下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Civil service reform in the United States，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的公务员制度改革。20世纪70年代，美国停止美元兑换黄金的义务，造成世界性的通货膨胀。石油输出国组织实行配额生产限制原油产量，造成国际原油价格暴涨，吞噬企业利润，导致美国和西方国家陷入严重的经济滞涨危机和持续的财政危机。为了摆脱危机，美国政府从1978年开始进行公务员制度的改革，配合审计改革和财政改革。经过30多年的不懈努力和改进，不仅破解了经济滞涨危机，摆脱了冷战的威胁，而且还极大地促进了科技创新事业的发展。
In the 1970s, on the one hand, the United States stopped exchanging dollars for gold, causing worldwide inflation. On the one hand, the implementation of quota production by the organization of petroleum exporting countries limited the production of crude oil, resulting in the soaring international crude oil price and the swallowing of corporate profits. As a result, the United States and western countries were plunged into a serious economic stagnation crisis and a continuous financial crisis. In order to get rid of the crisis, the us government began to carry out the reform of the civil service in 1978, which was combined with audit reform and fiscal reform. After more than 30 years of unremitting efforts and improvement, it has not only solved the economic stagflation crisis in the 1970s and got rid of the threat of the cold war, but also greatly promoted the development of scientific and technological innovation and become a benchmark for countries around the world to actively introduce government management reform. China's economic development has now reached a world-leading scale, but to continue to develop, we must first overcome the obstacles of backward civil service system and fundamentally solve the problem of government corruption and inefficiency. For this reason, the successful experience of the United States is worth learning from.
Since the founding of the United States with the promulgation of the federal constitution in 1787, the civil service system in the United States has experienced changes in three stages, namely, the system of party sharing, the system of annual merit and efficiency, and the system of public service wholesale. 18th century after the civil war, republicans and Democrats in the United States formed the north-south confrontation took turns to the ruling political landscape, the ruling party to arrange party government positions, to bring partisan struggle inside the government, leading to lack of supervision and high incidence of corruption in question, and the President of the new and old shift brings the big shift government employees, the cause of the government serious short-term behavior, experience and knowledge accumulation is insufficient, affect the long-term problem of decision making. To this end, in 1883, parliament issued the pendleton act, which began to establish a merit-based civil service system and overcome the disadvantages of the party sharing system. The merit-based civil service system, in which government employees are promoted according to their years of service and hold office for life, is not subject to the influence of political parties taking turns in power and the President changing shifts. It is conducive to the accumulation of work experience and knowledge in professional posts, but also brings about the problems of rampant official standard, high incidence of corruption, bloated government establishment and low administrative efficiency. Between 1880 and 1930, when the party sharing system ran parallel to the merit system, the number of merit civil service jobs rose from 45.6 percent in 1900 to 79.6 percent in 1930, when the great crisis broke out. This period became the most rampant period of corruption in American history. 1910 system reform, the United States congress to lift the ruling party leader in congress, a spokesman for the position, banned party leader directly in the appointment of government intervention, and began to end of the civil service system of patronage to 1977, the merit system of civil service positions reached 90.9%, less than 10% of jobs in the elected political appointees and other special personnel.
However, the merit system also brings the consequence of the overflow of official standard and the inflation of government institutions, the low administrative efficiency and the heavy financial burden. Relying on the issuance of government debt to make up the fiscal deficit also brings the problem of inflation and the low efficiency of the national economy. In the 1970s, the international oil price soared, the arms race between the United States and the Soviet union was costly, and the population that survived the world war ii began to enter the retirement age. As a result, the western industrialized countries generally fell into the mire of economic stagnation. In the face of economic stagnation, the solution of the United States is to substantially reduce the consumption of human resources in government departments and accelerate the comprehensive development of public services in non-government sectors. To this end, the United States launched the civil service system reform act of 1978, the application of enterprise's corporate management measures to the management of the government, the first is to clarify the responsibilities of the federal government departments of the scope and performance evaluation standard, the government takes office is hanging hook, public resources consumption and public satisfaction, prompting the government to actively trying to raise the efficiency; Secondly, temporary employees were added to replace permanent employees, increasing from 42,000 in 1985 to 157,000 in 1993. The third is to divest the public service functions of the government, wholesale the public services provided by the federal government to private professional intermediaries, enterprises and companies or local governments, and drastically reduce the number of agencies of the federal government. The reform increased the number of federal contracts awarded from $1.3 billion in 1979 to $73.7 billion in 1989. Again in 1993 and 1994, congress has launched the government performance and results act and the government management reform act, set up the national performance review committee headed by Mr Gore, finance, personnel, information and leadership performance evaluation of target and public utilities, reducing the government's task to implement the government's various budget unit, the merit system successfully employees from 91% in 1977 to 55.5% in 2002, the federal government to reduce 78000 management positions, cut 42620 jobs, to save more than $1000 each year the government budget.
At the end of 1970s, the world oil price was soaring, and the United States lowered the oil price with the policy of high interest rate. The European and American countries generally had serious economic stagnation, and behind the economic stagnation were serious government fiscal crisis and debt crisis. World history has shown that the financial crisis and government debt crisis of major countries, unchecked development, will eventually lead to the serious decline and collapse of state power. The federal constitution of the United States is by far the longest lasting written constitution in the world. This constitution stipulates that the government, like every citizen, should obey the constitutional principle of patriotism and actively try to solve various practical problems endangering the federal central government. In strengthening the legal system, driven by administrations unremitting efforts, the government slimming reform measures: set up the system for employees of interns with scholarship system, or in the form of subsidies for internship, absorb all kinds of qualified college students, examination and supervision in counterparts across the government functional departments, social investigation, legal propaganda and daily work of administrative services, the experience of several years after the government's work, most of the automatic shunt to the social from all walks of life, leaving a few employed as a civil servant, through examination, fill the retirement to see, to strictly control the civil servants make frontal and significantly improve the professional quality of civil servants specialized dual purpose. Establish a performance evaluation system for government agencies, set budgetary cost, performance contribution and social effect as evaluation criteria, give warning and publicity to institutions with poor implementation and poor performance evaluation, and promote personnel change, reduction of establishment and budget reduction. Local governments that have plunged their finances below the state level have declared bankruptcy, and bankrupt municipalities may have to cut their payrolls by more than 50 percent. A career or not only measures, hire a creditworthy private accountants, lawyers, universities and private well-known scholars, ACTS as the government's financial, economic and legal consultants provide the countermeasures to solve the problem of the specific solution, service the needs of the government decision-making, instead of relying on administrative establishment set up by various government institutions. As a result of these effective reforms, the total number of civilian employees in the U.S. government has been reduced to only about 3.5 million. The district of Columbia, where Washington is located, has no more than 200,000 employees belonging to the federal central government.
In the 1970 s, the international oil price from less than $3 a barrel in 1970, jumped to $30 a barrel in 1978, the Soviet union, relying on oil exports rolling dollar inflows, temporarily out of the planned economy system caused by the financial crisis, the United States and the Soviet union process culminates, cold war arms race has had the upper hand, the domestic new labor employment, basically all join the ranks of the arms production and the armed forces, the people's livelihood so more contraction investment and employment. In response to public opinion at home complaining about chronic shortages of consumer goods, the government launched a blatant invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 to divert attention from foreign victories. In 1978, the United States once again adopted the policy of substantially raising interest rates to lower international oil prices, and it persisted until the new Soviet government came into power in 1985 and promised to control the war in Afghanistan. During this period, the deposit interest rate of the federal reserve bank once reached 16.39% in 1981. From 1986 to 1990, the interest rate in the United States was still above 6.66%, and it was not until 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet union that the interest rate was continuously and substantially reduced. After the decline of international oil prices and the withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan, the Soviet government immediately faced a serious financial crisis, inflation and a large number of unemployed people, and had to return to the track of government reform. However, government reform must be carried out from top to bottom within the framework of constitution and law, and it must rely on the improvement of the judicial and administrative functions of the government, or it will only lead to the disintegration of the government and the restarting of the government. The Soviet constitution, Stalin in 1918 from the declaration of exploited labor class in 1936 to the Soviet union constitution, to negate the human civilization and the rule of law in 2500 to implement the premise of collective rule of man and with the revolutionary party on the basis of the theory of class struggle to overthrow the government, unable to provide the government reform and the establishment of efficient government indispensable legal framework. In 1985 mikhail gorbachev, chairman of the central committee of the Soviet communist party, engineered reforms that invoked western legal civilization, created the presidency and held a national congress, but failed to save the central government from collapse. Because of the long-term rule of man has been formed, all the important departments of the central government are strongly opposed to the reform. Even if the military force reaches the world's leading level, it will inevitably lead to the disintegration of the central government.
China's economic development, has now reached the scale of the world's second-largest economy, but to continue to develop, in the face of economic growth and government revenue downward, severe heavy government debt and unemployment problems, must first overcome behind the civil service system obstacle, relying on the progress of the rule of law, to fundamentally solve the problem of government corruption and inefficiency, let more excellent human resources, never produced by government departments, transferred to the productive sector of the market economy, to reverse the adverse economic growth continued downward trend. For this reason, the experience of the United States is worth learning, and the lessons of the Soviet union should be actively learned.
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