Proposal写作要考虑这些问题

想必留学生们知道，在写作毕业论文之前，必须要先写Proposal。待导师通过你的Proposal，才能开始毕业论文的正式写作。所以大家必须得把Proposal写好，不然毕业论文就无从谈起。而在写作Proposal的时候，同学们需要考虑一下这些问题。

为什么这个问题那么重要

proposal写作中最重要的一点就是需要说明清楚你要解决的问题是什么，为什么这个问题很重要。天底下有成千上万的难题在等待我们探索，为什么你要选这一个问题，为什么你觉得这个问题是最值得解决的?你在proposal写作中，要让你的读者信服，这个问题亟待解决，并且如果把这个问题解决了，将对社会产生重要的积极意义。

为什么这个问题难以解决

我们需要力求选题在理论和方法上有独创性和开拓性。这也意味着，你硏究的问题应该是短时间内其他人暂时无法解决的问题。换句话说，如果你硏究的问题别人很容易解决，或者别人正在解决，那么你的研究也就失去了意义。你需要在你的proposal里面指出，为什么这个问题难以解决，需要对这个问题进行深入的思考。

为什么现在要解决这个问题

大多数研究的问题，其实长期存在了，前人可能以不同的形式或切入点提出这些问题。你需要在proposal里面指出，为什么现在是解决这个问题的最佳时机。比如，最近出现了其他研究成果、诞生了新的技术，或者是政策上的改变，所以大大提高了现在解决这个问题的可行性;比如这个问题现在出现了新的形式，导致解决这个问题十分紧迫。

为什么你最适合做这个研究

你为什么是进行这项研究最合适的人选?这一点大家在写proposal的时候非常容易忽视。你必须让你的读者相信，来研究这个问题，你有独特的优势。比如，你有扎实的专业知识，你拥有丰富的经验，这些正是这项研究所需要的。你可以列举你之前的工作经历，并且巧妙地把这些工作经历和你将要进行的研究方向结合起来。

以上就是关于Proposal写作需要考虑的问题，希望同学们在写作的时候，都可以针对这些问题去展开论述。

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Paper代写：Arctic Photography

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Arctic Photography，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了北极摄影。北极摄影的历史可以追溯到18世纪。然而，北极摄影之间的相关性是最近几十年才建立起来的。随着气候变化和全球变暖问题的日益迫切性，摄影将作为公众与北极地区之间的桥梁发挥更加重要的作用。北极摄影作为一种直接的信息来源，被认为是公众与气候变化问题之间最重要的联系。然而，新媒体形式的出现对北极地区的保护构成了潜在的威胁。

Abstract

In establishing the correlation between Arctic photography and climate change, a historic perspective has been adopted by the paper, backed by extensive research. Based on the discovery of the general trends of climate change related Arctic photography, a better understand of the influences of photography on the environment and policies, both positive and negative, will be built.

Introduction

The history of Arctic photography can be traced back to the 18th century. However, the correlation between Arctic photography has only been established in the recent decades. With the increasing urgency of the climate change and global warming issues, photography is going to play a much more important role as the bridge between the public and the Arctic regions. This paper adopts a historic approach to learn about the development of Arctic photographer, and how it gradually shifted its focus through the course of history. As a straight-forward from of information, Arctic photography is considered the most important link between the public and the issue of climate change. Such a link will be justified in different perspectives in the following sections. With the development of mass media and science, Arctic photography has become much more relevant with climate change. The public understanding of climate changes has been significantly enhanced through newspapers and education. The emergence of new forms of media, however, is posing potential threats on the preservation of the Arctic regions. Therefore, learning the historic development of Arctic photography will help people create smarter strategies to guide it into more positive directions, so that the enforcement actual mitigation measures against climate change will be accelerated.

Background

Photographers were among the first to reach the Arctic regions and document the earliest traces of climate change. Explorations of the Arctic region by photographers started since the mid-eighteenth century. The advancements in technology enabled photographers to work under extremely low temperatures without worrying too much about their cameras. In the documentations of the North American Arctic, photographers were focusing mainly on the landscape and local cultures. The process of making these photos were not productive at all, with only a few exposures taken for the entire day spent outdoors. This makes all remaining Arctic photos from the past centuries more valuable to researchers. After the early struggles of decades, new cameras were being developed, and the number of photographers working in the Arctic regions increased dramatically as a result.

In addition to the incredible cultures of the Inuit, early photos have provided people with a glimpse into the past, about the climate change over the past centuries. These changes have also made an impact on the Inuit culture, in which whalers, hunters, and traders were highly dependent on the nature. In addition to culture, wildlife photography in the Arctic regions have also been developing in recent years. One of the most distinguished subjects is the polar bear, whose habitat have been severely damaged due to global warming and sea ice melting. The documentation of both the changing Inuit culture and the loss of polar bear habitat have indirectly raised people’s awareness of climate change and global warming.

In a more recent effort by photographer Diane Tuft, dozens of photos of the melting process in the Arctic Sea have directly demonstrated to people the urgency of climate change from multiple perspectives. The disappearing icecaps in the Arctic Sea, Norway and Greenland were documented and compiled into the photographer’s new book. Through the photos, it has been the hope of Tuft over 10 years to help the public understand the threat posed by global warming, which has made the Arctic region the fastest-melting region in the world. Although the process of generating a wide-scale response from the public and finally an effective policy and solution being proposed would probably take decades, more and more people are hearing the story of Tuft and beginning to see the truth through her photos.

Materials & Method

The link between Arctic photography and climate changes has been established first through research on the historic development of Arctic photography, since it only became popular in recent decades due to the difficulties in technology and cost. Although there has not been extensive research in the link between Arctic photography and climate change, some of the key resources were targeted, such as the analysis of the visual information of climate change in the US newspapers. The approach of the research process can be divided into two phases. The first part focused on the historic developments of Arctic photography and its increasing correlation with climate change. In addition to the temporal outline, different approaches of Arctic photography have also been discussed highlighting the theme of the photography. From the original landscape and cultural themes of Arctic photography, a trend of diversification has been observed. Photos focusing on wildlife, Inuit culture and economy, landscape, aerial photography for scientific purposes as well as commercialization have become the dominant way for people to learn about the Arctic regions and climate change. The results and discussion sections are thus compiled to follow both the timeline of development and the trend of diversification, so that the most comprehensive picture of Arctic photography is created.

Results & Discussions

Historic Developments of Arctic Photography

The earliest attempts of photography in the Arctic regions can be traced back to the mid-18th century. George Rexworthy De Wilde was among the pioneers of Arctic photography, who sailed to the edge of the ice barriers of the Arctic sea and took photos at places where nobody had set foot in (Credland 672). While the information about the type of camera used by De Wilde and the information such as exposure and lens were not recorded, the photos were published in his book soon got attention from other explorers and scientists. The photographs of De Wilde also became the bases where illustrations of the Arctic regions were made in a number of books (Credland 678). De Wilde’s photos also became the motivation for later photographers to start their own explorations of the Arctic. Although the outbreak of the wars in the 19th and the 20th century hindered the development of Arctic photography, it soon revived by the mid-20th century.

After the end of WWII in the 1940s, the Arctic regions went through dramatic changes in society and economy (Condon 80). With the increased populations in the north, more and more attention was being drawn to the Arctic regions. Photography naturally became the most effective tool in documenting the social changes. With the development of technology of the past century, photography was no longer a technique that require extensive training. Researchers and anthropologists were able to use it as a medium themselves to document the clash of traditional and modern cultures. An increasing number of both professional and amateur photographers were heading towards the Arctic region in the pursuit for visually stunning and socially revealing images. Photography was also increasingly used by researchers as supplementary materials to their findings and data.

The early Arctic photography has been widely used in different forms of media, such as scholarly papers, books and textbooks and exhibitions in the museums. These photos thus received a massive audience base thanks to the media, making them an effective tool for the public to gain a better understanding of the culture and society of the Arctic regions. However, the potential of photography in sociology had only been revealed in the 1980s (Condon 84). The northern communities in the United States and the Inuit organizations also came to realize the value of photography for documenting their traditional culture and history. Although the original purpose of Arctic photography was mainly focused on anthropological and aesthetical aspects, the photos featuring the landscapes of the Arctic remain valuable resources for the study of climate change in the present day. With the help of modern technology, the historical photographs are able to provide more information about the past of the Arctic regions, so that climate change can be better understood on a larger temporal scale.

Contribution of the Mass Media, Education and Research

Climate change had not become a topic of interest until the recent decades. The mass media has contributed significantly in familiarizing the public with the issue. Through photography in the mass media such as newspapers, the psychological distance of the public from climate change have been effectively reduced (Duan 356). It has been found that climate change has been portrayed by the US mass media as an urgent and concrete issue in general, instead of being vague and abstract. Despite the efforts of the newspapers, there still exists a misalignment between the truth of climate change and the public perception of it. Photography serves as an effective media in conveying the message that cannot be so directly represented by scientific claims and data. Specificity is within the nature of image, with essential information such as time, location and space. The visual information can create more lasting impacts than other forms of information in the public, which will indirectly prompt the process of mitigation measures.

Increased public awareness about climate change is also originated from the inclusion of materials in the education system. Although the issue has been approached by different education systems differently around the globe, a common feature is shared by them all. An extensive use of photography as the teaching material has been observed in the undergraduate education about climate change (Chang 29). Most of the Arctic photography has been applied in the entry level of environmental studies and climatology courses, to increase the level of interest of the students in the issue. Not only have the historic photographs been used to show the severity of climate change in the temporal scale, more advance technologies have also been introduced for the more quantitative research on climate change.

The source of public understanding of climate change is scientific research. With the development of new technologies, science is making photography more relevant in the quantitative studies of climate change, even for photos with a relatively long history. To determine the change in the volume of ice in glacial environments, a technology of least-square-based surface matching has been developed. Historic as well as present day photography has been used to determine the reduction in the volume of ice in the Arctic regions. The new technology has ensured the accuracy of measurement even when the change in ice volume is as small as 0.6% (Miller 1978). While photography was considered for documenting purposes with the lack of accuracy, the ASTER-based matching process has significantly expanded the field of application of photography in climatology. With similar technologies developed, the extensive archives of Arctic aerial photography will carry more scientific significance in the future.

Arctic Photography and Conspicuous Modern Consumerism

With the increasingly uneven distribution of social wealth in the modern society, consumerism has become a symbol for social class and identity. While the wealthy social class seek more variety and creativity in their leisure activities, people from other social classes try to mimic them so that they can get “upgraded” in social status. It has thus become a fashion to escape from the daily routine and commit to non-productive yet romantic leisure and consumption (Varul 114). Driven by such a trend, the Arctic region becomes a new place of interest for the rich, which has indirectly prompted the interest of photography in the Arctic regions. The Arctic has been drawn closer to the public and consumers through modern photography. The implications of modern consumerism and photography will have an impact on climate change for sure, but it is still uncertain whether the influence would be positive or negative.

Photographers such as Chris Burkard have found the Arctic regions the new destination of interest (500px ISO). By taking photos of people doing Arctic surfing, Burkard successfully brings Arctic within reach of commercialization. There will be more and more people influenced by such photos to start learning more about the Arctic and even going down there themselves. The psychological distance between the Arctic and the public is further reduced, which can be a way to promote the understanding of climate change indirectly. However, there may also be a potential of increased pollution as a result of the commercialization.

Climate Change Publications from Different Perspectives

The urgency of climate change has motivated many photographers to set sail to the Arctic and take photos of the disappearing ice. In the book by Diane Tuft, photographs of the melting icebergs in the ocean and the retreating ice barriers have become the most direct way for the readers to understand the urgency of the situation. Tuft has travelled to different locations in the Arctic region, combining personal thought and reflections with the photos, so that the impact of the photos is further enhanced (Tuft 16). Many of the photos taken by Tuft has also become part of the collections of renowned museums, widening the audience seeing the images.

Shelley Wright approaches the problem from a cultural perspective, by establishing the correlation between climate change and the Inuit culture. Our Ice is Vanishing: A History of Inuit, Newcomers, and Climate Change is a book about the impact of climate change on the Inuit society. The photographs contained in the book becomes the most powerful rhetoric in appealing for actions to slow down climate change. Although it is the perception of many that the climate change is an ongoing process, the truth is it has already affected a substantial amount of population, especially those whose lives depend on the ocean (Wright 2). Such an appeal for compassion is more commonly seen with wildlife, since they are unable to relocate like humans. The book of Ian Stirling is among the early publications about the climate change and how the polar bear species has been influenced by it (Stirling 19). In recent years, pictures of polar bears struggling to survive on melting ice has gained continuous attention around the globe. The effective in conveying the message makes photography featuring wildlife one of the most popular themes of Arctic photography.

Conclusion

Visualization is one of the most important ways of communicating a message effectively to the public, and photography has provided the public such an opportunity to see the Arctic without having to go there (Schneider 33). From the path of development of Arctic photography, it can be observed that is connection with climate change was not established since the beginning. Instead, the importance of Arctic photography for climate change awareness has only been established in recent years. The mass media (newspaper) and education have been the major contributor to the influence of Arctic photography, as they serve as the platform for the photos to be seen by more audiences. A trend of diversification in terms of the theme of Arctic photography has also been noted. While the original landscape and cultural themes remain influential in Arctic photography, new trends have been emerging featuring wildlife in the Arctic regions, which becomes even more effective in leading to actions against climate change. With the trend of commercialization, photography has also brought the Arctic region closer to the public.

Photography has thrived in traditional mass media, but its growth in the new media and on the internet, has been unprecedented. Posed as the solution to the visualization problem for the public, Arctic photography has made the issue of climate change more relevant to the public, which may result in their direct actions to reduce carbon emissions on the individual level (Sheppard 25). With the help of more advanced visual analysis technologies and instructiveness of the new forms of media, Arctic photography is going to play a more significant role in promoting public awareness of climate change (Schneider 192). This is the crucial step in the process from vision to action and wider range of public support.

Works Cited

500px ISO. “Chris Burkard at TED: The Joy of Arctic Surf Photography.” [Web]. 2015. Retrieved on 29 June 2017 from: https://iso.500px.com/chris-burkard-at-ted-the-joy-of-arctic-surf-photography/

Chang, Chew H. Climate Change Education: Knowing, Doing and Being. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, New York; London, 2014.

Condon, Richard G. "The History and Development of Arctic Photography." Arctic Anthropology, vol. 26, no. 1, 1989, pp. 46-87.

Credland, Arthur G. "George Rexworthy De Wilde (1832/3–1906): A Forgotten Pioneer of Arctic Photography." Polar Record, vol. 51, no. 6, 2015, pp. 672-679.

Duan, Ran, Adam Zwickle, and Bruno Takahashi. "A Construal-Level Perspective of Climate Change Images in US Newspapers." Climatic Change, vol. 142, no. 3-4, 2017, pp. 345.

Miller, P. E., et al. "Assessment of Glacier Volume Change using ASTER-Based Surface Matching of Historical Photography." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 47, no. 7, 2009, pp. 1971-1979.

Stirling, Ian. Polar Bears: The Natural History of a Threatened Species. 2011.

Schneider, Birgit (Writer on climate change), Thomas Nocke, and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Image Politics of Climate Change: Visualizations, Imaginations, Documentations. vol. 55., Transcript, Bielefeld, 2014.

Sheppard, Stephen. Visualizing Climate Change: A Guide to Visual Communication of Climate Change and Developing Local Solutions. Routledge, London, 2012.

Tuft, Diane. The Arctic Melt: Images of a Disappearing Landscape. Assouline Publishing. April 20, 2017.

Varul, M. Z. "Waste, Industry and Romantic Leisure: Veblen's Theory of Recognition." European Journal of Social Theory, vol. 9, no. 1, 2006, pp. 103-117.

Wright, Shelley. Our Ice is Vanishing = Sikuvut Nunguliqtuq: A History of Inuit, Newcomers, and Climate Change. vol. 75, McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, 2014.

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申请文书该怎么写

想必大家也知道，如今留学生一年比一年多，所以每一年的留学申请也就越来越激烈了。在申请国外大学的时候，有的同学往往可以用一篇优秀的申请文书来为自己取得优势。那么怎么才能写好申请文书呢？下面就给大家讲解一下。

1.FOLLOW THE PROMPT 紧跟提示

这似乎是显而易见的，一定要确保你回答了面试官的问题!

2.HOOKYOUR READER吸引你的读者

通过一些有趣的事情来抓住招生官的注意力——一个事实，一句引言，或者一个场景。他们读了太多文章，你的目的是让他们想要读更多，了解更多。

例：“拉达克幅员辽阔，充满田园气息，长期以来，它的特色就是坐落在高山和干旱山区之间的小型农业村庄，它们主宰着该地区的景观。”

“我确信‘全球公民’这个词定义了17岁的我。”

3.TELL A STORY 讲故事

人类以故事的形式更好地处理信息，所以一定要设置场景并引入角色。记住，一个故事(一个叙述)有一个需要解决的冲突。还要记住，这场冲突并不一定是巨大的和不朽的。冲突可能是你遇到并必须解决的问题，无论是身体上的还是情感上的障碍。故事中也有角色参与到冲突的解决中。你遇到谁了?他们是什么样的人?他们对你的经历有何贡献?

例：“我自己对这些问题的理解，在很大程度上得益于一段特殊的关系:一个叫明玉的学生。”

4.BE SPECIFIC 一定要具体

当你讲述你的故事时，要包括细节，分享一个具体的事件，而不是一个总体印象。细节帮助你的读者想象场景，并赋予你的故事重量。选择几个关键的细节，而不是通过描述每一个有意义的细节来压倒你的读者。在下面的例子中，作者选择关注声音和视觉细节(鼓声、声音和光线)。

例：鼓声有节奏地敲打着，盖过了所有歌手的声音。灿烂的阳光透过玻璃窗照射进来。这是我第一次在村子里看到玻璃，这是这座建筑重要性的明显标志。”

5.REFLECT 反馈

不要只是叙述发生了什么。一定要清楚地说明这些经历是如何改变你的，以及你从中获得了什么见解。

例：“通过让自己远离家乡的羊群，我有了一个发现:世界各地的人们都能表现出令人难以置信的善意和接纳。”

6.SHOW IMPACT 展示影响

这是一个大实话，很多申请人都做过服务、旅行和志愿服务。你的目标是用实际的方式展示这些经历如何改变了你的生活，换句话说，你做了什么?你采取了什么行动?在大学里，你将不仅仅是一个学生——你将成为社区的一员，招生官正试图了解你将如何为他们的社区做出贡献。你是什么样的人?下面的例子展示了重视真实性和积极参与的社区成员。

例：“自从回到阿灵顿，我试着更接近我的本性，而不是以前隐藏在背后的外表。”

“我在坦桑尼亚遇到的友好社区是我想带给我的家乡和我的国家的东西。我给市长发了电子邮件，告诉他如何让我们的城市更接纳难民，在他的建议下，我加入了伊萨卡欢迎难民组织(IWR)。不久之后，我加入了一个委员会，帮助向公众宣传难民。”

小贴士:

Be your self

记住做真实的自己!最终，你在传达你是谁，你能为大学或学院社区带来什么。你想要表现出你对周围的世界充满好奇、投入和热情。

以上就是关于申请文书的写作讲解，希望大家看完之后，都能写出好的申请文书，让自己在众多的申请者中脱颖而出。

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Paper代写：British colonization of America

本篇paper代写- British colonization of America讨论了英国殖民美洲。从15世纪末开始，西班牙、葡萄牙、荷兰、英国和法国等西方新兴民族国家先后扬帆海外，迈出了殖民扩张的步履，各国在美洲的角逐尤为强烈。最终，桂冠花落英国。英国综合了殖民扩张中的各方面独特的优势，大力加强海军建设，充分利用国民性格中的迁徙冒险精神，从外贸公司到国家层面，鼓励和支持自由劳动者向美洲移民，一反西葡两国竭泽而渔的殖民方式，在美洲荒野白手起家，开疆拓土，创造了世界殖民史上的一个重大奇迹。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

At the end of the 15th century, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Britain, France and other emerging western nations began to colonize America. Among these countries, Spain and Portugal colonized earlier, and Britain and France colonized America as late as the end of the 16th century. The birth of the United States and its emergence as a superpower have demonstrated to the world the great success of British colonization of North America.

From the end of the 15th century, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Britain, France and other emerging western nations set sail overseas and took the steps of colonial expansion, especially in the "new world" America. In the end, the crown went to Britain, and in British North America a strong democracy, the United States, emerged as the world's sole superpower. This important historical fact of the world reflects the British colonial activities in many advantages. Going back to the roots and studying these colonial advantages in depth is conducive to exploring the deep reasons for the strength of the United States to a certain extent.

The colonial expansion of the five western European countries is not an accident of history, but driven by many factors.

The Renaissance movement in the 14th to 16th centuries provided the bourgeoisie with a powerful ideological weapon against feudalism and medieval theology. The religious reform further attacked the feudal forces in Western Europe, destroyed the spiritual dictatorship of the Catholic Church, and promoted the development of national culture and education in western countries. They jointly promoted the pace of the formation of nation-states and the development of industry and commerce in western European countries and provided the guarantee of state power for their future colonial expansion.

The demand for Oriental spices and luxury goods from the upper aristocracy of Western Europe was increasing. Oriental luxuries such as silk and jewelry were important symbols of the upper aristocracy. After the Ottoman empire rise, cut off the important channels of trade in the east and west, in imperial past business taxing, restricted the development of trade between the east and the west, which commodity prices of the east, western European aristocracy, lack of enough gold to pay for fees, plus the ? polo childe of mark of the wealth of the east exaggerated depict to western European countries are determined from the sea open up a new route to the east.

Again of the 16th century, Europe's population expansion, poverty and hunger threatens the survival of humans, at least, the existing food production cannot meet the needs of population growth, many countries beggar streets, gradually become a serious social problem, fortunately, navigation technology have been able to meet the needs of migration to America, it become the first choice to solve the problem of population government policy.

The struggle between Christians and Muslim infidels in Western Europe has continued since the Crusades of 1095. In the religious life of Western Europe, there is a popular legend that there is a Christian priest in the east. In addition, the universal principle of Christianity also became an important motivation to spread religion and promote colonial expansion.

Britain's success in replicating a strong "new Britain" in North America owes much to its unique advantages in the following aspects:

Britain is an island country. First of all, the location of the island country makes it unnecessary for them to spend money to maintain a large army. Instead, it requires them to spend money on the navy for protection. After defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588, the British navy began to dominate the sea and maintained its control until the 20th century, thus creating a glorious history of "empire where the sun never sets". In addition, the attenuation of the army's role in military privilege atrophy of power, and in 1485 after the wars of the roses, the majority of the feudal nobles and kingdoms are destroyed, the British bourgeoisie than other western European countries, in advance on the historical stage, taking the first step in the development of capitalist industry and commerce, it is helpful to enhance the national strength.

The English have a great sense of adventure, they have been accustomed to seek opportunities and seek improvement through migration in the long years before the 17th century. The large-scale population flow makes the mixed race in Britain significantly higher than that in western European countries. On the whole, the higher the mixed race is, the stronger the average quality of the group will be. At the same time, the ability to adapt to the new environment constantly acquired during migration is the survival ability to conquer nature and the environment indispensable in the process of migrating to the American wilderness.

Serfdom died out in Britain at least 200 years before the rest of continental Europe. Free from the bondage of land, under the catalysis of the enclosure movement, a large number of free laborers were produced, which provided sufficient labor force for the development of capitalist industry and commerce. Of all the European countries, only Britain has a large number of men and women who are used to working hard in the fields but are free from the bondage of the land. In fact, with their freedom and skills, they were the best candidates for emigrating to America.

In the late 16th century, in the process of overseas exploration and colonial expansion, the British established many trading companies by way of government charter, such as the Russian company, the east India company and the London company. These companies accelerated the original accumulation of capital in Britain, promoted the development of domestic industry, enriched the squires and merchants, enriched the country, and provided the necessary monetary capital for colonial expansion.

In short, the comprehensive all aspects of the unique advantages of the colonial expansion, vigorously strengthen the construction of the navy, make full use of the national character of the migration for adventure, from foreign trade companies to the national level, encourage and support the free laborers to the American immigration, a manner, west Portuguese colonial kill the two countries in the americas wilderness from scratch, speakers, and made the world a major miracle in the history of colonization.

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Essay代写：American NBA culture

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- American NBA culture，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的NBA文化。文化不是一个抽象的、孤立的个体，它通过一定的特征和风格来表现自己。NBA植根于美国文化土壤，在总体上表现着美国文化的核心价值。它的强势、它的唯我独尊、它的商业化无不体现着美国文化的烙印。NBA的全球化使得全世界的篮球迷也开始沉醉于美国篮球及其影射出来的美国文化。其中，个人主义、多元化、侵略性及商业化这四个美国文化的特征完美地在NBA联盟身上体现出来。

The NBA represents the highest level of basketball in the world and is a unique form of sports culture. NBA culture is rooted in the soil of American culture and reflects American culture from different levels. It can be said that NBA has already transcended the meaning of basketball and become a mirror of American culture, a platform to show American culture and a glorious mission to let the world know about American culture.

1946 the national basketball association was formed. In the development course of more than half a century, it has attracted the attention of fans all over the world with its superb competitive level and rich cultural connotation. The NBA is a colorful arena that reflects the national culture of the United States on different levels all the time. NBA culture is the product of the perfect combination of American sports culture and business culture rooted in the national cultural background of the United States. It reflects the core and essence of American culture and is an inseparable part of American culture.

Culture is not an abstract and isolated individual. It expresses itself through certain characteristics and styles. NBA rooted in the soil of American culture, in general, the performance of the core values of American culture. Its strength, its conceit and its commercialization all embody the brand of American culture. The globalization of NBA makes basketball fans all over the world begin to be intoxicated by American basketball and the American culture it implies. Among them, individualism, diversity, aggression and commercialization, the four characteristics of American culture are perfectly reflected in the NBA league.

Individualism is a dominant spirit in American culture, a philosophy of life and a standard of value. American individualism emphasizes the individual, including his identity, role and independence. In western culture, individualism is the most important and universal value. The western culture promotes the individualism and liberalism of the western sports culture, and has a different understanding from that of the east. Americans regard the basketball court as a stage for self-expression, a place for self-realization and a place for personality display. The NBA is also a league that puts a lot of emphasis on individual heroism, and the idea of individual heroism is encouraged. NBA is a stage to create stars and a carrier to create heroes. In its development over half a century, it has created countless heroes, from chamberlain and Russell in the 1960s and 1970s to magic Johnson and big bird bird in the 1980s. Then from the 1990s "flying man" Jordan, "big dream" olajuwon, to the 21st century "flying man" Bryant, "little emperor" James. Generation after generation of basketball heroes were born out of the blue, becoming the darling of the spotlight on the basketball court and outside, and also becoming the guarantee of the high box office and high audience rating of the NBA. The "star-making movement" of the league is a unique NBA culture rooted in the worship of heroes and the emphasis on individualism in American culture.

As we all know, the United States is a nation of immigrants. The biggest characteristic of American culture is its openness and diversity. American culture is considered a "melting pot culture", that is, cultures from different parts of the world will be accepted by the United States. This diversity manifests itself in the fact that it is good at absorbing foreign things, opening its doors to the outside world, and perfectly integrating those things into its own culture. This diversity of western culture is closely related to the development of capitalism, because what capitalist countries urgently need is a larger market and development, which requires the integration of different cultures so that they can better achieve their goals. As an emerging country, the United States does not have a long history, but it has many meta-cultures. Each culture seems to find its own shadow in it, which makes its culture more integrated and inclusive. The diversity of this cultural characteristics in the NBA is particularly prominent. In recent years, as more and more international players join the NBA, cultural collision and integration are more and more frequent, and the cultural characteristics of the United States determines its inclusiveness, that is, it is used to accept new things. These international players bring new faces, new tactics and even new basketball concepts to the NBA, all of which are perfectly integrated into this big cultural melting pot. Take the Chinese player yao Ming as an example. He comes from the east, has received Oriental traditional education since childhood, and is a basketball talent cultivated from the juguo system. The eastern educational philosophy emphasizes obedience, teamwork and introversion, which is quite different from the American culture which emphasizes individual heroism. However, yao's unique Oriental modesty, diligence and introspection bring fresh air to this violent and confrontational NBA league. His unique technical style also makes him a very popular basketball superstar in the United States. This is the perfect combination of the collision and integration of two completely different cultures. The SAN Antonio spurs, for example, have the most international players. Their teamwork is unmatched, which is the fundamental reason why this team has won the most championships in the 21st century.

Before the formation of modern western civilization, westerners were mainly engaged in nomadic life and production, which created their personality of sports and adventure. The sports preferred by western culture are challenging, intense, exciting and highly competitive. Such as rugby, football and boxing. This American aggression is on full display in the NBA. NBA is a stage full of intense physical confrontation. Those players who play hard and have excellent physical quality can often become the focus on the court. In the NBA, an important criterion to judge a player is whether he is aggressive and aggressive. A domineering dunk, a stunning blocked shot, a turnaround can make the whole court instant boiling. It is a natural American veneration of power, a veneration of the victors, and a cultural display bordering on hubris. The annual dunk contest, a variety of breathtaking dunk action, as well as nearly crazy chest-thumping roar of celebration, all of the characteristics of American culture vividly embodies the aggressive characteristics.

American culture is marked by its openness and high degree of commercialization. After many European artists came to the United States, their traditional and classic artistic creation was americanized. The so-called Americanization is to adapt to the market and transform them according to their preferences, that is, commercialization. In America, anything that has no market has no life. The NBA's model of success is a fully market-based economy. Throughout the history of the NBA, from the start, survival to development and prosperity, has formed a complete system of scientific management, from optimization of events to elite athletes selection, the orderly flow of athletes, venues, ticket sales, advertising, and all products related to the NBA, athletes, coaches, the high income greatly arouse and stimulate the industry competition, which made us feel the marketization of sports industry. It can be said that the success of NBA is not only the success of commercial operation mode, but also the result of the essence of American culture carried forward in basketball.

NBA culture is rooted in the soil of American culture. From the cultural connotation of NBA, we can see four characteristics of American culture: individualism, diversity, aggression and commercialization. It can be said that the cultural personality of the United States has played an immeasurable positive role in the NBA's vigorous development and its popularity on a global scale. It is believed that the success of NBA and its inherent American culture will play a positive role in the development of Chinese sports professionalism.

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