英文论文的修改方法讲解

当同学们写完一篇英文论文之后，总会情不自禁松懈下来，然后就去Happy了，这其实是非常错误的做法。因为在写完论文之后，我们还需要对它进行检查、修改，这样才能提高论文的质量，所以修改这个环节是非常重要的。那我们该用什么方法去修改我们的英文论文呢？下面就给大家讲解一下。

1、撰写和修改论文提纲

撰写论文是为了给研究成果一个文字的表现方式。由于论文涉及到论题、论据和论证三个要素，是一个比较复杂的系统，因此需要在撰写论文之前先写论文提纲。撰写论文提纲的主要作用在于：理清自己的思路。

理清思路主要包括：自己提出的论点是什么?是否有创新？自己为论证该论点而提出的论据是什么？论据是否充足？论证过程是怎样的?是否符合逻辑？如果思路不清，所写的论文就很难有创新，很难有说服力。撰写论文提纲，为论文的写作者提供了一个理清自己思路的机会，使其可以边写提纲边理清思路。

2、撰写和修改论文

论文是研究成果的最终体现形式之一。

论文是形式，而研究成果是内容。有了好的研究成果，需要好的形式来表现。具体来说，论文从形式上应当符合以下一些最基本的要求:结构完整而不支离，层次清楚而不混乱，文字流畅而不晦涩。

就结构而言，论文一般应包含以下几个部分：第一，论文的标题，它应当鲜明地表达出该论文的论题。需要时可以同时有主标题和副标题；第二，问题的提出，它一般包括对发现的问题所作的说明，解决该问题的理论意义或实践意义，文献检索的结果等；第三，论文的主体，即为了证明或证否某个论题而展开的论证过程；第四，论文的结论。

以上就是关于英文论文如何修改的讲解，同学们在撰写英文论文的时候，千万不要忘了最后一个修改环节，不然论文中的错误会让你的论文大打折扣的。

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Paper代写：Misconceptions About Multiple Personality Disorder

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Misconceptions About Multiple Personality Disorder，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了多重人格障碍。对公众来说，多重人格障碍被描述为一种有趣的精神疾病，通过大众媒体创造的流行形象。一个人可以分裂成不同的性格，每个人都有不同的特点。精神分裂症作为一种最典型的精神疾病，常被公众误认为是多重扔个障碍，毕竟从外表上看，两者的含义大致相同。然而两者是不同的，精神分裂症是一种人格破碎的疾病，而多重人格障碍则是一个人多重完整人格的重叠。

For the public, Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) has been portrayed as an intriguing mental illness, through the popular images created by mass media. A person is able to split into different personalities each with distinctive traits. In the classic movie Identity (2003), 11 different persons gather in an isolated motel at a dark, stormy night. These persons including men, women, and children. After the murders that occurred in the motel, the audience gradually realize that all of these persons are actually the alternate personalities of the same man. Similar works include Fight Club (1999), in which an office worker under pressure unconsciously creates an alternate personality, who is much more dominant and violent than himself. Under the influence of these movies, the news coverage of Multiple Personality Disorder has often adopted a casual style and a personal experience narrative, trying to communicate to the public how it feels to have MPD. However, what these news reports lack in common is a proper approach to MPD and its distinction from Schizophrenia.

MPD, otherwise referred to as Dissociative Disorder, is characterized primarily by the fact that the patients experience painful events that separate unpleasant memories from the cognitive dimension (Spanos 1994). Such a separation means that the individual is no longer considered as an entirety psychologically. With the termination of adolescence, individuals usually form a clear and definitive personality and character. However, patients with MPD will have two or more identities and personalities, each capable of sensing the environment, and each have certain level of perception, relationship, and idea (Spanos 1994). At different times, the person’s mind is dominated by different personalities. Between these different personalities there may exist some connections and personalities, but it is also possible for different personalities to be unaware of each other. Since the latter case is more suitable for creating dramatic effects, it is predominantly depicted in films and literature. In reality, most of the personalities of a person with MPD are able to coexist in harmony, and there definitely is no killing each other (Spanos 1994). Through hypnosis, it has been proven that MPD is not a product of imagination or fantasy, but the multiple appearances of personalities within the single spiritual level.

In the article by Spanos (1994), the author proposes the approach to MPD from the socio-cognitive perspective. This may be among the earliest attempts of the psychological scientific community to distinguish MPD from other psychiatric problems. However, MPD is still largely perceived by the public as a mental illness, categorically different from other psychological disorders like OCD. The main reason to trigger MPD is childhood abuse (Spanos, 1994), leading to the activation of a protection mechanism that prevent further psychological damage to the victims. Meanwhile, childhood trauma may not be the necessary condition for MPD, since there are also cases where people with MPD have a perfectly normal childhood. For people with MPD, different personalities are governed by a complex yet organized manner, so that conflict is minimized. With the completely personalities being regulated and maintained through social interactions, MPD should not be considered as an illness (Spanos 1994), but instead a psychological disorder.

Another common misconception by the public, is to equate Schizophrenia with MPD. Schizophrenia is a mental illness that has a much more frequent occurrence than MPD. There are one schizophrenic patients out of every 100 persons in the world (Walther & Strik, 2012). The main symptoms of schizophrenia involve a wide range of disorders such as difficulties in sensory, perception, thinking, emotional and behavioral functions, as well as incoordination of mental activity (Walther & Strik, 2012). For example, the feeling of auditory and visual hallucinations. For Schizophrenia, the most common obstacle in thinking is delusion, with 80% of Schizophrenia patients having prejudice delusional, emotionally indifference, anxiety, depression, decreased interest in various activities, and cognitive dysfunction (Walther & Strik, 2012). Patients with Schizophrenia always think that they are hearing some voices, which are often hostile ones. They have their own set of cognitive and ideological concepts and cannot communicate normally with people. The emotions of Schizophrenia patients are commonly exaggerated in daily life, leading to sudden tears or laughter without reason.

As the most typical mental illness, Schizophrenia is often mistaken for MPD by the public, since the two contain roughly similar meanings from appearance. However, the frequency of Schizophrenia is much higher than MPD. In addition, as discussed above, MPD can be perceived from both the health and the psychological perspectives. Making it improper to categorically refer to it as a mental disease. In comparison, Schizophrenia is definitely a mental illness. Schizophrenia patients also suffer from individual psychological impairment, with damaged cognitive functions and unable to participate in normal life. However, people with MPD have each of their personalities functioning as an independent individual, and their cognitive function is relatively comprehensive and complete. The treatment methods of the two also differ greatly. Schizophrenia is treated mainly with medicine, while MPD mainly with counseling. Basically, Schizophrenia is the illness of a shattered personality, while MPD is the overlapping of multiple complete personalities in one person.

In conclusion, with an emphasis on personal stories and experiences in news coverage, the most important information of MPD have not been effective delivered to the public. The public misconceptions of MPD including the dramatic, conflicting, and violent nature portrayed in films and mass media, the equivalence of MPD to a mental illness, and confusing MPD with a much more common mental illness, Schizophrenia. Clearing these misconceptions is helpful to construct a better public understanding of MPD.

References

Spanos, N. P. (1994). Multiple identity enactments and multiple personality disorder: A socio-cognitive perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 116(1), 143-165.

Walther, S., & Strik, W. (2012). Motor symptoms and schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology, 66(2), 77.

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英文论文的引述格式

无论是国内还是国外，同学们在写论文引用别人的著作时，都需要进行引述，来说明引文的作者及出处。特别是国外的大学，对于学术的要求是非常严格的，一旦你的论文没有相关的引述或者引述格式错了，很有可能就会判定为剽窃，后果非常严重。那么英文论文参考文献该如何引用呢？下面就给大家讲解一下英文论文的引述格式。

正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式（即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将写作规范格式分述如下。

1、若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如：The divorce of Arnold’s personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).

这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)；阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9)；作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。

2、被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起；二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。

3、如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如: Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。

4、如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号)；点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:

Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn…with undisguised scorn and contempt…(Nitchie 43).

5、若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如：Professor Chen Jia’s A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线；规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字；其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。

6、如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:

Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).

Farrington points out that Aristotle’s father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15).

这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为Founder of Scientific Philosophy及The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。

7、评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed…”(1.1620-21).这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格；圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写；21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。

以上就是关于英文论文引述格式的讲解，同学们一定要重视这个问题，特别是那些初到国外留学的小伙伴，很有可能不知道这种事情。

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Paper代写：New thinking in British fashion design

本篇paper代写- New thinking in British fashion design讨论了英国服装设计新思维。如今，当代科学技术突飞猛进，服装面料的生产工艺也日益革新，加之面料纹样设计的不断创新，这就带给服装设计师们更加广阔的施展设计灵感的舞台。英国设计师已经不再囿于传统服饰面料带给服装设计风格和廓形的桎梏。他们从选料出发，在兼顾服装结构及形制的同时，还将环保，生态，社会，政治及设计师个人的人生观和世界观融入到成衣制作中去，通过面料风格的变化来体现人文关怀。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

British fashion designers have long celebrated the world's fashion scene for their whimsical ideas, daring iconoclasm and quirky styles. Fabric is a vital part of fashion design. In the past 20 years, fashion designers have cooperated with fabric designers to use traditional clothing fabrics, mature and precise tailoring techniques, and avant-garde and bold design inspirations, leaving a wonderful and eternal moment for the world fashion history.

With the rapid development of modern science and technology, the production technology of clothing fabric is also increasingly innovative, coupled with the continuous innovation of fabric pattern design, which brings fashion designers a broader display of design inspiration stage. British designers are no longer confined by the shackles of traditional fabrics that have brought style and silhouette to their designs. Starting from the material selection, they not only take into account the structure and shape of clothing, but also integrate the philosophy and world view of environmental protection, ecology, society, politics and the designer into the garment production. Through the change of fabric style to reflect the humanistic care.

In recent years, people pay more and more attention to living environment, ecological environmental protection and sustainable development, and the demand for fabric to embody humanistic care and environmental protection concept is also rising. In terms of fabric style, the elements of combination, old texture, traditional culture and handicrafts have been interpreted in more detail under the echo of "humanity" theme. In addition, due to the increase in the price of raw materials, clothing brands' ability to bear the price of purchased fabrics decreases, and the fabric itself needs to meet the market demand through style innovation. Style innovation is reflected in the "imitation of nature", "national" style trend strong. Light, modified chemical fibers replace wool and silk, and environmentally friendly blends of synthetic fibers and wool are favored. In order to fully reflect the aesthetic characteristics of the fabric, the designer adopts a clean cutting style and sophisticated finishing technology in the clothing design. British fashion designers' devotion to clothing fabrics can be seen from the fashion design exhibition held in the UK in recent years. Their creative inspiration on new fabrics really brings people a sense of freshness. How to make a bold breakthrough in traditional clothing fabrics and how to perfectly combine avant-garde design with new fabrics has become the most valuable and thought-provoking topic in the exhibition.

The development and application of new materials and technologies have brought about innovations in the appearance of modern women's wear. British fashion designers are well aware that the future of fashion creation will depend more on the research and development of fabrics. Advanced textile technology not only brings wonderful visual enjoyment to the wearer, but also brings excellent tactility and excellent fabric performance. Such as waterproof, anti-bacterial, anti-uv, temperature regulation and other functional technology will be applied to the clothing after the finishing stage. The fabric with hard yarn or paper feel such as perforation, leno and other hollow structure, combined with the burnt-out processing of pattern change and mesh fabric bring infinite new ideas to plain fabric. Laser cutting, nano-textile technology, memory alloys and high-tech fabrics will all move from the laboratory to the factory floor.

The use of new materials gives fashion a new fashion face. These new materials may have been used only in industrial design before, but now they are being used in fashion design, affecting the trend of fabric, plastic material is one of them. These colorful PVC plastic material fashion, in the light of the irradiation of the highlights, forming a strange visual effect. Stylist USES the technique of stereo clipping to make the fabrics with plastic and glass material sculpture feeling extremely strong fashionable dress, reflect a cold, tough style. The plastic material itself is airtight, and the designer changed its properties by using laser drilling to make it more comfortable to wear. While using new materials, designers also strive to explore how to integrate traditional clothing fabrics: tweed twill with plastic material, three-dimensional jacquard fabric is embedded in plastic material, and even the traditional knitted fabric adds PVC material in the design. The collocation of this kind of high-tech fabrics and traditional fabrics, complementary with relaxed design and romantic color let icy steel hard sense dissolve one by one.

British fashion designers have teamed up with fabric designers to make innovative fabrics, sophisticated tailoring techniques and exquisite details stand out in the fashion industry. In the design, the avant-garde fashion design wizard hou Sian charayan invited fabric designers b.arley, Eley Klshlmote and SophIe Roet to participate in the design. The novel and unique fabric created by him is the material medium through which charayan's conceptual and experimental clothing can be implemented.

Now the highly regarded Eley Kishimoto has launched her own fashion and accessories line. Under its influence, Tracymulligan also works closely with fabric designers to develop fancy yarns that emphasize the strong painting style of oil paintings through changes in color and form. The combination of color blocks, the application of wave patterns, the hazy tie-dye and gradual change effect, the dazzling spray and oil treatment, the application of the bionic effect such as fur patterns make the clothing national significance prominent, and at the same time, the street elements of hippie and rock are also added.

Driven by the simple design style, designers put the design focus on the manual processing of the details of clothing. As Tracy said, the future of fashion development lies in its surface decoration. Gareth Pugh, known as the rising star of British design, is a fantastic benchmark for London fashion shows. The samurai suit he made with a zipper stood out: a loose robe made with a zipper, a fishbone skirt made with a zipper, and an expanded shoulder pad made with a zipper. The traditional zipper is used to make the garment with the unique undulating visual sense. Savithri Bartlett and Boudicca have been working together since they met at the royal college of art. With a clear division of labor, Boudicca is interested in the development of novel, unique and highly textured fabrics, while Savithri Bartlet perfectly interprets the performance of the new fabric with cast-type structure, three-dimensional seamless technology or laser engraving techniques. Designer Shelley Fox is passionate about the exploration of architectural sculpting. The most representative style is the experimental laser burning pattern on the wool fabric.

Many British designers are trying to figure out how to combine traditional craftsmanship with modern technology to create more comfortable and futuristic clothing styles. The uniforms by fabric designer Lesley SeaIey and fashion designer Roger Lee are an example of this exploration. British design prodigy Alexander McQueen also loves the traditional exquisite handicraft technology, and the exquisite drape is widely used. Stylist presses the cloth makings of level off a close drape, this kind of method changed the physics property of fabrics not only, will soft change have model, model plane modelling stereo, and design and printing also can reveal rich visual effect because of the dynamic change of a zhang yiqi. Lace, the traditional decorative material, is no exception. It shows a different style in the hands of designers: the matching sewing of metal chains and lace, the development of highly breathable lace, the application of hand-painted pattern lace and the blending of lycra and lace. Diversity, compromise, fusion and mixture of these elements are applied to the recombination of fabric by traditional manual techniques, making it playful and vivid.

Designer Jessica Ogden directly selected the desired fabric from the traditional fabric and directly applied it to her ready-to-wear show. British fashion designer has been under the influence of the Japanese culture, while the Japanese fashion designer from Japanese nation Hikaru Noguchi after exposed to the streets of British popular culture, from Britain's classic and traditional cotton fabric, the appropriate to join the welsh wool sticky mat, fair isle knit fabric and shetland local aboriginal patterns, brought a refreshing feeling.

The collaboration of fashion designers and fabric designers is pushing the boundaries of experimental and pioneering fashion design. The continuous exploration of the fabric process by British fashion designers has brought about the innovative shaping of fashion design concepts and styles. Tradition and innovation, classics and fashion, eternal and ever-changing, London is open to all arts with "tolerance", which is why London has been standing among the world's fashion industry for the past 40 years.

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Essay代写：American higher education governance system

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- American higher education governance system，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国高等教育治理体系。虽然美国高校办学目标多种多样，发展水平也参差不齐，但其治理体系却基本相同。美国高校的共同治理结构体系主要包括外部治理和内部治理。从外部治理看，政府与高校在法律上地位平等，政府不直接干预大学的内部治理，高校拥有充分的办学自主权，保障了高校内部教学研究事务遵循学术标准进行决策，从而不受行政压力和行政许可的干扰。内部治理的主要影响因素有以校外人士为主导的董事会、以校长为代表的行政系统、以教师为代表的学术评议会等。

The United States has the most developed economy in the world. It has a highly developed higher education system with more than 4,000 colleges and universities. Public universities and private universities coexist, while for-profit private universities and non-profit private universities coexist. Although the goal of running a school is varied, the level of development is uneven, but its governance system is basically the same. The analysis of the effective experience and practice of American university governance system is of positive significance to accelerate the modernization of China's higher education governance system.

In the more than 300 years of history of American higher education, its higher education governance has experienced a development process from the board of directors' autonomy to the principal's leading management, and then to the common governance of interest subjects.

In 1636, harvard college was founded, which was the beginning of the governance of American universities. The management power of universities was controlled by the board of directors with the nature of legal person, which was a top-down management mode. In 1745, Yale college was founded and its independence was strong. The board of trustees appoints the President of the university, who decides who handles the day-to-day affairs of the university.

After the American civil war, in order to expand educational opportunities, the government invested to establish public universities. The structure and status of public universities began to be established. The group of university administrators developed rapidly and gradually gained the power to manage the daily affairs of universities from the board of directors. In 1915, the American association of university professors was established, and the power contradiction turned to the competition between administrators headed by the President and teachers, which was the characteristic of the American higher education governance system in this period.

In 1967, AAUP, the American council of education and the association of college and university boards of directors jointly issued the "statement on governance of universities and colleges", which proposed the principle of joint governance. Collective bargaining and trade union system became weapons for teachers to fight for power and safeguard rights and interests. Principals and faculty share the decision-making power of the university, and all stakeholders can participate in the decision-making of the university according to their abilities. Since then, "co-governance" has been the basic principle of the governance structure of American universities, which continues to this day.

The common governance structure system of American colleges and universities mainly includes two aspects: external governance and internal governance. The main influencing factors of external governance include government, social organization and market. From the perspective of external governance, the government and colleges and universities have equal status in law. The government does not directly interfere in the internal governance of universities. Colleges and universities have full autonomy in running schools, which ensures that the internal teaching and research affairs of colleges and universities make decisions in accordance with academic standards and thus are free from administrative pressure and interference of administrative licensing. The main influencing factors of internal governance include the board of directors led by external personnel, the administrative system represented by principals, and the academic review council represented by teachers. From the perspective of internal governance, the structure of joint governance endows teacher groups with primary power over the board of directors and principals in academic affairs decision-making. This power and tenure system together constitute the institutional basis for American universities to protect academic freedom, and to the greatest extent avoid the direct intervention of the board of directors in academic affairs and the erosion of academic power by administrative power.

In American universities, it is a basic condition for ensuring academic autonomy and healthy operation of universities to insist on the administration of professors, guarantee academic freedom, and maintain the central position of professors in university management. Professor committee system is also an important system of American university governance system and an important embodiment of "democratic governance" and "professor governance". The committee of professors is mainly responsible for academic affairs. The committee of professors has the power to formulate academic policies, teaching plans, professional Settings, allocation of research funds and a series of other matters related to teaching and research. The administrative departments of the university perform administrative duties on campus and provide high-quality services for teaching and research. American universities generally receive considerable autonomy from the government and are free from direct government interference, especially for private universities. The autonomy of universities constitutes another important aspect of academic autonomy.

The United States is the country with the most perfect development of the board system of colleges and universities. American higher education has followed this basic system since its foundation. Universities are generally controlled by boards of directors, whose members are usually prominent figures outside the field of education. The board of directors is the highest decision-making body and the highest authority of the university. The board is responsible for the appointment of the President of the university. The President is the soul of the university and the executive board makes decisions about the day-to-day affairs of the university. As an agent of the board of directors, the President of the university is directly accountable to the board of directors, and the other principal administrators of the university are subordinate to and accountable to the President. Teachers in American colleges and universities generally adopt the employment system. The tenure of teachers with the title of associate professor or above is usually for life. Once a teacher obtains the qualification for life, he or she has the right to teach in the school before retirement. The tenure system is designed to preserve academic freedom and ensure that teachers are not dismissed for seeking truth in their research and teaching.

With distinct power and responsibility, the decision-making efficiency is ensured in accordance with the principle of primary responsibility and primary power. The status and role of stakeholders in the governance structure of American universities are not completely symmetrical, and they are also properly reflected in the distribution of rights and responsibilities. The most central elements of this structure are the board of directors, the group of principals and professors, each with its own governing body to defend its interests. In the process of decision-making and implementation, the board of directors led by the external personnel, the administrative system represented by the principal and the academic review council dominated by the teachers not only perform their respective duties, but also depend on and balance each other, thus ensuring the scientific and efficient decision-making under the common governance framework. American universities usually adopt special committees to solve the problem of democratic participation and decision-making efficiency. For example, according to different decision-making contents, the board of directors sets up a committee composed of people with expertise and puts forward a decision-making consultation plan for all members of the board of directors to make decisions. In the academic council, there will also be executive committee, personnel committee, professional and curriculum committee, etc., to study and decide relevant issues or put forward special Suggestions. The special committee combines the professional elite leadership and democratic participation, and solves the contradiction between democratic decision-making and improving decision-making efficiency.

Fully implementing the autonomy of running schools at present, the autonomy of running schools in China has not been truly implemented, which also affects the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of running schools in colleges and universities to a certain extent. Therefore, colleges and universities must be endowed with full autonomy in running schools. As the main body of implementing higher education, colleges and universities should enjoy full autonomy in running schools according to law. Colleges and universities can make choices in specialty setting, enrollment scale, talent training, scientific research and other aspects according to their own actual conditions, so as to enhance the strength of running schools, form their own characteristics and realize healthy development. The government should gradually change the practice of directly managing the affairs of colleges and universities and intervening in the specific behaviors of colleges and universities. We should be good at using policy, funds, evaluation, planning and other policy levers to regulate and control university behavior; We should encourage and guide interested social organizations and industries to take an active part in the governance of colleges and universities. We should entrust special intermediary institutions to make objective and fair evaluation on the quality of colleges and universities on behalf of the government and the public, so as to provide reference and basis for the government to allocate resources, adjust policies and participate in running schools. Colleges and universities should actively build a scientific internal governance structure, improve the governance capacity, and gradually establish a modern university governance system with Chinese characteristics.

To adhere to and improve the internal governance system of colleges and universities should adhere to the higher education system with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the leadership of the party committee in the governance of colleges and universities, and constantly improve the governance structure of modern universities with "the leadership of the party committee, the responsibility of the President, the teaching of learning, and democratic management" as the core. It is necessary to actively explore the establishment of the board of directors system of colleges and universities, increase the representatives of outside stakeholders, participate in the decisions of the university, and evaluate and supervise the implementation of the decisions of the university, so as to prevent the abuse of the power of colleges and universities, and better reflect the public value of higher education. It is necessary to further improve the system of responsibility and power of adhering to the leadership of the party committee and the responsibility of the President, strictly implement the higher education law and other relevant laws and regulations, further clarify the boundary of the responsibility and power of the party committee and the President, and improve the efficiency of decision-making. We should give full play to the role of teachers and students in the governance structure of colleges and universities, further clarify the functions of mass organizations such as educational congresses and learning congresses, improve relevant systems, fully respect the opinions and Suggestions of the majority of teaching staff and students, and improve the enthusiasm and initiative of the majority of teaching staff and students in participating in the deliberation and administration of state affairs.

It is an important prerequisite for ensuring academic autonomy and promoting the healthy development of colleges and universities to grant professors the decision-making power in academic affairs and ensure that professors can fully play an important role in the governance of colleges and universities. We can learn from the American experience, gradually establish and improve the system of professor committee at all levels, clarify the responsibilities of the committee, standardize the operation procedures and methods, and truly endow professors with decision-making power in academic affairs. In the governance structure of colleges and universities, the committee of professors not only exercises academic power, but also has decision-making power in the management of academic affairs. Administrative management and academic affairs responsibilities and authorities should be reasonably divided, and related academic affairs responsibilities should be assigned to the committee of professors.

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