本篇paper代写- Foreign supervision讨论了异体监督。异体监督是相对于同体监督提出来的，它们主要是从监督的主体上区分的。同体监督更多的是作为一种系统内部的监督，是上下左右之间及专门监督之间共同形成的监督体系，包括同一行政系统内的上下级监督和同一行政层级的左右监督；异体监督是指来自于行政系统外部的其他主体与监督对象之间构成的监督体系，包括社会舆论监督、第三部门监督、人民群众监督以及异地监督。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。
Variants are compared with the existed supervision, they basically distinguish from the main body of supervision. As a kind of system supervision, more is is internal supervision, is a common form between the up and down or so and oversight of the supervision system, including the supervisor within the same administrative system of the supervision, and about the same administrative level supervision; Variants supervision refers to the other main body from the external administrative system and supervision between the object of supervision system, including the social supervision by public opinion, the third sector supervision, supervision of the masses of the people, and long-distance supervision.
As the parts have a kind of complementary supervision forms, variant range from its supervision main body, object of supervision, supervised and form four aspects to understand.
From the perspective of the main body of foreign supervision and the social public, the third sector, the mass media and other judicial supervision object has no direct interest relation, trial, authorities are within the scope of foreign supervision and public opinion.
Public supervision is mainly refers to the citizens of administrative departments and their staff in the performance of its functions in the process of actions, as well as the result of oversight. At the request of the modern rule of law government, the power of the citizens increasingly develop and reflected in the political field, citizen participation, right to know, right to petition, supervision and a series of democratic rights are concerned, especially for the management of public affairs and social affairs, the modern citizens seem to be particularly passionate, this also is respect for the rights and protection, supervision right is the citizen's own individual citizens' interests and social public interests.
Third sector is between government and enterprises, non-governmental organizations and non-profit organizations as a transitional organization and strength, play an irreplaceable role in modern administrative. Third sector, non-profit, voluntary organization, self management, non-political, etc, can undertake administrative supervision according to its own advantages, especially its non-political, non-profit desire that can make it in the process of supervision from the interests of the interference factors, political factors, so as to achieve fairness and justice. Third sector in the localities and residents' committees, village committees, ZhiDaiHui and social charity, social volunteer organizations should give full play to its unique supervision efficiency, become the main foreign supervision.
Compared with other supervision main body, the supervision of the mass media is more universal and comprehensive. Supervision by public opinion is mainly refers to the mass media and society through news media or not through the media, by certain groups, class, or region of the people form the view of administrative organs and their personnel or evaluation, so as to form the pressure of public opinion of the executive branch. The advantage of mass media supervision lies in its quick, sharp, direct, timely, eye-catching, appearing strong and wide coverage, in western countries is also known as "the fourth power", and the legislative power, executive power and judicial power and make. The effectiveness of the mass media supervision is the mass media as the representative of the public image exists in society, it often keenly to detect some impact on people's behavior and event and within a certain range expansion, cause more attention of the public, more is to attract the attention of relevant administrative organs and prompting them to take appropriate measures to deal with, so it is a force to be reckoned with.
From the point of the object of foreign supervision, academia has not and object clear demarcation between the parts, but the most an effective form of administrative supervision, the object must be to form the organs and personnel of the administrative behavior of public power, including the behavior way, content, process and result. Administrative organs as a functional departments, its behavior involves all aspects of social life, such as the industrial and commercial administrative, health, environmental protection, civil affairs, finance, duty land tax, health care, labor security, etc., and with the development of the society, the administrative function in further refinement, supervision object is more specific and in-depth.
From the point of the way of foreign supervision, reports, letters and supervision of public supervision, supervision of the third sector in the community and the mass media supervision news supervision by public opinion is the effective form.
Report supervision mainly refers to the citizens according to their own understanding and the findings to take telephone, telegram, letter, online, agent or a variety of ways, such as face to face to the supervision of administrative organs and their personnel, especially the government departments to report box set to become the important carrier to accept a large number of reports. With the progress of science and technology, a citizen's report on the Internet, online BBS report and government web site message is developed, which is a new form of supervision.
Social, mass organizations of self-government organization supervision is through the meeting, in the form of oral or written request to the relevant authorities and their staffs, Suggestions and criticisms, illegal dereliction of duty of administrative organs complaints, reports and charges against any conduct supervision.
News supervision by public opinion is mainly through the mass media such as newspapers, magazines, books, movies, TV, radio, Internet, directly reflect people's opinions on national affairs and other social affairs.
Variants is another way beyond supervision and judicial trial and long-distance supervision by public opinion. "Breakthrough system defects of judicial localization, the localization of public opinion and in the case of in order to change the existing system, to implement supervision, it is worth extending and institutionalised experience."
First, aiming at the disadvantages of poor parts of the supervision, foreign supervision has its important significance.
Variants supervision from rights constraints, to ensure the implementation of the constitution and the law principle is the objective, while the consubstantiality surveillance based on efficiency, in order to improve the administrative efficiency as the central task, revolves around efficiency supervision activities. Variants and consubstantiality supervision differs variants is outside the system of supervision, not all kinds of complicated work relations, beams of cruelty, interests and personal relationships.
Foreign supervision conditions, any supervision main body in monitoring activities in a relatively independent status all the time, this kind of supervision has high speed, high transparency, wide coverage, large impact characteristic. For the institutions in the administrative supervision system, personnel, their duties division reform at the same time, also should perfect the supervision system, to get rid of the plight of administrative supervision and the weak link.
Second, an effective form of allograft as a kind of administrative supervision, to overcome abuse power for personal gains, trade power, administrative power subject, such as corrupt government "rent-seeking" behavior. Government rent-seeking behavior is actually a kind of improper dealings between wealth and economic power, or a kind of public power with another kind of inappropriate exchange between public power. Efforts to increase supervision of variants and scope, is not uncommon for overcoming these government misconduct is of great significance.
Finally, with the improvement of the supervision for the transformation of the government have a positive effect. Government of social governance model is experiencing the change from a control model, governance model to a service-oriented, in this transition period, strengthen the administrative supervision, especially the foreign supervision into full play the positive role to the realization of the service-oriented society provides a good social environment, make a service-oriented society a people-oriented, to provide high-quality public services and public products as the function of the modern society. Modern society also requires heavy responsibility and performance of the government, to strengthen the construction of supervision for building a responsible government, the unity of a new mode of power operation is of great significance in liability. The spirit of modern public administration asked to democratic rule of law is the value idea, with responsibility for citizens as the basic requirement, strengthen the construction of foreign supervision system and its normal operation is the guarantee of administrative power rationalization.
Variants in the supervision subject and no direct interest relationship between supervision object, the superiority of this kind of "different" to become an effective way of administrative supervision, supervise the implementation of the allograft is imperative, but improve the system of administrative supervision, especially the construction contents and procedures of legislation, creating the atmosphere of democracy and open to public scrutiny, establish and broadening the channels for public opinion reflects the information and strengthen supervision of variants in organization system and the spirit of environmental protection is a necessary condition for its development.
Improve the system of administrative supervision, strengthen the legislative work, mainly for variants of diversified main body and its supervision behavior legalization. Especially the foreign supervision procedure in the legislation of the law is the guarantee of administrative supervision and effective operation. At present, China's administrative supervision and legislation is not perfect and reasonable enough, even some field is blank, there are many cases tended to be method and method of edge and gray area, the applicability of the method is not widely, the supervision, there is bigger blindness and randomness, therefore, to strengthen the legislation of administrative supervision, standardization, institutionalization and sequencing, legalization, is the key of the administrative supervision work.
Creating the atmosphere of democratic and open to public scrutiny, and ensure the public's right to exercise supervision of favorable conditions, to provide the public and the supervision by public opinion of democracy, equality, freedom, cooperation and participation of environment. The concept of democracy is not a new word, but that doesn't make democracy work is perfect, especially the democratic supervision. Democratization of atmosphere is the necessary condition to supervise effectively, establish democratic and open atmosphere can collect the supervision of public opinion and reflect the masses of the people's fundamental interests and the overall will. Prompt administrative rights and social integration rather than separate from each other, each other guarantee by an administrative organ has the characteristics of stability and continuity of legal norms to protect the administrative order and social stability.
Establish and widen the channel of the public opinion reflects the information. With the progress of science and technology, a variety of channels of information in daily life and political life, a variety of media such as network, electronic science and technology products should also go into the field of administrative supervision. With diversified also requires supervision mode of diversified development. Network as an efficient tool, can enlarge the channels of citizen participation, to some extent to expand the connotation of democratic decision-making, have a positive effect. To strengthen the construction of electronic government affairs and government work, to improve information transparency to improve, strengthen the network of citizens in the society to participate in the way of synchronous development is an effective way of broadening the channel. Also should notice to monitor resources reasonable use, supervision and resources mainly refers to the integration and network resource integration, technically require certain supervision policy.
To strengthen the supervision of variants in environmental protection in the organization system and spirit. On the organization system, perfecting the supervision and acceptance authority organization various variants, such as organization for the public supervision and information collection and feedback. Organization of rationalization is the timely processing of information to be able to use in a timely manner, the problem of the premise. In spirit and in the environment conducive to stimulate foreign supervision main body participation enthusiasm, make them understand to participate in the form, way, understand their legal rights and status, establish the modern significance of power - right idea.
Variants are mainly from supervision main body to determine a form of administrative supervision, the supervision of its scope, object, and is for the perfection of the administrative supervision system. In contemporary efficiency, benefit, fair and impartial administrative ideas under the guidance of, and reasonable by using the theory of foreign supervision and strengthen supervision and construction, give full play to the advantages of foreign supervision and lay a foundation for the realization of the new responsible government, service-oriented government.
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