Essay代写：British classical university college system

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- British classical university college system，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国古典大学学院制。在英国，牛津和剑桥两所古典大学完整地保留了英国学院制的办学传统。随着本科学院的形成，导师制成为学院教学制度的核心。《伊丽莎白章程》和《劳德规约》的颁布标志着学院制在两所古典大学中的正式确立。英国古典大学的学院制传统典型地呈现出联邦制管理模式、以教学为中心、导师制教学、独特学院生活模式以及宗教性和贵族性的早期特点。

Two classical universities, Oxford and Cambridge, have retained the tradition of collegiate school system most completely to this day. With the formation of undergraduate colleges, the tutorial system has become the core of the college teaching system. The promulgation of the Elizabeth constitution and the laud statute marked the formal establishment of the institution in two classical universities. The college system tradition of British classical universities typically presents the early characteristics of federalism management mode, teaching as the center, tutorial system teaching, unique college life mode and religion and nobility.

The college system runs through the hundreds of years of development of Oxford University and Cambridge university. It is not only an important institutional guarantee for the first-rate teaching quality of these two British classical universities, but also regarded as an indispensable cultural name card for its standing among the world's universities. The college has become a tradition deeply rooted in Oxford and Cambridge. In recent years, this unique academy system has attracted increasing attention from domestic scholars due to its outstanding education value.

It is generally believed that the earliest college in Europe was Sorbonne, which appeared around 1257. The college that provided room and board for students became the model of the later British classical university college. The original colleges of the university of Oxford and the university of Cambridge only confer academician status on students who have obtained a bachelor's degree, while undergraduates are unlikely to be supported by the college. It was not until the first half of the 14th century that the king's hall college, founded by king Edward ii, allowed undergraduates to enter the college.

Merton college is regarded as Oxford's first landmark residential college. The college's tradition of accepting undergraduates owes much to a new college founded in 1379 by William wickem. Wickem also founded a new college preparatory school, Winchester public school. Students at the school can study directly at the new college and gain academician status.

Since then, colleges in England have generally accepted undergraduates. The number of boarding houses that had been the principal place of residence for undergraduates began to dwindle. In 1444 there were about 69 houses in Oxford, but by 1552 there were only eight, with a total of about 200 students, compared with about 450 in 13 schools. Many boarding houses have been acquired by the college and become affiliated institutions of the college. It is certain that, in the 16th century, "the college became a gathering place for undergraduates as the number of lodgings dwindled and disappeared altogether".

In the course of the early undergraduate colleges in England, self-supporting students are undoubtedly a significant group. King's hall college, Cambridge, began accepting students on its own in the first half of the 14th century. Later, in its 1480 regulation, magdalen college could admit no more than 20 sons of noble or wealthy families as self-supporting students under the guidance of tutors. By the 16th century, this practice had been widely adopted by the colleges of England.

During this period, the college adopted a large number of undergraduates, especially self-funded undergraduates, for two main reasons. The first is economic. Since its establishment, the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge rely on donations and rent income to maintain their operation. However, with the continuous expansion of the college, this way can no longer meet the actual needs. In this case, the college enrolls a large number of self-funded undergraduates, hoping to relieve the financial pressure of the college by paying for accommodation and lectures. On the other hand, the college hopes to expand its social influence and gain more support for its development by recruiting more undergraduates. In addition, some colleges also hope to enrich college life by recruiting undergraduates, expand academician's social circle and promote their academic and social development. It can be seen that a large number of undergraduates are able to enter the college, which is a realistic demand of the college's own development in the classical British universities. Therefore, the college has gradually changed from the academic holy land of researchers to the learning place of undergraduates.

In the middle ages, teaching at Oxford and Cambridge was centered on lectures and debates, and students in liberal arts and higher departments were required to attend lectures. Due to the different teaching methods, contents and the status of lecturers, the university has formed three kinds of lectures: general lecture, special lecture and temporary lecture. At the same time, there are many forms of debate in universities. As a general lecturer, public debate is organized on a fixed debate day. In addition, teachers and students in universities debate openly or individually before, after and during dinner. By the late middle ages, teaching and debating became the formal form of teaching in classical universities, while the informal form of teaching in colleges consisted of occasional academic training and teaching conducted by individual teachers to help their students.

At first, college teaching was relatively haphazard. The time and place of the lecture are not fixed. Teachers do not get paid to give lectures. As a result, many people simply see teaching as "something you have to do to get a degree," or to raise money for studies and wait for a promotion outside of college. Under such circumstances, the teaching of the college gradually developed and was regarded as a supplement to the teaching of permanent teachers of the university. In the 14th and 15th centuries, college teaching was expanded through the development process of "first competing with the public lecture system of the university, and then surpassing it".

In the mid-to-late 15th century, the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge began to employ academicians from their own colleges and other colleges to give lectures to undergraduates. Therefore, the university began to shift its teaching focus from the department to each college. In the mid-16th century, the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge actually controlled the entire teaching of the university, and the college began to play a decisive role in university life. "By the late 16th century, college teaching, based on a decentralized model, for undergraduates, had been established in two ancient universities in the UK".

With the increasingly prominent and perfect teaching function of colleges, the tutorial system has gradually occupied a place among colleges of Oxford University. The tutorial system at Oxford was pioneered by the bishop of Winchester, William wickem, who founded the new college in the 14th century. In the 16th century, after the establishment of the tutorial system at the new college and merton college, magdalen college, bruissinus college, Christ church college and other colleges and universities in Oxford, relevant regulations on the tutorial system were successively formulated. Similarly, at the university of Cambridge, the tutorial system became not only the core of the university's teaching system, but also a part of the college's economy. The effective guidance of college tutors to undergraduate students depends on the close relationship between teachers and students day after day, and more depends on the strong sense of responsibility of tutors. In addition to providing intellectual, physical and spiritual guidance to students, tutors are also responsible for supervising undergraduates' lifestyle, moral behavior and financial expenditure. In short, a mentor's job is to be a surrogate parent. The emergence of the tutorial system in various colleges has ensured the realization of the teaching function of colleges and it has also become an important part of the tradition of the British classical university college system.

The true shape of the collegiate system in classical British universities was during the tudors. In 1570, a new school rule signed by queen Elizabeth I was enacted, the Elizabeth statute. The school regulations are based on the principle of "limiting religious disputes and upholding the supremacy of the crown". The constitution clearly stipulates that the vice-chancellors and deans of the universities shall have the right to manage the daily affairs of the universities and the final interpretation of the regulations.

At Oxford, the task of establishing collegiality was completed by archbishop laud in 1636. During his tenure, he organized and revised various regulations of the university and formed the famous laud statute. The new university regulations set out in detail the university's affairs and, like the Elizabethan statute, were approved by the royal family. The laud statute defines the central place of the college in the life and study of undergraduates. The statute also states that all students must have a mentor. At this time, the tutorial system is not only a college teaching system, but "a necessary part of Oxford University life".

The Elizabethan statute and the laud statute, for the first time, formally confirmed the status of the college in the university by statute, and thus were regarded as the symbol of the establishment of the institution in the two universities. Many of the characteristics of the college system in its early days still show great vitality in today's Oxford and Cambridge universities.

The final establishment of the collegiate system made the university of Oxford and Cambridge form a typical federal structure. Each college has its own financial and administrative authority. Universities and colleges share teaching duties. Universities regulate and offer courses, organize lectures, exams and award degrees. The college is responsible for recruiting students and providing guidance to each student. Schools are divided into disciplines rather than disciplines. There is collaboration between colleges and universities on the teaching of certain subjects. On the other hand, universities are divided into multiple academic departments according to subjects, which are composed of professors and lecturers, and are responsible for offering courses and lectures. It can be seen that the college and department present a matrix structure in the university of Oxford and Cambridge, interwoven and complementary to each other. Since each college has a boarding system, the education responsibility of the college is mainly borne by the student upon admission. Fraxner notes: "the separate, autonomous and independent institutions are not only incredibly intertwined, but also interwoven with the universities they make up. When this fits together, it is beyond the significance of the collegiate model ".

This federal structure, on the one hand, endows the college with strong vitality and broad development space, and guarantees that the members of the college can enjoy the study and living conditions of the aristocracy; on the other hand, it also leads to the fact that the teaching resources of each college are often not fully utilized and cannot be Shared, inevitably leading to some waste.

With the increasing number of colleges, colleges gradually occupy a monopoly position in universities. It is difficult for a student to enter a university without being accepted by a college. Therefore, when applying for Oxford or Cambridge, students should first choose a college. The college became the center of university teaching, while the university only retained the power to award degrees.

Since the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge were originally set up by the royal family and the church, the early colleges were not places of teaching, but were largely places of formal discipline. It wasn't until the middle of the 16th century that the college's place in the university was firmly established. The teaching function of the university is gradually transferred to the college. The college began to play an important role in the university, mainly taking on the task of organizing teaching. The whole education movement shifted its focus from universities to colleges. With the establishment of the college system, the university of Oxford and the university of Cambridge gradually formed the tradition of centering on teaching. The college has become the center of university teaching activities and teaching has become the most important task for academicians. For academicians, it is more important to cultivate a person than to publish a monograph.

The presence of a mentor is a "natural development of the college system." College tutors replace university professors, and subjects completed by students replace lectures. "In the 17th century, flexible and amorphous mentorship finally gave way to a more centralised system of mentorship characterized by uniform control of the academy." The teacher system established in each college gradually becomes the main teaching system in the college. There is an essential difference between the early college tutorial system and the modern college tutorial system formed after the 19th century. At that time, the nature of the tutorial system was religious rather than aristocratic. There were few real academic elements in it. The tutor still mainly took on the role of student protector. Therefore, it can only be called as an early, simple form of mentorship system, which is fundamentally different from the modern teaching-centered mentorship system. The tutorial system is a kind of elite talent training mode provided by British classical universities for undergraduates in their colleges, and also a fundamental guarantee for the operation of education model of classical university education.

The great charm of Oxbridge college life lies not only in its outstanding education concept, but also in the perfect combination of its beautiful environment and strong cultural atmosphere. As early as the 15th century, the Oxford and Cambridge colleges have formed a unique "quadrangle" architectural style, each college has one or several such quadrangles. It usually consists of a square set of buildings with a courtyard in the middle, usually including dining room, living room, lecture hall, library, bedroom, kitchen, cellar and a chapel. The division of labor in each house of the college is very clear: the dining room, reception room and teaching room are social places where teachers and students chat or debate. The library is a public place of study, while the bedroom is a private place of rest and study. In addition, the college also has a study dedicated to the study of students. College life is undoubtedly one of the most valuable cultural edification and infection for students.

The establishment process of Oxford college and Cambridge college makes it have distinct religious characteristics at the very beginning, and quite a few college founders have pure religious purposes when they set up the college. "The man of the middle ages can do anything for the salvation of his soul, and though he has committed no more crimes than he does today, he always has to do much to make up for it." It is widely believed that donor colleges can redeem themselves and their families' souls. Balliol college founders, for example, aimed to "honor our Lord Jesus Christ and his glorious mother Mary and all saints."

As a core force in the early establishment of colleges in Oxford and Cambridge, the sons of the aristocrats have undoubtedly become the main recruitment target of the colleges. The life style and living environment of the college provide a kind of learning environment which is very similar to and close to the upper class life in the future for the sons and daughters of the gentry and aristocracy, and make full preparation for their real entry into the upper class society in the future. In the centuries that followed, "although some changes may have taken place, these purposes were well preserved until the nineteenth century, and indeed until the latter half of the nineteenth century". Classical British universities typically retain the academic tradition originating from the middle ages. After hundreds of years, such a university tradition still has outstanding education value and endless attraction. Reflecting on its initial pursuit and ideal, it may provide some useful inspirations for today's academic reform.

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Assignment代写：American culture and its curriculum

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- American culture and its curriculum，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国文化及其课程观。美国是20世纪以来推动世界进步发展和改变世界贡献最大的国家。在教育方面从20世纪就开始领先于世界，美国的教育对世界产生了深远的影响。从美国的课程目标可以看出美国文化的实用主义，个人主义深深地融入了课程目标中。在课程的设置上，也体现了美国文化的实用主义精神，为了升学、就业和未来生活做准备。众多的选修课则体现了美国文化的个人主义，满足了不同人的要求也满足了美国不同文化背景的课程需求。

Since the 20th century, the United States has made the greatest contribution to promoting world progress and development and changing the world. Education has been leading the world since the 20th century. America's education has exerted a profound influence on the world. Various education ideas since the 20th century have promoted education reform in various countries around the world.

In the short history of more than 200 years, the United States has created a unique cultural tradition in the world and is now a superpower. What kind of culture gave birth to such education? The author thinks that American cultural tradition has the following characteristics.

In building the American historical tide, what Americans need is a concrete program of action to guide actual production and life, where a man who cultivated land and resisted beasts is far more popular than a thinker who teaches theology. They have come to believe not in the knowledge which ideologists spend much time and energy thinking about, but in the knowledge which is needed in daily life and confirmed in practice. Pragmatism is a pragmatic attitude, behavior attitude. After the American civil war, pragmatism gradually rose from an idea to a philosophical theory. Pragmatism is widely regarded as the most central element of the American cultural spirit.

One aspect of individualism is the emphasis on human rights. Americans have emphasized individual rights, individual independence, individual dignity, individual liberty, and individual equality of opportunity in their opening of New Territories in North America. On the other hand, people's subjective initiative is emphasized. In the face of nature, people have to constantly work and cultivate, and they have to be ready to accept challenges and responsibilities from all sides. Only innovation and openness can adapt to the complex and changeable nature. The United States emphasizes the equality of all people, equal opportunity, as long as efforts, as long as willing to pay, can become a millionaire or even as President, can realize their own value. This is the essence of the American dream.

The population composition of the United States is immigrants from all continents, because immigrants come from different countries and regions, with different cultural backgrounds and religious beliefs. Therefore, the entire American society is a society with complex cultural background, each living according to his own cultural traditions and religious beliefs. It was people from different cultures who came together and won the independence of the United States, won the civil war, expanded the United States, won the World War I and the World War II, survived the depression. Beginning in the 20th century, the United States began to lead the world in economy, military, technology and ideas. The melting pot of American culture began to form its own American culture, which influenced the course of the world.

In the late 1920s, the United States carried out a curriculum reform, which was mainly aimed at adapting to the demand of modern mass production for young labor force, as well as stabilizing the unstable social order. The objective of the course is to strengthen the connection between education and real life, master skilled skills, stimulate students' interest, initiative and enthusiasm, and enable students to obtain direct experience through labor and various activities. In the 1950s, the second curriculum reform in the United States was carried out in the context of the struggle for supremacy between the United States and the Soviet union. This time, it was mainly based on the course theory of essentialism and emphasized the importance of basic knowledge. In the 1970s, the "return to the foundation" movement appeared again, and the curriculum reform focused on the shortcomings of academic studies, leading to the rise of humanism. In the 1980s, the report "the country is in crisis: reform imperative of education" triggered curriculum reform focusing on curriculum structure adjustment. The American curriculum reform in the 20th century has been in the swing of the basic academic nature of the curriculum and the adjustment to life. No child left behind act of the early 21st century, education, stresses that students need to develop good qualities in high school to prepare them for college or employment and their future life.

Through the curriculum reform in the United States, it can be seen that the curriculum objectives are highlighted: to help students develop critical thinking ability, effective communication ability, problem solving ability and knowledge innovation ability; Help students understand themselves, the cultural heritage of humanity, and the interdependent world in which they live; Prepare students to work or continue to receive education, develop their personality and interests; Help students fulfill their social and civic duties. It can be seen from the American curriculum objectives that the pragmatism of American culture and individualism are deeply integrated into the curriculum objectives.

In the curriculum setting, the United States emphasizes improving students' academic level and increasing academic courses. America now has eight core subjects: English, math, science, foreign languages, citizenship and government, economics, art and history. This reflects the spirit of American pragmatism, which emphasizes the individual's ability to innovate knowledge. Another outstanding feature of the American curriculum is its diverse electives. In order to adapt to the students' interest and personal development, and prepare for future study, employment and life, a large number of diversified electives have been set up. There are a wide range of electives in each state and school district. According to preliminary statistics, there are more than 200 electives in American middle schools. One of the most distinctive is the bridging course between high school and university. Most schools offer challenging academic courses, typically AP, IB, and DE.

In the course setting, it also reflects the pragmatic spirit of American culture and prepares students for higher education, employment and future life. The numerous optional courses reflect the individualism of American culture and meet the requirements of different people as well as the curriculum requirements of different cultural backgrounds in the "melting pot" of America.

In the United States, the curriculum is hierarchical management system. One is the state proposal, the federal government basically ACTS as a call and a recommendation to the state education. The second is the centralization of authority in the state, the state education department and the education committee enjoy great powers of education management. They make it the primary basis for school districts and schools by setting state curriculum standards; Establish graduation standards; Develop standards for state testing and realization of required courses to provide local school districts with necessary resources. Third, school districts make decisions. School districts play a practical role in curriculum leadership. Fourth, the school implementation, the school according to the school district curriculum arrangement and textbook selection, the school curriculum setting, implementation school curriculum decision.

There are various ways to evaluate curriculum in the United States. After the education standardization movement, all states in the United States have established curriculum standards and frameworks. In this context, states began a state-level examination, with in-state testing and assessment courses taken by states such as ACT and SAT. The federal examination is a comprehensive survey and quality assessment of education nationwide conducted by many official and unofficial groups and organizations in the United States on a regular and non-regular basis. The U.S. department of education gives states flexibility to choose test types, rules, math and English when developing a master test plan. The United States has a 12-year obligation. Not every state has a high school graduation exam. There is no national entrance examination for colleges and universities in the United States. Currently, there are two main entrance exams, the SAT. More than 850 colleges and more than 300 scholarship providers in the United States require the test. About two million people take the elite exams each year. The ACT is another standardized test for American college entrance exams, measuring four subjects in English, math, reading and science.

The hierarchical, centralized and decentralized curriculum implementation and evaluation methods in the United States reflect the autonomy of curriculum implementation and evaluation in different regions at different levels. Schools in various states can implement and evaluate courses according to the actual situation in their regions. From the perspective of American cultural tradition, the implementation and evaluation of such courses reflects the individualism of American culture and the tradition of cultural melting pot.

Through the analysis of the American cultural tradition on the curriculum view, we can see that the curriculum view reflects the cultural and traditional characteristics of a country and a nation, which are closely related to the traditional values of the nation. What kind of cultural tradition and national spirit there is what kind of curriculum concept. As a subjective value of curriculum, there is no scientific or wrong value, and there is no universal curriculum value. The curriculum setting also reflects a country's cultural tradition while considering the country, social economy and human development.

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学术论文写作小技巧

众所周知，英国大学对比其他国家的高校，对学术的要求更加严格，所以英国大学的学术论文不仅类型繁复，而且体裁也有很多，这样的学术论文也让留学生们觉得非常头疼。为了让大家更好地写作英国学术论文，下面就给大家分享一下学术论文的写作小技巧。

一、怎样润色自己的文章

1.Review的时刻

在文章刚刚完结的时分，因为满足感的充满，咱们会很难发现一些过错。不过，假如一两天不阅览咱们的文章，再回过头来细细阅览的话，咱们会发觉自己能找出更多的过错。

2.擅于否定自己

修正咱们文章的时分，最好想象一下：假如自己是教师的话，会希望看到些什么内容。假如断定自己在某一方面的确描绘得不尽人意的话，最好是作必定的修正。总的来说，在这个阶段，咱们要擅于否定自己，并做好做大改动的心理准备。

3.查看文章的结构

要查看一下自己的文章是不是详略得当，是否有夸张的当地或许论说不行的当地，在逻辑推理上有没有缺点，在章节和阶段的布局上是否合理，章节和阶段的号码是否正确等等。

二、写一个Powerful的Conclusion

Conclusion里边最好不要重复咱们前文中的文字。Conclusion应该是一个更高层次的总结，应该包括对数据资料和学术观点的概括性总结，以及各章节分观点的提高。总而言之，写conclusion时，一是要花心思，二是要有归纳性。

三、写完全文再写Abstract

信任许多小伙伴都会这样做吧？原因也很简单。因为论文写作过程中免不了大的修正，全文写完后咱们才会真实清楚自己的文章里究竟涵盖了哪些内容，所以假如把abstract留到最终写的话，会愈加地简单。

以上就是对于英国学术论文写作小技巧的分享，留学生们如果能掌握好上述的写作方法，那么大家就一定可以把学术论文写作好。

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：Irrational factors and ideological and political education

本篇paper代写- Irrational factors and ideological and political education讨论了非理性因素与思想政治教育。现代社会的发展促使个人的精神生活随之发生变化，同时促使与人相关的本能、情感等非理性因素全面激发和活跃起来，非理性因素的客观存在直接影响着人的人格特性以及相应的价值选择。现实生活中之所以出现思想政治教育成本过高而效益低下的现象，无不与忽视非理性因素在思想政治教育中的作用有关。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

The development of modern society makes the individual spiritual life changes, at the same time encourage people related instincts, irrational factors such as desire, emotion, will, faith, fully motivate and active, and the objective existence of the irrational factors directly affects the person's personality characteristics and the corresponding value choice. Ideological and political education is basic project of the construction of socialist spiritual civilization, and it plays a improve people's spiritual life and the important role of moral quality. Asked us to the change of the social environment from the study of human nature, field of vision to explore the path of ideological and political education, in addition to study the law of ideological and political education itself and the method, also should pay attention to the change of people's irrational factors and development. The emergence of ideological and political education in real life the phenomenon of high cost and low benefit, all without exception and ignore the role of irrational factors in ideological and political education.

The attributes in the spirit of the people, contains the rational and irrational factors. Rational factors is a uniquely human differ from animals a basic feature of human reason with the social development and the development, the main performance can know natural law and social law for people, through the social practice constantly achieve their goals and the corresponding results. Rational fully shows the human initiative and creativity, shows the natural human knowledge, the ability of reforming society. In general, "human" rational has absoluteness. However, although people is conscious rational beings, but thinking and rational is by no means all, man is know love unifies the reality of the individual in social relations. Irrational factors and person dies, everyone has a different irrational characteristics, therefore, the "individual" irrational and relativity.

People are social animals, only to the survival and development in the social collective, social individual relies on the fact that social group. Life is a social group based on to the good cooperation and orderly process, to carry out this process without a variety of norms and system specification, from this sense, people rely on society is to maintain and abide by these rules and regulations. Social value only in the standards and specification system constraints can progress and development, which requires individuals to identify with, accept and internalize, follow these guidelines, specifications. When individuals relative to the irrational factors and social conflict, absolute rational value system determines the we must rely on some power to adjust the human conflict.

Ideological and political education is one of the ways in which social value standard system implemented and is able to adjust and sublimation of human conflict and power tools. From this sense, the ideological and political education is actually solve social contradiction between collective rationality and individual irrationality of process. Ideological and political education is according to the needs of society and educatee, follow the law of development of ideological and political education, using scientific means to improve and develop educatees of thought, politics, morality and so on various aspects quality system activity process, its aim is to develop social needs have higher moral quality of talents. Conventional wisdom suggests that society is a rational design of the society, the rational design of the target with the help of human's rational can become a reality, and you can also achieve individual socialization and dehua, actually this is wishful thinking. The single way of using rational channel of implementing ideological and political education is often the effect not beautiful, not only cannot achieve the moral, intellectual, physical, the United States all aspects of the comprehensive development goals, and to some extent, even lead to the crisis of human nature and deformity. Based on people's irrational factors and objective contradictions between the ideological and political education, with the aid of irrational channels to find a way of ideological and political education is undoubtedly an effective method.

If human's rational is the result of the human brain thinking ability, so, more irrational is stems from a person's physical, psychological factors, such as irrational factors, is the reflection of social and cultural nature, is an important part of the person's psychology. Irrational factors, as a kind of spiritual strength directly penetrated into the value of individual choice, in the person's subjective psychological activities, the desire, emotion, will, three kinds of irrational factors is complicated, especially the influence of the ideological and political education process.

Desire is the social individual need and desire of an external object based on the main body and for psychological, reflects the basic human primitive motivation and value pursuit. People's desire has the variety and diversity, such as material, lust, fame, inspirational, etc, this possession to external things, to conquer, and their potential performance and make public, both innate instinctual low-level desire and demand, has developed the day after tomorrow more advanced desires and needs, such as the needs of the development needs, to enjoy, etc. People's desire is reality and transcendence, finiteness and infiniteness, material and spiritual unity. Meet with people of low desire and demand, senior can produce desire and demand, the desire and satisfy the desire of man's society in the process of continuous development.

In terms of individuals, for the excessive suppression of desire, is not conducive to the development of the individual, but excessive addicted to satisfy the desire, will also be transmuted into slaves of desire. Desire is the power source for the development of human beings, the satisfaction of desire and inspire, and to promote human progress, and the pursuit. Reasonable as proper stimulation and the desire of pursuit can help people keep exuberant enthusiasm and motivation, have a craving for things outside and direct motive, and condensed into the behavior of the individual value choice. People generally believe that the society moral desire is ugly, and with, as a result, most of Chinese and western hope through the way of killing human desire for moral education, this way of education while maintaining the moral, but kill the human nature, because it fundamentally ignored the fact that the irrationality of the human existence. At present, to strengthen the socialist market economy the interests of the people's material desires, this is the inevitable demand of social progress, this also is the foundation of moral development. People's desire, especially material desires may be obstacles for the good in life, however, humans cannot ignore this barrier, obstacle crossing is moral would, but also brought opportunities to moral construction and space. Ideological and political education can help individuals by material desire to the spiritual level, thus promote the social norms of practice and the improvement of the individual character. Just as no desire for material wealth for people wouldn't push the market mechanism of sound, likewise, desire to kill anyway is difficult to produce positive moral pursuit, also won't contribute to the formation of the whole social morality.

Emotion is the basic elements of the world, human life permeates every aspect of human practice activities, the emotion is an important part of the individual psychological structure, is one of the individual on the surrounding reality and his attitude. Marx once said: "passion, enthusiasm, is the essence of object strongly to pursue its own strength." No relationship, they never could not for the pursuit of truth." In real life, a person only to social norms system of cognition is not enough, if the lack of emotional experience of ethics, then social advocate the value of standards can not be melt in the heart. Emotion plays an excitation, catalytic role in people's behavior, can guarantee that people form strong motivation, influence people's choice of the value of information, evaluation and judgment.

Emotion is an important part of human nature, and humanity sublimation is to accept social norms system indispensable important factors, with the aid of people rich and healthy emotional experience, the main body of social trust value standards make active and positive, will produce the positive emotional experience, such as a sense of self-respect, self-confidence inspire to the faith and the pursuit of ethics. And negative and disgruntled to social value standards, can produce corresponding inferiority, shame and guilt even negative emotional experience. It is not hard to see, the emotional has adjust the incentive effects in people's behavior, it prompts the main body to experience the ways of expressing the meaning of things attitude, by express strong emotions, it is conditioned by the rational, at the same time characterized by a strong sense of irrational impulse. Generally speaking, the stronger the self-esteem of people with the sense of shame, and a man of high moral character, the more the more will produce more intense feeling of guilt.

Will mean people conscious, purposeful and planned way to adjust and control their psychological process of action. Will can regulate and control human behavior activity purpose, embodied in motivating people to engage in positive help to achieve goals

And suppress unfavorable to achieve some goals of negative behavior. In the process of ideological and political education, will play a role of restraint and supervision of individual behavior.

Will function mainly displays in the self of the self in the process of the social value goal to accept consciously control the above, the specific performance for self encouragement, self adjusting, self control and self supervision. Individual in the process of the education, can timely feedback, appropriate adjustment behavior, to a certain extent, depends on the will to power control. Will can control of the individual's activity and social norms, by checking and correction of deviation caused by internal and external factors, ensure the realization of predetermined value target. Of the success or failure of a man and he will have a close relationship, can cultivate a strong tenacity of noble moral character, and can control and govern all kinds of temptation of the outside world, is not captured by desire, don't be emotional about, while weak will it is difficult to achieve this level. Guarantee the social value system play a role, should rely on those people with perseverance ability, weak will is terrible weakness of human nature and the biggest obstacle to ideological and political education work.

The irrational factors have obvious difference, people of irrational factors in different level of value choice plays a different role. The primary stage of socialism period, people's rational and irrational development have historical limitation, can't talk about people's rational and irrational development in the abstract. People irrational factors is the development of society a certain stage of the concentrated reflection of politics, economy, culture, is the internalization of social value system as a result, this spirit of internalization results and as a kind of stable power affects the individual's choice of social value system orientation, from this sense, the ideological and political education itself is not only a purpose, but also optimize the personal means of irrational factors. Society can't unlimited access to let the irrational factors do their growth, otherwise it will be Mired in the irrationalism in the west, as a direct result of the rational life and social value system of society of indifference and contempt. Optimization of irrational factors, must do the following:

Market economy to strengthen the personal desire, pure desire for abstinence and constraint is not easy. But after all is rational, can always through the guide of social value standard to improve their life get social recognition, otherwise, there would be no need to or not may be education. People's desire is a need to continue to produce, and constantly meet the process after a desire and demand meet, generates a new desire demand. Can't deny a few before a material desires satisfied also generates a high level of spiritual need, but we can't hope to most people can across the material needs to pursue the spiritual needs.

Combining with the characteristics of people's irrational and ideological and political education should fully grasp the various desires, know their material needs and spiritual needs of the basic conditions. To distinguish to the desires and needs, to just and reasonable desire to properly to satisfy, the unfair and unreasonable desire to be directed and restrictions. To a certain degree, within the scope of the reasonable the satisfaction of desire is desirable, not blindly inhibition and elimination. At the same time, because our country is still at the primary stage of socialism, the main contradiction is people's increasing material and cultural needs and the contradiction between the backward social production, excessively emphasized needs met is not accord with the situation of China. The function of the ideological and political education is to through the social norms of scientific guidance to change people's spiritual needs, improve people's spiritual life through the people's behavior is controlled in the range of social norms.

People are emotional animals, this kind of emotion is the result of individual and social dynamic contradiction and influence each other. People's emotional and changeable, the emotional impact on ideological and political education function cannot be discussed in the abstract, should be specific analysis. Social individuals always interact with social environment in the process of direct stimulation of external factors and change affects the person's feelings or emotions, positive emotions can encourage people choose or accept social value standard, while the negative affection induced people deviate from the social value norms. By conducting of rich and colorful activities to ensure that the individual emotion stimulus receiving system, the guarantor of the benign development of irrational factors, it is the practice of the ideological and political education in the current face.

Ideological and political education is on a permanent basis, persistence, system engineering, the value of social members have extensive requirements. Pays too much attention to for a long time, because the individual access to moral cognition and moral judgment ability, so that cause serious disconnect between moral cognition and moral behavior. Creatively carry out ideological and political education the system project, should be combined with the reality of social practice, to build a concrete scenario related to personal life learning and situation, avoid the ideological and political education work boring and rigid formalism.

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Essay代写：The ratification of sports

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The ratification of sports，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了体育的艺术化。体育的艺术化不是将体育转变为艺术，而是在文化发展浪潮中实现体育的价值多元化，强化其审美价值。俄国的美学家普列汉诺夫曾明确说过，绝对的美的标准是不存在的，并且也不可能存在。人对美的概念在历史发展过程中无疑地在变化着。因此体育艺术化也是一个长期的动态过程，不会也不可能改变体育的本质属性。

The relationship between sports and art more and more close, the artistic quality of sports growing, many sports colleges has opened the sports performance art specialty, it reflects the current sports aesthetic value of art, also on the artistic development of sports research put forward the urgent request. In fact, since and eighties of the 20th century, art influence on sports more and more get the attention of people, no matter at home and abroad, were opened relationship between sports and art of big discussion, failed to achieve the result of the debate, with "sports is not art" won more support and end point of view, to study the art of sports features, some scholars put forward the concept of "art sports", and the classification. Before the starting from the inherent attributes of sports research made a lot of pioneering achievements, cultural process and to the context analysis to the development of sports will receive a new research perspective.

Sports is to culture, a cultural phenomenon, process and development, however, what is "culture" is debated, unable to agree. Although the definition of "culture" is still unable to reach an agreement, but through the things that define "culture" to find the rule of its development is feasible and has practical significance: what is to promote the development of culture and how to development should be the focus of research.

Throughout various define "culture", although the expression is differ, but behind it there is the most basic consistency: culture and human beings are inseparable. I.e., did not leave the human culture, also did not leave the culture of human. Culture is a human creation, culture in turn will affect human behavior. "This kind of complex dependencies, perhaps can be a little change on Kant's famous formula to express 'in my culture, culture' in my heart."

German philosopher Kant think culture is "a rational entity for a certain purpose and the ability of creation." This purpose is something people know the world, the transformation motivation - meet the needs of the people of the world. "People need is created by society, with social and objectivity." So is decided by the history, it is not for man's will. Today, such as, ordinary people will be watching TV, by plane, and in ancient times, even the nobility could not have this need. Once the need to decide the value orientation, value orientation, will dominate people's behavior directly, therefore, value orientation determines the direction of cultural development, eventually is drive the development of culture.

There is no denying the fact that the subject status of the western modern sports occupy the contemporary, western culture is the fertile soil for cultivating modern sports, look toward the development trend of western culture, western culture has experienced the stage of "religious culture", "scientific culture" stage, turned into a period of "art and culture".

Religious culture pursues the satisfaction of the spiritual world of man. In the early human, productivity is very low, the power of nature occupies the absolute dominant position. The most basic human survival is this period which is the most important requirements, in the face of the powerful force of nature, is to overcome the fear psychology become this period the main spiritual needs. Both need to know nature and the natural conditions, full of fear must form the consciousness of the achievements in cultural forms - characterized religion culture. Religious culture advocating spirit, the pursuit of perfect ideal state of the United States, however, this leads to the lack of rational cognition in the objective world, is not conducive to the development of productivity.

With the enrichment of objective experience, people's perceptual thinking gives way to rational thinking, in the 16th century, after finally broke through the bondage of religious science, have greatly enriched the human material wealth, exacerbated by the human the endless pursuit of objective truth, science and culture dominated the whole world, make the person's loss of the subject status. As the hawk hammer say: "humans have abandoned by scientific... In turn human services to science, and as is the science of things belong to science." Scientific culture is the culture with the objective truth as the standard form, therefore, in the era of science and culture, human beings are subject to objective truth, service to the development of objective things, subject to object, constrained the development of the human spirit.

When material needs people get a certain guarantee, spiritual demand becomes higher level human goal. Scientific culture makes rich material wealth to mankind at the same time makes humans lost their intrinsic value and humanistic care, the hedonism, money worship, moral decay. So humans began to reflect on and call for the return of humanistic spirit, from the material demand to the material and spiritual double needs transition, emphasizes the objective truth and pay attention to the humanistic spirit of art and culture arises at the historic moment. Art and culture is objective truth and organic combination of moral goodness, emotional, practical and aesthetic combination of production, use value and aesthetic value and cultural forms. Therefore, art and culture is another leap in the history of the development of culture, will be accompanied by the pace of globalization has become the mainstream in the world cultural forms.

Reviewing the development of sports, sports has experienced two development by leaps and bounds. First time span is after the revolution of science and technology, scientific and cultural formation, sports have unified rules, formed the current form of sports competition, "faster, higher, stronger" as the pursuit of the goal; The second crossing is with the west into the "post-modern society", scientific and cultural shift to art and culture, the subject status of the people to return to, sports goal is not only a "faster, higher, stronger", and the pursuit of "more good and beautiful".

First launched in the UK in the 1760 s, science and technology revolution, to the middle of the 19th century, a breakthrough in natural science, the establishment of the scientific standards for sports development has had a profound impact, many ancient sports have unified rules. Whether it appears in the ancient Chinese "cuju", or the 11th century "skull England play Denmark's activities", until October 26, 1863, was established in London, the world's first football sports organization, the English football association, and unified the rules, in this way, not formally established the modern game; Similarly, 12-13 century in France, the middle of the 14th century was born in Britain tennis, in the 19th century and s uniform rules, form the style of modern tennis; Even the oldest sports project, have the reputation of the "mother of the movement track and field is produced in the late 19th century truly see today form of exercise, track events in the middle of the 19th century Britain has been a formal game, but are in" code "as a unit of length, until the end of the 19th century and unified with the" m ", a unit formed today's events; Same old swimming exercise is to the end of the 19th century to form today's competitive swimming; Include badminton, fencing, skating and so on project unified rules, to form the competition form now.

During this period has also had a lot of people love sports. Springfield, Massachusetts in the United States at the ymca international training school physical education teachers in early December 1891 Dr James naismith invented basketball; Holyoke, Massachusetts in the United States in 1895, a man named Williams, cover, Morgan invented the volleyball sports workers; Also emerge, table tennis, water polo, handball, bicycles, etc.

In the 1960 s the United States is experiencing the most brilliant era in the history of the development of capitalism, but also stepped into the drawbacks of the instrumental rationality of capitalism highlights the era. Promote the rapid development of science and technology and economy into the industrial society to think Daniel bell "post-industrial society", marcuse thinks "consumer society", and what baudrillard called "post-modern society". From the point of view of the cultural development, it is by the science and culture to art and culture transition stage, instrumental rationality, the subject status of the people to return to. So far, has formed the publicity and individualized value orientation of the development of human freedom, has contributed to such as rock climbing, bungee jumping, BMX, parkour make public individual character, such as the birth of extreme sports, at the same time also produces the aesthetic, such as sports aerobics, trampoline.

Into the era of art and culture, not only creates the individuality of extreme sports and some of the aesthetic movement project, and, in order to make the sport more original aesthetic value and frequent rule changes. Take the lead to implement 24 seconds in the 1950 s of the NBA rules, ugly game way to improve the basketball court to delay the time, to the end of the 20th century, the fiba adopted the rule; Volleyball eased sentences for defense, increasing the number of deals with the defense of "free" good defensive rules, make the game the ball back and forth, the aesthetic feeling of skill and tactics to get more fully embodied; Badminton, volleyball, rally point system.the importance of table tennis for 11 points system, to a certain extent, increased the uncertainty of the result of the match, the relatively weak players willing to struggle, and the dominant player in the game will also focus on every point, the game became more colorful. Such rules changes, but also constantly.

In short, this phenomenon reflects the "I'm in the culture, culture is in my heart" the dialectical relations, the development of the cultural influence and dominate people's behavior, the behavior of people contribute to the formation of a new cultural form, will promote the development of sports, sports development way is the direct embodiment of the new cultural forms.

Sports art not convert this sports art, but in the cultural development, diversifying the value of sports in the tide of strengthening its aesthetic value. Russia's aesthetes plekhanov had explicitly pointed out that there is no absolute standard of beauty, and it is impossible to exist. One concept of beauty in the process of historical development certainly in changing. Therefore, sports art is also a long-term dynamic process, not can't change the nature of sports properties.

Sports art is the most direct means of sports art, independent art activities combined with sports activities enrich the forms of sports, sports through the baptism of the art technique enriched the aesthetic connotation.

Blend in art activities sports activities enrich the forms of expression. Big games opening and closing ceremonies cultural and artistic performance has been indispensable, become the necessary ceremony at sporting events. In 1932 created the spectacular opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in Los Angeles and performing skills, the establishment of a particular model. Sports spirit and the artistic charm of mutual reflect, the support of national culture through sports. In Beijing the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games to a long axis Chinese painting expresses the unique Oriental aesthetic spirit of space-time concept and philosophy, interpretation of the modern Olympic spirit, the Chinese nation five thousand years of civilization, show the eye picture scroll, condenses into treasure in the world. The guangzhou Asian games opening ceremony out of the stadium, pioneered the concept of the opening ceremony of the new, pure orientalism ignition reveals the unique charm of Chinese culture. Art activities to make the games a season festival atmosphere, add the color of culture and art. The Stockholm Olympic Games in 1912, the fifth of throwing a large art contest, from the 14th Olympic Games in London in 1948, the race to the exhibition, make their relationship more harmonious, other international sports games and special Olympics world have the initiative. Using the pauses between artistic performance has been commonplace, all kinds of sports baby emerge in endlessly. CUBA matches as you can see all kinds of folk dance artistic performances, such as the NBA game clearance activities more rich and colorful. Sports activities through the art of people has become a splendid culture feast.

Various art means has been widely applied in the field of sports, has greatly enriched the aesthetic connotation of sports. Sports through music is dressed up beyond the original value connotation, such as art, gymnastics, figure skating, aerobics projects with music that dress bring to people's aesthetic pleasure is unmatched by other projects. To dub for a particular action may cause wonderful artistic effect. The creation of the visual image to get great progress in the field of sports. Is the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games emblem specially designed for the first time in history, and created the Olympic Games from visual image unified style form. A sign of CBA, the Chinese super league into the elements of Chinese opera, deepened the western culture. Through the choice of venues also can obtain the unique artistic effect, constitute a beautiful picture. On April 10, 2009, on the red bull the ultimate challenge of an extreme biker leap Cairo outside of the great pyramid, in the red infinitely 'under the setting sun is reflected. Sports clothing beyond the concept of sports equipment, fully shows have artistic quality. Modern women's tennis match was like fashion, unique, personalized clothing became the essence of people willing to appreciate. However, clothing art and not simply to attract the attention of the audience with exposure, "swimsuit" provisions of the women's volleyball team has ended in failure. With the development of sports art, all sorts of methods will be developed, such as, the modern game of lights use also more and more get people's attention.

In the wave of cultural development, the sports only by continuously strengthen its own art, create and strengthen the sports aesthetic value to better meet people's aesthetic demand. Physical beauty content is mainly composed of physical beauty, movement of beauty and spiritual beauty. Sports own artistic performance including spirit beauty, rich sports, strengthen the body, make the various elements of beauty by organizing sports activities better.

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