Essay代写：British freedom education thought

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- British freedom education thought，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的自由教育思想。自由教育其思想可以追溯到西方文化的源头古希腊时期。当时亚里士多德比较完整地表述了自由教育的早期思想，他认为自由人的教育应当以充分发展人的理性为根本目的。为了发展理性，自由人必须学习不具有任何功利目的的学科。在资产阶级革命后，英国为了培养适应资本主义发展的新人，教育思想家们提出了适应新的时代要求的自由教育主张。自由教育思想之所以能一如既往地受到英国教育理论的青睐，可以从英国的文化传统中探寻根源。

Freedom education, also known as gentle education, boya education, can be traced back to the origin of western culture in ancient Greece. Aristotle, more fully expressed the early thoughts of free education, Aristotle argues that senior part of the reason is the soul of the people, the most essential feature of the person is a person is rational, only rational use and development, to achieve the freedom of body and mind development, therefore, education should be free to fully develop people's rationality as the fundamental purpose. In order to develop rationality, free men must study subjects without any utilitarian purpose.

The development of Aristotle's free education thought marks the formation of an important western tradition of education. With the change of social conditions, its meaning is also endowed with different contents.

The middle ages, Thomas Aquinas was built with the Aristotle's philosophy with theology as the ultimate destination of liberal education thought, the classical liberal education is theologize, and in the form of seven liberal arts discipline is fixed. After the transformation of theology, the "freedom" of education does not refer to the full development of human reason, but refers to the freedom from earthly desire to convert to the divinity of Christ, so that reason is subjugated to faith.

During the Renaissance, humanists demanded to break the shackles of the church, advocated the liberation of human nature, regarded the pursuit of individual freedom as the priority of education, and the tradition of freedom education was revived. However, in this process, humanists mainly adopted the method of studying literature in past times. Therefore, freedom education at this time was endowed with the meaning of "humanity education", and freedom education became classical literature education.

In the 17th century, after the British bourgeois revolution, education thinkers put forward the freedom education proposal to meet the requirements of the new era in order to cultivate new people to adapt to the development of capitalism.

John Locke's "gentleman education" theory has become the quintessence of British education, which has influenced the theory and practice of British education up to now. According to Locke, the aim of the education is to cultivate gentlemen who must be "virtuous, useful and competent". Locke pointed out that it is more important to improve the ability of free thinking in the teaching process than to acquire specific knowledge. Locke explicitly raised the matter of education, "not so much to perfect young men in any subject of scientific knowledge, but to open and settle their hearts, and to be able to learn it well when it is necessary to concentrate on some kind of science." According to the demands of bourgeois utilitarianism, Locke advocated the study of extensive, useful, and personal happiness knowledge. Locke proposed a wide range of subjects, including reading, writing, painting, language, grammar, arithmetic, geometry, geography, astronomy, philosophy, ethics, chronology, history, law and so on, in addition to woodworking, agronomy, gardening, painting, sculpture and other skills. You can see that Locke's education idea already has the element of education. Locke's emphasis on intellectual development and the thought of "generalist education" were inherited by later free education thinkers, and became an important part of the liberal education thought system.

Since the 18th century, science and technology has been developing vigorously, and professional education and engineering education are rising. Although Britain was the first country to carry out the industrial revolution, in the education of Britain at that time, the classical discipline was always the mainstream of school curriculum, while the curriculum of natural science, engineering technology and other fields had no place at all. In this social situation, free thinkers give new content to "freedom education".

John Newman is an active advocate for liberty education. He opposed the narrow university of the major education, the university education should be set for free education. Newman's free education aims at mental training, character cultivation and rational development. The specific embodiment of free education is a gentleman who is integrated with wisdom, bravery, tolerance and cultivation. Especially important, Newman delved into the relationship between free education and professional education. He believed that free education is not inconsistent with the training objective of professional education, because those trained by free education are capable of immediately engaging in relevant scientific and professional work. Newman demonstrates the "usefulness" of free education. "free education has real and full applicability, although it is not a professional education. In fact, 'good' is one thing, 'practical' is another." "Practical is not always good, but good must be practical." Newman believes that the purpose of free education is the cultivation of reason, which itself is a good thing and is its own purpose, so it is also a practical education. Newman overcame the binary opposition between the free education and the professional education, and left great enlightenment significance to later generations.

Thomas Henry Huxley gives freedom Education the meaning of General Education. According to Huxley, only such a kind of person could be regarded as "free education". "he was trained from childhood so that his body could obey his will submissively and do what it could with great pleasure and free will like a machine. His reason was a clear, solid, well-built engine, with the same forces in all its parts, and the same procedures in place. Like a steam engine, it is ready to take on any task, both spinning and mental anchors; His mind was full of important, basic facts about nature and its laws of action; He was not an ascetic, his whole being was alive, but his emotions had been trained to obey the powerful will and to be used by conscience; He has learned to love all that is beautiful, both natural and artistic, and to hate all that is evil As a man, he is perfectly in tune with nature, and he will make full use of nature, and nature will make full use of him.

It can be clearly seen that the "free education" elaborated by Huxley not only includes the training of reason, but also includes the training of physical, moral, aesthetic and other aspects. What this education cultivates should be the people who have knowledge, youth and all-round development. Obviously, the freedom Education illustrated by Huxley is a kind of General Education. After the redefinition of Huxley, "freedom education" shows an unprecedented breadth and richness in content, which reflects the increasingly huge impact of the progress of science and technology in the 19th century on various aspects of human life, which is a progress in the history of education.

The main representatives of British modern liberal education thought are the education philosophers r. s. Peters and p. h. Hirst.

According to Peters, people who have received education should have the following characteristics: not only have some specialized skills. A good fitter or mechanic is not necessarily "education." People called education have to master a great deal of knowledge or conceptual schema. Knowledge is not "inert". This kind of knowledge should enable the educated to form a kind of reasoning ability, and can change his way of thinking and action ability. Do not regard professional knowledge and work as a means of livelihood. It's not hard to see that Peters's analysis of people who have received education bears a great imprint of classical humanism and liberal education.

Hearst is also an active advocate for liberty education. In his 1965 book "the nature of liberal education and knowledge", hirst divided human knowledge into seven forms: formal logic and mathematics, natural science, understanding of the mind of oneself and others, moral judgment and consciousness, aesthetic experience, religious claims and philosophical understanding. Hearst believes that this form of knowledge can promote the development of reason, and the scope, structure and content of education should be determined by the form of knowledge. Mr Hirst's list of seven forms of knowledge largely reflects the curriculum of classical humanism.

The cultural traditions blend well with education. The cultural tradition has a profound impact on education. A nation's education thought, education system, education content and education method all bear traces of its cultural tradition, while education is an important means of transmission, selection and creation of culture. The reason why the liberal education thought has always been favored by the British education theory can explore the root from the British cultural tradition.

An important feature of the evolution of British history is the continuity of its cultural traditions. The continuity of British historical tradition leads to British people's attachment to traditional national character and conservative cultural atmosphere. Philosophy is the crystallization of national culture, and British philosophical thoughts from empirical philosophy to analytical philosophy is also in the same line. The liberal education tradition associated with western culture is naturally ingrained in people's minds.

Western liberalism had been deeply rooted in the politics of ancient Greek city-states, and the British liberal tradition was strengthened in the feudal struggle. In Britain, the king and the aristocracy were equal in power, and no one could completely subdue the other. Therefore, the struggle continued under the state of relative balance, and finally formed the historical tradition. The magna carta of liberty became the official manifesto of Britain's tradition of freedom. The enlightenment of English philosophers also strengthened the British concept of freedom. Rock on the basis of its talent freedom theory, put forward the theory of social contract, he thinks, in a civilized society, to maintain basic human rights such as freedom, equality, and property rights, individuals must surrender part of rights, and formed a contract with the government, the government's responsibility is to ensure that people's life, property, freedom and rights from infringement, the rule of law. Mill put forward the laissez-faire claim that individuals can achieve the best results for the society in pursuit of their desired goals. The duty of the state is to maintain order and security, and the government should try not to interfere in individual and social affairs to give play to individual initiative.

Due to the liberal political tradition, the British government has been slow to intervene in education, forming a laissez-faire education management system tradition, and the liberal education thought with the purpose of cultivating the "free heart" of free people is naturally recommended by all generations of British education thinkers.

The glorious revolution in England ended with the compromise between the new aristocracy of the bourgeoisie and the feudal aristocracy. For hundreds of years, although Britain has fought for the reform of the old system, no one has seriously tried to touch the aristocracy. Therefore, in the history of Britain, the aristocratic spirit has never been denied by the society, but followed by other classes as an example. Gentlemanliness is the externalization of noble spirit, cultivating gentlemen is the ideal pursuit of British education, and the main theoretical source of gentleman education is the freedom of advocating classical humanistic knowledge.

Influenced by the thought of freedom education, English teaching theory has the following characteristics.

The free education thinker believes that the ultimate goal of education is to promote the development of human wisdom. Peters said: "the essence of man is that he is a rational being, and the highest form of his existence is the pursuit of reason. Education is about encouraging and promoting people to be fully developed by maximizing their use of reason." Hirst also believes that only those with wisdom can be said to be truly education people. Therefore, in dealing with the relationship between knowledge and ability, British teaching objectives attach more importance to the development of ability.

Liberal educators advocate the idea of "generalist education" against narrow vocational training. "Today, at least at the school level, free education more or less refers to generalist education as distinct from professional training," Peters said. Influenced by the liberal education "generalist education" idea, British schools offer a wide range of courses for students. Such as the 1988 education reform act 5-16 years compulsory education stage to open English, math, science, history, geography, technology, music, art, sports, and modern foreign language 10 national courses, but also to learn other subjects and areas, such as housekeeping, classical subjects, personality and social education, vocational education and guidance, the economy and technology, etc.

One of the core contents of the liberal education thought is to advocate the intrinsic nature of education's purpose, that is, to seek knowledge for the sake of seeking knowledge, to pursue the value of knowledge itself, and to oppose education's utilitarian external purpose. Peters said: "the free development of the mind is the opposite of the pursuit of knowledge for utilitarian and professional purposes. The pursuit of knowledge is the purpose of education, and the reason for learning lies in learning itself, not in order to get something from it. Hirst also pointed out: "the pursuit of knowledge itself is the unique virtue of human beings, and freedom education has value for the development of the soul, which is not related to utilitarian or occupational considerations." Influenced by this idea, British teaching contents have a clear tendency to lay stress on humanistic knowledge, practical knowledge, theory and practice.

According to Peters's argument, free education advocates the choice and autonomy of individuals on the basis of rationality, opposes the substitution of rational thinking with authority, opposes the indiscriminate acceptance or ingratiation of others' opinions and attitudes, opposes the individual being designed, manipulated and instilled by others, and advocates the authenticity and self-orientation of individuals. In the process of teaching, British teachers often adopt the principle and method of enlightening and inducing, encouraging students to think independently, question boldly, and do not believe in authority and blindly follow books.

Teachers and students under the concept of free education cooperate equally in education activities. British teachers pay attention to the use of free, democratic and equal methods in the teaching process, and the education process becomes the process of real teachers and students' joint participation and close cooperation.

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Assignment代写：American ecological literature

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- American ecological literature，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国生态文学。在当代美国文学思潮中，生态主义以其在人类和自然关系问题上的独特观察和深刻思考令人世人关注，随之引起全球范围内的生态文学和生态批评运动。美国生态文学的创作和生态思想密切相连，作家们注重凸显生态危机意识，表达自然生态审美体验，构建和谐的生态理想。

In the contemporary American literary trend, ecologism attracts people's attention with its unique observation and profound thinking on the relationship between human and nature. Based on the current living situation of people, the American ecological literature takes the ecological concept as the connotation, expresses the ecological crisis in the form of literature, gives the ecological warning, expounds the ecological concept of reverence for nature and ecological integrity, Outlines the ecological ideal, and advocates people to shoulder the ecological responsibility and live in harmony with nature.

Ecological literature is a vigorous literary genre that emerged in the 1960s and is still developing today. It came into being with the rise of ecological ideas. American ecological literature has profound historical background and realistic factors. Although literature has described nature since ancient times, or eulogized the beauty and poetry of nature, or eulogized the process of human conquest and transformation of nature, it is strictly pre-ecological literature, not strictly ecological literature. Because the starting point of ecological literature is to break down anthropocentrism. Although there have been descriptions and descriptions of nature before, they are all viewed from the binary opposition between human and nature. So since the 20th century, with the increasingly serious destruction of the ecological environment, the awareness of ecological crisis has become prominent. As a result of the infinite expansion of human material desire, crazy demands for nature and wanton destruction, nature is overwhelmed, the relationship between human and nature deteriorates, and ecological crisis appears. Therefore, people rethink the anthropocentrism thought in human culture and realize the limitations of this thought. In the field of cultural studies, there are such concepts as ecological ethics and reverence for nature. Based on these concepts, the literary creation has formed ecological literature. Therefore, ecological literature is a kind of literature intervention, ecological writers assume the responsibility of responding to reality. Ecological literature has become a necessary expression in the field of literature for human beings to change their thoughts, establish an ecological view, understand the ecological crisis and prevent the ecological disaster.

The formation of American ecological literature has a historical process. Although the term of ecological literature was officially born with the emergence of ecologism in the 20th century, before that, the ecological thoughts of human beings had a long history. Anaximander in ancient Greece thought the laws of nature irresistible; Pythagoras was opposed to animal abuse, and the cynic school advocated plain nature. Medieval theologian st. Francis tried to make all living things equal. In the Renaissance, cesar pino talked about respecting nature. During the romantic period of the 18th to 19th centuries, returning to nature became an important idea. Wordsworth and Thoreau's works contain ecological ideas of harmonious coexistence with nature. Since the 20th century, ecologism and ecocriticism have been developing vigorously. Schweiz proposed that "reverence for life" would awaken the deaf. Nash called for "natural rights" to attract attention. The founder of ecocriticism is the American scholar grottenfelty, who advocates "ecocriticism" as a kind of literary criticism on the relationship between literature and natural environment and edited the book of ecocriticism. Jonathan bate, a representative of Britain's ecocriticism, points to the ecological crisis in "romantic ecology" and "the song of the earth". Since the 1980s, harvard, Yale, Princeton, brown and other famous universities, as well as ordinary universities in the United States, have offered courses on ecological literature or ecological criticism. Established in 1992 in the United States, the society for literature and the environment advanced the development of ecological criticism. In 2005, in the future of environmental criticism: environmental crisis and literary imagination, the American ecological literature critic Lawrence buir pointed out that the environmental imagination not only refers to the ecological literature's expression of ecological ideals, but also includes the important thought of the prediction and warning of future ecological disasters.

The development of American ecological literature is bounded by Rachel Carson's "the silent forest" in 1962, which can be roughly divided into two stages. Ecological literature before the 1960s refers to ecological literature in a broad sense. That is to say, those traditional literary works that pay attention to nature and have ecological consciousness. The main representative writers are Thoreau, John muir, Mary Austin, Henry baston, ordo Leopold, etc. The ecological literature since the 1960s refers to the narrowly defined ecological literature. That is to say, the writer has a clear position of ecologism, which reveals the ecological crisis, explores the social causes of the crisis, thinks about man and nature from the ecological totality, and advocates ecological responsibility. Representing writers such as Rachel Carson in the United States.

The prose of Henry David Thoreau, a 19th-century American writer, is known as the green bible. He also wrote a series of literary works, such as "a week on the concord and merrimack rivers," "the Maine woods," and "Cape Cod," depicting nature and ecological philosophical thinking. Keenly aware of the destructive power of industrial civilization, Thoreau also came up with the idea of "simple living" and "preserving wilderness," which influenced many readers in the United States and other countries.

The American writer John muir was called "nature's marketer" and "the saint of the American conservation movement". His masterpiece, "our national park," contains simple ecological ideas. American writer Mary Austin's "land without rain" is praised as a "desert classic." She advocated a simple and spiritual life integrated into nature. American author Henry baston's "the house far away" describes his experience of living alone on a beach in the Atlantic ocean for a year. The American writer ordo Leopold's yearbook of the sand town, put forward the concept of land ethics. In the book, the whole earth nature is placed in the perspective of human moral concern. Leopold's land ethic concept stated in the book believes that human beings should not be above all things in nature and should take care of nature.

Since the 1960s, a large number of outstanding eco-writers and eco-literary works have emerged. From the United States to France, Britain and Russia, eco-literature has become a global literary genre. On behalf of the American writer writers have Rachel Carson, John has, Edward Abbey, Annie dillard, terri. T. Williams, sigurd. F. olsen, the poet ecological snyder, etc.

In 1962, American writer Rachel Carson published silent spring, highlighting a strong sense of ecological crisis. The book describes the great threat to the ecological environment and human existence caused by the abuse of chemical pesticides. This book became the foundation of ecological literature. It inspired people's attention to environmental protection, promoted the establishment of the first earth purpose, and set off a wave of ecological literature around the world. American writer John ? burroughs, love of the natural mountains and rivers of birds, their works "wake forest" describes the American in the Hudson valley primeval forest, a wide variety of birds. American writer Edward Abbey devoted his life to the preservation of the desert region in the southwest. He is called "the modern Thoreau". American writer Annie dillard's essay "pilgrim at tinker creek" describes the author's life on the side of tinker creek in the blue mountains of Virginia. Sigurd f. olson's "moaning wilderness" depicts the northern quatico scenery of the United States as a song in the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter. A series of ecological poems by snyder, an American ecological poet, such as "seclusion", "watching the waves" and "turtle island", are integrated with eastern and western ecological concepts. The creation of American ecological literature is closely connected with ecological thoughts. The writers pay attention to highlighting ecological crisis awareness, expressing natural ecological aesthetic experience and constructing harmonious ecological ideal.

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essay写作要避免的文体错误

很多留学生在写作essay的时候经常会发生这种状况，就是明明自己已经很努力地去写作essay了，却拿到很低的分数。其实要想写好一篇essay，单单付出努力是不够的，还得适当运用技巧，注意写作细节方面的问题才行。下面就给大家讲解一下essay写作要避免哪些文体错误。

Word repetition单词重复

词汇重复的问题通常源于学生想要强调某一观点的欲望。然而，使用相同的词汇集容易使你的essay看起来枯燥和幼稚。在这种情况下，最好的方法是使用同义词。另一种有效的方法是使用word的替代品，例如，前者，后者等，以避免重复同样的名词。

Inappropriate words and phrases, which are either too formal or too informal 不恰当的词语和短语，要么太正式，要么太非正式

创造一种文体上不合适的essay的问题主要是因为学生倾向于忘记一篇学术论文需要一个完全不同的词汇，而不是我们在日常生活中使用的词汇。为了使你的essay看起来很好，避免使用倾斜的表达和非标准的动词形式，比如“必须”，“想”等等。然而，同样重要的是，不要使用其他更正式的风格的结构和词汇，例如法律写作风格的词汇或陈旧的垂直结构。所以，如果你不确定的话，保持平衡并找一本好字典。

Too many passive structures 太多的被动结构

许多学生认为被动语态是学术风格不可或缺的必备条件。这在一定程度上是正确的，因为它使你的句子看起来更加客观和客观。然而，被动句通常比较长，读起来比较难，从而阻碍了对课文的理解。相反，积极的句子更清晰，更直接。因此，为了创建一个强大的作品，使用这两种类型，但是确保你使用不超过20%的被动结构，仅在强调动作时，接收器，或结果，你不知道是谁执行的行动或是次要如果你想显得客观。

Too long or too short sentences 句子太长或太短

使用太长或太短的句子的问题与你向读者传达你的想法的方式有很大的关系。如果一个句子太笨重，它很容易吸收你的想法，让你难以察觉。相反，如果句子太短，它们会破坏思想的逻辑发展，使你的essay看起来不完整。所以，试着找一个合适的媒介，使用各种长句和短句。

Sentences beginning with coordinating conjunctions 句子以并列连词开头

对于许多学生来说，另一个常见的问题是不恰当地使用并列连词(例如，但是，或者，或者，等等)。它们主要用于协调，在同一个句子中加入想法。有时他们也可以被用来开始一个句子。然而，当文本在句子的开头有太多的协调一致的时候，句子之间缺乏流畅的连接和联系。所以，只有在强调使用的时候，才可以尝试使用它们。

以上就是关于essay写作要避免的文体错误，如果同学们有这种毛病的话，那么一定要尽快改过来，不然会非常影响论文的质量。

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Paper代写：Consumer protection laws

本篇paper代写- Consumer protection laws讨论了消费者权益保护法。消费者保护运动立法的发展，促进了有关消费者保护运动的发展来解析消费者权益保护法的基本精神。在本法的价值取向及其法律条文的具体规定中无不体现着对消费者权利的保护，对经营者义务的约束。维护消费者利益、保护消费者合法权益就是消费者权益保护法的基本精神。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

The so-called consumer rights and interests refer to the sum of the rights and interests enjoyed by consumers in carrying out specific consumption behaviors and completing specific consumption process in a certain stage of social production development and under certain commodity economic relations and social system. The protection of the rights and interests of consumers is the general term of laws and regulations concerning the protection of consumers from personal or property damage or infringement when they receive goods or services with compensation. The rights and interests of consumers are one of the basic rights related to the life and work of each of us. The effective protection of this right reflects the realization of civil rights and the fundamental characteristics of market economy. In the process of building a socialist market economy, China has paid more and more attention to protecting every citizen's rights and interests in the process of consumption. In order to effectively protect the legal rights and interests of consumers according to law, China adopted the law of the People's Republic of China on the protection of the legal rights and interests of consumers at the fourth session of the standing committee of the eighth National People's Congress on October 31, 1993. Since then, the legal rights and interests of Chinese consumers have been strongly protected by law. The protection of consumer rights and interests act is a law providing special protection to consumers in a weak position. Consumer rights and interests protection law can be divided into broad and narrow categories. In broad sense, consumer rights and interests protection law refers to the organic whole of various laws and regulations involved in consumer protection. For example, the organic whole consisting of the basic law of consumer protection and other special single-line laws and regulations on consumer protection, as well as the provisions of relevant laws and regulations in other laws and regulations is the consumer protection law in the broad sense. Consumer protection law in the narrow sense refers to the state's special legislation on consumer protection.

The protection of the rights and interests of consumers is a basic law to protect the interests of consumers and the legal rights and interests of consumers. The special protection based on the weak position of consumers is decided by the weak position of consumers. The weakness of the consumer, refers to the consumers to meet the needs of the cost of living in the buy goods or services provided by the operators, the use of the process, because of the lack of relevant knowledge, information, and factors such as personality defect and controlled, result in security rights, right to know the rights, autonomy, justice of exchange, payment, respected, the right of supervision to a certain extent, be deprived of consumer rights and interests of the damage.

Above all, the trade of consumer and operator is a kind of blame major to major, the relation that does not know a person and know a person. Operators are familiar with the technical aspects of commodities, understand the market situation, grasp customer psychology, and have certain selling skills. It can be said that they know themselves and know each other. However, consumers lack relevant knowledge of purchasing goods or receiving services, and most of the consumption information they receive is processed, has promotional and inducing effects. Consumers are unavoidably not manipulated by operators and establish unfair transaction contracts with them. In addition, the improvement of technical content of goods and services will increase the strong position of operators and weak position of consumers, that is, stronger and weaker.

Secondly, the modern market economy simplifies the Commodity Exchange procedures and speeds up the flow of the objective requirements, so that the consumption contract has the characteristics of the fixed contract or attached contract. The traditional contract theory that contract is the agreement between parties is not true enough for consumers. The transaction conditions of relevant goods and services are stipulated in advance by operators. Consumers are completely in the passive position of simply accepting the content of the contract without the freedom to bargain and participate in the formation of the content of the contract. The transaction between consumers and operators is the relationship between individuals and organizations. In market transaction activities, consumers are mostly individual natural persons and operators are mostly organized legal persons. In fact, the status of both parties is not equal. The collectivization and transnationalization of production and operation are also enhancing the strong position of operators and intensifying the weak position of consumers.

Third, operators act in a serious way. Unfair competition in the modern market economy, makes some commodity providers see damage the interests of consumers as one of the ways to make profits, they leave the honest credit principle of business ethics in disregard, rushed to take unfair business practices or restrictive business practices, in many aspects, such as quality, price, measurement, trademark do all kinds of fraud, entrap consumer, the result is still the damages suffered by consumers.

Finally, the power position of consumers and operators is not equal. The economic strength of operators is strong, and as individual consumers are subject to the financial income level of hard constraints. He must choose between maximising utility and minimising transaction costs. Both the information collection before the transaction and the claim after the loss of rights and interests are not economic for the consumer, and the transaction costs he paid for it actually increase the consumption expenditure. Consumers often choose to sacrifice a small amount of utility in exchange for a minimum transaction fee.

Above all, the demand of inferior consumer is a kind of quantity quantity demand necessarily, consumer itself lacks to commodity quality requirement. For consumers, the demand for extensive production and management in China is derived from the fact that they do not ask for good, only want for existence, not for refinement, only for quantity.

Second, the purchasing options of low-quality consumers are greatly restricted. Because the consumption structure that economic condition decides, make consumer demand is restricted in the strictest commodity can choose, be compressed to the minimum amount limits, consumer natural difficult has a choice. The independent choice is one of the important contents of consumers' rights, and also one of the important content means for consumers to enhance their negotiation strength and fight against the operators' rights. The consumers who give up or lose the choice are doomed to be in a passive and unfavorable position, and the weakness is inevitable.

Traditional culture is a kind of subliminal influence on the formation of consumers' weakness, which mainly causes the psychological and personality defects of consumers and makes them feel "three dwarves" in the market transaction of operators, and they are in a weak position.

Due to the weakness of consumers, consumer rights and interests protection law has increased the protection of consumers' rights and increased the obligation burden of operators. The legislative purpose of the law on the protection of the rights and interests of consumers is clear, as stated in its first article: "the legislative purpose of the law is to protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers, maintain social and economic order, and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy." The purpose of this legislation is entirely based on the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of consumers. Is believed that the legislative purpose of consumers' rights and interests protection law is the basic spirit of this law has its profound reason, in the process of social development, the emergence of consumer problem is a big problem of the society, the development of the consumer movement, the perfection of consumer protection legislation from the social reality, based on the weak position of consumers, consumers' rights and interests protection law during the process of formulating inevitably is the first consumer interest, consumer interests, protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers naturally became the basic spirit of the consumer rights and interests protection law.

The problem of consumers' being violated has existed since ancient times, but occasionally, individual consumers have been violated and social problems have not yet been formed. However, since 1950, the problem of consumers being harmed in advanced countries with rapid economic development has not been an incidental problem. Individual consumers have been violated, but a social problem that most consumers are often violated.

From the development history of the market economy in the world, the consumer problem is generated and intensified with the development of the market economy. Especially in the early stage of market economy development, the damage of consumer interests is a prominent phenomenon Shared by all countries in the world. It was not until the 1980s that China began to gradually establish a socialist market economy. Therefore, China's market economy, it can be said, is still in its infancy stage up to now. In this stage, the problem of harming the interests of consumers is bound to be very serious.

Before the reform and opening up, China practiced a planned economy for a long time and restricted the production and exchange of goods. After the social turmoil and economic stagnation caused by the "cultural revolution", the economic system reform and opening-up policy were implemented in 1979, which promoted the great development of market economy. The mass production and sale of a variety of household appliances, chemical fiber products, beauty cosmetics, various beverages, foods and medicines has, while meeting the living needs of consumers, produced serious social problems that have harmed the interests of consumers. As a result of product defects, the personal and property safety of consumers is increasingly jeopardized, such incidents as beverage bottle cracking, TV picture tube explosion, gas leakage of gas water heater and food poisoning occur from time to time. Some illegal manufacturers make things badly and produce fake and inferior commodities, which severely damage the interests of consumers. Many places have found the manufacture and sale of counterfeit drugs, substandard drugs and poisonous food, and the sale of industrial alcohol with water as drinking wine, which seriously endangers the personal and property safety of consumers. This has led to a series of social problems, in this context, gradually formed a national consumer protection movement.

The protection of consumer rights and interests can be traced back to the consumer movement, which is the pioneer of consumer rights and interests protection organizations. In 1891, the world's first consumer organization was established to protect the interests of consumers. In 1898, the United States established the world's first global consumer alliance. It is an independent, non-profit, non-political organization, its aim is to do a series of consumer rights and interests protection worldwide, including information collection and dissemination of consumer rights and interests protection, carry out the consumer education, promoting international cooperation and communication, and organization international discussion on the problem of consumer rights and interests, assistance to underdeveloped areas consumer organizations to carry out the work, to speak in international agencies on behalf of consumers.

China's consumer rights protection movement started late. In 1983, the international consumers' organization alliance defined the March 15 of each year as "international consumer rights and interests day". In September 1984, guangzhou consumer commission was first established as the first consumer organization in China, and in December 1984, China consumers association was approved by the state council. After that, provinces, cities, counties and other consumer associations have been established. The China consumers association was accepted as a full member by the international consumers organization alliance in September 1987. After China's accession to the WTO, the protection of consumer rights and interests in China has further developed. Consumer awareness and ability to protect the rights and interests of the growing.

The laws and regulations related to the protection of consumers' rights and interests have been continuously improved, and the rights and interests of consumers have been legalized, standardized and extended. Modern consumer protection legislation in a capitalist society was the first to enter the monopoly stage began, after the rise of it are closely connected with the movement of consumer protection in the world together, how well does the consumer rights and interests protection legislation, has become a measure of a country the development of the social civilization degree and the legal system construction is an important symbol of perfection. Consumer rights protection law, of course, not only including specialized consumer rights protection laws and regulations, and such as consumers' rights and interests protection law, anti-unfair competition law, the product quality law, food hygiene law, medicine, law, standardization method, measurement, etc., but also in civil, economic, administrative, criminal and other related laws and regulations in the rules or terms, it is a concept in the broadest sense of the term. The law of the People's Republic of China on the protection of consumers' rights and interests, which came into effect on January 1, 1994, stipulates nine rights of consumers, including the right to safety, the right to know, the right to choose, the right to fair trade, the right to seek compensation, the right to associate, the right to know, the right to respect and the right to supervise.

Safety value, fair trade value, benefit value is the consumer rights and interests protection law reflects the fundamental value of the short-term, in value orientation is the first consumer interest can be seen through its value pursuit, consumers' rights and interests protection law itself is the law of consumer, is the maintenance to protect consumer interests, which reflects the basic spirit is safeguard consumer interests, protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers.

Consumer rights and interests protection law clearly stipulates the rights enjoyed by consumers and the obligations borne by operators, which plays an important role in balancing the unequal status of consumers and operators. It is because of the status of the consumer and business operator uneven, consumption in a weak position, to achieve equal status between the two sides, the trade fair, countries gave special protection for consumers, reflect on the legal norms, namely the country through the legislation form, standing on the position of consumers, to run the activities of certain restrictions and constraints, stressed the compulsory norms, biased toward the right specification for consumers, and to the implementation of the protection of consumer rights. The special protection for consumers is also reflected in the application of law when the rights of consumers and other rights are in conflict, the priority should be given to protecting the rights of consumers. Through the regulation of consumers' rights and operators' obligations, consumers can enjoy sufficient rights in consumption activities and change their weak position relative to operators. In the specific provisions of the consumer rights and interests protection law, in addition to the provisions on the rights of consumers and the obligations of business operators, the relief means also reflect the state protection of consumer rights and interests. When the rights and interests of consumers are infringed, consumers' rights and interests are protected through the compensation mechanism of no-fault relief. In addition, the state also protects the rights and interests of consumers by certain means.

In terms of the specific provisions of the consumer rights and interests protection law, it is not hard to see that the provisions of the consumer rights and interests protection law are derived from the interests of consumers. This law is the basic law for safeguarding the rights and interests of consumers and restricting operators' business behaviors, providing practical legal protection for the healthy development of the socialist market economy.

From the analysis of the causes of consumer problems, the development of the consumer protection movement and the promotion of consumer legislation, consumer rights and interests protection law is formulated and issued in this development process. Due to the emergence of the consumer problem led to a series of social problems, which affect the development of the socialist market economy, to promote the development of socialist market economy, from set out actually, safeguard the rights and interests of consumers and issued "consumer rights and interests protects a law" the basic law, the law is aimed at consumers in the problems in the process of economic development, the development of the consumer protection movement, so consumer interests, protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers, is the basic spirit of this law.

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Essay代写：The economic crisis

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The economic crisis，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了经济危机。2007年美国爆发的次贷危机迅速演变成了全球性的金融危机，并从金融领域蔓延到实体经济领域。直到2008年，金融危机余波未了，欧债危机又接踵而至，成为了2012年达沃斯经济论坛的重点议题，但是仍然未能找到解决危机的有效方法，这充分暴露出了资本主义制度的弊端。

The outbreak of American subprime mortgage crisis has exposed the defects and inadequacies of the American financial supervision system -- laissez-faire financial innovation and lack of effective supervision. The financial crisis is different with the traditional economic crisis characterized by excessive consumption rather than consumption is insufficient, and the cause of the crisis is the lack of financial supervision and financial market's own factors such as excessive financial innovation, as a matter of fact, the crisis at the same time there is a problem of excess material products and virtual product, to stimulate the consumption demand of the false financial products surplus, has produced many bubbles, once the economic bubble burst, the crisis is inevitable. The U.S. financial crisis was triggered by the subprime mortgage crisis. The emergence of subprime mortgage, a financial derivative, stimulated the consumption demand, resulting in "excessive demand" and the false prosperity of the financial market. Such excessive demand led to the rising default rate, which eventually led to the bursting of the economic bubble. So the financial crisis is still a cyclical overproduction crisis rooted in the capitalist system itself.

The financial crisis originated from Wall Street in the United States is a new economic crisis that starts from the bank credit crisis and extends to the real economy. This new economic crisis has three characteristics: first, the traditional economic crisis spread from the real economy to the financial sector, and this crisis spread from the financial sector to the real economy. Second, the impact of credit on the crisis has greatly increased. Third, past the edge of the international financial crisis in capitalism or peripheral zone, the overall impact on the world economy is relatively small, while the U.S. financial crisis happened in the heart of capitalism, capitalism developed country, influential, and even led to the current worldwide problem - the European debt crisis, is a systemic crisis of capitalism and the crisis of capitalist ideology.

In the wake of the us financial crisis, there was a "das kapital fever" in western societies, from which they tried to find solutions. Both the massive rescue package and the dodd-frank Wall Street reform and consumer protection act are mere palliatives. Marx points out. Socialism is the fundamental way out of the economic crisis. But the present stage of socialism is still the risk of the economic crisis, in our country, the market still plays a major role, the non-public economic sectors have continued to exist, disparity between the rich and the poor is bigger also, combined with our country economy has the openness and irreversible trend of economic globalization makes the economic crisis also has a global, makes our country also has the possibility of economic crisis. This requires us to proceed from China's national conditions, and under the premise of adhering to the status of the subject of socialist public ownership, to take the idea of combining theory with practice as the guidance, to be vigilant, to learn from experience and lessons, and to try to guard against economic crisis risks.

The excessive expansion of the virtual economy and the lack of credit triggered the financial crisis in the United States, which is particularly thought-provoking in today's highly developed virtual economy: the virtual economy must adapt to the development of the real economy. China is in a critical period of economic transformation. Compared with developed countries such as the United States, the development of virtual economy is still in its infancy. China's loss in this financial crisis is relatively small, which also reflects that China's financial industry is not mature and open enough. The us financial crisis has given us a warning. We should fully recognize the speculative nature of virtual capital and the relationship between virtual economy and real economy. On the other hand, it is necessary to supervise the development of the virtual economy, strictly control the bubble and vicious speculation in the virtual economy, guide the virtual economy onto a quality track, and expand the development space of the real economy.

The subprime mortgage crisis has exposed a series of problems, such as the absence of financial regulation, excessive financial innovation and opacity. Facts have proved that the importance of the financial industry as a whole and the inherent defects of the financial market itself indicate that the financial industry needs government regulation. We must guard against and control the risks brought by financial innovation. In financial innovation, we should adhere to the principle of moderation rather than excess. Financial industry is a high-risk industry. Our country financial industry open degree is insufficient, which makes the influence of the financial crisis to our country is relatively small, but it also shows that China's financial industry is still in the stage of underdeveloped, in line with international standards of degree is low, with the development of financial globalization, China is bound to integration into the global financial circles, at this time, strengthen financial regulation becomes very urgent. We can learn from the financial regulatory experience of the United States, Singapore and other countries, strengthen the supervision of China's state-owned commercial Banks, control financial innovation, and strengthen the protection of financial consumers through legislation.

The practice of reform and opening up over the past 30 years and more shows that the socialist market economy system is very dynamic, but the market mechanism is also flawed, such as the spontaneity, blindness and hysteresis of market regulation, which breeds economic crisis. So, to give full play to the role of the market at the same time, the "visible hand" is indispensable, to properly handle the relations between them at the same time, the "visible hand" can neither absence, nor dislocation, should adapt to the demands of the development of market economy, further transform government functions, in return, the market value of the contract and to realize the functions of the government's return, make up the defects of market regulation inherent.

The economic crisis is manifested by insufficient consumption. Therefore, stimulating consumption and expanding domestic demand have become important measures to cope with and prevent the economic crisis. "" in the United States, consumer spending accounts for roughly two-thirds of overall economic activity, so consumer demand is the most noteworthy factor driving U.S. economic growth." " At present, the main way to expand domestic demand is to improve the income of low-income people. There is still a lot of room for development in rural areas. We should focus on increasing the income of farmers so that they can have property income. We will make rational plans for the proportion of consumption, investment and exports, and promote sound and rapid economic development through demand and coordinated development of consumption, investment and exports.

In particular, it's worth noting that the U.S. financial crisis began to spread through the housing market. China's urbanization process and the demand for housing upgrading have stimulated the continuous irrational prosperity of China's real estate market. The rise of China's housing price has exceeded the rise of income level, and the real estate market has contributed a lot to China's GDP. This is one of the reasons why local governments are reluctant to part with their investment. Compared with long-term projects such as education, the real estate industry is more attractive. "The subprime crisis showed that selling subprime mortgages to people who had no real buying power in their homes did not really increase the effective demand for real estate. Similarly, China's so-called 'rigid' demand for population urbanization and consumption upgrading does not equal effective demand. Therefore, it is particularly urgent and important to stabilize the housing price and guide the healthy development of the real estate industry.

The financial crisis erupted in the United States in 2008, reflects the internal contradictions, capitalism incompatible completely accords with the economic crisis theory of Marx, also proves that Marx economic crisis theory is scientific, proved that our country socialist road with Chinese characteristics is scientific, capitalism, although have the ability to repair itself, but this ability always take temporary solution not effect a permanent cure, thoroughly solve the crisis or want to rely on the socialist road. In confidence at the same time, we should correctly understand the socialist economic crisis and the possibility of capitalist economic crisis spread, therefore, under the guidance of Marx economic crisis theory, combining the reality of the world's economic crisis, draw experience and lessons, and starting from our country national condition, active prevention, avoid and respond to risk, can always standing under capitalism envelop.

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