Essay代写：British obligations education

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- British obligations education，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的义务教育。英国作为世界上基础教育最为发达的国家之一，其义务教育入学政策经历了由就近入学、11岁考试、自由择校到公平入学的转变，教育公平得到较快的发展。从就近入学到公平择校，从重视少数学生的发展到追求所有学生都优秀，从学校掌握对学生的招生权到家长可以自由择校，这些都充分体现了英国政府以追求教育公平，实现教育的均衡发展为目标。

As a subsystem of social justice, education is the extension and development of social justice in education. But there is no accepted standard for what constitutes "education fairness". Among them, the education fair has systematically expounded the McMahon and thor saddam hussein. McMahon thinks there are three types of education fairness, horizontal equity, which means treating the same people the same way; Vertical justice means treating different people differently. Intergenerational equity, that is, ensuring that the inequities of the previous generation are not fully perpetuated. And husson divides education fairness into starting point equity, that is, regardless of their social origins, can be subject to unlimited education; Process fairness means considering all kinds of differences, but treating everyone on the basis of equality. Outcome equity refers to the equal opportunity for academic success and acceptance by society. In fact, education fairness is not to pursue absolute egalitarianism, but to provide everyone with equal opportunities to realize their own value under the principle of equality, difference and compensation.

The starting point fairness is the premise and foundation of education fairness, as well as the premise of realizing education process fairness and being education result fairness. Since the primary education act of 1870 officially proposed and implemented the obligation education, in order to achieve the fairness of education, the British government has continuously adjusted the admission policy of the obligation education stage, mainly including:

In 1870, under the proposal of the minister forster of education, the British government promulgated the primary education law, which imposed the compulsory primary education on children aged from 5 to 12 years old, and implemented the nearby enrollment policy, that is, the primary school students should study in the school near their home place, more than 3 miles, and parents could refuse to send their children to school for the reason of distance. The foster act is an important law in the history of British education, "marking the official formation of the national primary education system". The nearby enrollment policy starts from this, and becomes the main basis of compulsory admission education.

In 1944 the British parliament passed the educational act of 1944 proposed by butler, the minister of education. According to the regulations, students will be admitted to grammar schools, modern middle schools and technical secondary schools according to their grades, abilities and sexual orientation after primary school graduation. The examination at the age of 11 will become an important basis for students to accept education at the secondary level and enter high-quality schools. However, the 11-year-old test is based on "intellectual determinism", which lacks scientific evaluation criteria, is difficult to guarantee the fairness of the test, and parents' enthusiasm for grammar school goes against the original intention of the 11-year-old test. Therefore, the 11-year-old test has been criticized by many people.

Headed by Margaret thatcher's conservative party has issued the 1988 education reform act, the implementation of the open admissions policy, schools can independent recruit students, parents can free choice, all public schools must be open enrolment, until full, however, the limitations of high quality education resources and the parents want their children to accept the best education there is a big contradiction between, unreasonable choice behavior abound, seriously violated the education fairness.

The labor government, which represented the interests of the working class, came to power in 1997 with the goal of Inclusive Education, which is a success for all schools and all students, focusing Education reform on providing equal Education opportunities for the lower classes. For example, in February 2007, the newly revised admission operation regulations and the School Admissions Appeal Code were promulgated to guarantee the fairness and justice of primary and secondary schools by legal means. Schools were prohibited from admitting students according to their parents' economic conditions, social status and financial sponsorship to schools.

From nearby enrollment to fair school choice, from paying attention to the development of minority students to the pursuit of excellence of all students, from the school's control of the right to recruit students to parents' free choice of schools, it fully reflects the British government's goal of pursuing education fairness and achieving balanced development of education.

The realization of education equity is the common pursuit of all countries in the world and also an important way to promote social equity. The sound legal system, sufficient funds guarantee and the joint participation of all sectors of society have provided a solid foundation for the development of Britain's obligation education, making its development of education in the forefront of the world, and its successful experience is worth learning and drawing lessons from. At present, the development of obligatory education in China is not satisfactory, and the contradiction between the limitation of high-quality education resources and people's demand for high-quality education is very prominent, which has become the hotspot and difficulty of education reform. Therefore, on the basis of the neighborhood school, the government should guarantee funds for policymakers, law enforcement, supporting the weak school, focus on tilt to rural, remote, poor and minority areas, reduce the between schools and between regions, urban and rural education gap, in the starting point to ensure the fairness of education, so that students can get good development.

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Assignment代写：American mainstream society

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- American mainstream society，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的主流社会。现在的人们并不了解真实的美国主流社会，并将媒体光环中美化过的上流社会误当作主流社会。其实美国的主流社会不是美国的上流社会，而是由那些大多数早九晚五艰辛地维持一房两车三保险的低中产阶级们组成的，这些人的家庭年收入范围是3-13万，白人大约占50%，其它各族裔相加占50%。

The American mainstream society is by no means America's upper class. Celebrities, politicians, doctors, lawyers, financial and economic figures, and entrepreneurs are just a small part of American society, even though they own most of the wealth of American society. It is misleading to feel as if this is the mainstream of American society because their lifestyle is widely reported in newspapers, magazines, online television and other media. America's mainstream society is made up of mostly silent, hard-working, lower-middle-class people who struggle to keep a house, a car, and a car. Their household income range is between $30,000 and $130,000. About 50 percent are white and 50 percent are from all ethnic groups.

Today, the first generation of Chinese immigrants on the mainland are complaining about their inability to integrate into the management class and the upper social class. The white people are extremely jealous of our first generation of immigrants. While we agonize over how to cope with cultural differences, they envy the Chinese tradition of being poor and debt-free and rich in bank deposits. When we're worried about how our kids can learn Chinese and get perfect SAT scores, they're worried about unmarried kids, guns, alcohol, drugs. While our homemakers are complaining that their husbands are working overtime, watching the ball online and leaving the house, our neighbor's white-collar husband is already starting his second blue collar, hourly job under the stars to maintain a decent middle-class household. We have blindly elevated the upper class of the media halo to the mainstream society because we don't know enough about the real American mainstream society.

The anglo-saxons were the most respectable people I had ever met. At the company's lunch table, in the presence of outsiders, they do not expose the white man's dirty laundry. They only talk about baseball, football, golf, past stars, political anecdotes, ancestral humor and make foreigners either confused or uninterested in joining in their hyperbole. But in professional bars and fancy beauty barbershops, where few outsiders come in, they are sad enough to reveal their true feelings and pour out the bitter water. Starbucks is popular among white workers because of face. The average white tip is 15-20% due to face. Because face, the same kind of clothes white people want to buy six or seven; Because face, 80 year old widowhood wants to spend 120 yuan every month on hair to blow to cut to wash; Because of face, they spend the last penny at a fancy graduation or wedding, then quietly join the army of loan sharks in credit card debt. They show the best of their race where others see them, drink heavily and scrape their bones to heal where they do not see them. A garish coat with lice is a better description of this mainstream society. The United States is one of the world's worst drug abusers. If I hadn't seen it with my own eyes, I couldn't have imagined a 20-year-old white, normal-looking girl getting a sleeping pill every night and dealing with a headache the next day with painkillers. Ask why? 'you can't and won't listen to my problems and troubles.

I understand that the integration into American society is not to follow the white people's different way of life, but to respect local customs and practices, and live out the good character and good nature of my own race. Through practice, I believe that no matter where I am, "participation" is the best shortcut to integrating myself into a mainstream society. When I offered volunteer counseling to American parents' associations that adopted Chinese children; when I dared to write a check for free assistance when life was most difficult for an unmarried white girl I did not know. When I came back from a trip to a white colleague and did not send out the payslip next week, when I whispered to her that I could lend her some money to turn around first, I felt that I had joined the society voluntarily. When I went to the local fire station to join the joint meeting of neighbors, I raised my right hand. I'm raising money for new play areas for schools in my community. At one time each year, I celebrate "local day" in the parade; I chatted with the old lady around the corner about the election and bought a bottle of honey from a nearby farm. Give the old farmer a small string of Chinese knot; Take tsingtao beer with you when visiting your American neighbor. I voluntarily put up the American flag before the fourth of July. I am grateful and proud to use the new community library that I have built, including my tax payments, every time I do these little things I feel I am a part of American society. It's not hard to integrate into American society. As long as you don't treat yourself as an outsider, the naive and magnanimous nature of Americans will naturally embrace you, because this is a melting pot of immigrants from all over the world.

When I stopped complaining about the "glass ceiling" over my head and rejoiced that I didn't have to deal with the black and white employees we Chinese had never heard of; When I saved spare money in my frugal life to support Americans in need; When I was doing volunteer work, holding the hands of homeless "white trash" and listening to them, you were the first Oriental to hold my hand; When I hire local farmers to cut grass, fertilize, shovel snow, and pay them gratefully after babysitting, I feel like a community owner rather than a guest. I paid my tax bill to the government because I was grateful to the land for raising me as a foreigner. Master's mentality is "giving" rather than "claim", I can't give money to the society will give a little time, can't give time will give a smile, no matter what to point to the people around you, for this piece of land have a love of your life, have the responsibility, have a claim, dedication, with tears, laughter, I am the owner of this land. Although I never intended to be a naturalized American citizen for life, I sincerely and sincerely regard this country as my home and love its land and people from the bottom of my heart.

When the star-spangled banner sang, I also put my right hand on my heart. I cried with tears like an American. When I knelt with believers in the American church to pray for "9/11", my heart told me that I was truly integrated into the mainstream society called America. "Why there are tears in my eyes, because I love this land so deeply", when the poet eulogized his nanny on the dayanhe river, the living water in the Hudson valley was nourishing the soul and body of the Chinese people, which gave me wisdom and health as well. Breaking down the barriers of racial prejudice, americans like Chinese are my brothers and sisters, because I believe in the god inscribed on the dollar bill! I knew it was a love from the sky that let my heart gush forth, that allowed me to easily merge into the waters of mainstream American society and become one of the happy little yellow croaker.

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英文论文写作的重复率问题

对于英文论文写作，重复率是一个非常重要的问题。如果论文的重复率超过标准，那么就会被判定为抄袭。而抄袭在国外大学是绝对不允许的行为，后果非常严重。所以为了防止这种情况，英文论文写作的重复率问题一定要解决，下面就给大家分享几种降低重复率的方法。

引用资源中正确的内容

当你想引用资源的时候，你应该确保自己足够理解资源的内容，包括这个资源的主题思想和资源本身的信息。你也应该弄清楚这个资源的来源。

当你在引用网络资源的时候，资源内容的问题会比你引用印刷的资源更加复杂，这是因为你可能只看到网页的一部分而不是整个网站，从而不能完全理解资源的有效内容。要确保对你引用的信息做充足的背景调查和记录。

不要直接Ctrl C+Ctrl V：要重新整理你的资源

直接复制粘贴电子资源永远是论文写作的大忌，无论是国内还是国外。你应该对每一个资源都在你的电脑上重新打开一个文件，这样你才能更加细心地编辑研究信息。当你手动打字或是复制粘贴时，要确保完整的引证信息或完整的URL和你引用的页面的日期。对于网络资源，要确保标出你引用的具体页面，这个页面不一定是你引用资源的主页。使用逻辑和精准的名称命名你创建的文件，并添加引用信息和日期。这样你会轻易的找到文件，也会避免误删文件。记录每一个文件的使用信息也是一个好方法。要记住：你要和你的资源进行沟通交流，而精准的文件命名和记录会使你保持头脑清晰不被混淆。

记住要把自己的写作和资源分开

当你打草稿的时，千万记得要把印刷资源和网上的资源分开放在不同的文件中。这样做不仅能够减少抄袭的风险而且也很方便你引用资源，而且也会帮你更有效的理解和运用资源。

通过阅读同学的文章获取灵感的方法不可取

如果你的课程需要同学评审或是研习同学的草稿，那你就需要阅读同学的文章。这是交换想法和反馈自己工作的有效方法。如果你发现你的文章想用同学的观点，你必须像引用任何其他资源一样标注别人的观点。换句话说，如果由于你不理解任务或是不知道如何写作而去阅读别人的文章，你最终会给自己带来难题，因为你根本没有意识到自己可能已经抄袭了别人的观点。当你困惑时不妨约一下老师或是去写作中心(Wirting Center)寻求扩展自己观点的方法。

及时写上引用

永远不要在没有添加引用的情况下意译或是引用一个资源。你应该在笔记、心得报告、草稿和修改稿中及时记录引用数据。因为没有引用的话很容易就会忘记资源或是观点的出处，之后你可能把这些材料当成是自己的观点。

以上就是关于英文论文写作降低重复率的方法，同学们在写作英文论文的时候一定不能忽视了重复率问题，一定要对于重复率是符合标准时刻关注。

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：The influence of Internet on democracy development

本篇paper代写- The influence of Internet on democracy development讨论了互联网对民主发展的影响。当前民主发展的现状及互联网络的发展与其传播特点，使得互联网在日趋普及的同时对当前世界和我国民主政治的发展产生影响。在影响人们参与行政决策、行使民主权利上，互联网络就是一把双刃剑，它对民主发展的影响表现在多方面上，既有正向推动，也有逆向阻碍。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

The current democracy development present situation and the development of the Internet and its transmission characteristics, makes in the proliferation of the Internet at the same time to the current world and influence the development of democratic politics in China. In influencing people to participate in administrative decision-making, exercise their democratic rights, the Internet like other science and technology has the characteristics of "double-edged sword", its effect on democratic development performance in many ways, both positive, also have a reverse way.

Since the end of the twentieth century, the development of the Internet and the proliferation of the human society with "information age", also known as the "knowledge economy". In this day and age, knowledge and information in economy, science and technology, culture and other fields have become important resources that are making a significant change in people's production and life. Knowledge and information in politics, but also has become the important power source. Network, therefore, as one of the main sign of the information age has gradually become a new factors pushing social power redistribution, has a great influence on the development of democracy.

For thousands of years of human history development, the development of democracy has been one of the important issues of political science research, "democracy" is also one of the most frequently used concept in political science. Especially in have a highly developed economy, political democracy has become the evaluation of country and an important symbol of social development. According to phonetics in a dictionary, the definition of democracy is "the mercy of the people's government, the supreme power belongs to the people, by the people directly exercise their, or by the free people's agent shall exercise the electoral system to produce". With former US President Abraham Lincoln's words, democracy is "the people, and for the people, by the people," the regime. Seen from the definition, democracy refers to: the people's freedom, equality of political position and extensive political participation.

Democracy can be divided into two categories: direct democracy and representative democracy. Under the direct democracy system, all citizens will participate in state affairs, and do not need to be elected or appointed officials mediation role, obviously, such a system is feasible only in the number is small. Modern society because of its size and complexity, applies a system of direct democracy political opportunity is very small, today's democratic politics is the most common form of representative democracy, no matter for tens of thousands of people in cities and towns or countries with hundreds of millions of people. Under this political system, the citizen election officials to make political decisions, laws as well as the implementation of the plan about the public interest; China's current regime, the people's congress system is belong to the category of representative democracy. Both in direct democracy and representative democracy requires a wide range of people to participate in, in the past for a long time, however, public participation has been a problem that exist in the "democracy". Another important aspect of democratic construction is the equality of the people, i.e., the social every citizen enjoys equal political rights, which is in the construction of democracy needs further solve the problem. With the development and popularization of Internet technology in recent years, the Internet has brought people's thinking mode, communication mode, the changes in many aspects of hitting the democratic political construction.

The Internet, the Internet, since the last century began to spread in the United States was invented in the early ninety s, with the rapid development of 15 years is incredible. The emergence of new media first prompted information dissemination field produced fundamental change, with the spread of high-tech means, make its influence expanded rapidly, the reader groups continued rapid growth. In our country, according to China Internet network information center statistics, in October 1997 for the first time when the China Internet network development state statistic the number of Internet users in China is only 620000, 16.9 million in July, 2000 Internet users, according to the latest statistics, as of June 30, 2006, the total number of Internet users in China to 1. 2.3 billion, compared with 1997, and now the number of Internet users is at the beginning of 198. 4 times. Some data show that China's Internet users will surpass the United States before the Beijing Olympic Games, the world's most populous country.

Comprehensive utilization of the Internet is information technology, digital technology, communication technology and other modern technology and modern human services means the most concentrated areas, are the most modern and popular information carrier and communication tool. The characteristics of the Internet and communication function, the entertainment function, service function and its special appeal, with the powerful influence of other media cannot match and wide coverage, determines it will be in the field of economic, political and cultural cause a series of profound changes.

The Internet as a new technology and communication, can properly use and development, decides it's influence on the development of social democracy, and other advanced technology, network technology is also a "double-edged sword" of the development of democracy, its influence on the development of democratic politics is various, both actively promote aspects, negative aspects. It not only provides the advanced technology, operation platform, and its development and popularization of an enormous impact on people's way of thinking. Let's detailed analysis from several aspects:

Here the "democratic participation" including public access to information and distribution, public participation in decision-making and democratic election. Marshall McLuhan, the famous communication scholar Marshall in the face of large-scale development of the last century 60 s TV had predicted: "with the increase of information movement, political change trend is gradually deviate from the voters representative politics, towards universal immediately involved in the decision-making behavior of the central political." Was on the TV to the prediction of the development, the development of the Internet network is to make the trend is irreversible, because it provides technical support for universal participation.

First of all, the Internet for people to freely access and publish the information provides a new channel. Internet "wide spread, speed" and other characteristics decide that the Internet was "no boundaries" network, as long as where the network coverage, so long as has the material conditions of the Internet, anyone can access networks, and enjoy all the information in the network, also can spread their information to every corner of the network. At the same time, the Internet is "no time" information channels, its velocity determines your can timely understanding of the information from all over the world.

Second, the Internet provides a platform for people to participate in decision-making. For free access and the release of information is the foundation of the people to participate in decision-making, is also a fundamental guarantee of public participation in decision-making right. "Real-time interactive" of the Internet to provide public in a two-way communication platform, people can make use of the network platform for government decision-making, legal opinions, participate in discussions, indirect participation in decision-making. Can also through the network platform to judge of social phenomenon, as in recent years the "sun zhigang case", "BMW crashed" things are spread through the network, people through the network freely comment, indirectly participate in and influence the government's decision. At the same time, the government can make use of network platform, an investigation on policy issues in people, a network hearing to solicit public opinion, in order to make the right decisions.

Third, the Internet provides a new technical means for democratic elections. Direct democracy needs the participation, the nationwide representative democracy also requires the participation of, need to "people's representative" people to participate in the election. Traditional election is usually people queuing voting, this way not only cause the waste of manpower and time, and therefore reduce the participation of people. The development of the Internet provides the opportunity to improve this situation, people can make use of network platform to participate in the election. But, at present it still need further perfect of Internet technology, one is to ensure that the vast majority of people have access to the Internet, the second is the need to "network id" system of sound. Gradually along with the network technology, the Internet is bound to lead the public political participation in all aspects of the new changes.

Although the law endows the people with equal political power and social status, but because of the social, political, and economic development imbalance, people can't completely when really enjoy various rights on an equal position. Engels once said: "the principle of equality is restricted to only in" in the legal equality "written off, is equal in the eyes of the law in the rich and the poor under the premise of equality and inequality is limited to the main inequality within the scope of equality, going to say, is called the inequality of equality." But in the network in the virtual world, people in the real inequality in the image is weakened, so that people are more yearning the real equality. "Users first, the network of open, equality" determines the users in the network enjoy full equality between services. Network center of the Internet is a "no", although it was invented in the United States, the network level of domain name management center is in the United States, but a network of any one terminal is completely equal, can run from the center; And Internet users in the network relationship is equal, as long as you have an IP address, you can enjoy all the resources in the network, and the other terminal equal dialogue of the network. Second, the network "virtual" determines the users in the network have equality between "social status". In the online world, people generally is a virtual identity to participate in various activities, can be both rich and poor alike, accept all kinds of information and information on these views, everyone here have completely equal rights, you can at the same time, the news website and state leaders, can also understand the stock market with the world's richest man.

People equal status of the network society forces people to desire for equality in the realistic society, now people are starting to get a bit more to pursue the equality of political and social status in the realistic society, they want to be like in the network world is not affected by the economic level, the influence of cultural background, the nature of work such as difference equal political status and rights to participate in political life. In recent years, people began to more and more concerned about politics, about politics; Pay attention to the social unfair phenomenon, a helping hand; Are increasingly using legal means to protect their own interests, it is people pursuit of equal political status.

Compared with equality and democracy in the virtual world, with the continuous development of the Internet, in the realistic society in conditional access network and unconditional access network of the "digital divide" between the bigger and bigger, and the huge gap has brought the development of political democracy. First, the growing digital divide may bring new "democracy gap". Some pessimists believe that the development of network digital technology will bring new power and wealth inequality, expand the information rich and the poor had huge "digital divide" between, they think that the digital divide has elite in the process of the development of the network to get more benefits, lower level people lost interest. And that the digital divide in the society have affected the political democracy, to produce the "democracy gap". With the emergence of the gap between rich and poor in China and expands unceasingly, some social elite start by their social status or their class of society, use a variety of ways to act on behalf of our class; However, at the bottom of society is much more people this political consciousness is weak, the gap in the whole society to show as "more inequality", brings new problems to the development of democracy. Second, in the world, the virtual world of American hegemony and hegemony of English especially serious. The United States is the country with the largest number of Internet users, and 90% of the entire Internet network the spread of the flow of information is in English, therefore, voice of America and the west in the network has a great influence, this kind of influence is any other areas cannot compete with them. At the same time, the network version of democracy and the American democracy, western democracy, the information hegemony to other non-english speaking countries to develop domestic democracy played a reverse effect, makes some non-english countries want to spread their own democracy through the network form becomes very difficult, to promote socialist democracy in the form of our country, it is more serious this problem, this is our country develop their democratic met a serious problem.

The distinctive features of network information release is virtual and anonymity. For this reason, the network become a propeller of social equality, democratic development, however, and irresponsible characteristics of network information transmission, but also brought negative influence to social democracy. This characteristic of network information in the face of network environment is vulnerable to extreme, wrong information interference, even some people with ulterior motives or groups. In the liberalization and diversification of the network virtual society, under the situation of huge amount of information is not filtered and enter the Internet in a fragmented way, there must exist for the same thing different and even conflicting views, there will be some radical, wrong ideas and information. A lot of the information network, can make some people into their misleading, they promote different world outlook, the outlook on life, values, make people split in ideology, which leads to the instability of the society, finally to the development of political democracy and freedom constitute a huge threat, a new test to the development of democracy.

The development of the Internet network not only new technology for the development of political democracy, platforms, and new development prospects, as well as bring new trials and trouble we develop democratic politics. How to make good use of this new technology, promote the development of society and democracy construction in developing its long, avoid its short, continuous development of social democracy and freedom are we facing a big issue. First, you need to network technology to be more perfect, let more people from more ways in the network. Secondly, using the Internet to promote democracy need to reality more social and economic development, social wealth more rich, democratic participation provides material guarantee for the people. Third, we also need to constantly to purify the Internet environment, reduce the number of network bad information, to improve the ability of people to identify information at the same time, allow people to distinguish in the complicated network information is good or bad. We can see through the Internet to promote democratic construction has a good prospect, and also a lot of problems need to be solved.

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Essay代写：Administrative supervision

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Administrative supervision，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了行政监督。行政监督，指的是监督主体对于行政机关以及内部工作人员是否依法行政所进行的监督。在现代社会中，如果不对行政机关及内部工作人员进行有效的监督，那么滥用公共权力的腐败行为就会加速扩展。可以肯定，在现代社会中，对于行政监督过程中普遍存在的对腐败现象的斥责，其价值功能除了宣泄不满情绪之外，最多也仅仅能形成一种反腐败的舆论氛围，所以行政监督非常有必要。

Administrative supervision refers to the supervision and subject to the administrative organ and the internal staff is in accordance with the law of administrative supervision. The necessity of administrative supervision is the result of human two consensus, first, must stop using the behavior of public power for private benefit; Secondly, in order to prevent this possibility into reality, must be to restrict power with power. In the modern society, the administrative organs and internal staff without effective supervision, the misuse of public power corruption will accelerate extension. To be sure, in modern society, to generally exist in the process of administrative supervision and the curse of corruption, the value of this function in addition to venting discontent, most also can only form a public opinion atmosphere of anti-corruption. But the crux of the problem is: "everyone shouted" public opinion atmosphere, although increased trade power "moral hazard", but never stop or fundamentally eliminate the corruption phenomenon of corruption. So, how do you ensure the validity of administrative supervision?

Economists McChesney proposed here rent creation and rent concept extraction. The former refers to the government administrative personnel using the administrative intervention measures to increase the profit of private enterprises, creating artificial rental, induces private enterprises "tribute" to them as a condition to get the rent; The latter refers to an intentional put forward by the government administrative personnel can make a private enterprise of aggrieved policy as a threat, forcing private enterprise give up part of vested interests to share with yourself. In the field of social public, because of the existence of politics and rent and take out face makes rent - seeking activities more universal and regular. Therefore, strengthen the administrative supervision is particularly important. From economic interests balance in order to push up by the risk cost of rent-seeking activities, theory and practice prove that "high pay YangLian" under certain conditions is effective anti-corruption measures. But once that, under the background of current Chinese and will further strengthen people when choosing a competition for the administrative work. Even so, the legitimacy and efficiency of administrative behavior is still not get system guarantee, hidden under the action of rent-seeking and work without problems due to reasons such as public information asymmetry is difficult to fundamentally eliminate, public power is also difficult to widespread public supervision.

After a large number of administrative system exploration and countless rational design and practice, it was found that by independent specializes in exercising the power of administrative supervision of administrative behavior, is by far more successful and effective system arrangement, it can also constitute the internal supervision mechanism of administrative act. The degree of system arrangement is the key: "supervision must be relatively independent", namely duties independently, jurisdiction independence, the administrative professional knowledge and skills, understand spending a single agency, in order to solve the above problems.

In the above problem, once the supervision and supervision institution independence, are difficult to ensure the administrative fact supervisors in accordance with the administrative rules and regulations of state to make objective and no interference judgment, whether its interpretation and conclusion to the public interest and the work here is very doubtful. Cases in real life, "look down", "processing", "dare not face difficult problems" and other issues, investigate its reason, first, because for the same in a pyramid of power within the organization in terms of strength and political power, it is difficult to form effective supervision and supervision mechanism, the supervisor and supervisee in interests, values, work style and way of thinking has consistency. One thing, people outside the public power pyramid seems highly should happen, the tower my wife is accustomed to, normal. Even if the supervisor can enforce the law impartially, to group interests, but the objective existence of the subordinate relations between the superior and the subordinate, make their "fate" is in the hands of boss, supervisors have to "think twice".

Practice to solve the problems to provide the answer: from the legislative, judicial supervision of administrative organizations, social organizations and citizens, the news public opinion supervision, constitutes the external supervision network, these are collectively referred to as the external supervision.

Legislative supervision is the result of the national legislature and the government administrative institution specific constraint relationship. The authority of the government is the main department of execution, and inevitably and supervision and supervision is relationship in the legislature. Legislature with minimum cost principle to carry on the work, timely remedy often unreasonable government administrative action. Theoretically, the legislature has the most direct to the functions of power restriction, such as unreasonable scrap the bill, the abolition of the violation of the law of administrative rules, and dismiss government officials, etc. In western countries, the parliament is not only be vested with legislative power, but also had the power of supervision and administrative organizations, passed by parliament, distrust of the right to vote and the right to inquiry the impeachment power, the enforcement power to appoint and remove and etc., to supervise the government and members of the government and its behavior. But, in our country at present administrative system of "the unity of" meeting line, part of the legislature YiShiQuan was "handed over to the government, the government administrative power is too large, makes the administrative act may borrow a monopoly of the professional information from the view of legislative supervision, so that the legislature to speak is ineffective, lack of error correction, the supervision is impaired, in some places even administrative power is greater than the legislative power of the strange phenomenon.

So to ensure the validity of administrative supervision, perfect the supervision legislation and procedure, to replace the rule of man under the rule of law, administrative supervision legal basis, to ensure that the supervision activities, there are laws to strengthen law enforcement and supervision, administrative supervision and implement. On perfecting the legislation, should be promptly formulated a series of specialized laws and regulations, and in particular need to accelerate to enact a "name", responsibility and authority of supervision and subject, the object and scope of supervision, supervision of ways and means, the supervisor and supervisee, the obligations and rights, etc. Make that clear. "Should be according to the condition of socialist market economy under the new situation, new problem, that has been issued by the relevant administrative supervision and the cultivation of clean government to revise and perfect the laws and regulations, system, make it more operational, feasibility and effectiveness."

Judicial supervision is the procuratorial organ by the state and the supervision of the judicial organ for civil servants law case. This kind of supervision in the Anglo-American law system known as the "judicial review system", in the civil law is referred to as the "administrative litigation system". In the form of external supervision, judicial supervision, there are two distinct characteristics: one is based on the supervision of the national law as criterion, for those who cross the law restricted the principles of administrative act, the people's procuratorate by filing reconnaissance exercise procuratorial authority, arrest and prosecution, the court to exercise jurisdiction, shall be investigated for administrative action events and the legal liability of the parties. Second, supervision and main body is the organ of state violence, it is a strong deterrent power and mandatory public law-abiding people, loyal to their duties and prevent abuse power for personal gains and segmentation in the public interest, and the constraint force of administrative act, strength of supervision. Legal supervision of the implementation of the force depends on the principle of "by law applied" truly implement, law enforcement must be independent.

From the actual situation of China at present, only in specified in the general law of a few words, "the people's court in accordance with law, exercise their respective powers independently, not interference by any state organs, social organizations and individual", has not related system to protect. Can know from here, only acknowledge the independent jurisdiction of the people's courts in our country, this leads to a specific execution in many cases the trial judge ruled that individual is not just the case with no specific to participate in the investigation of the President or the trial committee decision, this is actually violated the rights of the litigants, also violates the provisions of the laws "full hearing", instead of the court. The 1954 constitution to court for the first time were separated from the people's government, but the personnel shall be appointed or removed by authorities at all levels, property is managed by the government at the same level, and the system continues to this day. Under the system of the trial, the court on the people, goods, content management cannot "autonomy", on the external environment for the parties to the judicial activity, even the court also became a question independently.

Western scholars generally believed that the independence of the judicature has the characteristics of the "institutional", countries set up a set of effective system guarantee to realize judicial independence: the judge system of life tenure, full-time, retirement system and salary system. Our country's judges also absorbed the spirit of these principles, to comply with the provisions of the state of the union. Of course, for the security system of the judge may not be limited to, shall be pointed out that the judge is the continuous development of security system itself, as long as in the state and society may endanger the judge independent behavior or phenomenon, on the security system should be perfected in time. In the low in the past, the judge qualifications, revision of the "judges law" and the national judicial examination will be held strictly in China actually judge qualifications, professional, high-quality judges team is expected to be gradually formed. On the judge promotion system, our country should draw lessons from Anglo-American law court pursues a hierarchical authority structure, make the power level is more loosely, the judge promotion desire not very strong, the judge individual independence is outstanding, the gap between different levels of power between judge and treatment is very small, so as to finally realize the independence of the judicature, until out of town of justice.

Through the study of the theoretical analysis of administrative legal relationship, we will find that citizens and society is undoubtedly the function of the main administrative behavior are the most widely, the administrative system of civil servants directly deal with the public contact, and its administrative act is fair, just, reasonable, presence of unauthorized, infringing behavior such as fault, not only the public is most clearly, but also directly for citizens and society to adjust the rights and obligations relations, an impact. Therefore, citizens and social organizations as the administrative supervision of nature is the most important subject has the right to speak. Establish channels of citizen oversight, under the condition of administrative openness, administrative hearing, citizens of complaint reporting, complaints and accusations system should improve in time, such as the constitution of citizens' supervision, PiPingQuan, suggests, ensure the right of appeal, the right of accusation.

News supervision and legislation should be on the agenda, for news legislation have proposed earlier, its important significance, not only the supervision of news value and a lower, more comprehensive cost, the key lies in its openness, spread rapidly, wide coverage, with powerful strength to the public by public opinion standard form such as an enormous influence in social life. Through various mass media objectively and reasonably reflect the work of administrative authority, to carry forward the positive things, on the incorrect decision-making, management measures and the principles, the rampant phenomenon such as exposure, so under the pressure of public opinion is restricted, can under the condition of lower cost have the effect of evil to reward good. , of course, the truthfulness of news and objective should be impartial monitoring, to ensure that the news, there are laws to bold the supervision of the objective and fair.

To sum up, in the process of cultivating our country socialist market economic system, the matching of the efficient administration and public management system set up, need to be supplemented by a strong administrative supervision system, rely on administrative supervision system constraint behavior, than to rely on moral education to guide the administrative behavior is more effective. In the current situation, the establishment and perfection of effective administrative supervision system to accelerate the reform of administrative system, promote China's social and political progress, undoubtedly play a positive role.

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