作业代写：The development of American express industry

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The development of American express industry，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国快递业的发展。现代快递业首先在美国诞生。美国快递业在工业革命及工业化进程中崛起，在信息经济时代繁荣。在漫长的发展历程中，美国快递业经历了运输方式的变革、商业模式的变迁，在变革中不断发展壮大，最终确立了国内的寡头竞争格局以及在国际竞争中的领先地位。

The modern express industry was first born in the United States. The express industry in the United States rose in the industrial revolution and the process of industrialization and flourished in the age of information economy. In the long course of development, the express delivery industry in the United States has experienced the transformation of transportation mode and business model. After several trials and hardships, the express industry has been developing and growing in the transformation, and finally established the domestic oligarchic competition pattern and the leading position in the international competition. China's express delivery industry originates from the growth of foreign trade demand in the early stage of reform and opening up. Although it has gradually taken shape in the accumulation of more than 30 years and gradually started to step forward into the international market, it is still inferior to European and American countries in terms of the absolute market capacity. Based on the similarity between the evolution trend of express delivery in China and the United States to a certain extent, the development experience of express delivery industry in the United States is worth our reference.

In the 2012 fortune 500 list of express delivery enterprises, USPS ranked 135 with revenue of 65.7 billion us dollars. UPS ranked 177th with revenue of $53.1 billion. Fedex FedE x ranked 263 with $39.3 billion in revenue. Deutsche post, which bought DHL, was in 98th place. More importantly, DHL, UPS and FedEx, which currently dominate the international express market, were all born in the us.

The American express industry, whether in the international market or the domestic market, has formed a highly concentrated industrial structure. UPS dominates the us ground delivery market, with 61 per cent of the market in 2011, followed by FedEx with 18 per cent. In the us market, UPS has a much higher market share than FedE x, but FedE x's aviation revenue is much higher than UPS. FedEx was the leader in the American air express market from 2001 to 2012, and its contribution of overnight business revenue to its total express revenue remained above 70%. FedE x had a 51% share of the air express market in 2011. In the domestic international express market in the United States, FedEx has the advantage in the aviation field, accounting for 61% of the market, followed by UPS and DHL. Oligopoly market structure and extremely high industrial concentration, but relatively dispersed buyers and weak bargaining power directly lead to high service prices in the American express market. However, this is also a reflection of the mature market, after all, price is the guarantee of service quality.

The development of express industry in the United States is also the history of transportation and retail industry. Every change in mode of transportation and business model will lead the development of express industry to another path. The Railway Express Agency, the king of Express delivery in the Railway era, went bankrupt when the road era entered a period of great development because it had been excessively dependent on its Railway transportation lines. UPS, which once lived in the gap, seized the development opportunity of the highway express age, built the national network, and realized the gold unicom, and finally firmly occupied the domestic market of the United States. FedE x was able to achieve success because it grasped the opportunity of the development of air express. FedEx was founded in 1971 and didn't turn a profit until 1975. It took two years of lobbying congress to get approval for large cargo aircraft and has since grown. DHL, which was established at the same time with FedEx, foresaw the general trend of manufacturing globalization at the very beginning, aimed at the international market at the very beginning of its establishment, and finally established its absolute dominant position in the international express market. It can be seen that differentiated positioning and seizing the market development opportunities are crucial to the development of enterprises.

Enterprises that can constantly adapt to the changes of economic and social development and seek development opportunities in the changes of development can be invincible in competition. When UPS was founded in 1907, its main business was telegraph transmission service in the same city, that is, B2C of information flow in the same city. However, with the popularity of telephone in American families, telegraph business gradually declined, and UPS was forced to make the first transformation. After the business transformation, UPS operates the same city B2C of the department store industry. It took UPS 38 years to become macy's delivery partner, but the popularity of family cars has once again transformed the company. The advent of the highway era gave UPS a new direction, and the laying of the national network finally made UPS the king of the continental United States. UPS has experienced UPS and downs in its development process of more than 100 years. It ADAPTS to the changes of transportation mode and business model, and has been struggling for survival in the process of reform.

Based on the development experience of the United States and the current situation of China's express delivery market, the trend of enterprise restructuring and brand integration in the express delivery market is inevitable in the future. Relying solely on price wars, it is difficult for enterprises to gain a foothold in the fierce market competition. Only the implementation of differentiation strategy, clear brand positioning is the fundamental way out.

In 1907, UPS was deeply trapped in the monopoly pattern of the four major express delivery enterprises in the domestic market. Only by implementing differentiated positioning and carrying out B2C business of information flow in the same city could it finally find a way out. Founded in 1967, DHL implemented the international express road strategy, which was different from the market positioning of UPS and successfully established its international competitive advantage. In 1971, FedE x was founded and differentiated itself into the air express market. Only after obtaining the cargo permit for large aircraft did its business gradually get on the right track. China's international parts market is firmly occupied by international express companies, sf express is a unique company in the domestic business parts market, EMS dominates the domestic business parts market, and online express market tends to complete competition. Harvard business school professor Michael Porter pointed out that cost priority and differentiated positioning are two basic strategies for enterprises to gain competitive advantages. Only by clarifying their own advantages, repositioning themselves according to the current situation of market development, and formulating differentiation strategies suitable for their own development, can enterprises find their own way out in the fierce market competition. In this process, enterprises should avoid duplication, abandon the price reduction strategy, identify core customers, provide services according to customer needs, and increase their core competitiveness. Express delivery enterprises with high network coverage throughout the country can use the completeness of their networks to provide door-to-door services for customers in various regions. But only in the large and medium-sized cities have outlets enterprises can provide overnight, 24-hour delivery and other high-speed high-quality services. Enterprises specializing in online shopping express services should focus on ensuring the integrity of goods and the efficiency of delivery.

Define the market positioning, and then carry out brand building, as long as any enterprise can occupy a place in the industry, the brand building step is indispensable. Only by establishing their own brands can they differentiate themselves from the products and services provided by other enterprises. Compared with differentiated positioning, brand building is a step forward. Differentiated positioning can increase the cost and difficulty for competitors to imitate and attract special customer groups. However, once an independent brand is established, once its brand is recognized, brand loyalty will be formed, which will be more conducive to the formation of competitive advantages of enterprises. The brand of express delivery enterprises is not only a symbol, but also a commitment to customers. This commitment comes down to "deliver the goods to the destination safely and without damage at the fastest speed and as far as possible". UPS's "best service, lowest price", sf express's "positive, innovative, pragmatic, dynamic", FedE x's "mission must be achieved, everywhere" have greatly promoted the development of the enterprise. UPS had 8.8 million customers in 2012, generating $54.1 billion in revenue. FedEx was fortune's tenth most-admired company in 2012. Sf express also has a large number of loyal customer groups in China's domestic express market.

According to the statistics of China post in 2013, there were 137,351 valid complaints in China's express delivery industry in 2012, an increase of 177.7% over 2011. The number of complaints about express delivery delays reached 63138, accounting for 46% of the total. The large number of delays reflected the low efficiency of enterprises in sorting and distribution. The number of complaints of loss, loss, damage and illegal charges was 21993, 8,273 and 1,213 respectively, which would be even larger if complaints were added to the statistics.

The loss, lack and damage are largely caused by violent sorting and delivery, while illegal charges directly reflect the general low quality of express employees. Low market concentration leads to low price competition, which directly leads to low service quality. As a service industry, express delivery industry cannot improve the speed of employees, which is bound to affect the development speed of the whole industry. To improve the efficiency of sorting and distribution, it is necessary to establish an efficient and orderly delivery mechanism, which can refer to the international express delivery company or the large B2C model with its own logistics system. To improve the quality of employees, on the one hand, it is necessary to establish an excellent corporate culture, on the other hand, it is also necessary to strengthen the vocational training of employees. In the future industrial integration, improving the sorting, transportation efficiency and employee quality has become the inevitable choice for every enterprise to build the competitive edge.

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作业代写：British design industry

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- British design industry，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的设计产业。英国的创意产业是第二大产业，仅次于金融服务业，而设计产业是推动创意产业发展的重要动力，在各行各业均发挥着重要作用。在英国发布政策推动创意产业发展的大背景下，英国设计产业得到了快速的发展，设计产业在组织管理和生产经营等方面得到政府政策的支持和帮扶，此外，英国政府还鼓励各地区发挥自己的优势，推动地区设计的发展，形成地区特色，通过成立设计协会、商业组织的形式，将设计更广泛地应用到生产生活当中。

Socio-economic development and scientific and technological innovation are driving the adjustment and upgrading of global industrial structure and changing the mode of economic growth. After the outbreak of the industrial revolution in the 19th century, the improvement of social productivity has driven the rapid development of industrial production. The pursuit of technology, output and profit requires that the design of products should not only meet the aesthetic and use needs of consumers, but also be combined with science and technology to make the design more industrialized. As the birthplace of the industrial revolution, Britain first launched the "arts and crafts movement", which advocated the combination of arts and crafts and art design. Its core idea also promoted the development of the modernist design style later. In the 1980 s, the design has been complying with the trend of social development, the design elements such as pay attention to aesthetic, artistic, function at the same time, more big on the relationship between human and the design thinking, focus on the relationship between design and people, to the introduction of the concept of environmental protection, ecological design, the design from the functional design to good design development, and puts forward the concept of "creative industries" in 1995, became the first country to put forward the concept of world, and the advertising in the creative industries, industrial design, architecture design and so on 13 categories is closely related to the design, creative industry is put forward directly promoted the development of the British design industry, Promote the British economy from manufacturing to creative services, design industry-oriented development.

At present, Britain's creative industry is the second largest industry, only second to financial services industry, and the design industry is an important driving force for the development of creative industry, which plays an important role in all walks of life.

Released policies to promote the development of creative industries in the UK under the big background, the design industry get fast development, the design industry in the organization and management, talent training, financial support, the respect such as the production and business operation supported by government policies and support, in addition, the British government has also encouraged regions play their own advantages, promote the development of regional design, form regional characteristics, through the establishment design association, the form of business organization, will design more widely applied to the production and life. Under the strong promotion of the government departments, the design level of all walks of life has been improved, and the improvement of the design level promotes further optimization of products, so that products can more meet the needs of consumers and aesthetic taste, and become a model for other countries to learn from, so that the British design to the industrialization of the development of their own unique competitive advantages.

Driven by the central government and local government, the relevant design industry and organization are set up and improve the relevant system, such as at the national level, the British government through the ministry of culture, trade, media department is responsible for the basic research of the design industry, and in the full study on the market, on the basis of the policy to promote the development of design industry, and for the policy to carry out the transfer the corresponding funds, and through the media propaganda way, in the national promotion British design worldwide, let more people to know, understand, accept and love the design, and held by the national design means of communication between, will promote the design to the world. For example, the British council for cultural exchange has launched the "young design entrepreneur" competition, which is held in ten countries around the world. While strengthening the communication between countries in design, the competition also demonstrates to other countries Britain's determination to lead the design trend. The perfect organizational structure enables the development of British design industry to receive one-stop service, promotes the development and application of British design in product production, marketing and other fields, and puts the British design industry in a healthy and orderly organizational framework.

The development of the British design industry benefits from the British government's attention to the creative design industry. In the process of promoting the development of the creative design industry, the British government has invested enough funds to support the innovative development of enterprises, organizations and individuals in the field of design. Such as the British government in order to solve the problem of enterprise startup financing difficulties, launch related investment assistance services, and published "Banking on a bit" manual, guide the enterprises or individuals to obtain related assistance, loan companies gives certain preferential measures to raise money for the development of design industry and design industry is a powerful financial support. In addition, the British government also supports the development of the creative design industry through the way of government funding, and gives tax incentives to enterprises engaged in the creative design industry. With the strong financial support, the British design industry has a higher pursuit of design, which makes the development of the British design industry more advantageous.

Design is the intellectual output of human beings, which is closely related to intellectual property rights. The development of the design industry cannot be separated from the protection of intellectual property rights. The British government has always been very concerned about the problem of intellectual property rights protection in government departments to set up a group of intellectual property rights, for the social and economic development of the intellectual property rights guarantee, also used a comprehensible way of intellectual property rights in the society to promote knowledge, let people know more knowledge of intellectual property rights, have a special research organization, provides intellectual property consulting services for free, and set up a "creative London" intellectual property service center, provide enterprises with the property right registration, copyright trading and other services. Under the protection of intellectual property rights, it provides a more fair development platform for the development of the design industry, which is conducive to the fair competition of enterprises and promotes the development of the design industry.

In addition, the design ability and innovation ability of talents are the internal driving force for the development of the design industry, and high-quality talents are the guarantee for the prosperity and development of the design industry. Education in the UK attaches great importance to the cultivation of design talents, increases the investment in design universities, and enables more young people to receive systematic training of design knowledge in universities, so as to reserve high-quality talents for the development of the design industry. Students from British universities who major in design or art should join the courses of business management, so that creative talents can not only master the skills of design, but also learn the knowledge of business management, so as to prepare for the future business management. To design related professional college graduate from art academies, the British government also set up special funds to help them find suitable jobs, or to provide business support, also provide the graduates with their ability to display platform, such as the British cultural exchange association every year through holding the creative young entrepreneur contest is aimed at providing creative design commercial opportunities for young people.

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英国论文写作如何避免抄袭

跟国内大学相比，英国大学对于抄袭的容忍度几乎为零，所以同学们在写作英国论文时一定要注意避免抄袭的问题。不然被发现有抄袭的行为，有可能会被遣送回国。那么英国论文写作如何才能避免抄袭呢？这个没有大家想象中的那么简单，下面就给大家详细讲解一下。

方法1：句子重组写作任何一篇研究论文时，在文章的最后多解释一点。在收集整理了所有的资源后，用你所得到的信息总结出与主题相关的结论。

这种方法是非常有用的，因为我们都知道，你不能只是来来回回地引用资源。这会让你被认为是抄袭并得到一个不好的成绩，所以坚决不能这样。相反，你可以重组句子。重组句子就类似于总结别人的句子，而不是原翻不动的直接使用资源。

也请记住，你也不能整篇文章都是在重组的句子。相对于原始资源的给出的观点，你必须有你自己的想法。

方法2：使用引号标记避免抄袭的第二种方法是使用引号。这个方法是比较简单的，但是你需要知道你在哪里需要用引号。

方法3：标记你引用的来源你的老师通常会告诉你应该使用哪种引用格式，通常有MLA,APA,或是Chicago.使用其中一种引用风格，你需要确保你使用的所有的来构造你的论点的研究论文都是正确的。为了确保引用的完整，你还需要使用文内引用（in-text citation）。如果你不使用引号，而且你使用的资源没有列出来，即使你是重新组织了语句，这仍然是抄袭。

以上就是关于英国论文写作如何避免抄袭的方法，希望同学们都能学会这些方法，写出一篇好的英国论文。

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Paper代写：Western European classical Music pie

本篇paper代写- Western European classical Music pie讨论了西欧古典乐派。西欧音乐史上，在1750--1825年前后，称为古典乐派时期。一般认为，古典乐派的音乐以主调音乐为主，多属于无标题的纯音乐，其旋律紧凑、优美，结构匀称、平衡，具有高度的形式美。古典乐派的代表人物海顿、莫扎特和贝多芬的音乐创作与民间音乐艺术及生活密切联系他们的创作无不吸取了当时各种各样民的和民族的音乐营养，表现出鲜明的民族特征。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

In the history of Western European music, around the 1750--1825 years, known as the classical music pie period. It is generally believed that the music of classical music is mainly dominated by music, which belongs to the pure music without title. The melody is compact and beautiful, the structure is symmetrical, balanced, with a high degree of formal beauty. The music itself is harmonious, delicate, emotional clear, optimistic, full of lyrical and warm feelings, the performance of profound, important life themes and rich philosophical content.

This paper gives a brief exposition of the national characteristics of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven in the music creation of the representative figures of the Vienna classical music pie. Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, through the musical creation of genius, succeeded in creating immortal musical masterpieces that were in keeping with the spirit of the times and the new aesthetic views.

Their respective creations have absorbed all kinds of folk and ethnic music nutrition at that time, thus creating many brilliant movements, which have had a profound impact in the history of music. The creation of Haydn, the pioneer of the Vienna classical music pie, has a wide connection with folk music. Haydn was influenced by folk music from an early age, and his time and social status all prompted him to lean towards the Enlightenment at that time in thought and cognition, and tended to grow up in a new class of citizens. This characteristic is deeply reflected in his works.

This period he created the famous "12 London Symphony", established the folk unvisited customs image, showing their own creative characteristics. We can hear from Haydn's works the tones of various national music at that time, such as the Allemande dance in Germany, the Liendler dance in Austria, and the tones of folk music such as Hungary. In his great historical singing of the Four seasons of the oratorio, the use of a large number of simple folk music to reflect rural life, nature scenery and the image of farmers.

The music is full of life, reflecting the author's progressive Democratic ideas: Symphony occupies a special and important position in Haydn's whole creation. In his music creation, it obviously reflects the life and thoughts and feelings of the prosperous citizen class at that time, and permeates the distinct folk factors, such as his direct citation of the folk song tones of certain nationalities in the symphonies such as "drumbeat" and "Magic London Symphony".

It is in the field of symphony that he summed up the achievements of his predecessors, realized his own reform, and set the basic principles of the creation of classical instrumental music-the distinct national characteristics of the profound philosophical and the perfect and symmetrical art form combined with the creative principle. Unlike Haydn, Mozart's creations mostly do not contain ready-made, intact folk melodies.

In Mozart's work is the poetic processing of Austrian and other folk customs music, such as "the 39th Symphony of E Major" in the middle of the third movement is a typical processed Austrian country dance tune. Mozart likes to use hints to keep in touch with folk music, and in his third violin concerto, especially in the swivel of the final movement, we can often hear what seems to mimic the melody of the ancient French double dance, which is "Strasbourg" in a few moments The impassioned folk dance melody was interrupted, so Mozart once called it. '

Mozart, like Haydn, often combines the musical material of other nationalities, and has an excellent exotic depiction in the Piano sonata. such as: Piano Sonata in minor, it is based on some French dance music. It has a French style. The second movement is a typical French style dance, while in the third movement, there is the factor of Polish folk dance, and finally in a cheerful dance music to end.

Mozart deeply loved his motherland and people, especially from the music of his entertaining instrumental genre, can feel how close the relationship between composers and national music is: in the late creation, wrote a large number of German dance music and country dance music, but also showed his attention to folk genre, in opera creation, Based on Deo's singing drama, he has absorbed many traditional German folk songs and Protestant hymns, and has also creatively used the factors of past Orthodox opera and Italian opera to enrich the genre of singing drama, laying the foundation for the development of the great opera genre of the German nation.

From the opera "The Lure of the harem" to "Magic Flute", whether in the tone of the tune and the tone of harmony, whether in the portrayal of the characters and the overall atmosphere of the plot, it is obvious that the national color is shown: Beethoven is a great musician, he with a deep, sharp vision, sensitive grasp of the nature of the Times and society, his creation reflects the people's suffering, struggle and hope, showing a profound social meaning of the content.

He inherited the excellent musical tradition of Germany with great loyalty and consciousness, and at the same time absorbed a great deal of the essence of folk music from all over the world, creating another immortal musical masterpiece: Beethoven's Symphony creation not only has the romantic style, but also has the obvious folk color. The folk factors in Beethoven's "Pastoral Symphony" are very prominent, and in the third movement there is the image of the Austrian folk company, the dance music.

In the middle of the third movement appeared the melody of folk songs, accompanied by the vibrato of bass strings, as if the sound of country bagpipes.

Beethoven's "Nineth Symphony" all the theme tones are very simple and popular, and people ask music has a close relationship, although the image of the whole work is numerous, although the artistic conception is very complex, but the whole music level is clear, vivid image and has a national personality.

Beethoven's Sonata also uses some folk music: such as his Sonata in E minor and Sonata in A major, which also highlight the influence of lyric style and folk songs, which are rare in his past creations. In the creation of some indoor recital also permeated the folk tone.

For example, in 1906 Beethoven wrote the three "Lasumovsky" quartet, directly from Palachi's "Russian Folk song Collection" quoted some folk song melody as the theme of music, so that these works show a strong folk color.

In terms of songwriting, Beethoven also paid great attention to the adaptation of folk songs.

Beethoven firmly established his creation on the basis of folk music such as Udeo, so that his musical works not only have profound ideological, but also have a distinct folk color. The creation of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven constitutes the characteristic of the music creation of the Vienna classical music pie: Their creation is influenced by the Enlightenment, and it also has the close connection between blood and flesh, which has a strong sense of the sense of the people and a distinct national character.

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Essay代写：English utilitarianism

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- English utilitarianism，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的功利主义。功利主义，也称效用主义，是道德哲学中的一个理论，主张追求幸福。功利主义对英国和整个西方世界都产生了重大而深远的影响，继承了英国经验主义哲学的传统，具有强烈的实践性特征，在西方国家的各个方面都得到了广泛的应用并对西方社会产生了深远的影响。功利主义为资产阶级寻求政治体制改革提供了思想武器，要求实现民主，并且在经济上为资产阶级自由贸易提供理论辩护。同时，在世俗观念上批判了西方宗教的禁欲主义。

Utilitarianism, also known as utilitarianism, is a theory in moral philosophy, which advocates the pursuit of Maximum Happiness. Utilitarianism has a significant and far-reaching impact on Britain and the whole western world. It inherits the tradition of British empiricism philosophy and has strong practical characteristics. It has been widely applied in various aspects of western countries and exerted a profound impact on western society. First, utilitarianism provides the bourgeoisie with an ideological weapon to pursue political system reform and demand the realization of democracy. Secondly, it provides theoretical justification for bourgeois free trade in economy. At the same time, it criticizes asceticism of western religion in secular concept.

With the establishment of the capitalist system in Britain, Britain became the most economically developed and technologically advanced country in the western world in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the earliest country to produce modern liberal constitutionalism. The rapid development of its productive forces, the profound changes in production relations and social structure have intensified various contradictions in British society. Facing the complicated environment, the industrial bourgeoisie in Britain began to seek a road that could continue to remove the obstacles to the development of capitalism without exacerbating the contradictions. Therefore, they urgently need a new theory to guide the construction of a new order of capitalist society. Under such a big background, utilitarianism is timely born. It can be said that utilitarianism is not only the reflection of capitalist economic development, but also the embodiment of capitalist political reform requirements.

Bentham was the initiator and elaborator of utilitarian political ethics. He believed that "nature has placed human beings under the control of two Kings -- pleasure and pain". Only they can show us what we should do and decide what we will do. The judgment of right and wrong, the series of evolution of cause and effect, all depend on these two monarchs. It is they who rule all our words, deeds and thoughts -- and any attempt to get rid of them can only show and confirm this truth. A man may profess to be free from his kingship, when in fact he is at the mercy of it. That is to say, human beings are governed by happiness and pain, and we are governed by them in everything we say, do, and think. The utilitarian principle affects not only every action of an individual, but also every action of a government. Bentham confidently declared that the utilitarian principle could not be criticized, and there was no need to prove it.

Mill, on the whole, inherited bentham's theory, but also made some modifications: he believed that bitterness and happiness should not be directly equated with good and evil, and proposed a qualitative distinction between happiness and happiness, believing that happiness is not only quantitatively different, but also qualitatively different. Secondly, mill revised bentham's utilitarianism tendency with the principle of maximum happiness and proposed that the virtue of self-sacrifice can bring people happiness. Mass happiness is the only thing that is valuable and worth pursuing, and mass happiness is mass happiness. He believed that the ultimate principle of morality was "the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people", according to which we should increase the happiness of the masses as much as possible.

The greatest advantage of utilitarianism is to simplify moral problems and make them operable and evaluable. Secondly, utilitarianism provides a justification for moral behavior and greatly promotes economic development and the improvement of living standards.

However, utilitarianism also reveals serious defects. "bentham's utilitarianism is composed of three theoretical bases, namely, the principle of pleasure and pain, the theory of effect and the principle of utilitarianism, which are three principles with inherent logic dilemma. The principle of bitterness and pleasure was modified by mill because there was no intrinsic qualitative distinction, but mill's modification highlighted the inherent inconsistency between the principle of bitterness and pleasure and the theory of effect. Mill supplemented utilitarianism with self-sacrifice and exposed the inherent contradiction of utilitarianism principle. Moreover, mill defended utilitarianism's principle of maximum happiness with equal rights, which just showed that utilitarianism is not a fundamental or ultimate principle that can be a theory.

Rawls highlights the weakness is pointed out that the justice of utilitarianism, it does not reveal the requirement of the freedom and rights and the principle of difference between the growth of social welfare desire, it is not sure the priority principle of justice, justice denied that some people enjoy greater interest and deprive others of freedom is justified, political and social interests can't be interfered with the basic rights of the others.

That is to say, utilitarianism ignores the legitimate rights and interests of individuals and believes that individual happiness is the happiness of the majority of people. Therefore, it is advisable to sacrifice part of the happiness to obtain happiness, but in fact, such analogy is a wrong one. If an individual sacrifices immediate happiness for future happiness, the object of sacrifice and benefit is the same person, and the rights and interests of others are sacrificed for social development, the victims and beneficiaries are different objects. Just like the thought experiment "trolley problem," a madman tied five people to the front of a runaway trolley bus. If there was a fork in the road, there was a button that would turn the trolley into the fork, but there was also a fat man tied to the fork in the road. How do you decide in this situation? There is no doubt that most people will push the button to pursue the happiness of more people with the least cost. However, if there was no human intervention, the fat man should not have died at all, fate did not arrange for him to die, the trolley car was rushed to the front of the five people and go, but now he was killed by someone else's hand, on reflection, he has no fault, there is no reason for most of the happiness and deprived of his happiness. No one has the right to decide the life or death of others. Pushing the button does not adhere to the principle of justice. At present, there are many such cases. For example, the "nail households" who repeatedly create tragedies, forced demolition in the name of safeguarding public interests and promoting social development, may not really achieve the greatest happiness. In our country, when personal interests and social interests conflict, we tend to sacrifice personal interests, but if such sacrifice is a forced sacrifice, I am afraid it can only be said that it is an unjust tyranny of the majority.

Utilitarianism is the theory of effect, which holds that we should judge whether an action is justified by its effect. This is contrary to the theory of motivation proposed by Kant ethics. According to the theory of motivation, whether an action is moral or not depends on whether it comes from a good will. Utilitarianism believes that as long as the behavior can bring happy results, then the behavior is moral, which is inconsistent with the traditional moral concept of our country. For example, some people fall into the water, if someone goes to save them but fails to save them, both of them drown, which leads to a worse result, but we can't deny the moral nobility of the savior. In the same example, someone falls into the water and no one saves him. When the family members promise to give money reward, they jump down to save the person and succeed in saving the person from the water. On the surface, they get better results and meet the criteria of utilitarianism, but such motivation cannot be advocated. The effect of an action is not the only factor to be taken into account in determining whether it is timely or not. Utilitarianism regards the pursuit of happiness as the ultimate goal of action, and this one-sided pursuit fails to realize that happiness is not the only valuable thing in life. Excessive indulgence in the pursuit of happiness will only lead to disastrous consequences, and one's life cannot only be for pleasure.

Utilitarianism regards the pursuit of the happiness of the majority as the ultimate guide to action. Like most countries, China always adheres to the value orientation of utilitarianism and pursues the maximization of economic benefits in its development. , for example, we used the one-sided pursuit of economic benefits, built a lot of heavy pollution of the small factory, we only see the face of people's living standards improve and tax increases to bring social changes, but if this kind of material happiness as what we should pursue the greatest happiness of the maximum number of words, so this kind of happiness, I'm afraid one day it will be converted into disaster. Because the consequences are unpredictable, some behaviors that appear to bring happiness are actually a kind of pain, or happiness in the short term and not in the long term. Secondly, with the development of the society and the improvement of people's ideological awareness, people's ideas will change, and with the passage of time, the previously unknown truth will gradually emerge. For example, rivers, lakes and underground water are now basically polluted, and the emergence of serious "cancer villages" in many places across the country is a clear example.

In addition, people have a herd mentality, a kind of behavior, especially a was promoted and advocated by the behavior, will undoubtedly bring to the people around huge demonstration effect, if the whole society or the people around with utilitarianism as their behavior orientation, so there is no doubt will kidnap everyone on this express to the pursuit of happiness. We do not deny the huge role and fact that utilitarianism changes society, but happiness is a subjective concept, which is different for everyone, not only everyone has different understanding, but also has different levels. Utilitarianism is somewhat unscrupulous in a sense. In order to achieve the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people, we should not only question whether the greatest happiness is a kind of low-level happiness that only satisfies the private desire, but also consider whether the pursuit regardless of cost is worth it. Today, this fast-paced society has indeed changed the fate of many people and realized the material happiness of many people. However, human beings cannot accurately predict their future after all, and the real result may not come until the end of prosperity.

We should realize that happiness is not a tangible entity, no matter how utilitarians describe its quantity and quality, it is not an object that can be grasped and played with in the hands, but just a feeling existing in people's subjective world. There is a large subjective error in determining whether this increase or decrease in feelings is real, so calculating the amount of happiness, or distinguishing quality from quality, is flawed.

Utilitarianism as the value orientation of public policy may even lead to social conflicts due to its unbalanced value distribution. "Only insist on the purpose and means, motive and effect is the organic unity of socialism utility under the condition of socialist market economy, the unity of purpose value and instrumental value of ethics, therefore, should be part of the moral system in contemporary China play utilitarianism as a positive effect on the incentive mechanism of social progress, and to add moral principles of fairness and justice".

The birth and maturity of utilitarianism in Britain and its wide application in various fields make it a far-reaching ideological theory. We should not only see the advantages of utilitarianism, but also cannot ignore the disadvantages of utilitarianism. At present, China is in a critical period of development and a critical stage of reform, and various social problems are prominent. Under such circumstances, how to rationally use utilitarianism without taking it as the only principle of individual behavior and governance has a particularly profound significance for China's future and development.

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