift taxes, giving U.S. citizens a lifetime of legal zero inheritance and zero gift taxes.

When an artwork is sold to a public charity, it is sold at a discount to its fair market value. A tax-planning technique can be used in a bargain sale. For example, an older client is willing to sell his collection to his favorite museum, but he doesn't have enough income to do so. Under the bargain sale rule, he sells his art to the museum so that he can receive a certain amount of investment cash and pass on his assets to his heirs. As far as taxation is concerned, both ordinary income income and long-term capital gains property sales are subject to taxation, in which the charitable deduction is allowed within the fair market value, excluding the value that can be regarded as a donation if sold at a low price.

A charitable trust established by a donor, in which the donor gives a portion of the trust proceeds to himself or his family and the remainder to a charitable institution. Generally, a charitable residual trust gives at least one non-charitable beneficiary a certain amount of money each year. The payment period must be when the beneficiary is alive or not more than 20 years. Upon termination of the benefit period, the non-charitable beneficiary shall be given an appropriate tax exemption. The proceeds of charitable residual trusts are not subject to income tax, so the trustor can sell them without paying capital gains tax, and the income tax deduction for the trustor is based on the value of the remainder. Generally, there are two types of charitable residual trust funds: annuity trust funds are required to pay a fixed amount to non-charitable beneficiaries every year, whose value is equal to 5%-50% of the fair market value of the trust property; The trust is required to pay a fixed amount each year to non-charitable beneficiaries, equal to 5-50% of the trust's fair market value, which is assessed annually.

Collectors want to keep the collection while they live, but are willing to give it to charity when they die. An estate tax deduction of 100% of the fair market value of the collection can be deducted if the collection is donated to a public charity or a private charitable foundation after death.

If a collection is given to a charitable organization, the undivided interest in the collection will meet the estate tax deduction. For example, if the testator gave three quarters of the undivided benefits to charity during his lifetime, the testator also gave the remaining quarter to charity after his death. In paying the estate tax, the charitable estate tax deduction reaches the full fair market value of the remainder.

The second is the deduction of marriage estate tax transferred between spouses. The economic recovery tax act of 1981 provided an unlimited deduction for the estate tax on marriages. If a collector wishes to have his collection acquired by a charity after his death, he should give it to his surviving spouse instead of donating it directly to a charity, which in turn will be donated to the charity during his spouse's lifetime or after his death. Because there is now an unrestricted marriage estate tax deduction, surviving spouses do not receive federal estate taxes on their deceased spouses.

When a collector is willing to give their collection to their heirs to continue to retain art, this is a non-charitable transfer.

One is the transfer of wills. A collector who does not transfer a collection during his lifetime must dispose of it after his death. If you prefer to transfer the collection through a will and give it to a non-charitable beneficiary, such as a spouse. Under U.S. tax law, a spouse can get a spouse deduction for an estate transferred to a spouse. For example, in 2009, the zero estate tax was $3.5 million.

The other is a will transfer in the form of a trust. Collectors can use a trust fund to make a will transfer and hope to transfer an item to their surviving spouse in full and to their children after the surviving spouse dies. The basic idea is that one transfer covers two estates, but generates only one estate tax. Although zero estate tax is available, a trust fund is a better option. As far as the trust fund is concerned, it should specify who will undertake the insurance, storage and other expenses, and the trustee should be authorized to sell any one piece of the collection. This provision is necessary for cash-strapped families, and owning a valuable collection does not put them in the position of not having the money to pay for it. If the surviving spouse can ask the trust trustee to convert income-producing assets into income-producing assets, the trust fund also applies to the spousal estate tax deduction.

Some people who inherit art but can't pay estate taxes end up selling their collection to pay for it. Such sales require heirs to earn a certain amount each year, as well as commission fees that heirs hope will be deducted as federal estate taxes. But it is not clear whether these costs can be used for federal estate tax purposes, and the probate court's fee allowances do not guarantee that they can be used for federal estate tax purposes.

One of the most important tax effects of the estate tax is that the appreciation of works of art included in the total estate increases the basis for the income tax, which is equal to the taxable value of the federal estate tax. The tax code provides that the cost of acquiring property from a deceased person is based on the fair market value of the date of death or alternative date. In other words, if a collector buys a painting for $10,000, but by the time he dies, the value of the painting is $100,000 in terms of the federal estate tax, and his heirs receive the painting, the increased taxable value is equal to $100,000.

In order to promote the development of China's art market and philanthropy, we should continue to expand the preferential tax policies for art transactions on the basis of existing tax incentives. First of all, we need to start with the intensity of tax reduction and exemption, mainly to increase the proportion of pre-tax deduction for charitable donations of individuals and enterprises in China, and allow the carry-over deduction of the excess amount in the following tax years, so as to improve the enthusiasm of enterprises and individuals in giving. At the same time, the government should gradually expand the scope and form of charitable donations and clarify the relevant preferential tax policies for the donation of artworks. Every year, China's public welfare groups receive preferential donations of artworks, but the regulations on the deduction of charitable donations of artworks are still not clear. Most importantly, in order to attract worldwide art and investment, the government should reduce the import tariff and import VAT on Chinese art, so as to reduce the cost of art transaction. At present, the import tariff of artworks in China is 6%, plus 17% of import VAT, plus additional consumption tax, import VAT and administrative expenses, which increases the tax burden of imported artworks for importers in mainland China. However, for Chinese art trading, the biggest problem is still the authenticity and identification of artworks in the aspect of donation and the tax preference thus enjoyed, which is the constraint of the weak implementation of tax policy.

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英文论文的论证方法分享

在英文论文的写作中，观点的论证是非常重要的，所以导师会格外地看重。而影响论证效果的因素主要是论证方法，不同的论证方法对观点的说服力是不同的，所以大家需要掌握多种论证方法，这样才能把观点的论证做好，下面就给大家分享一下英文论文的论证方法。

数据最直观

列数据的论证方法是最直观和最具有说服力的技巧。往往一个经过调查得出的数据，能把你英文论文要证明的事物具体化，比说很多个道理都要有说服力。而英文论文得到相关数据就需要对资料进行有目的的查找，提高效率。

有比较才有突出

这里的比较可以是相同的，也可以是相反的事物进行比较。

相同的事物一起比较，称作comparison类比，这是英文论文拿有相同性质的、或有相同特点的两个事物来进行对照，从而找打相似性，利用相似物来突出原本事物。

相反的事物作比较，称为contrast对比，这是英文论文把两个完全不同的、或者说是相反的事物进行对比，从而通过与之相反的事物来突出原本事物。

而两者的共同目的都是为了突出原本事物的特性、本质或者作用。

恰当引用增强论证效果

往往英文论文写作目的是为了论证一个观点，那么英文论文在论证的过程中，就是通过各种不同的论证技巧来实现的。而除了利用自己知识积累和数据资料等，还可以引用。引用既可以是对一句或者一段名人名言的直接参考使用，也可以是对于一个观点和结论的利用，来佐证自己的观点论述。

比喻论证使抽象具体化

比喻论证顾名思义是利用一个比喻手法来论证一个观点的方法，拿比喻之形来论证被比喻之抽象。比喻论证的比喻者是形象的，能够被人直观理解的，而被比喻者是抽象的，是难以直接感受的，所以英文论文需要利用一个拥有共同一般特性的形象事物来进行论证。尽管是两种不同的事物，但是由于拿来进行比喻的点是两者之间的共性，所以英文论文能够得到更加具体的论证结果。

以上就是关于英文论文的论证方法分享，同学们不仅要知道这些论证方法，还要学会把它们运用到写作当中。

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Paper代写：Personal investment

本篇paper代写- Personal investment讨论了个人投资理财。个人理财指的是个人为了优化配置财产、促进财产创收而制定并实施财务计划的过程。个人投资理财一般以个人的财务状况及生活水平为基础，选择合适的投资产品，运用一定的投资方式来实现对自身财产的管理，以小风险实现财产的大收益。如今，个人理财的出现给了人们多样化的资金处理选择，但当今市场个人投资理财产品众多，如何选择合适的投资理财方式及掌握个人投资理财技巧至关重要。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

With the development of economy, people's living standards are gradually improved and their material wealth is getting higher and higher. In this context, how to deal with spare funds has become the focus of people's attention. The emergence of personal finance has given people a variety of capital handling options, but nowadays there are many personal investment and financial products in the market, so how to choose appropriate investment and financial management methods and master personal investment and financial management skills are of great importance. Based on the above, this paper briefly analyzes the personal investment and financial management methods and skills.

Personal finance refers to the process in which individuals formulate and implement financial plans in order to optimize the allocation of property and promote the generation of income from property. Personal investment and financial management is generally based on personal financial status and living standard, choose appropriate investment products, and use certain investment methods to realize the management of their own property, so as to achieve large returns with small risks.

Personal finance and investment can help people get more wealth, can achieve the property to maintain or increase its value, while there are many kinds of personal finance and investment way, here is a brief introduction of several common ways: saving is loved by ordinary families a way of personal finance investment, compared with other methods in terms of savings protected by the constitution, has the characteristics of safe and reliable investment form flexible, easy to check in at the same time, the bank will absorb deposits money into the construction of social production, and profit, interest paid to depositors at the same time, so as to realize assets value; Stocks are also a common way of personal investment and financial management. People can deposit their savings in stock accounts and gain profits through the appreciation of stocks. Bond investment is a kind of personal investment and financial management method with moderate income, such as national debt, corporate bonds, etc. Internet financial product investment is a new way of investment and financial management. People can obtain income by purchasing Internet financial products. This way of investment and financial management has a low threshold, high capital liquidity and high yield, which meets the financial needs of the public.

Misunderstanding between greed, everyone wants to have more money, all hope that the property of the asset to the realization of the maximum value, which makes some people in order to get more benefit by irrational behavior in investment and financing, such as illegal borrowing, blind investment, etc, this kind of irrational behavior in financial investment, may be affected by any carelessness led to ruin.

Has cast the net wider myth, some investors funds is limited, but as long as they feel able to reap the benefits will be actively involved in some way in investment and financing, such as a wide range of selection of real estate, futures, collection in financial investment, fund, stock and so on the many kinds of way, but is limited by its own energy and money, makes each kind of finance and investment is difficult to get considerable benefits.

The mistake of blind confidence, personal investment and financial planning emphasizes thinking before acting, but some people have no in-depth understanding of financial products to invest blindly, regardless of their own reality, thus causing financial risks.

Since the reform and opening up, China has witnessed rapid economic development and rapid growth of national income. In this context, everyone wants to maintain and increase the value of his property in a safe environment. Personal investment and financial management has become the best choice for many people to deal with their property. But when it comes to investment, there must be risks. How to avoid risks and choose appropriate investment and financial products are crucial. The following is a brief discussion of personal investment and financial management skills.

Understand the basis of their financial position is a personal finance and investment, so before finance and investment, must be on their own income, assets and liabilities, and so on and so forth to understand, then according to personal preferences as well as the ability to choose reasonable way of personal finance and investment, in the process of financial management and reasonable allocate funds, guarantee financing way risk they can afford, within the scope of the choice of assets to maximize value-added financing way. Traditional to save and save money in the bank for savings growth way is not suitable for today's trend of the development of the economy, the innovation idea, personal finance and investment should be positive to participate in the activities of financial investment, and analyzes the economic environment, on this basis, adjust their investment plans, to ensure the rationality of personal finance and investment.

Income generally includes wages, interest and capital gains, point out spending generally includes housing, utilities, cost, insurance premium, children education, medical treatment, etc., before the finance and investment shall reasonably calculated their spending and income, set aside the spare money, calculate how many can be used for investment funds, know your cash flow, avoid blindly invest a lot of money to invest money, this to avoid investment risk also plays an important role.

Personal finance and investment shall be established before the reasonable financial goals, determine the future within a period of expect to achieve financial goals, such as the cost of a few years later their children to school, a few years after his retirement, such as cost of living things there are priorities, their financial goals should also be separated layers, established successively, choose the most pressing financial goals, in the process of financial investment to reasonable planning, step by step to achieve them. Personal investment and financing is a long-term process, which cannot be accomplished overnight. Therefore, reasonable financial goals should be set to clarify the direction of personal investment and financing and ensure the rationality of personal investment and financing.

In the process of personal investment and financial management, we must choose reasonable methods and methods, specifically, we can consider from three aspects of liquidity, profitability and security. In today's market, personal investment and financial products are gradually diversified, such as funds, stocks, online financial products, etc., which method is the most appropriate and most in line with their actual situation is the focus of people's attention.

From the perspective of liquidity, liquidity refers to the liquidity of investment financial products. The stronger the liquidity is, the stronger the liquidity of the products will be. In case of risks or crises, liquidity can help financial investors to buy time to mitigate the impact.

From the perspective of profitability, profitability refers to the profitability of financial investment products. Different financial investment methods have different profitability, which is also an important criterion for choosing financial investment products.

From the perspective of security, no matter what kind of financial investment methods exist certain risks, but the risk size and risk source of different financial investment methods are not the same, so the safety should be considered in the process of choosing investment and financial management methods.

To sum up, personal investment and financial management is very important and necessary. The key is to master the skills of investment and financial management. In the process of investment and financial management, we should not only combine our own reality, but also make a reasonable measurement of investment and financial management.

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Essay代写：International trade after brexit

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- International trade after brexit，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国脱欧后的国际贸易。英国的退欧公投，一定程度上对欧盟造成了影响。同时也引发了连锁的反应，如意大利、希腊、西班牙等均有倾向脱离欧盟的愿望。如此将极大的削弱欧盟在欧洲事务的发言权。由于欧洲需要的能源均来至于俄罗斯，由此如果欧盟的解体，在经济上会形成多个跨国间与俄罗斯的协议或盟约，从而取代欧盟与俄罗斯之间的经济协议，在一定程度上将超越WTO。

With the global economy in a weak state, the victory of the brexiters in the June 24, 2016 referendum marked a sharp economic downturn and regime change for the eu. It also marked a continued decline in the world economy. Facing the current world economic environment, various countries have adopted various non-tariff trade barriers or direct punitive tariff barriers against foreign products. The future of international trade will be a matter of great concern to political parties and economists alike.

On June 24, 2016, the result of the brexit referendum was announced, which shocked the world. More than 51.9% of the British people voted to leave the eu. It also marks the disintegration of the world economy.

At the start of 2016, Christine lagarde, managing director of the international monetary fund, warned that global growth in 2016 would be "disappointing and uneven". The coexisting phenomenon of insufficient aggregate demand and low long-term growth rate in developed economies, as well as inconsistent macroeconomic policy directions in major economies, large-scale cross-border capital flows, turbulence in foreign exchange and financial markets, geopolitical changes and natural disasters also aggravate the instability of the entire international trade environment. Since 2012, the growth rate of world goods exports has been around 3%. In 2015, the global trade downturn worsened, and the global goods export showed a relatively large negative growth.

According to the world trade organization, China accounted for 14% of the world's exports in 2015, making it the world's largest exporter. The United States and Germany accounted for 9 percent and 8 percent, respectively. Europe and Asia go hand in hand. The WTO forecasts trade growth of 2.8 percent in 2016, and the outlook for trade growth is bleak. In the whole trade, the eu still maintains its leading position in the export of agricultural products, petroleum and mineral products, while China maintains its leading position in office and mobile equipment, textiles and clothing.

In the area of exports of services, freight traffic has declined all over the world and is now increasing only in Africa and the Middle East. Due to the impact of the exchange rate and the appreciation of the us dollar, the trade volume of tourism decreased, but the number of cross-border tourists increased by 4%, showing a significant growth.

The increasingly fierce vote to leave the European Union is tearing apart the current economic instability of the European Union. The weak dollar under the bretton woods system has pushed the world economic center of gravity to east Asia. Politically, Japan, the Philippines and Vietnam, with the United States as the core, are trying to contain China's development. Following the principle that the economic foundation determines the superstructure and the superstructure stimulates the development of economy, the new trend of current world trade will be changed in the following aspects:

The United Nations and the WTO, which were born after the second world war, are gradually weakened with the influence of regional geopolitics, especially the brexit referendum of Britain, which affected the eu to some extent last time. It also set off a chain reaction, with Italy, Greece and Spain all leaning towards leaving the eu. That would greatly weaken the eu's voice in European affairs. Since all the energy Europe needs comes from Russia, if the eu disintegrates, there will be a number of transnational agreements or alliances with Russia, which will replace the economic agreements between the eu and Russia and surpass the WTO to some extent.

China will overtake the United States as the world's largest economy by 2025, according to new statistics from the center for economic and business research. With the increase of China's national strength and the sharp increase of national income, China will show great purchase in the huge economic scale. At the same time, with the economic development plan of eastern Russia, the huge market potential of South Korea and Japan, the world trade center will be moved to east Asia.

A major prerequisite for economic development is the development of electronic information technology, especially the application of the Internet. With the application of electronic technology, information exchange between countries becomes more smooth. Make the Internet - based electronic transactions become more convenient, e-commerce platform to a huge development. The mode of trade in commodities has been greatly changed from the trade between enterprises to the direct trade between enterprises and consumers, so as to further change the mode of international freight in the international service industry. Goods will be traded with more transnational express or international mail.

With the gradual internationalization of China's RMB and the decline of the us economy, the world monetary system with the us dollar as the core is gradually disintegrating, and CNY will be included in the international settlement currency. At present, the settlement method of RMB is widely accepted and used by regional trade like asean, east Asia and central Asia. At the same time, with the change of trade mode, the international settlement will show diversified development in the future, and the virtual currency of the Internet will replace the current settlement form in the form of letter of credit and T/T.

With brexit and other unstable factors in the eu, what should China do to strengthen its economic strength and expand trade scale?

With the formation of the economic containment strategy with the United States as the core, in Asia, China used the advantages of the ancient silk road at sea and on land to break through the containment of the United States at sea. Thus brings the new impetus for the regional economic development, further drives the peripheral economy development, expands China's influence. Thus stimulating the development of the whole economy and trade. On the other hand, the establishment of new regional economic organizations, such as the Asian infrastructure investment bank, will help to participate in regional or global economic construction and make decision-making Suggestions, thus influencing or writing new trade rules.

The year of 2016 is the last year of China's accession to the wto economic transition period. At present, the United States, the European Union and a few other countries do not recognize China's market economy status on the grounds of national interests, which makes China still face the application of "anti-dumping" and other non-tariff trade barriers after China's accession to the WTO, which is not conducive to the competition of Chinese products in the world market.

This essay, in the current world economic growth, developed countries economy into a depression, under the condition of developing countries economic challenges, the world trade pattern will be in east Asia, which is mainly composed of the Internet as the core TO form a new B TO C or C TO trade in goods, and then change the original trade way and the method of payment, regional trade will be able TO long-term development, bring new impetus TO the world economic prosperity.

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