作业代写：Civil justice reform in England

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Civil justice reform in England，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国民事司法的改革。英国民事司法的改革统一了高等法院和郡法院的诉讼规则；为加强法院对诉讼的控制，重点推行案件管理制度；为防止诉讼过分迟延，采取在快速程序中制定确定的时间表等措施；通过完善“早期卸除”程序，严格控制诉讼费用；鼓励当事人采取ADR解决纠纷。

At the end of the 20th century, most countries faced different forms and degrees of judicial crisis: high litigation costs and long litigation process made the court unable to provide an effective way to guarantee rights and settle disputes. Britain, too, faces a particularly acute crisis in its civil justice system. High litigation costs; Undue complexity; Uncertainty about the time and money that might be spent in litigation; Impartiality, that is, the party with strong financial resources can use all the weaknesses of the system to defeat the opponent. Hence the growing clamour for reform in Britain. In 1994 the civil justice reform was formally unveiled in Britain, with Lord Woolf appointed by the Lord chancellor to lead it. Lord Wolf published the interim report on civil Justice reform in England and wales in June 1995 under the title Access to Justice. The final report was published in July 1996. In 1998, new civil procedure rules based on the above two reports came into effect on April 26, 1999.

The reforms currently under way or to be carried out in the UK are mainly based on the scheme proposed by Lord wolff in the report. The new rules of civil procedure put into effect on April 26, 1999 generally adopt the reform views of Lord wolff, which constitute the core content of the British civil litigation reform and is an important phased result. As envisaged in the final report, civil justice reform should achieve the following objectives: to avoid litigation as much as possible; Reduce litigation antagonism. Increase cooperation; Simplifying litigation; Shortening litigation time and making it more deterministic; Litigation costs have become more affordable and predictable and more commensurate with the value and complexity of the case; Financially strapped parties can Sue on a more equal basis; The division of responsibilities between the judicial department and the administrative department in the civil justice system is clearer. Designing the structure of the court and the disposition of judges to meet the needs of litigation; Effectively appoint judges. To enable it to administer proceedings in accordance with the new rules and protocols of civil procedure; The civil justice system can respond to the demands of litigation. According to article 1 of the new rules, the basic goal of the new rules is to ensure that the court hears cases fairly.

The content of civil justice reform in England mainly includes the following aspects: unifying the litigation rules of high court and county court; In order to strengthen the court's control over litigation, the case management system should be emphasized. In order to prevent the litigation from being excessively delayed, measures such as setting a definite timetable in the rapid proceedings should be taken; Strictly control litigation costs by improving the front loading program; Encourage parties to adopt ADR to resolve disputes.

Thus it can be seen that whether it is to take measures to expand the acceptance of the judicial system, remove the obstacles for parties to resort to the judicial system, or to reform the civil judicial system. Since the mid-1990s, the civil justice reform in the UK has always taken the guarantee of the effective realization of the fair trial right of British citizens as the top idea. But Britain did not neglect the role of alternative dispute resolution mechanism that ADR, on the contrary, in the process of the civil judicial reform, countries to persuade the actions to be a final resolve the dispute relief measures, encourage national as far as possible to avoid litigation, for certain types of dispute, the court to encourage the parties in the resort to the court before the use of alternative dispute resolution mechanism, namely to achieve justice by ADR.

Different from the American practice of "strongly supporting and actively intervening", the British practice of ADR adopts the practice model of "vigorously supporting and cautiously intervening". The legislative and judicial departments of the United Kingdom strongly support the development of ADR. The British court mainly aims to provide indirect but effective support for the operation of the self-sufficiency and autonomy of ADR, but is not willing to get too involved in the ADR mechanism. Therefore, British courts do not tend to provide ADR products directly, i.e. set up courts to attach ADR, but take some measures in civil justice reform to encourage citizens to use ADR, such as actively trying to use economic leverage, including legal aid funds and litigation costs to urge parties to voluntarily adopt ADR; Through the court's case management system, all civil courts are provided with alternative dispute resolution mechanisms such as information resources. At present, the main forms of British ADR include: mediation, mediation, administrative judgment, mini trial, expert decision, early neutral assessment, judicial assessment, arbitration, etc. These adrs are combined with civil litigation to form a multi-dispute settlement mechanism with complementary functions and coordinated development.

In addition, most importantly, before the civil justice reform, the development of civil ADR organizations in the UK has formed a certain scale. The role of the three major British ADR organizations, namely the Academy of Experts, the ADR group and the dispute settlement center is particularly important. These ADR organizations not only resolve disputes, but also do a lot of work in ADR human resources construction. In particular, the expert association has made great achievements in training neutral second persons. This has laid the necessary organizational and human resource foundation for the sustainable development of ADR.

There is no litigation explosion in China. Western rule of law developed countries to promote ADR, mainly due to the explosion of litigation. In China, an important factor that attracts people's attention to ADR is also caused by the pressure of the increasing number of cases that judicial departments are facing, but this pressure is by no means the so-called "lawsuit explosion". Between 1990 and 1999, courts across the country received an average of 424 cases a year. 90,000 units, a 3 on the previous 13-year average. In 1989, the number of judges was 120,000, and in 1998, the number of judges was about 170,000, an increase of 41. 67%. In terms of the workload per judge, take 1998, which had the highest settlement rate, as an example. 88 pieces. It can be seen that, although the number of cases accepted by Chinese courts has increased rapidly in recent years, the court is far from exhausted. The judicial pressure in China is caused by the low efficiency of the judicial system.

Non-litigation dispute settlement resources are not fully utilized. The current ADR procedures in China mainly include mediation and arbitration. In practice, the former mainly includes people's mediation, litigation mediation, administrative mediation and mediation in arbitration. But resources are severely idle, resulting in huge waste. Take mediation as an example. During the period from 1990 to 2004, not only did the number of cases mediated by the people exceed the total number of cases settled by the courts in the same period, but the number of cases settled by the courts accounted for up to 58. 85%, it is no exaggeration to say that mediation plays an irreplaceable role in any other dispute settlement method in Chinese society. However, although civil disputes have been rising every year from 1990 to 2004, the number of settlements has not been increasing year by year, but has been decreasing exponentially. In 1990, the total number of civil cases mediated by the people was 740. 920,000, down to 449 in 2003. In 1990, the court mediation accounted for 43 cases in the same period. 67 percent, up from 58 in 1994. 85%, down to 29 in 2003. 94%. Mediation is faced with an unprecedented dilemma: the utilization rate of mediation has declined all the way, and mediation has been gradually marginalized.

One - sided view of rule of law. Recently, the focus of the judicial reform in our country are mainly concentrated in the people's court within the judicial system reform and improvement of the system of theory aspect, and ignore or downplay the ADB system construction, this is because since the 1990 s, in theory and practice of law, there is a kind of too much emphasis on the judicial function improper exaggerated tendency of the role of litigation, the mediation mechanism of ADR mistaken for damage to the rule of law. This view and tendency to treat the relationship between litigation mechanism and non-litigation mechanism "has greatly changed from the past theory of legal futility to the theory of legal omnipotence, as if any problem and any dispute could be solved through judicial channels". This is essentially a misunderstanding, and the background of judicial reform and the limits of justice and ADB in the four countries of Europe and America. The successful experience tells us that modern countries ruled by law not only do not exclude the form of ADR, but also need ADR to divert the solution channels of disputes, alleviate the increasing judicial load and save limited judicial resources.

Firstly, western ADR is carried out under the condition of highly legalized society and strong self-discipline of social subjects. However, China is now in the period of social transformation. The traditional value system has been loose, and the new value system has not been established yet. The awareness of citizens' rights is not strong enough, and the ability of self-discipline is low. Therefore, ADR, as an alternative solution based on the autonomy and self-discipline of the parties, lacks the self-discipline of the parties at the present stage in China and cannot be guaranteed, and most ADR falls into litigation as a mere form. Secondly, the socialist market economy is in the stage of establishment and perfection, which makes the forms of civil disputes diverse, the main body behavior lacks standard, and the civil legal relations change rapidly. Therefore, the way of litigation with authority and compulsion to determine rights and obligations becomes the first choice of parties and the social need.

The inherent disadvantages of ADR also hinder its development. Because ADR does not have the mandatory effect, the standard and the procedure's arbitrariness, after the host the organization quality is uneven, as well as the party's strength difference causes the unfair result, causes the party to lack the trust each other, the court also disregards the cooperation.

The law provides for the settlement of non-litigation disputes, such as people's mediation and arbitration, to be too simple and principled. Our country 1995 promulgate "arbitration law" only 80 articles. The law has been implemented for more than seven years, and the legislature has yet to formulate relevant implementation measures. The lag of arbitration legislation directly makes it difficult for each region to complete the task of establishing arbitration organization. As for mediation, besides people's mediation, the laws on settling disputes between professional intermediary agencies such as Chambers of commerce, law firms, accounting firms, architects' associations, insurance associations and banking associations are still missing.

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作业代写：Silicon valley Banks in the United States

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Silicon valley Banks in the United States，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的硅谷银行。近年来，美国信息产业的高速发展，得益于美国硅谷银行的特殊金融扶持政策。硅谷银行作为创业银行的成功范例，应归功于清晰的定位和创新业务的发展。从硅谷银行的服务对象定位上，可以清楚地看到它创业银行的鲜明特点。硅谷银行业务模式创新包括投入方式的创新。硅谷银行突破了债权式投资和股权式投资的限制。而后银行将资金以借贷的形式投入创业企业之中。采用股权投资时，硅谷银行与创业企业签订协议，收取股权或认购股权以便在退出中获利。

China's high-tech industry, especially the development of information industry, benefits from the special financial support policies of silicon valley Banks in the United States. Let's briefly review the role of the bank's special strategy. Silicon valley bank was founded in 1983 by commercial Banks with a registered capital of just $5m. For the first 10 years of operation, its financial products were loans and savings only, and its customers were mainly silicon valley technology companies, real estate developers and medium-sized commercial institutions, just like ordinary commercial Banks.

1993 is an important transition period for silicon valley bank and a critical period for its successful transformation from a traditional commercial bank to a start-up bank. In 1993, at a time when silicon valley's high-tech industry was booming, there were 350 Banks in the valley, including bank of America, BNP paribas and standard chartered. But the big Banks tend to focus their services on the big firms, rather than on the smaller tech firms. The name "bank of silicon valley" sets the stage for its innovative business strategy -- "bank of silicon valley" is the company that serves silicon valley, should be the one that provides financial services for innovation and risk-taking.

John Dean, the bank's chief executive at the time, decided to bypass the branches of big Banks and target his own market for small and medium-sized businesses that were new, were growing faster and deemed too risky by other Banks to offer services. All of these companies are backed by venture capital but have yet to list on the stock market. At the same time, silicon valley's banking operations have spread across the country, "where the center of technological innovation is, we are." John Dean came up with such a catchy slogan.

The bank's revamped strategy has been a boon to silicon valley tech companies that were struggling, undercapitalized and short of credit at the time. Since 1993, the average return on assets of silicon valley Banks has been 17.5%, compared with around 12.5% for American Banks over the same period. That makes it in 10 years, become the emerging technology companies in the market one of the most status of commercial Banks, published in the American bankers "100 medium-sized Banks in the country's biggest companies league table", the silicon valley bank, with its high returns and earnings per share growth, maintained its three years from 1998 to 2000, comprehensive evaluation first.

The orientation and development of the banking business in silicon valley silicon valley bank as a successful example of venture banking should be attributed to the clear orientation and the development of innovative business. From the orientation of service object of silicon valley bank, it can be seen clearly the distinct characteristic of its start-up bank. After 1993, silicon valley bank targeted at three types of smes:

Small and medium-sized enterprises in star-up and EXPANSION do not have large scale and investment capital.

Small and medium-sized enterprises in information and electronic technology industry, software and network service industry and biological science industry.

It has to be the small and medium-sized enterprises that are backed by venture capital and looking for more venture capital firms to partner with.

Silicon valley banking business model innovation silicon valley banking business model innovation mainly includes the innovation of input methods. First, silicon valley Banks broke the limits of debt and equity. In the case of debt investments, silicon valley Banks typically extract some of their clients' funds. Although the bulk of venture capital funding comes from bond and stock sales, silicon valley Banks use some of their clients' funds as capital to reduce the amount of capital raised and the cost of raising it. Banks then lend money to start-ups. Since silicon valley Banks serve innovative enterprises in the initial stage, most of them are in urgent need of capital support, so they are not very sensitive to the loan interest rate. In general, silicon valley Banks are 1 to 1.5 percentage points higher than other commercial Banks in the loan interest rate. And 30% of the money that companies receive from venture capital firms is deposited in the bank on demand, with fairly low interest rates. By taking advantage of large differences in the interest rates paid on deposits and loans, silicon valley Banks were able to earn higher rates than the average bank. For example, silicon valley bank chose Quintessent communication company in the information and electronic technology industry as its client and venture investment object. It adopted creditor's right investment, loaned to the company at a high rate of loan interest as the cost of risk, assisted its development through consultation and as a kind of regulation of its investment.

When adopting equity investments, silicon valley Banks enter into agreements with startups to take equity or subscribe for equity in order to profit from an exit. For example, when a silicon valley bank made a start-up investment in a biotech company, the Neurogenetics Corporation, it took an equity investment. Besides, I worked closely with Advent nternational venture capital company to strengthen the supervision of the company, provide consulting and banking services, and find more investors for the company. It is worth mentioning that silicon valley Banks are in the investment.

Borrow money to start a business, charging a higher rate than the market for general lending, and striking a deal with the business to get a share or a subscription. The purpose of this approach is to increase returns and reduce risks. Through the investment way of reasonable utilization, until June 30, 2003, silicon valley bank has 1770 subscribed shares, involving 1316 enterprises to invest in item 239 of venture capital, has 10 years of average return on capital investment was 14. 8%, especially in 1999 and 2000 respectively, 21. 9% and 33. 3%, 2000 stock option income reached $100 million. However, due to the slow growth of the us economy, the return on capital investment declined in 2001 to 17.8 per cent. However, it is fair to say that silicon valley Banks have been relatively successful in comparing the returns on investment across the entire unlisted equity market.

Silicon valley Banks blur the line between direct and indirect investment. "Direct" investment means that silicon valley Banks invest money directly into start-ups, without going through venture capital firms. When returns are generated, they are handed directly to the bank by the start-up. "Indirect" investment refers to the silicon valley bank's investment in the venture capital company, which is invested by the venture capital company, and returns to the bank by the venture capital company, among which the venture company will not have investment contact with the bank.

A close partnership with venture capital firms has been one of silicon valley's most important strategies. The silicon valley bank also provides direct banking services to both venture capital firms and venture capital firms, often with branches near them. The bank is also a shareholder or partner in more than 200 venture capital funds, building a stronger foundation for collaboration. In addition, the bank of silicon valley has set up an advisory committee on venture capital investment. These efforts have led to a network of silicon valley Banks and venture capital investors that can share information and collaborate more deeply.

The risk control and exit method of silicon valley bank is faced with the risk of start-up enterprises that commercial Banks do not like to talk about. How does the silicon valley bank control the risk? The prudent investment choice makes the silicon valley bank have a good start, the reasonable capital allocation makes the silicon valley bank has the sufficient profit prospect, the multi-directional risk control guarantees the silicon valley bank reduces the risk. Silicon valley Banks mainly adopt the following risk control methods:

The so-called risk isolation is that silicon valley Banks separate venture capital from general business. The venture capital funds of silicon valley Banks mainly come from stock market raising, and a few of them come from fund projects. They do not withdraw funds from general business, and general business is not diverted from venture capital funds, thus avoiding the corresponding risk impact. The bank has also set up two companies to manage the venture capital fund, further ensuring the normal operation of venture capital and risk isolation from the general business.

One is to invest in projects in different industries, implementing the portfolio. The second is the portfolio of projects at different stages. The third is the portfolio of projects with different risk levels. Fourth, the investment portfolio of projects in different regions and Spaces.

The silicon valley bank's investment is premised on companies backed by venture capital and looking for more venture capital firms to partner with, which is undoubtedly a manifestation of joint investment.

Silicon valley Banks, which mainly invest in the high-tech and biopharmaceutical industries, have made start-ups their own customers, offering services and expert advice after putting in the money. The proper use of these methods guarantees the return of capital and profits of silicon valley Banks. For nearly 100 years, 97.5 percent of U.S. bank failures were due to loan losses. Over the past 20 years, silicon valley Banks have lost less than 1% a year. As a commercial venture bank, it can achieve such achievements, which to some extent indicates that the implementation of risk control measures of silicon valley Banks is relatively good.

There are also innovations in the way silicon valley Banks exit. Silicon valley Banks mainly use public listing methods to exit venture capital investment. It takes equity, sells the startup after it goes public, makes a profit, and makes other investments. In the case of unlisted startups, silicon valley Banks are also using acquisitions to exit. There are two main methods of acquisition: merger, also known as general acquisition. Second, other venture capital investment, also known as phase ii acquisition. Venture capital has spawned a large number of new varieties, gradually from the traditional venture capital to the emerging venture investment transition.

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Research Paper写作目标,Research Paper写作误区

虽然Research Paper是国外大学常见的作业形式之一，但有的同学可能接触得少，不太懂得怎么写Research Paper.如果大家在写作Research Paper的过程中，对写作目标不明确，那么就会走进写作的误区，这样子就糟了，下面就给大家详细讲解一下这个问题。

首先我们来了解一下Research Paper写作目标的介绍吧。

1、Research Paper写作要达到老师布置的要求

一般很多高校老师在布置Research Paper时会明确写作要求，如Topic、资料引用和Methods等。了解了老师要求后，我们要先进行简单分析，要注意，Research Paper写作要做到题目Concise and definite，一般字数控制在20字以内；摘要部分要高度进行概括，进行简单阐述即可，字数在200字左右；正文部分要根据老师要求来进行简单设计，每个Chapter paragraph之间来分配合理，字数不宜太多也不宜太少。

2、Research Paper写作要抓住重点

一般来讲，在写作Research Paper时候，对于Topic范围越小，写作也就容易些。所以一定要根据自己所学知识，选择自己感兴趣的论题来写作。如果文章观点太大或者太空洞，就会让人不明白你在讲什么，不明白你究竟是要阐述什么。可见，选择一个合适Topic对于文章写作很重要。

3、论点要清晰

Research Paper写作一定要有自己的观点，并不是对于前人论点进行描述，是要在前人写作基础上，找出自己的观点，并进行论证的一个过程。有些留学生们在写作Research Paper时，不知道How to refine an argument，这样写作出来只会让导师觉得文章没有创新性。创新其实很简单，就是在前人基础上，求同存异，找出别人研究的不足，之后进行补充和进一步探讨，得出属于自己的观点。国外很多老师都主张学生们写作要避免A commonplace talk of an old scholar，要有开拓性，想别人不敢想的。

4、Research Paper写作要有高质量图表

Research Paper写作不是对别人观点进行简单总结，优秀的Research Paper是需要有一定学术性，需要有Authoritative data来对文章观点进行支持。论文图表在进行制作时候，要注意格式，避免格式不当，影响了整体写作效果。

下面我们为大家介绍Research Paper的写作误区

1、Research Paper写作不是问题总结

Research Paper写作不是为了收集Topic资料并总结，而是在要这个基础上，阅读更多的资料，并运用这些资料来进行论点论证。Research Paper写作要做到认真严谨，实事求是。老师对于Research Paper写作要求不同，写作方法也有一些差异，但是万变不离其宗。

2、Research Paper写作不是单纯引用列表

Research Paper写作重点是为了阐述自己观点，通过引用一些数据来进行文章写作，目的是为了支持自己文章观点，而不是对别人观点进行Citation and elaboration。

3、先入为主的观点在Research Paper写作中不合适

很多朋友们在写作Research Paper会使用到选入为主这个观点，其实这个观点不科学，尤其是在Research Paper写作中。Research Paper写作不是为了论证我们已经认定的一个事实，而是要抛开一些原有偏见，通过观察、论证等方法来进行验证，再得出观点的一个过程。

以上就是关于Research Paper的写作目标和误区的分析。任何英文写作都有一定技巧，只有掌握了写作技巧和写作要领，才可以使文章写作更有可读性。

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：The long-term value of packaging design

本篇paper代写- The long-term value of packaging design讨论了包装设计的长久价值。包装设计应该是功效的、人文的、环保的，缺一不可。它应在重视其功能性第一的前提下，有节制的呈现出技术与艺术结合，体现出不同消费群体审美情趣及文化内涵，并且以3R制造为设计准则，最终实现自然价值与精神价值的辩证统一。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Every day for most people used directly or indirectly, to use more than 5 kinds of packaging. Packaging design as the important part of modern commodity marketing, here we discussed the functions of packaging design idea, to satisfy the marketability of packaging design, this paper discusses the cultural inheritance of packaging design and discussed the development prospects of sustainable packaging, points out, packaging design shall be the unification of the situation and function, and fit with the energy conservation and environmental protection, to such as "wine" aloes, achieve its time even epoch-making significance.

Packaging design is to solve for packing subjective need and objective function of the two big problems. This is embodied in the functionality of the packaging design. "Do no need to reinvent the wheel, but we have to improve the wheels, to run faster and better!" Packing also so, when our ancestors found in yeast wine, perhaps with lotus leaf or a concave shape vessel for it, then we invented the bronze when we use the hip flask. When glass is used when we use the bottle. , at that time no packaging design concept; When we label the bottle, and understand the scientific method, packaging design also exist. Although in the absence of broad sense design era we don't use the word packaging design, but the way the predecessors to do so has been to perform packaging the actual effect. So in the packaging design should meet the above all is its principle and easy to use, obey the original natural scale, it is also at any time, any product the most basic requirements of packaging design.

If, with emphasis on the protection of industrial packaging design, commercial packaging design is main purpose is to promote. Commodity packaging plays a special role in the economy, is the physical, the metaphysical, it will be physical, physical products, supplies, and even waste after packing into a commodity. It must be through the test of market competition, the design to achieve the final success or not is whether it will be beautification products achieve promotion purposes. As arne haim in his book art and visual perception, puts it: "the visual image is never for perceptual materials mechanical duplication, but a creative grasp of reality. Grasp it to the image is rich in imaginative, creative, sharpness of the image of beauty. Viewing the world activity was proved to be the nature of the external objective thing itself and the interaction between the nature of the beholder." To make the packaging in the market have good promotion effect, in the packaging design should follow the Japanese scholar, zhuo "good eye, Richard," put forward by the principle.

Success of packaging not only through the use of modelling, colour, pattern, material cause consumer attention and interest of the product, to make consumers through knowledge of product packaging. For people to buy is not the purpose of the packaging, but packaging products.

The most effective way to accurately convey the product information is true to convey the image of the product. It or use transparent packaging; Or on the packaging container window display products; Or paint products in packaging graphics; Or use the concise text; Pictures or color printing products, etc.

Accurately convey the product information, also requires the class of the packaging and the grade of the product, cover up or exaggerate the quality of the product packaging, function is failure.

Accurately convey the product information, also requires packaging successfully used in the modelling, colour, design, etc. Don't violate people's habits, causing misunderstanding.

Man's love plays an extremely important role in impulse buying. Goodwill from two aspects: first is the practical aspect, the packaging can meet the demand of consumers of various aspects, provides convenient for consumers. Consumers can choose according to their habits. When product packaging provides a convenient, will naturally cause consumers favor. Second, goodwill also directly from the elements of the exterior of the packaging, it is a comprehensive psychological effect, and individual and private environment have close relationship. In color, the color of each one has his own love and hate, but also have in common, such as most women love pure white and sweet mysterious purple, pink, they are known as women of color; Black men love solemn, calm and composed of dark blue, they say male color again. In addition, each nation have different favorite color, said national color.

Packaging design as a kind of cultural phenomenon, as well as works of art, should belong to the age of it and the people. From the content point of view, after the packing appear different cultural orientation, the "elegant", "common" is produced. Yu guoming, a professor in the "lecture room" seminar of the word "fit" the brilliant, "I think of a word is called a fit, now understand the refined and vulgar is two words, I understand is composed by a word, correspond with the bad, and contains the elegant cultural connotation and value, and generally enjoy cultural products for the society is composed by." Here to borrow this interpretation is also appropriate, packaging design should be in "elegant" to demanding the style of commodity quality, in order to "common" to pursue the diversification of consumers, "low" is to avoid the "bad" design tendency, in more affinity propagation way to spread the elegant culture.

From the point of expression form, any design activities of people is inseparable from the particular social cultural background, from the social cultural environment at that time the growth of the national spirit.

In short, packaging design should be effect, market, humanities, environmental protection, be short of one cannot. It should be in the first premise, attaches great importance to its functional abstemious presents the technology and the combination of art, reflects the aesthetic taste and cultural connotation of different consumer groups, and design criteria for 3 r, finally realizes the dialectical unification of natural value and spirit value.

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Essay代写：The influence of the church of England on the rise of cities

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The influence of the church of England on the rise of cities，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国教会对城市兴起的影响。英国城市的蓬勃兴起，教会起着积极作用。基督教教义主张平等自由，提倡诚实守信、遵守规则、遵从内心的选择，这为城市兴起奠定了思想基础；教会作为宗教中心，引领消费集中，促使工商业汇集，为城市发展奠定了物质基础。另外教会还插手经济，提出促进经济发展的手段和策略，推动了英国城市的兴起。早期教会具有城市性，教会与城市联系密切；有的宗教中心直接发展为城市，教士的文化教育活动推动英国城市的阶层流动，从而带动了英国城市的兴起。

In the 12th and 13th centuries English cities flourished and the church played an active role. The Christian doctrine advocated equality and freedom, and advocated honesty and honesty, abiding by rules and following inner choices, which laid the ideological foundation for the rise of cities. As a religious center, the church leads the consumption concentration, promotes the industry and commerce to gather, and lays the material foundation for the urban development. The church also got involved in the economy, proposing the means and strategies to promote economic development, and driving the rise of British cities. The early church has the city nature, the church and the city close connection; some religious centers develop directly into cities, and the cultural education activity of priests promotes the class flow of British cities, thus driving the rise of British cities.

With the fall and collapse of the Roman empire, the development of British cities was interrupted. In the early days of Anglo-Saxon, most cities were already dead, and real cities were dead. This period experienced the conflict of tribal states, the invasion of foreign tribes and the war of secession, followed by the urban demise, which was called the dark and backward era by historians. In the 12th century, British cities sprang up everywhere. What prompted the rise of British cities in the 12th and 13th centuries? As we go back to the cities of late Anglo-Saxon England, the church was beginning to take shape, it was becoming organized, and it became a powerful social force in England. The domestic research on the medieval church of England is weak, especially the research on the influence of the church on the rise of cities in the 12th and 3rd centuries. This paper explores the positive influence of church on the rise of medieval British cities, which is undoubtedly of academic significance.

The doctrine is the most core part of religion. The well-known image of conservative and greed in the medieval Christian church is deeply rooted in people's hearts. After colluding with the king, the church oppresses the poor people, such as teaching people to meek, learn to endure and obey orders. However, the positive side of the doctrine is worth advocating.

Christianity emphasizes the concept of equality of all people, natural law and fraternity. The concept of equality and autonomy inherited from ancient primitive society, classical society and even Christianity in the middle ages laid the ideological foundation for the birth of medieval cities in Western Europe. In primitive times, people had simple ideas about the equality between tribal members. Economically, cities represent commerce; Politically, the city was an autonomous community, anti-feudal. Citizens demand equality, and then the judicial power, the power of autonomy. The doctrine of equality before god, which is universal and covers all, provides a theoretical basis for the equality needed for the development of industry and commerce.

Christian doctrine advocates freedom. "The medieval city originated from the classical era and the combination of justice and Christianity and the integration of rationalism. In the western medieval era where the belief in supremacy not only existed, but also existed from weakness to strength. Eventually, universal rationality was established and prevailed in the heyday of the middle ages." At the same time, a sense of self-determination to pursue the individual is also emerging. British cities were anti-feudal, and with the strength of capitalism, a third tier grew out of the cities and seized power as a representative of the whole population. In the 12th and 13th centuries, British cities developed on the basis of this trend of pursuing freedom and breaking away from the feudal bondage. This concept of freedom became an important ideological condition for the rise of cities.

Many scholars argue that Christianity before the reformation was opposed to profit motive and even that the church was hostile to business. French historian Henry skin reina has summarize characteristics of the late middle ages in this sentence: "traders rarely make god happy, even can never make god pleasure". This seems to me to be a clear bias against the church, because under god, the merchants did make money, there were many successful cases, and they were the driving force of urban development. The church implicitly promoted the emancipation of the business mind, "human beings are no longer dependent on the bounty of nature, but are starting from scratch to try to construct a new and manageable order."

Christianity began to spread in England in 597 when augustine was sent by the Pope to preach in what was then the kingdom of Kent. By the eighth century, England had 17 bishops, four in the north and 13 in the south. These places are not only religious centers, but also a collection of handicraft products. Some scholars believe that since at least the 8th century, these cathedrals and monasteries have been distinguished from surrounding villages and have the characteristics of "city". How does the church promote economic growth, and thus the rise of cities? The author analyzes from subjective and objective aspects.

Objectively, the great religious center is a considerable consumer community. Religious people make up the majority of consumers in British cities represented by London, and purchases account for the absolute amount of business. Church people not only need all kinds of daily necessities, wine, used to decorate the church exquisite handicrafts and other luxury goods, also need to temporary factotum servants, these requirements constitute a large and attractive market, landless peasants, slaves, and craftsmen and businessmen, servants, and the beggar flocked to look for opportunities. In addition to the church's own demand, increasing of pilgrims gathered city also, for those relics along a place of pilgrimage route and with saint church or monasteries prosperity of commodity economy, Susan Reynolds called "pilgrim trade". The market developed and the economy boomed. Excavations of the monasteries of the eighth and ninth centuries, such as hartlepool and whitby, revealed the existence of handicraftsmen in a variety of industries, where foreign trade and local trade were active. These excavations show the importance of religious institutions for early urban development.

Subjectively, the church collects various benefits such as tolls from the market. In the eighth century, for example, because the property of bishop Worcester and his cathedral was a salt producing center, the church's two boats ply the salt trade between London and Worcester, and were exempt from passing taxes along the way. In the second half of the ninth century, etelfrid and her husband Ethel authorized Worcester bishop wofetz and his church to receive half of the proceeds of the market. Such wealth encouraged local artisans and merchants, and there were countless businesses in the name of the church. A typical example is that the abbot of st albans established a market there in 968. Apart from providing construction materials to the businessmen who had come to live in the area, he made other attractive terms for them to conduct business. His descendants followed his example and continued to develop local industry and commerce. The abbot, Leopold, even improved the roads to London, building Bridges and cutting down bushes that impeded traffic.

At the beginning of its emergence, the church has the character of city, which is the foundation of the church's existence and an important place for its dissemination. "Early Christianity was an urban religion, it was urban, not rural, and its spread between the city and the province was along the waterway," says historian Thomas Thompson in his medieval history of economic society. Urban in the church have embodied in the "new testament", from the era of Jesus and the le loi province countryside farmer's religious city of Paul's world religions, Christianity produced change, compared to Jesus quoted familiar things in life such as crops, and the birds of the air as a metaphor, Paul cited many times in the metaphor of the original city and market.

As the core of the church, the clergy plays an important role in urban development. Professor li zenghong pointed out in his analysis of the social classes of London in the 13th and 15th centuries that: "the priest is a very important social class in the medieval British society, as well as an important class in the medieval London society. The clergy gradually established an independent administrative system, constantly improved the Christian theology, and systematically and orderly instilled the Christian theology and doctrines into all social strata. Catholic priests were the only social class to have received education, and they played an important role in England's cultural communication and national administration. As a way to acquire knowledge, the priest plays an important role in the cultural construction of the city. Since education could cultivate people's ability, in the early middle ages, education was monopolized by the church, and the important positions were those of Catholic priests and archbishops. People who had the need for education became dependent on the church, which triggered the urban class flow, and class flow gave rise to new cities. Furthermore, as more people flooded into the city, stimulated by education, the size and number of cities grew accordingly.

The church city is the typical representative of the medieval British cities, and takes the lead in the development of other cities. In addition to handicraftsmen and small merchants, the city also has bishops, priests, monks and other ecclesiastical figures, and some officials and officials in the city are also mostly priests. In addition, if the city is a college town, there will be many church students. "There are a number of English cities, first cathedrals or monasteries, and then a great number of business people, which gradually grow into cities. By the 9th century, as an important religious center, the city of Canterbury had a habit of requiring the eaves of houses to be two feet wide. Because of his political importance, Canterbury became one of the earliest coin minting points in the country. It was on the main road from London to the coast, which was mentioned as a market in the 8th century, and portus in the 9th century, so you can see its commercial status. Church cities had a certain size in the Anglo-Saxon period and were protected by the crown, and by the 12th and 13th centuries, with the growth of church power, church cities led to the rise of English cities.

In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, British cities developed under the combined role of the crown, economic development and church. The church's role as an initiator, communicator and participant is not the image of greed, corruption and conservatism that people assume. The doctrine has an imperceptible positive impact on the germination of urban industry and commerce, and the church's own economic development has led to the development of British cities. As a religious center, the cultural activities of the church city played a radiating role. It can be said that the early church played an important role in promoting the rise and development of British cities in the 12th and 13th centuries.

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