Definition Essay的写作方法

作为国外大学常见的论文写作类型之一，想必大家对Definition Essay是非常熟悉的。Definition Essay就是文章定义，是对学生总结、统计、分析等能力综合能力考核的一种类型文章。如果同学们没有掌握Definition Essay写作方法的话，可能写作会有一定难度。

1.将所选对象限定一个标准或表述范围

在选择限定对象方面，本文给出多个层面的限定对象供大家参考。其中便包括：历史限定文，消极限定文，特定限定文，客观限定文，以及主观限定文。历史限定文旨在探索一个词语在一段时期内各种不同的意思；消极限定文主要向大家展示其限定对象的含义以及限定对象未包含的意思；特定限定文主要表现在限定作者的论述过程，需详尽告知读者本文从哪个角度进行探讨或本文将如何运用限定对象；客观限定文旨在强调限定对象本身；主观限定文则通过强调本文限定对象（自己选择的限定对象）的观点和视角，从而使读者信服。想一想，哪种限定文的风格最吸引读者。

2.举例，类比，突出限定对象

收集已确定的限定对象的相关资料，选择相关细节内容和论据的风格。

3.突出主题

确定论点，清楚的阐明已限定对象及限定理论。谨记，论文论点必须简洁明了，一句话以概之，让读者一目了然。

4.围绕主题方向展开介绍

论文摘要必须有引导作用，令读者明了论文的主题方向。另外，论文的论点也应包含在内。

5.围绕主题拓展

编写有条理的论文中心段落，为论点提供有力论据。确保要完整的用到论点中所例举出的限定理论来限定对象。

6.从各个方面分析主题

按限定理论合理的发展方式排列全文，可根据时间、重点、直观感觉以及其他方法进行排列。

7.围绕主题综合，提出结论，总结全文

最后编写结论，总结全文主要要点，重申论点。结论必须清楚具体，让读者明白这篇论文主要传达的信息，并知道关注本论文中限定对象及限定理论的缘由。

Definition Essay写作原则

限定文中切勿运用“when”、“where”等词。常用方法便是用名词限定名词，形容词限定形容词等等

谨记，限定文绝非反复性体裁。

在举例解释过程中，尽量用简洁且众人知晓的限定对象。

阐明论文中限定对象最为突出的特征。

以上就是Definition Essay写作方法的详细讲解，相信大家学会之后，大家一定可以把Definition Essay写作好。

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作业代写：Animation film lens design

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Animation film lens design，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了动画电影的分镜设计。动画影片的分镜头，它是根据文学剧本或者拍摄大纲的内容和导演的意图，按照蒙太奇原理和动画艺术的要求，经过选择和调配，运用剪辑手段将若干镜头组合起来，形成生动流畅的镜头语言，进而完成动画电影的创作。

Animated film especially, it according to the literature or shooting script outline the content and intention of the director, according to the requirements of the principle of montage and animation art, through the selection and deployment, by means of clips will be several scenes together, form a vivid and fluent lens language, then completes the creation of animated movies.

Filmmaking requires attention to image expression skills, as well as in the era of information shown in the profound connotation, some media image connotation and effective application of era, to grasp the various style and narrative structure, and then the modelling of image function and creatively artistic charm.

A single view on the composition doesn't have a lot of sense. A good film is inseparable from the character, in the pixar animation film has many profound character image. Deep and image characters pass pixar movie theme and ideas to the audience, can say it is the successful image shape to the success of pixar animated movies. Transfer function, the image of the thought is realized through the era of media image connotation, image media era connotation, is a pixar movie creator elements of the use of information, background, character, to realize their own creative intentions and thoughts, through different means of performance information and subjective information to achieve express affective role in information. Emotion is never out of trend, also is the yearning and pursuit of pixar animation films, sentiment also works to bring a new direction, the perennial power can also give pixar animation films convey a kind of spirit.

Scenes of splicing point accurately is an animation movie clip and lens language between the most basic means. When do footage of precision positioning, mainly from the picture and sound two main sections.

Expression is an important reference point, because, in the rhythm of the film and the plot of the process character of expression is its external rendering of inner psychological activity, is the extension of mood, is combined with its external action together promote the development of the plot, the control elements of a film rhythm. Pixar, for example, is good at using precise lens language of narrative and the psychological description of characters, with a playful and exaggerated features animation performance, fast and smooth but popular footage, this is pixar film is to cater to public taste and maintain the basis of their own style.

Character's main body movement is important clip point of reference. The activities of the characters is the key to promote the development of the plot, the film's narrative, actions have played an important role, certain life situations, and daily actions are fixed, on the basis of the specific actions control clip points. In some scenarios without dialogue design, want to pay more attention to the character's action in the guidance on the picture. Play the character body movements and the expression of the combination of the whole plot and theme for editing control is the key point.

From pixar animation film appeared to modern all kinds of films, has for nearly a century of history, in the process of changing with The Times development, pixar film is in constant change, both in terms of its form and melody of music, species are gradually increasing. Character dialogue as one of the most important component in the animated film, in the development of the plot of the film and overall narrative plays an important role.

Movie is a kind of art form, its development and application of all without the use of voice, video, literature. Sound and closely related to film, inseparable. Voice of film directly influence and role is undeniable. And the theme of the film and rendering, environment rendering, shaping of the characters are all help of sound can be achieved. The fairy tale story and music together, make people attracted by beautiful fairy tale story at the same time, also lost in the beautiful music, the charm of music in the film. Every time a new role, song gave his companions strength, but also deeply infected with the audience. Songs in the film, not only deepened the plot, also has all the characteristics of the infection.

Sound as an important form of a film, in the art of film plays an important role. And to better show films to be without important film sound use of expression can effectively realize the emotional rendering. Sound and closely related to film, inseparable. Voice of film directly influence and role is undeniable. And the theme of the film and rendering, environment rendering, shaping of the characters are all help of sound can be achieved. For example: "the robot wall-e," wall-e and EVE after the first meeting, wall-e following EVE watching her and after the discovery of a series of gaffes. Vision lens from top to bottom, wall-e standing there staring at the EVE of search activity "It Only Takes a Moment," a prelude to started the lens switch to EVE using light inspection, the far wall • e secretly outcrop, EVE looked back then found, wall-e panic, a series of music connects images effectively. From this classic pixar animation film we can see pixar animated film a microcosm of the characteristics of the music, the music in the movie that is pixar animation, comic and todays characteristics are very.

Every era of pixar animation film very accord with era background, truly reflects the pixar animation film of that era people's mental health and the level of music.

Mainly includes the time sequence in time sequence, the flashback type spacetime, things from the past to the real thing, intersection space-time structure, plot the intersection of several important models; Also includes limited time and space and infinite space and time, unlimited freedom of time and space limitations, the movie screen screen space and time, infinite storytelling; Limited its story.

In the process of lens set, must grasp the space distance, environment and atmosphere, time, speed and action characters, language, emotion, etc., to make the change of time and space in real art, fully guarantee the rationality of the concept.

Lens transformation logic is mainly to follow several logical relationship, including: animation film as a whole the expression of the plot and theme, this is also the main logic relationship, relationship to the development of the whole film and advance; Various characters in the animation movie clues and category of logical relationship, character is the key to promote the development of the plot, their logic relationship also need attention; The normal logic of time and space, general film in the process of promoting is to follow the order of a certain amount of time and space, respect for these factors to ensure the animation film on the table and there is no problem. For example: the "up" at the beginning of montage of clips. Taking your hand, growing old with you together Silly boy and crazy girl from acquaintance to love, marriage, grow old together, depicting the blueprint, experience joy, sorrow, pain and loss.

Scenario is more than the lens design elements of an expression, to realize the scene change logic expression, it mainly follows the laws of the expression of some objective: conform to the logic of life, because of the animated film is also derived from the artistic creation of life, follow the logic of life is the most basic; Conform to the logic of people's vision, the film is a visual art, to ensure the logical scene change, you need from the vision principle, people according to specific viewing psychological adjustment; In ensuring the stickiness of narrative and the continuity of the emotion and scene conversion factors need attention to logic.

The linear expression is the general principles of animation film during editing, the theme of the movie narrative expression is the core of the film. Fragment in a way that is how to present, the center of the film is based on service ideas and themes to the service, the match the performance of the theme, the more thought-provoking is more valuable.

Each country's film industry is also booming, pixar's popularity is well known, in this paper, the characters of Disney's animated film music analysis, in order to obtain a system summary, the development of the follow-up study for pixar animation film a meager force. Pixar animation film development boom are partners? S with the development of low, due to its special historical background, it inspired people to a great extent, to the people in the face of difficult courage and strength.

So visible film rhythm used to play a movie plays the effect that make the finishing point. Each animated films, pixar generally choose a content as the main body, around the theme. Animation film is mainly about the theme of "love", each set of stories, the arrangement of the story revolves around "love", is revealed to the audience in the world of "love", people are strong and fearless. Pixar's other works also have such performance, it is can be deeply felt every audience. The value of art is its soul, and each character's psychological activity in pixar animation is his animated soul. Concentrate on my study a lose abilities of dogs in the face of changes in life, face to the unknown future of behavior, in turn, the author will they feel emotional heart used in animation, but also in pixar animation, positive and negative role on character contrast is very big, everyone has their own outstanding characteristics, it is difficult to found in the pixar animation character of the same two characters, the poet's character is reflected in the human character, so, also it will be easier to let the audience character substitution, deeply understand.

Film rhythm using more accord with people's thought, more with the performance of the theme, more thought-provoking is more valuable. The pictures is different from general film. In general, the movies we see is true, on the basis of natural scene, even the cast their structures, space, also be influenced by natural factors, and because of pixar film is animated movies, so he can freely idea you need color, your favorite items form, on the basis of follow the general rules can be arbitrary. We can see clear streams, endless grassland, that is better than any real film, more people to nature yearning. Black oil, therefore, a clear blue sky, green grass are all created pixar's unique scenery, in addition, in his animation, can't see the scene, we can see life figures, images, these elements are different in Hollywood special-effects, it give a person visual impact at the same time, more important is showing a real gentle feeling, use the technology can make the picture more to impress the audience.

Animated films of the pace is the need to use film language to express. Film language including music, plot, lenses and other factors. Subject film has the characteristics of popular in the United States, not stick to one pattern, freedom of expression, press close to people's life, this is the main reason for the American movie theme increasingly attract the audience, and this is just the weakness of domestic theme of the film. With overwhelming domestic movie themes are the trend of the development, meng to have towards the world, today. But the movie theme, there is still room for improvement in the overall level of this field, foreign large march into has a great impact on domestic films, so domestic movies must be dominated by the audience's demand, quicken the steps of creation, the development of the road make the theme of the film will be more brilliant.

Determine the main factors of animated film rhythm including director, camera and post-production is made and creative thinking, using one or more expression, animated film theme expressed by service for the purpose, choose a good story, compelling story narration means, reasonable suspense and excitement Settings; To need to repeat the plot of the story characters play, taps, etc, to describe the real story.

Narrative rhythm plays a key role in guiding the audience's emotional, due to the visual presentation of animated films, the audience's attention and feelings are formed, through the lens of tension will bring important influence on audiences to watch.

Animation film is a visual rendering, presented in front of an audience of visual aesthetic feeling will directly affect the theme of the film. Metamorphosis is strong, the color is clear, it's on the visual impact to the person at the same time, more importantly showed a real gentle feeling, use the technology can make the picture more to impress the audience.

In the movie is a lot of the feelings of the audience and actors, as a member of the younger in the arts, under the influence of the mass aesthetic, also deeply loved by people. Pixar animation film is one of the important form, it has very important aesthetic value and artistic value, through the analysis of this article, it is not hard to find, animation a shooting rhythm control is composed of various technical means and create together think of opportunely, creators thought, the script is an important way of feelings. This article is mainly on the basis of reference of the research, to find the theoretical support, with specific works as the research object, analysis and application of theory of defamiliarization.

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英国论文写作上的误区

对于很多英国留学新生来说，刚开始写作英国论文的时候都是硬着头皮去写的，有的甚至都不知道自己写得正不正确。虽然这是非常普遍的情况，但大家也要想办法去改变这种情况，不然就有可能会成为大家在英国论文写作上的误区。那么英国论文写作上都有哪些误区呢？下面就给大家讲解一下。

误区1——单词背的越多，写作水平越高？

别傻了，单词并不是留学生们写作的核心，而只是基础而已。没有框架，逻辑和观点，背了再多的单词也很难写好一篇作文。即使是老外，也有一大批不爱写作也不会写作的人。再举个例子，写作就像是盖房子，单词是砖，写作方法是图纸，有再多再好的砖，不知道如何建造也是徒劳。相反，如果有意识去掌握建造方法，再配上合适的砖，一个坚固可靠的房子很快就能搭成了。所以，掌握写作时的框架、逻辑和观点表达比背单词更重要。

误区2——非常喜欢使用复杂的词汇及句式

考过雅思托福的学生应该都明白，想要写作部分拿高分，句式要灵活，单词要酷炫霸气。通过考试后，这种思维很容易继续带到大学中，但其实这是舍本逐末。写作的目的，是为了清楚表达自己的观点，而不是追求华丽词汇。而且很多时候我们认为的高大上词汇在老外眼里看起来就是中二。比如，一个老外在写一篇非学术类文章时把“吃饭”换成“用膳”，你会觉得这篇文章就升华了吗？并不会，句式也是一样，复杂长难句本没有错，但并不意味着通篇长难句堆砌就是好文章。写文章就和爱情一样，最可怕的就是只感动了自己。

误区3——缺乏整体逻辑，天马行空的写作风格

不可否认很多native speaker在写作时都有很强烈的个人风格，但前提是他们的文章能够自圆其说，make sense，还有充分的论据，而并非不是我们的“天马行空”：想到什么写什么，缺乏必要连接词，导致逻辑关系混乱。

误区4——想不出观点和思路，憋不出字

拿到老师布置的作业，不论是essay, dissertation还是research report，想了一天也憋不出几个字，这种情况在留学生圈子里也是很普遍的现象。能够通过语言考试顺利申请进大学证明大家的基本语言能力是过关的，但很多时候缺乏思路和观点，因此在写作时无从下笔。因此，培养发散性思维和批判性思维比单纯学语言更有必要。

误区5——口语&学术用语混淆

留学生在写作时有一个很严重的问题就是无法正确区分口语和书面用语。对于任何语言学习者来说这都是一个大难题。很多人在日常口语里用一些非常学术的词汇，这种情况还好，无非老外觉得表达有些死板。但如果把口语用在学术作品上就非常不合适了，第一会让文章显得非常不正式，其次也降低了文章的严谨性和可信度，直接导致评分降低。因此，在日常学习中多阅读教科书或一些学术著作，多积累一些学术词汇会对写作有很大帮助。

以上就是关于英国论文写作上的误区讲解，希望同学们看过之后，都能在以后的写作中避免这些错误。

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：Music aesthetic expression

本篇paper代写- Music aesthetic expression讨论了音乐的审美表现。音乐美学认为，审美表现是审美、艺术表达主体的思想与情感，是主体在审美体验、意象创造中的情志的反映，艺术表现是通过形象塑造对艺术家思想、情志的物态化，体现了主体与客体现实的审美关系、对现实的态度和审美创造的能动性。通过学习和培养可以提高一个人的音乐审美能力。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Music aesthetic expression and meaning of performance is one of the focuses of the music aesthetic theory. By learning and training is also a person can improve music aesthetic ability. With the in-depth study of people, aesthetic performance, significance, music and emotion, these ancient and eternal topic will also continue to be retained in the long historical process.

Music aesthetic thought, aesthetic performance is aesthetic and artistic expression of thoughts, feelings, desires. Is the main body in the aesthetic experience, imagery to create a reflection of modern and artistic performance is through the image creation of artist thought, the modern state of matter, and embodies the aesthetic relationship between subject and object of reality, the initiative of the attitude towards reality and aesthetic creation. The "will" in the ancient Chinese aesthetics, and said, "affection", and said, "xing", and said, "make love" said, affirms the performance for the decisive role of aesthetic and art. Western aesthetics and art theory is that the word is a very important concept. If you can by intuitive grasp of the beauty is can imitate, so not by lofty can only be intuitive grasp of the performance. Performance as the core of modern aesthetic concept, means that the decline of concept of beauty. As in figure has pointed out: "perhaps after a term 'performance' instead of" beauty "in our aesthetic vocabulary. It refers to those who can display more than what they "say", or those showing the artist's work soul, or the "moving" and "exciting" and "spectacular". Compared with this, the United States... Is almost bound to pale, and requirement of beauty has just will interfere with the purpose of performance and performance ". At the beginning of the 20th century the rise of expressionist aesthetics intuition is put forward which is art is aesthetic views and theories such as "make adult". Modernism art that aesthetic and art activities is personalized and personalized activities, pay more attention to individual's thoughts, feelings, fantasies, the performance of the unconscious. The middle of the 20th century symbolism aesthetic thinks that art is the symbol of public social emotion. Performance, theory is different from the representation theory, theory of imitation, reflection, it is based on the philosophy of unity and emphasizes the subjectivity between subject and object, on the aesthetic relationship of art and reality, that the object world is grasp by the main body, and through to show the performance of main body, more emphasis on the initiative of the main body and individual creativity.

Aesthetic expression has wide narrow, narrow focus on individuality, emphasis on individual performance of the emotion; Broad focus group, social. Aristotle in his theory of imitation, imitation contains emotional expression and release. He spoke of the tragedy as imitate art features, pointed out it can release excessively strong feelings of pity and fear, let people to regain balance; On the contrary, Plato noticed that art can arouse the audience's emotions, especially those sentimental emotion, and advocated the artist from his ideal country. This suggests that the western aesthetes have long been aware that the phenomenon of artistic emotion. There are differences between the performance of the emotional and reproduce and complement each other, performance should be based on the representation, and the main body of modern more prominent performance in the reappearance. Colin wood is a defending system of expressing the emotion aesthetes. He put the distinction between performance art and art, thought that only performance art is the real art. "As art and technology, art and representation is overlapped each other. A building or a cup, the first is an artifact or arts and crafts, but also can be a work of art; Make it a work of art, however, the reason is different from making it a handicraft. A reappearance of objects can be art, however, make it become a representation is a kind of reason, and make it a work of art is another reason." Make a handicraft, reproduce or something else become works of art, in colin wood's point of view, is the performance. Different is that colin wood says there, even in reproduction art reproduction is not the purpose, "the reappearance always reach a certain purpose, the purpose is to arouse the emotion". Colin wood, emphasis on the performance of the aesthetic, artistic features, helps overcome machinery, negative, passive imitation theory, theory of reflection, highlight the aesthetic subjectivity, initiative and creativity of having created beauty. The unity of the expression and representation, is a sino-foreign aesthetic, artistic tradition of excellence.

Music aesthetic standard must first be subject to the standard of music skills, just as the famous violinist's schroder said: "not every player has a baroque instruments, but they all should grasp the spirit of music, and with instruments in hand, the modern piano and modern bows, to express the spirit." Because the composer is before Bach wrote in a fairly short notation, not on the score of the speed, strength, expression markings, no attachment, bowing, fingering, breathing, pedals, and even some basis and grace note bass is playing according to established. In this case, the certainty of aesthetic standards is very important. Second must comply with the Musical Instruments in the manufacture of technical standards. Learn to use music knowledge and listen to admire the skills of music to be keen to choose, to be mature evaluation of music performance, not easy to follow practicability, commercial music and its consumption trend is a basic requirement of the learners we as art.

The Tchaikovsky once said, "don Juan was the first a very impressive work. It causes my spiritual ecstasy, make after bear rich fruit. The opera took me into a great genius can only live in the art world. It makes my life love music more than everything else in the world." Everyone to the reality of the things in life and art of beauty appreciation, is a kind of aesthetic activity. Song is permeated by the singer singing aesthetic feelings. With the progress of society, culture, art, the aesthetic consciousness of people is also more intense. As known as vocal music, there can be no a unified standard, each people all have own aesthetic consciousness and preferences, so there will be a different evaluation of art, but it is undeniable that the beautiful feeling is the same. When the singer in the singing works, adding their own aesthetic feelings and the progress and development of art, the aesthetic consciousness of people is also more intense, so also asks us to do everything we can these art learner, continuous efforts to climb top art.

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Essay代写：The mercantilism

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The mercantilism，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了重商主义。重商主义指的是西欧封建制度解体和资木主义生产方式萌芽及形成时期，代表商业资产阶级利益的经济学说和政策体系。它产生于15世纪末，至17世纪下半叶开始瓦解。重商主义以流通过程为研究中心，以商业资本的运动为研究对象，其研究方法是把社会经济现象和经验加以描述和总结，目的是为了实用，即使国家求强致富，其研究结果是提出一系列的经验性规律。它的核心思想是国家积极干预经济，以利于发展对外贸易，使货币尽量多地流入国内而不流向国外，达到贸易的出超。

Mercantilism refers to the economic theory and policy system that represents the interests of the commercial bourgeoisie in the period of the disintegration of feudalism and the germination and formation of capitalist production mode in Western Europe. It began in the late 15th century and began to disintegrate in the second half of the 17th century. Mercantilism takes the circulation process as the research center and the movement of commercial capital as the research object. Its research method is to describe and summarize the social and economic phenomena and experience for the purpose of application. Even if the country seeks to become strong and rich, its research result is to propose a series of empirical laws. Its core idea is that the state actively intervenes in the economy, in order to facilitate the development of foreign trade, so that as much money as possible flows into the country and not to foreign countries, to achieve trade surplus. The name "mercantilist" was not given by the mercantilist, but by the later Adam Smith. "Mercantilism" is not only different from the feudal society's contempt for commercial ideas and policies, but also different from the ideas of the later physiocratic school.

In the 10th and 11th centuries, on the basis of the recovery and development of social productive forces, Western Europe gradually realized the separation of handicraft industry from agriculture and commerce, which constituted the basic residents of cities. With the development of urban economy and the expansion of communication between east and west, the relationship between commodity and money has been eroding the feudal production relationship based on natural economy. Gradually, a new type of production relationship based on division of labor and exploitation by hired hands developed within the feudal society, which was the initial bud of capitalism.

Since the 15th century, due to the progress of production technology, the improvement of agricultural cultivation, the expansion of social division of labor, the rapid development of commodity economy. As the number of people engaged in industrial and commercial activities continues to increase, the social status of businessmen continues to improve, and commercial capital has gradually become the dominant form of social capital. And developed industry and commerce necessarily broad market, so the late 15th century the great geographical discovery at the beginning of the 16th century and the opening of new routes to the western European merchants to the way of foreign trade, and foreign trade and violent looting, piracy, the slave trade, and the combination of a variety of means such as conquer colonies, quickly accumulated a large number of monetary wealth. However, the rapid development of commercial capital requires the emergence of a new economic thought to maintain it, so the mercantilist market economy thought emerges at the historic moment.

The emergence of the nation-state is a very important factor for the growth and expansion of mercantilism. In the past, there were numerous vassals in various countries, and feudal lords could set tariffs, laws, measurement systems and currencies for goods at will. This feudal separation hindered the unification of the domestic market and brought numerous difficulties to the development of commerce. At that time, the emerging bourgeoisie, in order to eliminate the restrictions imposed by feudal separation on the production and exchange of goods, demanded the establishment of a strong centralized state to eliminate these feudal barriers and open up domestic and foreign markets. On the other hand, in order to weaken the power of feudal lords to strengthen their rights, feudal Kings had to rely on wealth to support the war. Therefore, feudal Kings and commercial capitalists established an alliance based on the common pursuit of money. In this sense, mercantilism was adapted to the needs of military might and national unity.

The Renaissance movement of the 14th century raised the banner of humanism, emphasized the needs and rights of individuals, and examined everything according to the will of human beings. The Renaissance gave a powerful impetus to the growth of mercantilism. Mercantilists, representing the emerging bourgeoisie, began to study economic problems in real life, seek theoretical basis for observed economic phenomena, and strive to establish economic theories suitable for their needs. Businessmen and financiers can also more freely and unbridled pursuit of personal interests, further for the formation and development of mercantilism opened up a broad future.

Mercantilism is different from ancient economic thought. Strictly speaking, mercantilism cannot be a school of thought because it has neither representatives of the school nor disciples to teach it. But to sum up, the basic points of mercantilism are as follows: first, money is the most important or even the only wealth. The feudal lords believed that wealth was realized when material things became money and when money was actually realized. They boil down state economic policy and all activities to the grabbing of gold and silver. Secondly, it is believed that the source of wealth is in the circulation field. Money is bought by selling commodities, so wealth comes from exchange, that is, from commerce and trade. Third, apart from gold and silver mining, only foreign trade is the source of wealth. Because domestic trade does not increase money, wealth can only increase by selling goods and exchanging them for money through foreign trade. To do this, you have to maintain a surplus to keep money flowing into the country. Fourth, profit is merely a transfer of income. It also comes from foreign trade, because only through foreign trade, cheap buy expensive sell, can get profits, commodity production is only a prerequisite for trade, industry is to serve the business. The production of domestic goods should be subordinated to the needs of the export of goods, and all efforts must be made to encourage and develop the handicraft industry of commodity factories that can sell well at high prices abroad. Fifth, the state must actively intervene in economic life, protect domestic industry and commerce and protect foreign trade in the form of decrees, so as to maintain a surplus in foreign trade and allow gold and silver to flow into the country.

The mercantilism in Western Europe experienced two stages in its development: from the end of 15th century to the middle of 16th century, it was the early mercantilism; the second half of the sixteenth century to the middle of the seventeenth century was late mercantilism. Whether early or late mercantilism, all hold the above basic views. However, they have different opinions on how to achieve trade surplus and increase currency.

Early mercantilists believed that all selling would lead to an increase in money and all buying would lead to a decrease in money. Therefore, they advocated selling more and buying less, with the emphasis on buying less, in order to increase money and accumulate wealth. In the late period, mercantilism also advocated selling more and buying less, but emphasized selling more. It advocated allowing large quantities of purchases on the premise that exports exceeded imports, and opposed restrictions on the export of gold and silver. If early mercantilism was about controlling money movements, fanaticism demanded the accumulation of money; Late mercantilism, you might say, was about controlling the movement of goods so that they exported more than they imported, and they made more money out of the trade surplus, which is called the balance of trade theory, and they were really mercantilist. In the late period, mercantilism also emphasized the development of industry and the increase of exports, also known as "heavy industry doctrine".

The activities of commercial companies established in Britain with the support of the government are multifaceted. The east India company is the most important and profitable of the British business companies. First of all, in commercial activities, although the commodities are mainly gold and silver, a large number of Oriental commodities are scarce, precious and inexpensive. The second is to explore new routes and discover new lands. The third is to plunder the sea. Finally, the companies conduct diplomatic activities on behalf of the government. The activities of commercial companies not only led to the rapid growth of the UK's total foreign trade, but also transformed the UK's trade structure. The UK's export market began to expand from a corner of Western Europe to the world.

Before the establishment of the Tudor dynasty, the northern Italian cities and the hanseatic league had long monopolized European maritime trade. The hanseatic league was a strong competitor to the British merchants, and its existence caused great harm to the British merchants. Therefore, in 1560, after a long struggle with hanseatic, the British abolished the option privilege. By 1598, the hanseatic merchants were finally driven out of England, which created conditions for British merchants to enjoy exclusive trade privileges.

The navigation act of 1498 stipulated that both the captain and the sailors who loaded the cargo must be subjects of the king of England. It also stipulated that as long as there were enough English ships in the port, the British could not use foreign merchant ships to carry the cargo. Henry viii continued this policy, and in 1532 and 1540 he re-enacted the navigation act, which supplemented and improved the original provisions.

Britain has also used all political and diplomatic means to seize the opportunity to conclude business agreements with countries on the European continent and create a favorable environment for foreign trade. Through a series of treaties signed with foreign governments, the British government enabled British merchants and ships to sail smoothly in the North sea, the Baltic sea and the Mediterranean Sea, which greatly promoted the development of British foreign trade.

Merchants expanded overseas trade and made great contributions to the development of the British national economy. Therefore, in Tudor times, the monarch regarded the gentry and businessmen as the main pillars of the regime. And many wealthy businessmen became aristocrats, many entered the house of Commons as members of parliament, or were employed in important positions in the government. For example, Thomas grosham, a great merchant in London, was appointed by Edward vi as the financial agent of Britain in Antwerp. Later, he became the financial adviser of queen Elizabeth's government and gave advice on the government's finance. It was under the assistance and support of this emerging power that the Tudor dynasty carried out mercantilist policies, which created conditions for political stability and economic development.

Under Edward vi and queen Elizabeth, there were a series of favorable policies for immigration. For example, to issue permits for immigrants, protect immigrants to run their own businesses: grant patent rights, absorb foreigners with technology or wood to immigrate to Britain; To implement the principle of freedom of belief for foreign protestant immigrants; It emphasizes that immigrants are used by Britain, and immigrants should not keep their technical secrets, but should teach them to the British. The implementation of these policies introduced a large number of industrial technologies and needed talents to Britain. By the second half of the 16th century, immigrants launched a "small industry revolution" for Britain.

In the process of Britain promoting mercantilism and seeking rapid prosperity and prosperity, on the one hand, the central government was given the right to intervene in the economic operation of the country to promote the development of domestic industry and commerce, and achieve the competitive advantage in international trade by supporting the diversification of export commodities. On the other hand, encourage the establishment of colonies overseas. On the one hand, colonies could serve as the sales market of British industrial products; on the other hand, colonies could serve as the source of consumer goods. On the other hand, they could also get rich tariff revenue from re-export trade.

Mercantilism itself has defects in theory. One is that mercantilism confuses gold and silver, money and wealth, and views them as the only forms of wealth, which is clearly wrong. Mercantilists do not understand the origin, nature and nature of money and the nature of wealth. Money is only a form of wealth. At that time, commercial capital was widely developed, pushing people to accumulate money. Since money can buy anything as a general equivalent, it has become a general representative of social wealth.

Mercantilism regards the field of circulation and foreign trade as the direct sources of wealth and thus conceals the true source and nature of profits. Mercantilists wrongly ascribe both profits and wealth to the generation from circulation. They believe that the development of production only serves the development of foreign trade, and that the direct source of wealth is foreign trade. So it's not hard to understand. The mercantilist logic actually means that foreign trade can bring more commercial profits to commercial capitalists. In their view, this kind of profit is the transfer profit obtained after the goods are bought at a low price and sold at a high price. They came to the wrong conclusion because of the overwhelming influence of commercial resources at that time. Therefore, the mercantilist from the movement of commercial capital to judge the whole complex process of capitalist production, will inevitably draw a wrong conclusion.

The American revolution accelerated the transition of European countries from the mercantilist monopoly system to liberalism, which was the concrete political and economic manifestation of the mercantilist colonial policy. The American revolution accelerated the decline of the slave trade in the Atlantic. Mercantilism paid particular attention to the Atlantic trade, and the slave trade was the core of the Atlantic trade. The American revolution struck at the heart of the mercantilist colonial economy.

Mercantilism accelerated the original accumulation of capital and the establishment of capitalist production mode in Britain and promoted the great development of economy and technology. In the late period of mercantilism, all industries developed rapidly along the track of capitalism, especially British industry and commerce. Britain's coal output is among the highest in Europe; Shipbuilding has also grown enormously; foreign trade made huge profits. A large amount of cheap raw materials and gold and silver flowed into Britain. The implementation of mercantilism accelerated the completion of the original accumulation of capital.

Mercantilism opened the prelude of the revolution of British agricultural capitalism and promoted the collapse of the feudal serfdom in Britain. From the last 30 years of the 15th century, the enclosure movement took place in Britain, which was a major change in the ownership of rural land in Britain, followed by a change in the way of operation and farming methods, which was the main content of the British agricultural capitalist revolution. All this was closely related to the Tudor mercantilist policies. If the enclosure movement was the prelude to the revolution of agricultural capitalism in England, it was the Tudor mercantilist policies that opened the prelude.

Mercantilists' value orientation of advocating money is a powerful weapon against feudalism. Firstly, the value concept of feudal privilege standard was replaced by "money standard". In order to prevent the outflow of domestic money, mercantilism opposed luxury consumption, which was essentially opposed to the feudal privilege maintained by extravagance and ostentation at that time. Secondly, the pursuit of money is essentially the desire for Commodity Exchange and market economy, which was also the most powerful political and economic challenge to the feudal society at that time.

Due to the defects of mercantilism itself and the limitations of the ruling class, mercantilist policies also have negative effects.

Mercantilism emphasizes the trade surplus and the accumulation of money in the trade surplus as the main purpose, so the production of domestic goods must be subject to the needs of foreign trade exports. Therefore, the British government gives special protection and support to production sectors and industries whose products can be sold at high prices overseas, which results in the imbalance of industrial structure in the national economy.

During the Tudor period, due to the government's mercantilist policies, the population of handicrafts and cities soared, resulting in the shortage of raw materials and grain, resulting in soaring prices. In order to make up for the fiscal deficit, the ruling class has repeatedly remade low-quality currencies. In addition, the plunder of foreign trade brought a large amount of gold and silver into Britain, which led to the devaluation of gold and silver and inflation.

Third, bloody legislation brings disaster to people. As a result of the enclosure movement a large number of land-lost farmers, many of them have become idle members of society. In order to ensure the supply of labor in various industries, the British government constantly issued extremely strict laws to force idle workers to find employment, because its laws were bloody.

Throughout the development of human economic society and the emergence and alternation of various theories, it is not difficult to find that each theory has its applicability and stage, mercantilism is in the feudal mode of production "the earliest period of change" appeared, theoretically speaking, it is an economic phenomenon to adapt to The Times and development. Commercial capital in a particular historical period had a very important influence on the decline of the old mode of production and the rise of capitalist mode of production. Although it has a variety of defects, but the mercantilist advocated by the "state intervention", "foreign trade" and other ideas for the current management of macroeconomic still have some reference.

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