Indian realistic film

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Indian realistic film，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了印度现实主义电影。印度现实主义题材作品通常将人民关注的学校、宗教、女性等热点问题进行揭露，从而引起社会公众的共鸣，达到传递深刻内涵的效果。印度电影在针对教育问题进行揭露时，注重从批判印度僵化态教育模式、反思具有不公平性与商业化的教育体系、关注特殊儿童教育等方面着手。印度现实主义电影采用的也是好莱坞的经典剧作模式，从故事结构来看不会太过于巧合。

Indian realistic works usually expose the hot issues of schools, religion and women concerned by the people, so as to arouse the resonance of the public and convey the profound connotation.

When exposing education problems, Indian films focus on criticizing India's rigid education model, reflecting on the unfair and commercialized education system, and paying attention to the education of special children. Bollywood, for example, challenges the education system and tells everyone how to live their lives.

With the development of India's economy and society, the self-consciousness of Indian cultural elite women keeps improving, but the persistent problems of the whole national mechanism still exist, which further forces the superstructure to reform the social and cultural system. As a result, a large number of films have emerged that reflect women's dissatisfaction with their social status. In the process of film creation, it mainly focuses on showing women's life misfortune, women's grievance and perfection, women's passive awakening, men's voice for women's status, women's active awakening and other inspirational stories. For example, the movie toilet hero, which is adapted from a true story, focuses on the domestic toilet as the main clue and revolves around the core issue of women's status, and finally succeeds.

India is the country with the most religious sects and one of the cradles of world religions. The people of India are extremely religious. India's religion is as binding as the law. Of course, such a binding force has brought many disadvantages to the daily life of the Indian people. More and more movies criticize religion, such as little girl's uncle monkey.

The real realist is idealistic. The movie masters of the world use the character configuration of uncle and girl many times. Leon and matilda from the French film Leon and Leon; Tae-hee and mi from the Korean film "lonely agent"; Darji kawadi and rinka kawa in the Japanese movie white rabbit candy. However, the unique feature of little girl's uncle monkey lies in the allegorical narrative strategy adopted by the film, which places two ordinary characters in the cultural context of religious conflicts and delivers great love across RACES.

In what is a movie, Andre bazin said that movies should be a medium that can reproduce the realistic idea, sublimate the real beauty, educate the spirit, and make viewers noble. Think of two styles in Indian realistic movies.

Indian realistic film inherits many features of traditional drama, incorporating long segments of song and dance. In the movie "little girl's monkey god uncle", the monkey god parwan and the little girl shahida first meet, parwan led the hindus singing and dancing to celebrate the activities of hanuman god. The four-minute song and dance scenes are simple and directly Indian. That is to enhance the religious identity of the audience. It also makes audiences of other ethnic groups deeply impressed by the artistic charm of Indian characteristics based on religion, highlighting the ethnic and regional characteristics of this film.

The film tells the story of shahida, a little girl from Pakistan, who was taken to India by her mother to wish to cure her aphasia. Parwan, a devout follower of the Hindu monkey god hanuman, eventually overcame the odds to send the girl back to Pakistan. The conflict between hindus and muslims in the movie is a legacy of history. With the progress of India's modernization, India realized the humiliation of British colonial rule. India carried out a series of non-violent and non-cooperative movements, and the British colonists intensified tensions between hindus and muslims in an attempt to undermine their independence movement. Since then, India and Pakistan have been divided into wars and conflicts, and the religious gap between hindus and muslims in the two countries has become deeper and deeper. To make serious historical themes of religion is not dull, director to join in the movie song and dance elements, while singing and dancing can be seen everywhere in the movie in India, but its expression and appeal is not a general technique can replace, interested audience with artistic technique, shows the traditional Indian movies, at the same time with special connotation of cabaret to deepen the theme.

Indian realistic films also use the classic Hollywood drama model. The structure of the story is too coincidental. In a short two hours, the main reason for the ups and downs of the character's fate is an accidental chance. The movie "little girl's uncle" is very simple, that is, the uncle takes the little girl home. Little girl with sand or uncle pavan, all may be one person, but for the ordinary one, but this is established by two little simple story model, two entirely different religious beliefs to place it in the specific social and cultural environment, but showed a deep and meaningful topic, complete the critique of religion. The allegorical narrative technique to explain the truth of "love" by means of small characters and small stories is also a strong guarantee for its good box office.

"Little girl's uncle monkey" is full of drama, plot ups and downs, emotion is real and natural, in the performance of the language of the camera is no less. It is worth mentioning the symbolism and montage of the film.

Shahida's mother kissed the flag at the start of the match, which again proved that shahida was Pakistani. The little girl likes the lamb and wishes to return home because the lamb is separated from its mother. When shahida comes home, the mother stands among the sheep, which means the process of shahida's separation to return. Shahida hand bracelet is the mother bought, shahida is very like, in shahida was sent away, is the bracelet to guide pawan found that he found to help shahida home is a human traffickers, finally prompted pawan decided to personally send shahida home, the plot to the climax. Fourth, handcuffs. Shahida loved the ring because the handcuffs were similar to the bracelet. Two attempts to remove police handcuffs, which were eventually discovered by Pakistani police, were the biggest obstacle to bringing shahida home for pawan. These four symbols, deep meaning, just right to promote the development of the plot.

Shahida came home at the same time that pavan was shot. This section USES both a cross-montage and a contrastive montage, alternating images of shahida reuniting with her family with images of pavan being beaten by police. With a warm reunion to highlight the poor pavan, a gunshot sound of the warm background music stopped, the audience's mood to the climax, good works are speaking in the language of the camera.

With the continuous development of the society, the development trend of commercialization and entertainment of domestic films in China is increasingly serious, which leads to the lack of connotation of films. In the development wave of world economic globalization and world cultural diversification, it brings many disadvantages to the development of domestic film industry in China. For this reason, China needs to actively learn from the artistic characteristics of Indian films and improve the narrative ability of localization of Chinese realistic films. To realize the reform and innovation of China's domestic films.

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互联网对新闻的影响

互联网对记者和新闻质量的影响已经持续了几十年。除了互联网，还有其他新兴技术正在给新闻工作者的工作带来革命性的变化，并改变着新闻的质量。这些技术包括社交媒体、传感器、移动设备、虚拟现实、人工智能和大数据。本文将根据这些技术的性质及其对记者工作和新闻质量的影响，将其分为三类。近年来，互联网和社交媒体平台极大地增强了受众的力量，也带来了戏剧化、简单化、市场化的新闻。传感器、物联网和虚拟现实技术极大地提升了新闻受众的用户体验，并将在未来继续这样做。然而，它们削弱了新闻作为事件和受众之间的媒介的重要性。最后，大数据和人工智能让记者和新闻编辑的工作变得既简单又复杂。由于技术的限制，人工智能新闻在某些领域仍然无法与人类作家相提并论。在可预见的未来，这两种记者将并存。

第1部分。互联网和社交媒体平台

手机、平板电脑、纸质书等移动电子设备的出现，开启了移动通信时代。在互联网和社交平台的帮助下，移动终端逐渐从最初的消费产品演变为新闻制作工具。在当今社会经济快速发展的今天，移动终端生产的及时性和这种新的传播方式的技术优势在传统的印刷型新闻媒体中是找不到的。这是因为移动媒体已经改变了新闻产生的媒介。取代传统的静态图像和冷文本成为新闻生产的主要力量。对于大众新闻消费者来说，新闻正变得越来越直观，越来越方便，越来越现实。许多新闻生产者本身也是新闻消费者，这一现实要求更多的专业记者拓宽新闻采集的视角。大众媒体和专业新闻媒体可以充分互补，整合双方的优势。随着互联网和社交媒体新闻平台的发展，新闻和记者的触角已经延伸到传统新闻媒体未触及的社会角落。总之，移动媒体终端、互联网、社交媒体的出现和快速发展，真正改变了新闻的生产和消费方式。

随着互联网和社交媒体技术的发展，公共新闻的内涵已经超越了传统的出版传播阶段。目前正积极参与新闻内容的收集和整合，以发布和传播信息。专业化程度也有下降的趋势。网络视频和新闻平台让普通人成为主播和导演的现象也越来越普遍。这样就形成了一定的市场。这是一个由公众意见和偏好驱动的市场。虽然公众的价值取向可能与专业新闻媒体存在矛盾和冲突，但其对专业新闻媒体的影响在过去很大程度上是有限的。然而，随着新闻生产的社会化进程和日益市场化的关系，公众成为需求，舆论比以前更加重要。因此，各大主流新闻媒体学会了巩固自己的专业，吸收一些新兴新闻平台的特点，让受众立足，而不是在竞争中沉沦。这使得受众可以自由选择多种信息来源。然而，这也导致了客观性的丧失，因为阅读计数在互联网和信息时代更重要。为了在竞争中脱颖而出，新闻可能会失去客观性，增加了引人注目和戏剧性的因素。

另一方面，新闻在内容上也越来越简化，甚至到了浅薄的地步。大量的信息使得构建新概念变得越来越困难。尽管人们每天阅读的新闻已经尽可能地简单化，但记者们还是不断地向人们展示越来越复杂的世界。当然，大量的新闻媒体和记者为人们提供了大量的新闻，这缓解了人们对未知的恐惧。因此，随着社交媒体平台的兴起，八卦逐渐减少。然而，它也可能对人类的精神领域产生负面影响。事实上，谣言在一定程度上反映了人们潜意识想要表达的一些观点。虽然网络新闻信息的充分流动带来了好处，但过分强调硬新闻事实使人们失去了深刻而敏锐的分析和思考能力。古时候信息网络不发达，人们开始思考，培养非传统的思想。如今，人们被标题冲昏头脑，当然不愿意主动阅读和思考。这并不奇怪，旧的哲学现在消失了，因为这个想法受到了信息洪流的冲击。当人们开始沉迷于支离破碎的观点时，Twitter上的几句话，新闻也变得越来越简单和肤浅，因为它的内容丰富。

网络新闻平台的出现推动了现代新闻传播方式的创新。然而，信息产生和传播的便利也为信息造假者和虚假新闻提供了条件。在新闻媒体平台的帮助下，假新闻在公众中迅速传播，造成了负面影响。互联网上充斥着大量未经有效甄别的虚假信息。如果记者不能有效地区分和引用它们，对它们的引用将严重影响新闻的真实性和权威性。这不仅给社会带来了严重的危害，也给新闻业带来了致命的打击。快速的成功和过度的商业化使得新兴新闻媒体为了追求经济利益的最大化而放弃了一些伦理考虑。为了获得更多的利益，点击率和商业合同，一些网络新闻网站选择捏造假新闻，或故意夸大新闻，以吸引公众的注意力。在新闻的编辑和加工过程中，故事往往被夸大，导致报道失实。在新媒体时代，新闻行业的门槛越来越低，新闻质量也随之下降。一些“新闻”甚至不再是新闻，因为它们只是为了吸引公众注意力而捏造的信息。

第2部分。VR，传感器和移动设备

从数据产生和收集的角度来看，收集数据并据此产生新闻主要是人类的责任。在人类无法触及的地方，隐藏着丰富的数据。然而，传统的人类收集方法无法找到和使用它们。这种情况已经因为传感器技术而改变了。如今的新闻报道应用了广泛的传感器。环境报告就是一个典型的例子。通过各种环境监测传感器获取的各种数据已经成为揭示环境问题的基础。在物联网时代，传感器变得无处不在。这使得通过传感器收集信息和“传感器新闻”的流行成为可能。传感器作为一种新闻来源，将帮助新闻工作者突破自身的物理局限，从更大的空间、更广的维度获取信息。GPS系统是一种地理位置传感器。在新闻报道中，GPS不仅可以描述物体的运动轨迹，还可以作为生成其他维度数据的基础。街头巷尾的监控摄像头也是一种传感器。在记者缺席的情况下，他们仍然会对一些地区的现场进行稳定的记录，有助于最终确定一些新闻报道的真相。无人机也是一种传感器。它展示了从地面上报道一个故事的能力，揭示了未来无限的可能性。

传感器不仅重新定义了新闻的来源，而且重新定义了新闻传播的反馈机制。可穿戴设备作为人体传感器之一，为测量用户反馈提供了一种全新的手段。可穿戴设备和其他与人类相关的传感器，将使用户能够从生理和心理方面对人体进行反馈。用户的反馈可能会受到一些因素的干扰，但人的生理数据不会说谎，这样的反馈会更加真实。虽然这种准确而深刻的用户反馈对于一般的新闻制作可能不是必需的，但它可以让记者在报道重大事件时对新闻传播的影响有更深的理解。另一方面，在某种程度上，这些精确的用户反馈可能再次成为信息的来源，帮助新闻或信息生产的过程。基于用户对某一类型和新闻主题的反馈，设备能够为不同的用户过滤和选择最相关的内容，使新闻服务更加个性化。

在新闻史上，新闻工作者一直致力于向受众呈现更加真实的新闻，缩短事实与新闻报道的时间差，改变传播媒介，增加可听、可闻、可见的新闻。随着现代科学技术的发展，人们越来越接近新闻发生后的第一时间，在某些情况下甚至与实时事件同步。然而，由于物理距离的原因，让观众参观现场是不可能的。虚拟现实是计算机科学家在20世纪80年代初提出的概念。VR的目的是通过计算机仿真，生成一个真实的三维虚拟世界，为用户提供一套完整的感官仿真。VR的核心技术优势概括为:身临其境、互动直观。虚拟现实技术与新闻的融合是近年来才开始的。2013年，Des Moines Register启动了一个基于虚拟现实游戏的虚拟现实解释性新闻项目Harvest of Change。2015年，ABC还推出了一项名为“ABC新闻VR”的服务。新闻的权威性来自于事实的真实性，也来自于故事的思想性。虚拟现实不会改变这些。这种沉浸式新闻与过去新闻最大的区别在于存在感和互动性。随着VR新闻的普及，严肃可能不再是新闻特写的标准特征，严肃的话题可以通过VR以更加人性化的方式表达出来。在VR新闻的整个过程中，新闻内容本身并没有受到影响。VR改变了这个时代新闻的叙事风格，用户体验大大提升。

当用户的个人偏好如此容易被可穿戴设备、传感器等测量时，个人的隐私暴露风险也必然会增加。如何在两者之间取得平衡，将是未来传播伦理的新课题。当电话里的消息变得太“通情达理”时，可能就不太令人愉快了。“随着传感器被广泛用作新闻来源，它带来了另一个影响，这个影响正在上升。在过去，传统媒体常常充当新闻来源和受众之间的中介，但随着新型传感器和VR的出现，传统媒体的中介作用被完全忽视。这仅仅是个开始。在物联网时代，一切都将成为新闻来源，“物与人”之间的直接信息交换将成为常态。设备和传感器所监测或感知的某些信息，如果对用户或某一群体有重要价值，则可以通过设备对人的信息系统直接到达目标受众。因此，随着传感器和VR的发展，新闻的重要性可能会继续降低。

第三部分:人工智能与大数据

2014年夏天，美联社与Automated Insights合作，使用该公司的“Wordsmith”软件撰写财经文章。在使用Wordsmith之前，美联社每个季度都会发布大约300篇这类文章，而现在它产生了多达4300篇文章，大约是之前报道的人类贡献的14倍。和AlphaGo一样，Wordsmith也在不断发展。在早期，软件自动生成的手稿还需要记者进行处理和润色。记者负责记录其中的错误并将其发送给软件公司进行进一步调整。到2015年10月，Wordsmith已经能够编写不需要人工干预的文章。与人工纠错相比，机器书写的错误率更低。现在，它添加了另一个新功能:自动生成表单。即使在犯罪新闻领域，“机器人记者”也显示出了他们的才华。美国《洛杉矶时报》专门开设了一个博客，专门记录某个地区的谋杀和暴力事件。从2010年开始，这项工作就交给了机器人。令人惊讶的是，基于计算机算法的智能分析不仅能涵盖当前新闻，还能将其与过去所有相关案例联系起来。对于记者来说需要花费大量精力的事情现在可以通过人工智能在几秒钟内完成。

大数据和人工智能让记者的工作变得既简单又复杂。大数据技术的发展和应用使新闻编辑业务发生了一些变化，增加了新闻编辑的工作范围，使其工作更加复杂。大数据技术下的新闻编辑工作进一步深化和拓展。新闻编辑负责检查新闻作品的质量，进一步改进和完善新闻元素，确保新闻符合受众的需求。在编辑中充分利用大数据技术，可以有效地匹配相关信息，根据受众的理解和喜好制作新闻。利用大数据技术，新闻编辑可以快速测试新闻文章的有效性。随着大数据技术的应用越来越广泛，传统新闻媒体报道方式的不足逐渐显露出来。此外，大数据技术可以客观准确地评价社会调查信息。对于一些信息量大的社会问题，大数据技术可以基于大量的数据检索进行社会调查。一般来说，大数据支持的新闻文章更可靠、准确。换句话说，大数据可以提高新闻的质量。

特别是涉及大量数据的新闻文章，人工智能作者可以更快、更全面、更准确地捕捉和分析数据，实现短时间内新闻的制作和传播。整个过程将解放大量的劳动力，提高新闻制作效率。人工分析对记者来说是一项巨大的工作，但对人工智能作家来说，这只是几秒钟的事情。目前，人工智能写作大多停留在数据分析领域。它不擅长更人道、更文学的写作要求。即便如此，记者的工作还是受到了很大的影响。由于在人工智能的帮助下，精通技术的记者的工作效率正在提高，因此对记者的需求将会减少。涉及多任务记者的“多平台”新闻报道的概念也在兴起，越来越少的记者单独完成更多的任务。可以预见的是，在认识到目前软件写作的局限性后，不断尝试开发程序和算法，使AIs更加个性化和全面的表达，扩大其报告领域，健康咨询和调查报告等子领域。然而，这只是人工智能写作的美好愿景，它的未来发展离不开计算机技术的进步。在当前阶段，人类记者的贡献对于高质量和深度的新闻报道仍然至关重要。

有人把机器人写作比作现代工业的生产线。所有人需要做的就是将相应的数据填入预先设计好的模板中。由于机器人写作的工作原理，它必须在一定程度上受程序的约束。如果这个套路不改变或更新，那么同样套路的新闻文章会越来越多，让受众失去对人工智能写作的喜爱。在人工智能发展的现阶段，过分依赖人工智能写作是危险的，因为会对新闻的质量产生负面影响，大量的新闻缺乏深度和“人情味”。“事实证明，人类的情感、价值和判断在一个好的新闻报道中仍然是很难规划的。对生命的理解只能是精神层面的交流，而不能被二进制代码所取代。这也是为什么机器人写作目前在数据分析领域被广泛使用，但在批评性新闻报道和深度新闻报道中几乎消失的原因。人工智能写作的出现将记者从数据收集和数据分析的负担中解放出来，使他们更专注于创造性的新闻报道。然而，人工智能作家和记者之间并没有不可逾越的鸿沟。他们可以协同工作，在相应的领域发挥各自的专长，发挥互补的作用。

结论

总之，技术对新闻的各个方面都产生了深远的影响。互联网拓宽了新闻接收渠道，新闻信息量显著增加。因此，新闻变得简单化和戏剧化，以争夺观众的注意力。传感器扩大了记者的视野，使他们能够获得更多过去无法获取的数据。传感器、物联网和VR也增强了新闻体验，降低了记者和新闻机构的重要性。最后，人工智能和大数据彻底改变了记者和新闻编辑的工作方式，提高了他们的工作效率，或许还减少了他们的数量。

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MLA、APA的引用格式

对于英文论文写作来说，引用别人的话或者观点几乎是不可避免的，但大家要做好引用，不然的话会被认为是剽窃行为，后果非常严重。最为流行的参考文献的写法是MLA、APA和Chicago Manual Style。今天就来给大家分享一下MLA、APA格式的引用格式。

一、引文的格式

引文的格式可采用文中夹注、脚注和尾注的形式。MLA和APA格式不采用脚注或尾注，而使用文中夹注的形式，MLA格式要求标明作者的姓和页数，它们之间没有逗号。APA要求括号里标明作者姓名、出版日期，引文的其他信息可在参考文献中找到。

1.文中夹注(Parenthetical Citation)

1)引文较短时，要用双引号括起来，引文与正文融为一体。如果作者已在文中出现，注释中就不再列作者的名字。

Hosenfeld found that unsuccessful readers could be taught the lexical strategies of successful readers, confirming Wenden’s observation that“ineffective learners are inactive learners. Their apparent inability to learn is, in fact, due to their not having an appropriate repertoire of learning strategies.”(1985:7)

2)当引文较长时(四行或超过四行)，引文要另起一段，缩进五个空格，不用引号。

Results supported the notion that learners can be taught to use more effective learning strategies:

Strategies training was successfully demonstrated in a natural teaching environment with second language listening and speaking tasks. This indicates that classroom instructions on learning strategies with integrative language skills can facilitate learning(O’Malley et al 1985a: 577).

3)多个作者在第二次被提到时可用第一个作者的姓加et al.

Finally, information type is based on contrasts such as concrete-abstract, static-dynamic, contextualized-decontextualized(Brown et al.1978).

4)引文是翻译材料时要注明最初出版时间和翻译时间。

This is not a recent discovery. More than a hundred years ago, the neo-grammarians Hermann Osthoff and Karl Brugman described such a situation very well:

When serious attempts at upset are directed against a procedure that one is used to and with which one feels comfortable, one is always more readily stimulated to ward off the disturbance than to undertake a thorough revision and possible alteration of the accustomed procedure.

(Osthoff and Brugman 1878(1967)：204)

2.脚注(Footnotes)

脚注写在该页最后一行下面数四行的位置。如果该页有两个以上的脚注，脚注之间需要隔行。在正文中的引语(直接或间接)处的上方标上阿拉伯数字，脚注也标上相应的数字。注释要包括作者姓名、书名、出版地、出版社、出版时间及页码。

1)The materials used in the class consisted of two texts-a vocabulary building text and an advanced reading text-and the SRA Kit2

2)SRA Reading Laboratory is a set of materials for students in grades 9 to 12. The kit contains multilevel individualized learning materials focusing on reading and study skills.

3.)尾注(Endnotes)

尾注要另起一页，放在该章的最后一页，标上Notes,隔行打印。引语处的上方要标上阿拉伯数字，尾注也同样标出相应的数字。

Notes

①Emily Bronte(Ellis Bell, pseud.), Wuthering Heights(London, 1850).

②E. Nwezeh, “The Comparative Approach To Modern African Literature,”Yearbook of General and Comparative Literature, no. 28(1979):22.

二、参考文献(Bibliography)

APA格式建议使用references一词。当使用references时，列出的作者和作品一定是在文中提到过的。Bibliography可包括文中提到的作者或作品，也包括相关的阅读的材料。MLA形式要求用List of Works Cited。

参考文献的条目要按字母顺序排列，不用阿拉伯数字标示。隔行打印。每个条目要从左开始，同属一个作者时，后面几行要缩进三个空格。

书目的写法包括四项：作者、日期、书名和出版社。作者项里先写出作者的姓，名字用首字母，名和姓间用逗号隔开。如果超过两个作者，最后一个作者前用&，所有的作者的姓和名都要颠倒。

APA形式把日期放在名后，其前后都有句号。书名的第一个字母要大写，用斜体或下划线。如果有小标题，用冒号把大标题和小标题隔开。

Krashen, S. 1982. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon.

Lenneberg, E. 1967. Biological Foundations of Language Teaching. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

MLA也包括这四项，只是顺序不同。它的时间放在后面。当有两个以上的作者时，只颠倒第一个作者的名字。

Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek. New York: Random, 1991.

Barlett, Donald L., and James B. Steele. Forevermore: Nuclear Waste in America. New York: Norton, 1985

在标注杂志或期刊时，注明年月，年在前，月在后，由逗号隔开。月份要求会拼。标题的第一个字母要大写，用单引号。还要提供具体的页数。

Gregg, K. R. 1984. ’Krashen’s monitor and Occam’s razor.’ TESOL Quarterly 20:116-22

Jacobson, W. 1987.’ An assessment of the communication needs of non-native speakers of English in an undergraduate physics lab.’ ESP Journal 5:173-88.

Johnson, K. 1983.’ Syllabus design: possible future trends’ in K. Johnson and D. Porter(eds.): Perspectives in Communicative Language Teaching. New York: Academic Press. (论文集中的一篇)

MLA形式要求标题的所有词的首字母大写。

摘引报纸：

Greene, Bob.“What’s Bad For General Motors?”. Chicago Tribune 24 December, 1991:2.1(MLA格式)

以上就是关于MLA、APA格式的引用格式，建议大家完成论文后再去检查一下引用格式，以防出错。

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The characteristics of modernist painting

本篇paper代写- The characteristics of modernist painting讨论了现代主义绘画的特点。现代主义绘画在自我批判中不断地创造属于自己的“纯粹”表达方式，不同艺术家的自我批评构成了艺术的批评，艺术的发展，现代主义绘画的出现。现代主义美术，即20世纪以来具有前卫特色、与传统文艺分道扬镳的各种美术流派和思潮，又称现代派美术。19世纪80年代，法国的后印象主义、新印象主义和象征主义画家们提出的“艺术语言自身的独立价值”、“为艺术而艺术”等观念，是现代主义美术体系的理论基础。他们将原本遵循对“形体”的传统写实转向了对“光”的表现形式的写实，这种创作倾向对现代主义绘画产生了重要的影响。本篇论文代写范文由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

In the process of self-criticism, modernist painting keeps creating its own "pure" expression, and the self-criticism of different artists constitutes the criticism of art, the development of art and the emergence of modernist painting.

Modernist art, also known as modernist art, refers to various art schools and trends of thought with avant-garde characteristics since the 20th century that diverge from traditional literature and art. In the 1880s, French postimpressionist, neo-impressionist and symbolist painters put forward such concepts as "the independent value of artistic language itself" and "art for art's sake", which are the theoretical basis of the modernist art system. They changed the traditional realism of "body" to the realism of "light", which had an important influence on modernist painting.

"The essence of modernism," says greenberg, "is to criticize the discipline itself in its own way, not to subvert it, but to better establish its sphere of competence." Therefore, modernism has become a progressive process of continuous innovation within itself, which requires a process, a change rather than a reform. Similar to the process of "take the essence and discard the dregs". Kant's self-criticism was the beginning of modernism, and then a series of more serious self-criticism in various fields formed the concept of modernism. According to greenberg, modernism is to criticize the definition itself on the basis of history, not to overthrow itself, but to establish itself more firmly in its field.

Uniqueness is also an important reason why the styles of modernist painting are so diverse, because this uniqueness is acquired through the artists' own experiences, emotions and values that cannot be derived from any other field of activity. In art learning, we must abandon the art of unified style and find a kind of purity, which means self-demarcation.

The uniqueness of modernist art media lies in its limitations -- flat surface, shape of base, properties of pigment. That is to say, modernism tends to use media more, which is the embodiment of formalism, unlike realism and naturalism, which only pursue the final picture and conceal the medium of art.

Planarity is the most basic way to define and criticize the art of modernist painting. Because the characteristic of painting art is planeness, color can be Shared in painting and drama, but planeness is not Shared with any other art. So modernist painting is moving towards planarity rather than any other direction.

Earlier, painting learned from sculpture how to use light and shade and three-dimensional modeling to create the illusion of space. In order to get rid of the three-dimensional space of sculpture, the painting focuses on the two-dimensional space, namely the planeness, which makes the painting abstract. First, it was represented by manet and impressionism and carried out anti-sculpture in the name of color. Then people found that this kind of anti-sculpture is only the problem of color against sketch, just pure visual experience.

Modernism is no longer in order to reproduce the images and paintings, to express more of a perception of things, exquisite skill has been not enough to express head thinking constantly explore new form of expression, so like Cezanne, monet, van gogh, a group of artists began to use new art gimmick to performance and the image, both from the composition, color and strokes.

How to explain the drastic simplification and equally drastic complication of recent abstract paintings in the specification of closed shapes or frames of paintings. For example, the only intersecting black lines and color blocks in mondrian's picture do not seem to be a painting, but their architectural shapes echo the image to form a new kind of constructiveness and completeness. Mondrian defined the three colors of line and red, yellow and blue, depicted a set of theories in his understanding, and continued a set of works to form a norm. However, this abstraction of the border's compliance, the use of color is too formal, too conservative.

Self-criticism of modernist art has always been spontaneous and reflexive. Although modernist painting puts forward "plan", its plan is no stronger than that of the academic school, including the artistic concept, is not clear. The modernist goal is first and foremost a personal goal. They pursue their own continuous progress, can not let themselves stay on a painting technique of expression, they have to accumulate a certain amount of knowledge, experience accumulation, when their accumulation reached a certain level, will appear the tendency of self-criticism. Criticism exists in the process of painting accumulation, in the process of continuous innovation. All kinds of strong personal color, and the form of expression together, have the modernism this cultural trend of thought.

The works of the classical masters have not been devalued by the emergence of modernism, but it is only fair for people in the past period to appreciate the works of the masters, because art is divided into stages, and each stage of the modernist art must be called for an epoch-making new beginning in art.

Art is constantly developing, and the painting style of no era is invariable. When we understand and accept a new art style, the painting style of this era has become the past tense. That's why the art that comes out of the blue is even more moving.

Impressionism after the emergence of modern art has reached a "pure", these artists draw inspiration from their painting media, excitement of their works mainly ruled out to create and organize space, performance, shape, color, etc all irrelevant things, appreciate the autonomy of painting. The development of modernism is reflected in the gradual differentiation, the return to planeness, the return to the medium of painting, and the return to art itself, and the gradual exploration and development towards the "pure" history.

Critical art is an embodiment of the development of modern painting art history. Different times lead us to see and appreciate art differently. It is criticism that inspires us to set up a new artistic aesthetic concept when appreciating modern art, instead of simply taking the authenticity of paintings as the standard of appreciation. Therefore, only by constantly improving their appreciation of the level, in order to more deeply understand the touching modernist painting.

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The Tempera paintings

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The Tempera paintings，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了坦培拉绘画。在西方，真正意义上的现代油画技法产生自文艺复兴时期，在16世纪以后逐步发展成熟，至今不过五百年的历史。而在此之前，经过漫长的历史发展，湿壁画、干壁画、坦培拉绘画以及坦培拉与油画混合技法，都占据了很长阶段的历史舞台。坦培拉，作为一种古典油画技法，其英文名为“Tempera”，源于古意大利语，意为“调和”、“搅拌”。后来泛指一切由水溶性、胶性颜料及结合剂组成的绘画。在如今，现代画家并非只使用传统的鸡蛋乳液，亦可加入酪素乳液、甲基纤维素乳液做为媒介。

In the west, modern oil painting techniques in the true sense came into being during the Renaissance and gradually matured after the 16th century, with a history of only 500 years. Before that, after a long history of development, fresco, dry fresco, tempera painting and tempera and oil painting mixed techniques, have occupied a long stage of the historical stage. Tempera, a classical oil painting technique, is known in English as the Tempera, an ancient Italian word meaning to "blend" or "stir." Later, it refers to all paintings composed of water-soluble, gelatinous pigments and binders. In China, it is often translated as dampera, eggpera and tempera. Nowadays, modern painters do not only use traditional egg emulsion, but also can add casein emulsion and methyl cellulose emulsion as the media, so I think transliteration is more appropriate.

Of traditional opera painting techniques originally from one thousand years ago in ancient Greece, in around the 13th century in Italy, and in the 14 and 15 centuries developed a technique combined with oil mixed, and the hybrid techniques than water temple opera in the painting on the procedures and methods more flexible, can draw on the traditional wood, also can create cloth opera, because of the media agent containing oil and resin composition, enhances the object space form of realism, this technique commonly known as classical multilayer transparent painting. In the 17th century, artist Rubens will titian painted directly with 15 th-century jan van eck hybrid techniques combined strengths, and developed the high liquidity and shape of resin oil paint, gradually replaced the past of oil, water paint, he was in to Spain to own villas, Flemish techniques to the painter, also affects the contemporaneous Rembrandt and 18th and 19th centuries Jacques Louis, Angle, famous master, dost thou since then, oily vera's gradually evolved into pure oil painting, also is our today's direct representations. Thus it can be seen that although the methods of traditional tempera and modern oil painting are different, they are in the same line, and we can add development and innovation.

Classical tempera method, according to a certain proportion of chalk powder, rabbit glue, to make the bottom of the tempera coating, in the smooth and delicate board layer by layer coating brush, and then polished, make the tempera drawing board smooth, can absorb. The papers are a bit similar to the traditional Chinese claborate-style painting method, in order to avoid the dirty vera's sketchpad, realize transparent painting, generally do not take direct paint: the author on the paper first, draw a relatively complete sketch line art depicting characters in this step, the line of things should be accurate in place, as a complete line of draft, avoid further transfer to modify, again will complete by the handmade rubbing to vera's sketchpad above, can use Chinese ink, Ye Jin pen draws the outline of contour line, then draw the gray shades as monochromatic sketches, the structure of the manuscript, projection is accurate, formal coloring for the next step.

Before for classical translucent color, brush with wool to tan vera's sketchpad to uniform besmear again water, thin and uniform, then according to depict objects with egg liquid, toner modulation type, dip in with thin cancel the pen color, still modeled on monochrome sketch method of line, color shape, step by step to make the color relations, complete the translucent painting, this is the traditional opera painting method.

In the middle ages, tempera painting technique was the main way of depicting holy portraits and frescoes, but it gradually declined after the Renaissance. In the continuous development, tempera paintings can be mixed with water or oil, which can be divided into two categories: water-based materials and oil-based materials. The painter can freely distribute the proportion. If there is much water, the strokes will be smooth and the color is transparent, which is convenient for painting details. If oil is more than color saturation, and suitable for long-term preservation, easy to depict large ICONS, murals. The materials and methods used are different from other paintings, so the preservation time is much longer than other painting materials, the unique emulsion film will not change with time yellow, dark, the overall color saturation and moist, can not be aging for thousands of years.

Due to the ancient western tempera paintings mostly serve for religion, creating a large number of images of the virgin, often using gold and silver foil in the painting process, such a single and rigid theme, high cost, gradually covered by modern techniques. Only constant development have a new progress, recently, the temple to pella this ancient painting and painters, klimt Austrian artists in the 19th century to the traditional temple pella painting techniques to innovation, add gold foil in modern painting subjects, create a colorful and have strong artistic adornment effect, make you occupy a unique position in the history of art.

Compared with other painting forms, tempera painting has the characteristics of rapid drying and conjunctiva, and the paint is usually dried out at the very moment of painting, which greatly saves the painter's creation time, improves the convenience, and can be repeatedly painted in a short time, and the picture effect is bright and transparent. This characteristic is well suited to precision painting, where the most original and fascinating lines are kept in the frame without having to wait too long or worry about getting dirty, and modern paintings that require a lot of repetition are also dependent on tempera's technique.

At the same time, because tempera USES emulsion and pigment toner to harmonize, its colors map to each other, the luster is soft, make the picture does not have a strong impact, give the viewer a kind of cordial, natural feeling, in line with the visual aesthetic interest. Some of the transparent luster of tamperat also makes it unique in oil painting and watercolor pigments. The painter does not need to worry about the repeated strokes to make the color become turdiness and precipitation, and the picture becomes dark. On the contrary, the more transparent painting layers, the softer and more accessible the work. Like painting the save the life of around five hundred, if techniques, pigment is not suitable but also can shorten life span, can only stay in two hundred and thirty, even change color, fall off in a few years, beautiful works can't keep it is a shame, but Tanzania vera's work can be painted hundreds of years, is advantageous to the long-term preservation of collectors, and this is vera's painting unique charm.

Andrew wise, one of the great American painters of the 20th century, was a keen user of the tempera technique. His realism in painting style, the pursuit of modernism, works were used in the egg color, watercolor medium for artistic creation, such as all kinds of materials use vera's techniques for large size drawing, with egg white, powder mixed with glue, the method of using jotham pella painting layer mask to dye, tend to be painted in a month, Andrew wyeth's depiction of the characters and scenery, from his home state of Pennsylvania Richards's town, and Cushing, Maine town, such as Andrew said: "I like to slowly draw in the studio, I think the more so the more close to the essence of painting... If a tempera succeeds, it produces a sense of strength and firmness that nothing else can match, and a quality I like that belongs only to tempera's metaphor. Through this ancient traditional techniques and materials, combined with modern painting species and material techniques, wise created realistic artistic works, reflecting the pursuit of modernist emotion.

Nowadays, many modern painters are still attached to the creation charm of tamperat. In such an era of industrial information, the pursuit of speed makes artists no longer blindly choose traditional methods. The addition of modern painting language helps tempera's artistic expression techniques develop into diversification. Artists in the process of painting can be more increase the use of flat pen, YuanTouBi, don't blindly following classical opera painting method row line slowly, but according to depict objects texture, the be fond of painting is to use flexibly, it enriches the temple pella painting materials and techniques, expand the performance of traditional painting space, on the basis of inheriting the traditional painting, make the work of the new era have contemporary feeling.

In China, some painters try to combine tempera and oil painting techniques between material language, modeling language and color language to form innovative "modern tempera painting". Perhaps at present, tempera art is not suitable for short-term sketching, but is very suitable for the expression of subjective will. Professor cao jigang of the central academy of fine arts, who has deep research on this aspect, chose tempera as the material of classical oil painting to reflect his feelings on Oriental connotation. He blurred the landscape in his eyes with ink painting on the cloth surface, which looked and felt like an ink painting. The transparent traces on the drawing board were like the traces left by ink infiltration and halo. A large number of ink traces flowed down, leaving only a kind of residual image, but it could reflect the magnificent momentum of Chinese landscape painting. Cao jigang not only retained tempera's quiet, introversion and delicate shape, but also kept the visual and tactile effect from floating on the surface. He let the fresh immersion of the pigment into the picture, expressing the quality of his aesthetic spirit of ancient China. No matter what kind of painting a painter chooses, he or she should attach his or her own creative intention to the materials under his or her hands, so that viewers can appreciate the artist's spiritual outlook and aesthetic interest. Painter of the new era, the mood for classical has had the very big change, like the past of that kind of harmonious relationship between human and nature was gone, but the artistic creation continues, in vera's study should be followed in the traditional technique, from compliance to development, from development to the innovation, new classical language structure, in the modern reflect her complete artistic feelings, in the world of today's industrialization, materialized to generate new relationships.

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