Essay代写：The us election

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The us election，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国大选。政党在当代美国的选举参与中发挥着重要的作用。两党制是美国政治制度的基本结构，只有一个政党赢得选举才能控制政府。政党可以通过在传统和社交媒体上准备口号和竞选活动，并动员其成员加入当地社区，从而帮助获得选票。政党在国会中组织权力，对整个政治体系和总统至关重要。所有这些因素都使得政党非常重要，人们对政党的忠诚会影响他们的投票意愿。

The voting process of the U.S political system is complicated and can be affected by many factors. Political parties and candidate characteristics play important roles in mobilizing electoral participation in US elections. Other factors like individual characteristics of voters, political socialization, electoral laws and rules also play vital roles in voting likelihood.

Political parties play an important role in the electoral participation in contemporary U.S. The two-party system is the fundamental structure of the America political system, and only one party can control the government if it wins the election. Firstly, political parties are responsible for the recruitment of candidates for U.S offices on all levels. Secondly, parties organize nominations of its candidate to participate in the elections. What is more, political parties can help to get out the vote by preparing slogans and campaigns on traditional and social media and activating its members into the local community. Parties organize power in the Congress and they are vital to the whole political system and the president. All these factors make political parties very important and people’s loyalty towards political parties can affect their willingness to vote. In the contemporary U.S., voters might sense a level of identification towards either the Democrats or the Republicans, depending on their loyalty formed from social and cultural experiences. This is called the partisan identification, and it affects people’s views on the presidential election (Ginsberg, et al. 2017, 225). Although there are certain number of people who are not particularly partial towards any certain parties, many establishes loyalties towards their parties. For example, in the 2016 campaign, up to 89% of Democrats voted for Clinton/Kaine, while 90% of Republicans voted for Trump/Pence (Ginsberg, et al. 2017, 225). Thus, political parties can mobilize people’s participation in elections and affect the voting rate.

Meanwhile, candidate characteristics tend to be more and more important in such an information age. Each candidates’ personal characteristics and attributes are magnified by the media and therefore drawing more and more attention from voters. The key attributes that can influence voter’s decisions include race, ethnicity, religion, gender, and social background (Ginsberg, et al. 2017, 226). It is quite normal for voters to feel connection to a candidate who share the same ethnicity, race, religion, or geographic background with them, and even with similar political views and ideas. These characteristics, on the other hand, might make others uncomfortable and therefore choose not to vote for them. The candidates’ personal quality can also draw attention and it is a trend to value integrity on them, for Trump is a good example. His voters value his ‘can-do attitude’ and his spirit of not afraid to speak up.

The socialeconomic status of a person strongly affects his/her likelihood to vote because it decides how much political knowledge he/she can own. If one is well-informed, he/she can identify his/her political interests and take actions to get what they want. The most effective way is to participate in expressing one’s public opinions, such as attending political meetings or voting. According to the 2012 American National Election Study, those with a $75000+ annual income are almost 20% more likely to sign a petition and 13% more likely to attend a town or city council meetingthan those with $20000- income (Ginsberg, et al. 2017, 169). Therefore, those with higher income and higher education level tend to participate more actively in voting campaigns. Those are young also vote less than those who are older, and the minorities such as Asian Americans, African Americans and Latinos also participate less than whites (Ginsberg, et al. 2017, 222).

People’s views and attitudes towards elections and political parties are affected by their political beliefs. Such process is called political socialization, and it has different agents and elements that shape people’s political beliefs (Ginsberg, et al. 2017, 150). To begin with, people’s family and social networks strongly affects the process of shaping political beliefs. Another agent is education. One’s social groups and public opinion also matters, not to mention gender, race and ethnicity. These factors are well reflected in the recent 2016 presidential elections. Trump was supported largely by white working-class voters and those without a college degree, while Clinton had support from the Wall Street and those who are better educated, many being women, ethnic minorities, and younger voters (Ginsberg, et al. 2017, 233). What is more, people’s political orientation is also strongly affected by their party affiliations. They tend to vote for those with similar political views even inside the same political party. During the 2016 primary election, Clinton mainly had competition with Bernie Sanders in the Democratic Party, while Trump faced pressure from bush, Cruz, and Rubio in the Republican Party (Ginsberg, et al. 2017, 232). In sum, the political environment matters to all voters.

The electoral process is quite complicated for it is regulated by all kinds of laws and rules. There are three types of elections in the U.S., including the primary elections which help to elect each party’s candidates for the general election, the general election which elect the candidate for the office, and ballot initiatives among 24 out of the 50 states (Ginsberg, et al. 2017, 228). The legislative referendum that all 50 states have allows citizens to vote for or against ballot campaigns, and controversial initiatives tend to draw more voters in action (Ginsberg, et al. 2017, 228). The electoral laws can also influence voting through judicial action or recalling an election. The result of the voting can be overturned if a court finds the initiative violating the constitution, such as the 2012 federal court overturn of the California’s Proposition 8 (Ginsberg, et al. 2017, 228). As of recalling elections, it usually begins with a petition campaign and aims to remove the elected office before their term is over, such as the 2003 recall of California Governor Davis for the state deficit (Ginsberg, et al. 2017, 228).

In most countries, elections are held on weekends or set as a holidays so that people can come to vote when they are not working (Ginsberg, et al. 2017, 223). However, the US hold elections on weekdays during work, creating major inconvenience for those who can’t take a break. Another rule that limit voting participation is the requirement that citizens will lose their registration if they move to other places, even for short distances. The time limit is also causing inconvenience – many states would purge citizen’s registration if they haven’t voted for certain period.The requirement of ID is also a common rule. For instance, during the 2016 election, up to 32 states require voters to present their IDs before voting, 7 of them requiring photo IDs. This might reduce the number of voters among certain groups, including the racial minorities, elderly, and the poor (Ginsberg, et al. 2017, 223). In comparison, many states have taken steps to make voting easier, such as establishing the all-mail voting system which eliminate polling places and allowing early voting for up to 40 days.

As we can see, the recent U.S elections show more splits and diversity in the society and voting rate has been low, showing little passion and participation from common citizens. While Trump has won the election, there are also numerous protestors who do not recognize him to be a rightful president. In conclusion, political parties and candidate characteristics play important roles in mobilizing electoral participation in US elections. Meanwhile, individual characteristics of voters, political socialization, electoral laws and rules also strongly influence voting likelihood.

References

Ginsberg, Benjamin, J. Theodore Lowi, Margaret Wier, J. Caroline Tolbert, and J. Robert Spitzer. We the People - an introduction to American politics (11th edition). New York, New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 2017.

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Assignment代写：Video games with virtual dreams

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Video games with virtual dreams，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了带有虚拟梦的电子游戏。在现在的数字世界里，每个孩子长大后都会玩一些电子游戏。而大家玩的一些游戏纯粹是为了消遣，或者只是为了消磨时间和放松。但有些我们真正喜欢的电子游戏不仅仅是一款出色的数字产品，它们还包含着我们的梦想。就好像你的梦想是成为一名足球运动员，但却难以实现。而在电子游戏中，你却可以通过足球类的游戏去体验你的梦想。

In the digital world now, every kid plays some kinds of video games as they grow up and also when they are grown-up. Some of those games we play are just for pure entrainments, for fun or just to kill some time and relax. But some video games that we truly love are more than just a wonderful digital product, they have our dreams in them. We buy play stations, TV and the video games, but sometimes what we really pay for, are our dreams. In other words: the dreams that video games carrying sell themselves.

Small games like Tetris, Candy Crush and Temple Run are those games I think main for pleasure or get time passed. Other games which allow you play sports on screen or race cars even fight in a war are games based on people’s dreams on more realistic things. Yet games that allow you fight zombies, play a role as a magic hero even let you be the controller/ruler of an empire are games that fulfill your virtual dreams.

When I was a kid I always want to be a soccer player, and maybe one of the top players which play for the best teams. That was my dream. And I did play soccer since middle school for the school and eventually made it to the varsity. But pretty soon I realized I will never made to the league, for so many reasons, even I love soccer and play better than others. Now I just play soccer for fun with my friends and to meet my fitness goal. Yet there is still a dream in me. That’s the reason why FIFA (FIFA Series,5) series are my favorite video games. In the game, I can play as the player I like, I can act as the coach of my best team, I can also play with my friends just for fun. Other people like basketball games, baseball games and also football games not because those are on sale in the store but because those games let you see yourself feel yourself in the dreams. And no wonder those video games are always on the top of best-selling.

Those sports you can play in real life just in your back yard, but some people just can afford or not allowed. Like those car racing games: driving super sports cars “modified” by yourself and race with different cars on various tracks. Just to feel a little bit close to the dream of a formula one driver! Those cars are just from your bedroom posters. Want you open a bakery shop, no problem! Video games can let you have a little taste of real business running without withdraw out your bank account. Cat lovers? You are also covered. Some video games even let you raise a digital pet: even you don’t have to change the cat sand every several days, the digital cat still want your real time to “play” with it.

Other games just make fairy tales or stories more vivid than ever as you can play a role in it. For example, The Snow Queen (The Snow Queen, 5) from Mosaic Publishing was generally moderately well received, including review scores of 60% from Computer Gamer, 21/30 from Computer & Video Games. Have a dream to “"Build an empire to stand the test of time" (Civilization, 5), then Civilization would be one of the best games you should try. In the game, it begins in 4000 BC and the players can choose from different civilizations with attempt to expand and develop their empires through the ages from the ancient era until modern and near-future times. By applying the game skills of micromanagement along with the larger tasks of exploration, warfare and diplomacy, the player can experience the role of being a ruler, mayor, general and even the whole central government. That’s the beauty of the game which allow the player to embrace with the complexity and sense of accomplishment in the process. Other people have nightmare of the end of the world overtaken by zombies. So just dive in to play as the last few survivors of in The Walking Dead: find shelters and supplies to sustain and protect yourself from the attaches, and may even find a cue to this whole mess. What about the dream of finding alien creatures or soaring in the space in the adventure of searching for new civilization on another planet. Even protect your won planet in case everything goes seriously wrong. There plenty of video game to fulfill your dreams.

Dreams sell themselves in video games industry is not just an argument on paper. There is a term of “dreamarketing”: the marketing of dream items that allow customers to live out a material fantasy--and how to market products and services that appeal to a customer's imagination. The most common use of this technique is furniture company promoting its products by make a poster of a living room in everyone’s dream or the ideal living for most people and put their products in it. For video games industry, it’s quite similar. Each year EA will release a new version of FIFA, a soccer video game based on real players and teams, with new data updated for all the players and teams. I’m always pumped to see my favorite player has reached better performance in real life and be able to apply those data in the game. Or just to “buy” an up-rising new star to my team. And now Virtual Reality game are more and more popular. Player can “climb” some really challenging cliffs in the game to overcome the high fear and just have a taste of amazing 3D view of virtual soundings. You can even play basketballs in the game within a 3D setting which makes you feel like just playing on court with the best players in NBA! In this case, technology company don’t even have to invest a lot of resources on marketing as long as they can push the technology to meet people’s expectation on how VR can help them feel a little closer to the dreams.

Even for dreams from fairy tales, people are always attached to their childhood dreams. Pokémon GO achieved such a big success was mainly because the company brings people’s dream back to life in a more interesting format yet with the same core that people miss. Since release Pokémon Go (Osborn, 5) rapidly rose the American iOS App Store's "Top Grossing" and "Free" charts. The game has become the fastest game to top the App Store and Google Play, beating Clash Royale, and it became the most downloaded app on the App Store of any app in their first week. It was phenomenon.

We all have dreams from our childhood, from our unfinished career, from our hobby. In this digital time, when a video game can really bring you the experience or even just a glimpse of the dream, your heart will start to pump when you just grasp the consoles. That’s why the dreams always sell themselves, at least in the case of video games.

Work Cited

Civilization (video game)

https://civilization.com/

FIFA Series

https://www.easports.com/fifa

Gian Luigi Longinotti-Buitoni

Selling Dreams: How to Make Any Product Irresistible

Osborn, By Alex.

"Pokemon GO Is the Top Grossing App on the US App Store". IGN. Archived from the original on July 8, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2016.

The Snow Queen (video game)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Snow_Queen_(video_game)

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Essay写作应该避免这些表达

由于国外大学对学术写作的要求非常高，所以导致大家很难写出好的Essay，只要你的Essay有一点瑕疵，那么拿高分是没什么希望了。其实中国留学生在写作Essay时，最容易犯的错误就是表达，下面就给大家讲解一下。

1）避免口语化的表达

只有当地使用的表达方式，俗语或者口语化的表达都应该在学术写作中避免，防止造成读者的误解。我们在日常生活中常用的一些表达方式都会被认为不够正式，因为不建议在学术写作中使用。

big，可用large, great替换。

little，可用small, lesser替换。

tiny，可用extremely small, minuscule替换。

like作为副词使用表示举例，这种形式在口语中很常见，可以用such as替换。比如‘fruit, such as apple and pears’。

kind of，可用somewhat, to an extent, e.g.it was successful to an extent替换。

kind, sort，可用type替换。

Thing，可用object, concept, idea, issue替换。

Good，可用high quality, suitable, effective替换。

Bad，可用inadequate, unsuitable, ineffective替换。

很多表示程度的副词也被认作为是不够正式的表达方式。

hardly, barely any, not much, not many，可用few替换。

pretty, e.g.‘pretty stable’，可用quite, rather替换。

really，可用very, extremely, highly, especially替换。

lots of, heaps of, plenty of，可用several, considerable, plentiful替换。

a lot, e.g.’it is used a lot’，可用frequently, often, extensively替换。

2）避免缩写

比如don’t, won’t, can’t，只限于在口语场景使用。在学术写作中，应该使用完整的拼写方式。

3）避免反问句

在学术论文写作中使用反问句，不仅使表达不清楚，同时会让读者觉得你没有提供具体的信息。我们可以使用间接地问题来更准确地指出我们所研究的问题。

口语化：The intervention has been underway for four years now. How successful has it been?

学术化：Given that the intervention has been underway for four years, it should be possible to measure its success.

4）避免分类不够明确

类似‘etcetera’,‘and so on’,‘and so forth’,‘and that kind of thing’这样的表达也会使得表达不够清楚，反而需要读者自己去猜你想要表达的意思。

‘…ribosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria etc.’

比如上面这个句子，说实话，只有生物学家才知道你指的etc是什么内容，也只有他们知道你在讨论什么。

此外，这样模糊的分类也没有展现出你自己的专业知识。我们建议大家命名一个包含你所提供范例的类别。以下是两个例子供大家参考：

Tariffs, embargoes, and other protectionist laws…

Similes, metaphors, personification and such literary devices…

5）避免表达不够准确

你所选择词语需要表明你对所讨论的问题进行了充分的分析。

不准确的表达:Most people didn’t trust the government to do the right thing about climate change, but it still changed their vote.

准确的表达:While the majority of survey respondents professed low levels of trust in government, the link between voting intention, climate change belief, and climate-related behaviours is strong.

第一个例子的语言非常不正式，所以整个表达看起来更像是个人的观点。

在第二个例子中，作者准确地指出了他或她所指的人群，他们的行为是什么，以及这些行为的强度或结果。

但是，并不是说在每个场合下你都需要把你所撰写的每件事情的细节都表达地非常详尽。而你对细节的挑选和表达正是你学术判断能力的体现。比如说，如果你的论文主题是环境保护，那可能‘changed their vote’这个表达就足够了。但是如果你正在写的是政治学讨论，讨论的是投票者对环境变化的观点，那么就需要你提供更多的细节。

对于学术写作而言，口语中常用的某些动词过于模糊，因为这样的动词通常有多重含义。

Have:

-表示拥有possess(have a car);

-表示使用权限have access to(have a photocopier);

-表示经历undergo(have a review);

-表示忍受suffer(have a seizure);

-表示生产bear(have a baby)

get，可用obtain, receive, retrieve, become替换

keep，可用continue, retain, maintain, store替换

do，可用complete, undertake, act替换

make，可用construct, create, complete替换

put，可用insert, place, position, propose替换

需要后面跟着介词的动词短语同样也是不够准确地，比如look out, get on, live down。应该使用具有相同含义的单个动词。

6）避免表达不够严谨

强势、不够谨慎的表达很容易被推翻。比如：

All this strange weather is definitely caused by global warming.

谨慎、全面的表达可能会受到反驳，但是不容易被推翻。比如：

Current abnormal weather conditions may be shown with reasonable certainty to be products of global warming.

学术风格不仅是使用某些特定的词汇或者特定的表达方式。学术风格还会涉及到你的思考方式、推理方式以及你如何利用某个领域内已知的发现。

以上就是关于Essay写作中的表达问题分析，希望大家看过之后，有这些问题的赶紧改正。

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Paper代写：Cultural characteristics of product packaging design

本篇paper代写- Cultural characteristics of product packaging design讨论了产品包装设计的文化特点。产品包装设计作为企业产品生产的一个重要环节，在提升企业形象、增加企业经济效益等方面具有重要意义。在现代大众生活水平日益提升的今天，产品包装设计更加需要考慮消费者的需求，增强其文化特点，同时要灵活引进和应用各种类型的文化艺术产品来增加产品包装设计的附加值价值，不断提升其设计质量。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

In the process of social development, all kinds of human needs can be finally reduced and transformed into cultural needs, which indicates that there is a close relationship between design and culture. Packaging design plays an important role in conveying cultural information and highlighting the psychological meaning of specific images. Especially in the current modern packaging design, in order to better meet the needs of consumers' cultural identity and aesthetic appeal, it is necessary to enhance the promotion and application of culture in product packaging design.

The value of The Times is a basic characteristic of culture in product packaging design. In the process of designing any kind of product packaging, it is necessary to consider the humanistic flavor and historical color contained in it, which determines that it has strong characteristics of The Times. As the main body of product packaging design is human, so the main body of design in the design process will subtly consider the time's unique cultural atmosphere and popular culture trend. From this point of view, the culture contained in product packaging design itself is specific and can map the characteristics of the product era, which has important guiding value for us to study product packaging design and formulate development strategies. In view of this situation, we can consider the product packaging from multiple perspectives, from which we can dig out the art, science and technology politics, social and economic forms and development conditions such as ideas under the background of product creation times. On the whole, the culture of product packaging design has its own characteristics, which influences and changes the social public's cognition, concept and value orientation subtly, which is the concrete embodiment of the cultural value of The Times in product packaging design.

In product packaging design, another embodiment of cultural characteristics is the diversity of cultural forms, which is embodied in the following aspects.

As for the form of utensils, its concrete embodiment in product packaging design refers to the form of physical products that can be grasped and perceived, which is an important basis for product packaging culture, mainly based on marketing as the fundamental development goal. Product packaging design is essentially a creative activity that integrates elements of art, economy and society, which can reflect the development level of social productivity in a specific era, and can also analyze the unified cognition and creation of aesthetics and creation in packaging design by the public.

As a socialized activity, product packaging design also needs to rely on standards, regulations, policies and procedures in the production process. Although these systems are not linked to cultural resources, their development level and nature are ultimately determined by the energy conversion between designers and cultural resources.

In packaging culture design, the designer needs to comprehensively consider the emotions, wishes and requirements presented by the public in purchasing and using commodities, which is the concrete embodiment of spiritual culture.

The zodiac culture has special significance for Chinese people, and is a popular folk culture. With the development of product packaging design, the static graphic design mode presented by zodiac pictures can no longer meet the needs of consumers in the new era. Therefore, attention should be paid to the reform and innovation of zodiac culture in the application of packaging design. On the one hand, attention should be paid to broaden the mind and increase the experience effect of products and the sense of visual conflict. For example, when designing the pastry packaging box, it can be presented with three-dimensional zodiac patterns and creatively designed with some allages and idioms. In this way, when opening the product packaging box, you will see more vivid products, which will make people happy and enhance their interest at the same time. On the other hand, attention should be paid to the combination of regional characteristics to enhance the guarantee of product culture correspondence. For example, the packaging design for products of uygur and hui ethnic groups should focus on the ox and sheep, so as to better meet their psychological needs.

Text is the most common and important part of product packaging design, which is the simplest and most efficient way to convey product information. At the same time, the text itself is also a product packing the design elements of the picture, can also to convey feelings, enhance the aesthetic feeling on the vision, so in product packaging design through the introduction and application of Chinese calligraphy culture reasonably, through reasonable collocation of different font and font text to enhance product packaging pictures integral aesthetic feeling, help to enhance the artistic quality of product packaging and cultural features, so the culture of calligraphy in modern product packaging design has extensive application space, can enhance the overall effect of product packaging design.

There are many outstanding folk cultures in China, including paper-cut, shadow puppets, illustration and social drama, which have strong artistic charm and humanistic value. Therefore, in the process of product packaging design, can be fully applied paper-cut folk culture, such as through local materials or make by hand to further enhance the application of traditional folk culture in product packaging design value, so you can ensure that the product packaging design with a unique national style and strong local characteristics.

In a word, product packaging design, as an important link of product production, is of great significance in improving corporate image and increasing economic benefits. With the increasing living standards of the modern public, product packaging design needs to consider the needs of consumers and enhance its cultural characteristics. At the same time, it needs to flexibly introduce and apply various types of cultural and artistic products to increase the added value of product packaging design, so as to ensure the continuous improvement of its design quality.

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Essay代写：America's manufacturing Renaissance strategy

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- America's manufacturing Renaissance strategy，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的制造业复兴战略。为摆脱金融危机影响，美国提出制造业复兴战略来重振制造业体系，寄希望实现制造业的强势回归来巩固美国全球经济领导者地位。从美国制造业复兴战略实施的具体措施来看，美国制造业回归战略既从短期解决了美国面临的成本压力、产业结构失衡、失业高企问题，又从长期推进制造业内部结构升级，创造了新的经济增长点，具有深远的战略意图，取得了明显的效果。

In order to get rid of the financial crisis, the United States put forward the strategy of manufacturing revival to revive the manufacturing system, hoping to realize the strong return of manufacturing industry and consolidate the United States as the global economic leader. Due to U.S. manufacturing revival strategy of promoting may lead to the relationship between the manufacturing industry of China and the United States by the complementary to the comprehensive competition, therefore our country should pay close attention to and correct evaluation of the effect on us manufacturing revival strategy and characteristics, formulate corresponding plans to deal with as soon as possible may come from the "American power" suppress all possible obstacle of the development of manufacturing industry in our country.

After the 1980s, the manufacturing industry in the United States gradually shifted overseas and focused on the development of real estate, finance and other services. As a result, the manufacturing industry continued to shrink and the problem of industrial hollowing became prominent. The financial crisis in 2008 exposed the vulnerability of American virtual economy. The national economy was in trouble, which led to the decline of its global influence and made American re-realize the importance of the real economy, especially the manufacturing industry. Based on the above background, in June 2009, the Obama administration formally proposed the strategy of revitalizing the manufacturing industry, and successively implemented a series of policy measures and strategic deployment such as "buy American", "manufacturing promotion act", "export doubling target" and "employment promotion measures" to realize the "return of manufacturing industry". Then, what challenges does the American manufacturing revival strategy bring to the development of our manufacturing industry, and how can we formulate our manufacturing development strategy to deal with them? Before this, we must analyze the effect and characteristics of the implementation of the American manufacturing revival strategy.

In the early 1950s America accounted for nearly 40% of global manufacturing value added; by 2012 it had fallen to 17.4%. Meanwhile, in 2010, China overtook the United States as the world's largest manufacturing nation. The following paper examines whether American manufacturing industry has returned to the trend from several aspects such as the ratio of manufacturing added value to GDP and employment situation.

In terms of manufacturing value added as a share of GDP, American manufacturing contraction appears to have eased. The data show that between 1970 and 2009, the value added of the manufacturing industry in the United States decreased from 24.4 percent to 12 percent of GDP, but then began to stabilize, rebounded to 12.3 percent in 2012, and fell to 12.1 percent in 2013. From the perspective of growth rate, the real annual growth rate of American manufacturing industry reached 6% from 2009 to 2013, which was faster than that of France, Britain, Italy, Canada and other major industrial countries, and similar to that of Japan.

In terms of employment data, manufacturing employment data showed a trend of gradual rise. The U.S. manufacturing industry employed nearly 20 million workers in the 1970s, and in 2010, it reached a record low of 11.82 million, showing a significant downward trend. However, from January 2010 to January 2015, the manufacturing sector of the United States added more than 500,000 jobs, reaching 12.33 million, indicating an upward trend in manufacturing employment.

In terms of exports, the export of manufactured products quickly recovered and maintained a growth trend. In terms of the general merchandise exports of the United States in recent years, some major manufacturing products, such as capital goods, automobiles, components and engines, have come out of the trough in 2009 and maintained the momentum of sustained growth in exports. Total U.S. manufacturing exports have surpassed their pre-crisis peaks. In addition, from the perspective of product export composition, the export situation and growth rate of manufactured durable products are higher than that of general manufactured consumer goods.

According to the PMI index, the manufacturing sector continues to expand. According to the research report released by Markit, the PMI of American manufacturing sector has remained above 50 for more than 20 consecutive months after the index fell to a low point during the financial crisis, and American manufacturing sector has maintained a high prosperity degree. Compared with China in the same period, the PMI index of American manufacturing sector was significantly higher than that of China, indicating that the recovery of American manufacturing sector is indeed strong.

In addition, a Boston consulting group survey of 200 large U.S. multinationals released in late September 2013 showed that 54 percent of companies with turnover of more than $1 billion were actively considering moving manufacturing back to the United States from China, up 17 percentage points from 37 percent in the survey at the beginning of 2012. Among them, computer and electron enterprise move back tendency is outstanding.

Based on the above analysis, we believe that the U.S. manufacturing industry has indeed shown signs of recovery and maintained a high degree of prosperity. However, whether the American manufacturing revival strategy is the return of the overall manufacturing industry or the internal upgrading will have a decidedly different impact on the development and strategy formulation of the Chinese manufacturing industry. Therefore, this paper will further analyze the internal structure of the American manufacturing industry in the second part.

This part will analyze the characteristics of the American manufacturing Renaissance strategy from the development status of various industries in the American manufacturing industry in recent years and the key industry directions of the American manufacturing Renaissance strategy.

The proportion of durable consumer goods is on the rise, confirming the internal upgrading of American manufacturing industry. Since 1997, the added value of durable consumer goods in American manufacturing industry declined from 59.6% in 1997 to 50.8% in 2009, while non-durable consumer goods showed an upward trend. Since 2010, however, the trend has reversed, with durable goods accounting for 53.7 percent of U.S. manufacturing in 2013, up nearly 3 percentage points from the low point in 2009.

Capital - and technology-intensive industries have increased their share of the manufacturing mix. From the table we can see that compared with the American manufacturing slump in 2009, one of rising industries in the manufacturing industry only oil and coal products, machinery, motor vehicles, car body, trailer and components, primary metal products and wood products, etc., of which only wood products belong to the labor-intensive industry, several other industry belong to the capital and technology intensive industries.

In addition, we summarize again to return to the United States manufacturing slogan since the government to promote manufacturing move back to the main combination of the above analysis of the succession of the internal structure of manufacturing, we think that the U.S. manufacturing revival strategy is characterized by industrial upgrading, high-end manufacturing is its core strategy, the United States has officially launched the high-end manufacturing plan, active in the biological technology, clean energy, advanced manufacturing and other fields to strengthen technology research, through promoting American high-end innovation cluster development, high-end elements and high-end talent, to continue to maintain the leading research and development, leading technology in the field of high-end manufacturing and manufacturing lead. A recent report by the Boston consulting group also sees a "manufacturing Renaissance" in the United States, with non-labor-intensive and energy-intensive manufacturing moving back to the United States at a faster pace.

According to imf research, American manufacturing recovery is mainly due to the competitiveness of American dollar, the fall in energy prices caused by the shale gas revolution, the narrowing gap with emerging countries in labor costs and the support of national strategies. First of all, the federal reserve has been pursuing easy monetary policy for a long time. Especially after the financial crisis, it increased the quantitative easing, which caused the dollar to depreciate competitively against other currencies and gave us manufacturing exports a price advantage. According to data released by the international monetary fund, from 2001 to 2013, the real effective exchange rate index of American dollar dropped from about 130 to 92, with a depreciation rate of more than 29%, making us commodity prices relatively "cheap" in the international market and effectively promoting the export of manufactured goods.

Secondly, the United States has increased the exploitation and utilization of oil and gas resources in the United States, especially driven by the shale gas revolution, which not only makes the United States more self-sufficient in energy, but also promotes the decline of oil and other energy prices. The energy boom triggered by the shale gas revolution has not only provided American manufacturing industry with an energy cost advantage, but also brought new investment growth points to American manufacturing sector.

Thirdly, due to the increase of labor productivity and the decline of unit labor cost in the United States in recent years, labor competitiveness has been significantly improved. Between 2002 and 2011, the United States was the only major developed country to experience a decline in unit labor costs. In addition, according to a recent study by the Boston consulting group, China's unit labor costs will increase from 3% in 2000 to 17% in 2015, indicating that China's low-cost labor advantage over the United States will gradually lose.

Finally, from the perspective of the concrete measures of American manufacturing revival strategy implementation, the strategy of "return" manufacturing is solved from short-term cost pressures facing the United States, imbalance of industrial structure, high unemployment problem, and from long-term advance manufacturing industry structure upgrade, created a new economic growth point, has far-reaching strategic intention, obvious effects have been achieved.

The above analysis indicates that since the current financial crisis, American has implemented the strategy of manufacturing recovery, which undoubtedly brings great pressure to the transformation and upgrading of China's manufacturing industry. Combined with the current difficulties faced by China's manufacturing industry, we believe that China's manufacturing industry will face the following double competition: on the one hand, because of manufacturing in the developed countries, led by the United States, to return to strategic focus is the layout of the advanced manufacturing and its competitive advantage, and the present stage of China's manufacturing industry is also from the low end of the link to the field of high-end transformation and upgrade, both sides is in emerging manufacturing produces "intersection", China's manufacturing industry faced in the field of high-end manufacturing will be more competitive; On the other hand, China's manufacturing industry is also facing a brutal squeeze from emerging Asian countries in the traditional low-end sectors due to its lower labor cost advantage. Therefore, China should actively formulate relevant strategies to comprehensively enhance the international competitiveness of the manufacturing industry, and actively deal with the impact of the return of the manufacturing industry in Europe, the United States and other countries on China.

Manufacturing industry is the support of a country's national economy, the guarantee of a country's economic index running well, and the foundation of a real strong country. Throughout the history of the world, without the rise of manufacturing, there would be no real rise of great powers.

First, manufacturing is the foundation of innovation. Research shows that innovation mainly stems from the manufacturing process and the interaction with the demand side. According to the MIT study, the massive shift of U.S. manufacturing overseas over the past two decades has not only led to the loss of jobs at home, but also seriously damaged U.S. research and innovation capabilities. In recent years, the proportion of major scientific research achievements and invention patents in the United States in the world has shown a sharp decline. The hollowing out of the manufacturing industry has brought a serious impact on the innovation of the United States. At the present stage, China's manufacturing industry is undergoing a strategic transformation from "manufacturing" to "creation". It is more important to learn the profound "lessons" brought by the development of the manufacturing industry in the United States and strengthen the understanding of the manufacturing industry on the status of the foundation of China's national economy.

Secondly, the integrity of the manufacturing industry is the basic requirement for the economic security and political security of a big country. Manufacturing is the foundation of all economic sectors and social life. No matter how the economy develops and how the society progresses, people always have real needs in such aspects as food, clothing, housing and transportation. In addition, the manufacturing industry can provide a large number of employment opportunities for the current bottom level of China's labor force, especially the low-skilled labor transferred from rural areas in the process of urbanization. From the experience of the economic development of various countries in the world, it can be seen that if the economy of a country or region is based on the manufacturing industry and the real economy, it is not easy to produce bubbles and the economic development is easy to maintain a steady and healthy state.

Finally, the service sector cannot fully absorb workers who have lost manufacturing jobs. Many economists have predicted that all those who lose manufacturing jobs will be absorbed by services with unlimited capacity. But in the first decade of the 21st century, the United States did not see any net increase in total employment. In January 2001, the number of non-farm payrolls in American was 132.5 million. In November 2010, the number of non-farm payrolls decreased to 129.8 million, a 2% decline, while American population achieved a net growth of 9.7%. It can be seen that the service industry is not an infinite pool of labor employment, and it cannot completely solve the problem of re-employment of manufacturing workers.

In order to actively deal with the technological advantage competition of the manufacturing industry in developed countries such as Europe and America and the labor cost advantage competition of the manufacturing industry in other developing countries, China should actively formulate relevant development strategies to comprehensively improve the overall competitiveness of the manufacturing industry and ensure the basic position of the manufacturing industry in China's national economy.

First, actively develop advanced manufacturing and other emerging industries to accelerate the upgrading of the internal structure of the manufacturing industry. Advanced manufacturing and other emerging manufacturing industries are not only the breakthrough point of American manufacturing Renaissance strategy, but also the development direction of China's manufacturing internal structure upgrading. In the long run, the emerging industries represented by advanced manufacturing are bound to become the hot spots leading the next round of global economic growth. At present, the international division of labor pattern of advanced manufacturing has not been formed, and all countries are in the technical level of breaking through the bottleneck of the development of advanced manufacturing. Therefore, China should take various measures to promote the rapid development of advanced manufacturing and other emerging industries and seize the commanding heights of global competition in the manufacturing industry.

Secondly, further consolidate and develop the traditional manufacturing industry with comparative advantages. Although the eastern coastal regions of China have encountered bottlenecks in developing low-end manufacturing industries such as labor-intensive industries, the labor cost advantages of developing these industries still exist in the central and western regions, so the development of domestic labor-intensive manufacturing industry cannot be completely abandoned. In addition, these labor-intensive and other low-end manufacturing industries are the basis for the development of China's manufacturing industry. Even the most advanced high-end manufacturing industry needs to match the production links of low-end manufacturing industry. Moreover, compared with the manufacturing industry of developed countries in the United States, China's manufacturing industry has almost no competitive advantage without the low-end manufacturing link. Therefore, China must further consolidate and develop the low-end manufacturing industry with comparative advantages, carry out technological transformation and quality upgrading, and enhance its competitiveness in the global manufacturing division of labor system.

Finally, accelerate the implementation of made in China 2025 and improve the support system of national policies. In order to seize the commanding heights of the future manufacturing industry, countries have issued strategic plans, formulated policy systems and carried out strategic and forward-looking layout of advanced manufacturing industry. Such as "advanced manufacturing national strategic plan" of the United States, "industry 4.0" strategy of Germany, "industrial powerhouse plan" of Brazil, "national manufacturing policy" of India, etc. In order to implement the strategy of manufacturing power, China should further accelerate the improvement of the national policy support system and promote the comprehensive development of the manufacturing industry on the basis of "China's manufacturing 2025". First, strengthen the strategic planning, overall coordination, project implementation and other functions of the leading group to build China's manufacturing power, improve the level of government services, and create a good administrative environment for the development of the manufacturing industry. Second, to further reduce the operating costs of manufacturing enterprises, we need to increase tax support for manufacturing enterprises, increase investment in technology research and development, increase financial support, and optimize the domestic energy structure. Third, strengthen foreign trade policies, guide enterprises to actively expand overseas trade markets, actively participate in the formulation of advanced manufacturing trade rules and competition rules, and further improve the international competitiveness of manufactured products. Fourth, strengthen international technological cooperation, and narrow the technological gap between China and developed countries and catch up with them by actively introducing international advanced technologies, leading talents and raising the level of independent innovation.

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