the amount of randomness (entropy)

→　エントロピー. 暗号技術での無作為度。　→

The Passphrase Quality bar provides a basic guideline for the strength of
the passphrase you are creating by comparing the amount of entropy in the
passphrase you type against a true 128-bit random string (the same
amount of entropy in an AES128 key). Refer to The Passphrase Quality Bar
(on page 200) for more information.

The Passphrase Quality bar provides a basic guideline for the strength of
the passphrase you are creating by comparing the amount of entropy in the
passphrase you type against a true 128-bit random string (the same
amount of entropy in an AES128 key). Refer to The Passphrase Quality Bar
(on page 200) for more information.

The Passphrase Quality bar provides a basic guideline for the strength
of the passphrase you are creating by comparing the amount of entropy
in the passphrase you type against a true 128-bit random string (the
same amount of entropy in an AES128 key). Refer to The Passphrase
Quality Bar (on page 200) for more information.

The Passphrase Quality Bar
When you create passphrases in PGP Desktop, the Passphrase Quality bar
provides a basic guideline for the strength of the passphrase you are creating.
Nevertheless, it is a much better guideline than just number of characters.
In general, the longer the bar, the stronger the passphrase. But what does the
length of the Passphrase Quality bar actually mean?
The Passphrase Quality bar compares the amount of randomness (entropy) in
the passphrase you enter against a true 128-bit random string (the same
amount of entropy in an AES128 key). This is called 128 bits of entropy.
(Entropy is a measure of the difficulty in determining a password or key.)
So if the passphrase you create fills up approximately half the Passphrase
Quality bar, then that passphrase has approximately 64 bits of entropy. And if
your passphrase fills the Passphrase Quality bar, then that passphrase has
approximately 128 bits of entropy.
So how strong is 128 bits of entropy? In the late 1990s, specialized “DES
cracker” computers were built that could recover a DES key in a few hours by
trying all possible key values.
Assuming you could build a computer that could recover a DES key in one
second (the computer would have to be able to try 255 keys per second), then it
would take that computer approximately 149 trillion (thousand billion) years to
crack one 128-bit AES key. In comparison, the universe is believed to be less
than 20 billion years old.
How is the entropy of a particular character measured? The answer is, the
bigger the pool of characters there is to choose from when picking a particular
character, the more entropy is assigned to the chosen character.
For example, if you are told to choose a numeric PIN, you are restricted to the
numbers zero through nine; a total of 10 characters. This is a rather small pool,
so the entropy for a chosen character is relatively low.
Desktop, however, things are different. You have three pools of characters to
choose from: uppercase and lowercase letters (52 characters), numbers zero
through nine (10 characters), and the punctuation characters on a standard
keyboard (32 characters).
When you enter a character, PGP Desktop determines the entropy value for
that character based on the pool it is in and applies that value to the Passphrase
Quality bar.
The same concept applies to the character sets of other languages; the larger
the pool, the more entropy per character. So if you were using an Asian or
Arabic character set, for example, some of which have hundreds of characters
in the set, the amount of entropy for a selected character would be
correspondingly higher, and thus fill up the Passphrase Quality bar that much
faster.
Creating Strong Passphrases
Creating a good passphrase is a trade-off between ease of use and strength of
the passphrase. Longer passphrases, with a mixture of uppercase and
lowercase letters, numbers, and punctuation characters, are stronger, but they
are also harder to remember.
Studies have shown that passphrases that are harder to remember are more
frequently written down, which defeats the purpose of having a strong
passphrase. It’s better to have a somewhat shorter strong passphrase that you
will remember than a longer strong passphrase that you will write down or
forget.
One common system for generating strong passphrases takes a phrase and
reduces it to individual characters. For example, the phrase:
My brother and I are greater together than apart.
becomes the passphrase:
Mb&1a>ttA.
This passphrase has 10 characters, and is a mix of uppercase and lowercase
letters, numbers, and punctuation characters. At 10 characters, this is a
relatively short passphrase. If you think 10 characters is not enough, consider
either creating another passphrase using the same method and then use both
together or simply use a longer phrase to start with.
Another approach is to use simple phrases that include punctuation and
capitalization. For example:
Edited by John Doe (not John Doe, Editor)
While not overly long or complicated, this is a strong passphrase. If you decide
to use a phrase from a familiar book, make sure not to lose the book.
When creating a passphrase in PGP Desktop, you can use up to 255 characters,
including spaces.
Another approach is to concatenate many short, common words. A method
called Diceware™ uses dice to select words at random from a special list called
the Diceware Word List, which contains 7776 short English words,
abbreviations, and easy-to-remember character strings. If you put together
enough of these, you can create a strong passphrase. The Diceware FAQ states
you may achieve 128 bits of entropy using a 10-word Diceware passphrase.
Refer to the Diceware Passphrase Home Page
(http://world.std.com/~reinhold/diceware.html) for more information about
Diceware.

無作為さの尺度 無為自然さ エントロピー最大 エントロピー極大

無作為さの尺度　無作為の尺度
エントロピー　乱数　乱数のよさ　エントロピー
無作為　エントロピー
無為自然　エントロピー
無為自然さ　エントロピー最大
"無為自然"　エントロピー
"無為自然"　最大エントロピー OR エントロピー最大
"無為自然"　極大エントロピー OR エントロピー極大

「エントロピー発想の生かし方」 高辻政基 高辻 正基
老子 エントロピー
文理シナジー学会
健康状態と不健康状態の統計学的プロファイリング手法　並木幸久
日本人のリスク観成立に関する一考察　栗下昭弘
効率について考える　工藤成史

無菌栽培　農産物規格
農産物国際安全規格　農産物国際安全規格　GAP　適正農業基準（Good Agricultural Practices；GAP）
--------------------------------------------
エントロピー　無作為さの度合い　OR　無作為の度合い　OR　無作為度
エントロピー. 暗号技術での無作為度。

エントロピー
暗号技術での無作為度。つまり、パスフレーズまたは鍵の解読の難度のこと。エントロピーの量が大きいほど、解読の難度が高くなります。たとえば、0 ～9 の中から任意の数字を 1 つ選ぶ場合、それぞれの数字を選ぶ確率は 1/10 になります。これが、特定のエントロピー量になります。一方、英語のアルファベット (A ～ Z) の中から任意の文字を 1 つ選ぶ場合、それぞれの文字を選ぶ確率は 1/26 になります。つまり、数字を選ぶ場合に比べてエントロピー量はずっと大きくなります。

暗号　鍵　エントロピー
無作為　自由度

History of entropy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_entropy
History of entropy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"equivalence-value"



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disgregation
Disgregation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://www.humanthermodynamics.com/Clausius.html#anchor_156
IoHT :: Clausius' Mechanical Theory of Heat [1850-1865]
Mechanical Theory of Heat Rudolf Clausius

1854年のクラウジウスのＮ は ネゲントロピーと 関係ない？かな？

1854年のボルツマンクラウジウスのＮ　は　ネゲントロピーと　関係ない？かな？

第一法則の数学化は，物質内部に蓄えられた内部エネルギーUという「状態量」（そのときの物質の状態だけで決まり，その状態へと到達した経過には依らない量）の導入によって成された：

「エネルギー転化の等価値」Q/T　これは「エネルギーの劣化の程度」を表す量

equivalent clausius transform
[ｃＬａｕｓｉｕｓ] goo ウェブ検索結果です。 web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/内のページから、

"equivalence-value"
等量価値
坂本信太郎
-----------------------------------------

「非補償のエネルギー転化」N という量がある。これは「エネルギー転化の等価値」を一般的な不可逆熱機関に適用したときに得られる量

熱機関の一サイクルの間にN ＝∮dQ/T（dQの符号は温度T の熱源への流入の場合に正）という非補償のエネルギー転化N（＞0）が生じる

Ｎは、アネルギーのエントロピー次元量かな？　？？違うな仕事に利用されなかった有効エネルギーのエントロピー次元量かな？つまり、不可逆過程的に有効エネルギーが消費されて増えたエントロピーかな？つまり（不可逆的に）消費されてしまったネゲントロピーかな？サイクルを復元するために必要なネゲントロピーかな？
アニメは、ネゲントロピーを欲する。アニメであり続けるために、←

S ＝S0 ＋∫dQ/T（S0 はS の初期値）となる状態量S

［内部エネルギーUの場合と同じように］S を内部転化と呼ぶこともできよう。

内部転化、内部エントロピー。対して、流通エントロピー？関係性ネゲントロピー転化可能性

非可逆サイクルで 0 とならないこの値？クラウジウスが定式化したエントロピーと現行のものは同じか？

非可逆サイクルで 0 とならないこの値？クラウジウスが定式化したエントロピーと現行のものは同じか？

クラウジウスのエントロピーは、サイクルでの積分総和結果でみていた？

エントロピー　状態量、、、ストック？

ストックとしてのエントロピー
フローとしてのエントロピー

エントロピーの定式化
エントロピーの定式化　クラウジウス
エントロピーを定式化
エントロピーを定式化　クラウジウス