Essay代写：Britain's agricultural depression

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Britain's agricultural depression，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的农业大萧条。19世纪末的英国农业大萧条，主要是因为该时期严重反常的持续性旱涝天气，以及英国谷物法的废除和自由贸易政策的实施，同时，英国国内农业比较价值的下跌，促使大量农业或乡村地区的人口转移至非农产业或城镇地区，给农场主们的生产活动造成了很大的困难，进一步加剧了该时期农业的萧条程度。

Since the 1870s, the United Kingdom has suffered extreme weather, resulting in a severe crop failure. For example, the British government's annual statistical report on grain output in 1879 showed that, for all the regions surveyed at the time, no statistics on wheat output were higher than the average for that year, while there were only two cases of barley, six cases of peas, and only oats, which were not generally poor. Not only that, but the quality of the grain is not up to scratch. A survey by the Richmond commission found that many farmers were only able to use the grain they produced to feed their animals. Livestock farming also faces serious difficulties. In 1880, for example, the grass-growing season coincided with a spring drought and the harvest with a rainy season, resulting in livestock farmers losing weight due to lack of feed and poor quality livestock. As John Calvertt of Oxfordshire describes it, "the country is currently in the worst of times as we know it, and bad weather has devastated British farmers and agriculture." Based on the above series of similar historical facts, the committee concluded in its 1882 report that "all the evidence we have investigated shows that the depression was mainly the result of a series of adverse weather effects."

To sum up, bad weather was an important cause of the great depression. Bad weather is one of the biggest complaints for farmers who depend on farming for their livelihood, as years of bad weather can leave them with no harvest and no livestock. When the weather is bad, the recession will pass quickly when the weather is good, as many thought. For example, when the climate began to improve in the early summer of 1880, it was said that "the agricultural outlook will improve The agricultural difficulties will pass, and the "good season" will come. However, the British agricultural situation did not develop as these people expected, because bad weather was not the only cause of the agricultural depression.

In addition to the bad weather, there was a sharp downward trend in agricultural prices in Britain at that time. Between 1873 and 1894, the price of produce in Britain generally fell by about a third, but some prices fell by much more than that. Robert Giffen, who has estimated changes in grain prices in lincolnshire during this period, notes that grain prices in 1894 were about 66.46% lower than in 1874. Statistics from other farm accounts show that between 1873 and 1894 the prices of British cereals such as wheat, barley and oats fell by 74.4%, 72% and 50.3%, respectively. Between 1874 and 1891, the output value of meat and milk products decreased by 23.47% and 33% respectively.

Based on similar historical facts, an investigation by the royal commission on the great depression of agriculture in 1897 concluded that the great depression was mainly caused by a severe drop in agricultural prices. However, the serious decline in agricultural prices, as an intuitive factor, its hidden deeper reasons need to be studied carefully. According to the effect of the law of value, when the output of agricultural products is reduced, the price of agricultural products will be increased accordingly, thus, farmers can make up for part of the loss from the rise of their prices. But during the depression, when Britain's output fell sharply, prices did not rise. Why? When we look at world markets, it is not hard to see the real cause of this anomaly, starting with the abolition of the corn laws and the implementation of free trade policies.

The abolition of the corn laws led directly to the influx of foreign produce into the British agricultural market. For example, on the eve of the repeal of the corn laws, wheat imports were about 7-8 per cent of the total wheat consumption in England and wales, but rose to a fifth shortly after the repeal, and to a fourth by the 1850s and 40 per cent by the 1960s. In terms of volume, wheat imports were slightly less than 0.5 million tons in the first half of the 1840s, and slightly more than 0.5 million tons in the second half, rising to about 0.8 million tons in the 1950s. Since the 1960s, imported grain has further eroded Britain's domestic agricultural market. For example, the average volume of grain imports reached 1.5 million tons in the 1960s, 2 or 2.5 million tons in the 1970s and 3 million tons in the 1980s. Despite the rise in grain imports and their share, the rapid expansion of the population during this period led to a huge demand that far exceeded the UK's largest domestic output of agricultural products. Objectively, Britain imported only a quarter of its grain and 14 per cent of its meat by about 1870.

However, the abolition of grain law is an important prerequisite for the implementation of free trade policy. Together with the free trade policy, it ensures the integration of the UK's agricultural market with the world. As a result, the price changes of British domestic agricultural products begin to be affected by the changes in the international and domestic agricultural markets. Based on this, j. r. Wordie believed that the free trade policy adopted in the 1950s and 1960s made British agriculture highly susceptible to foreign competition, which was an important factor contributing to the great depression of agriculture in the late 19th century. Indeed, the abolishment of the grain law and the implementation of the free trade policy gradually broke the closed domestic market space of the rule of value of British agricultural products.

At that time, under the international free trade market environment of the United Kingdom, the domestic agricultural production in the United Kingdom fell while the supply of agricultural products around the world kept increasing. The worldwide appeared during the period of new agricultural production base, such as the ancient India, Australia, North America and other regions, together with the application of the advanced means of transportation such as steamer, greatly reduces the cost of transportation, making a large amount of cheap foreign agricultural products into the UK on a large scale of domestic agricultural products market, with the conditions of the agricultural product supply, thereby inhibiting the British agriculture prices due to bad weather, domestic animal plague may produce the effect of rising trend. Statistics show that by the late 1870s, foreign agricultural products had begun to flood Britain's domestic market. For example, in the case of wheat, about a quarter of the supply of wheat was imported from foreign countries in 1850, up to 50% from 1873 to 1875. In 1879, wheat was imported as much as 59.5 million hectolitres. Although these imports made up for the shortage of Britain's wheat production, they also made it impossible for Britain's wheat to get corresponding compensation through a certain degree of price rise due to the failure of its domestic crop, which obviously affected the original price fluctuation rule of Britain's domestic wheat. Sir James Caird, who compiled data on the output of wheat during the depression of 1853, 1855, 1859, 1860 and 1861, pointed out that during the five years, the average yield of wheat was 24 bushels per acre, and the price was 61 shillings 6 pence. He then drew on data from 1873, 1875, 1876, 1877 and 1879 to show that during the same period of recession, the average yield of wheat was 19 bushels per acre and the price was 49 shillings 10 pence. By comparison, the average wheat yield per acre during the second recession was not only five bushels lower than the previous period, but also 11 shillings and 3 pence lower.

In conclusion, the abolition of grain law and the implementation of free trade policy led to the failure of British agriculture in the late 19th century. The price of British agricultural products was affected by the worldwide price regulation, and the price competition of foreign agricultural products made the price decline instead of rise, and the depression degree was even worse. At this point, the discussion is only about the development of the agricultural sector itself. What would it be like to put it in the context of Britain's overall national economy, including non-farm industries? Did the growth of non-farm industries and the overall national economy in the UK also have an impact on the recession? The answer is yes, and only by placing it within the overall framework of national economic development can we better understand the real causes of this agricultural crisis. As such, the decline in the comparative value of domestic agriculture was another important factor in the crisis.

In this regard, the comparative value of agriculture only refers to the value of agriculture compared with other industries in terms of the employment of labor force and the proportion of contribution to the national economy. During this period, the UK's agricultural sector's ability to absorb Labour and its contribution to the national economy has been declining. By the mid-18th century, about 60 or 70 per cent of the population was either directly or indirectly land related. But by 1856, the proportion of Labour and capital in the UK's agricultural sector in the economy as a whole had fallen to 29.6 per cent and 19.1 per cent. By 1871 it had fallen further to 15 per cent and 14 per cent, and by 1937 it had fallen to 5.3 per cent and 5.7 per cent. The period was a period of rapid social transformation in Britain, from a rural society to an urban society.

With the expansion of industrialization and urbanization, the growing of the factory, workshop, coal mines, and many other than agriculture or rural areas easier ways to generate revenue, unavoidably will induce a large number of agricultural workers pouring in urban areas or in other industries, resulting in the agricultural and rural population is shrinking. For example, in 1861, the urban population and rural population in the UK were about 12,696,520 and 7,369,704 respectively, which rose to 14,929,283 and 7,782,983 respectively in 1871. Obviously, the urban population in the UK grew faster than the rural population, and the proportion of rural population has been far exceeded.

The sharp decline in Britain's agricultural population was also an indisputable fact of the period. And this trend was even more significant during the agricultural depression in the late 19th century, which had a great impact on the business of tenancy farmers and even the development of agriculture. At the time, one person said, "the biggest threat to farmers was not foreign competition or falling agricultural prices, but the difficulty of finding enough labor to meet the needs of farming." A survey of the decline of the British agricultural population during this period showed that the number of agricultural workers in Britain was about 983,919 in 1881, which fell to 866,543 in 1891, and to 689,292 in 1901, which fell by 11,376 in 1881-1891 and 177,251 in 1891-1901, respectively. Moreover, there was a persistent upward trend in the wages of agricultural workers. The average weekly wage for farm workers increased by 11.8% between 1871 and 1881 and by 1.3% between 1881 and 1891, according to a report by Wilson Fox on the state of farm workers at the royal statistical society. In addition, the anti-resistance and political awareness of agricultural workers also increased significantly during this period. Since the 1860 s, agricultural workers have more economic freedom, and relationship with tenancy farmers began to gradually turned into a pure relationship between "money", but the outbreak of the great depression of the late 1870 s agriculture, and makes the relationship between the worse, agricultural workers against resistance increased, at the same time, the agricultural workers during the period of political consciousness is also significantly enhanced, the establishment of the agricultural workers is a proof of that. All in all, during this period of rapid decline in the number of agricultural workers, rising wages, increasing resistance and political awareness, it was difficult for tenancy farmers to obtain a suitable and sufficient labor force to meet the production needs of the farm.

It can be seen from this study that the great agricultural depression in Britain in the late 1870s was caused by various factors. In terms of obvious and immediate factors, the severe persistent drought and flood during this period was a major cause of the outbreak, which caused a sharp decline in domestic agricultural production during this period. In addition, unlike previous agricultural production declines, when prices rose correspondingly, there was also a sharp decline in British agricultural prices during the agricultural depression. It will be found that this "anomaly" was caused by the integration of the UK domestic agricultural market and the world agricultural market caused by the abolition of the British grain law and the implementation of the free trade policy in the mid-19th century. In addition, it was the British national economy overall development situation is concerned, there is a problem of agricultural comparative price fall, the factors causing the large amount of labor from agriculture or rural areas move to other non-agricultural industries and urban areas of practice, the overall condition of the agricultural workers at that time, great changes have taken place in the number of not only fell sharply, at the same time, their wages have also risen sharply, and the resistance and political awareness is also growing, as a result, to tenancy farmers farm production activities caused great difficulties, which further exacerbated the degree of agricultural depression during this period.

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Assignment代写：The American juvenile justice system

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- The American juvenile justice system，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的少年司法制度。在美国少年司法制度建立之前，在理念方面已经做好了充足的准备，在国家亲权理念、儿童无罪与公众责任理念，社会防卫与刑罚个别化理念的支撑下，美国通过发张少年庇护所、开展儿童福利事业为少年司法制度的建立奠定了基础，同时也为美国少年司法制度的发展完善定下了一个基本的方向。在这些理念中，有的发展成为为世界各国所普遍认同的少年司法制度的基本理念。因此，在少年司法制度建立之前，应当具备成熟的理念作为指导，才能保证少年司法制度基础的牢固和平稳的发展。

The United States is the birthplace of the modern juvenile justice system. After more than 100 years of development in the United States, the juvenile justice system has been established in only one state from the original, to today's every state has juvenile court, juvenile justice system deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. Although the national conditions of the United States are very different from ours, and people's way of thinking and ideas are also different from each other, there are still many ideas and characteristics of the American juvenile justice system that deserve our reference.

The judicial idea is of great significance to the establishment of the judicial system. The judicial idea is the solid foundation of the judicial system. If there is no mature idea before the establishment of a judicial system, its foundation is very weak; In the process of the construction of the judicial system, the judicial concept plays a guiding role. Therefore, the concept of juvenile justice is of great significance to the establishment and perfection of juvenile justice system.

Before the founding of the juvenile justice system has prepared enough in terms of philosophy, in the country, the idea of the consortium, children's innocence and public responsibility, social defense and individualized punishment idea, under the support of the United States send a shelter, to carry out the children's welfare through for the establishment of the juvenile justice system laid a solid foundation, but also to the development of the juvenile justice system perfect set a basic direction. Among these ideas, some have developed into the basic idea of juvenile justice system widely accepted by the world. Therefore, before the establishment of the juvenile justice system, it should be guided by mature ideas, so as to ensure the solid and stable development of the juvenile justice system.

The independence of the juvenile justice system mentioned here means that the juvenile justice system should be completely independent of the adult criminal justice system, that is, the establishment of the binary system of the separation of the juvenile justice system and the adult criminal justice system.

The juvenile justice system and the adult justice system have the essential difference. Juvenile justice system in order to protect the teenagers as a basic starting point, so the juvenile justice system of juvenile delinquency is not as true crime processing, handling of juvenile criminal behavior is not to "punish" for the purpose of implementation of all kinds of the juvenile illegal criminal penalties and criminal penalties for adults is a very different nature. If the juvenile justice system is based on the adult criminal justice system, its nature and adult criminal justice system would not have essential differences, so the juvenile justice system must be separated from the adult criminal justice system, formed in a special concept, under the guidance of the principle of the legal system, system, organization of independent and special judicial system.

A legal system should be established for adolescents that is specific to them. Secondly, we should separate the adult cases from the juvenile cases and set up the exclusive trial organization for the juvenile. Again, special juvenile justice staff should be deployed to participate in the whole process of juvenile cases. Influenced by the positivist school of criminology, the juvenile court law of the United States defines juvenile court as an independent juvenile justice system from the very beginning, and finally realizes the separation of juvenile justice system from adult criminal justice system.

To establish an independent juvenile justice system, special juvenile laws should be formulated. In 1950, the resolution of the international conference of prisons in the Hague stated: "the laws concerning crimes against minors, whether substantive or procedural, cannot be standardized as those applicable to adults. Such laws should be considered as important in respect of the needs of juvenile offenders, their social relations and future rehabilitation." The United States has established the American juvenile justice system on the basis of the juvenile court act.

The juvenile justice system shall have an independent judiciary. The juvenile court act of the United States provides in article 3 that "court records shall be maintained separately for juvenile trials" and article 5 that "juvenile courts shall hear and handle cases in a simple manner"

Correction mechanisms specially designed for adolescents should be established. The juvenile correctional institutions should be separated from adult punishment enforcement agencies, the concept and principle of the juvenile justice system as the guidance, based on the psychological and physiological development design characteristics suitable for the young correction method, ultimately save the young, so they can grow up healthily and his peers return to society smoothly.

The establishment of an independent juvenile justice system shall include specialized juvenile justice staff. The principles laid down by the national association for probation and parole require that juvenile court judges have practical knowledge of social investigations, child psychology, psychiatry, and other behavioral sciences.

Children are a vulnerable group in society. When they are in trouble, it is hard for them to choose various ways to get out of trouble and find new ways to make a living as adults. There are many reasons for children to be trapped and their rights violated. A distressed child is a very broad concept, it refers to all because of a variety of reasons in the life of distress, mental distress of children.

The juvenile justice system starts from the protection of children, which decides that the juvenile justice system must help children in distress. In our country, many media have reported various cases of child abuse. For example, media reports say the mother of two sisters made the sisters kneel on the street to do their homework. In 2010, a baby was abandoned on the street by its parents in a city in northeast China. It was abandoned for four days. The juvenile justice system pays attention to children in distress, on the one hand, to protect their rights from infringement, and on the other hand, to achieve the goal of reducing and preventing juvenile delinquency.

Protecting children's rights, enabling them to grow up healthily and preventing and reducing juvenile delinquency is not only the purpose of the juvenile justice system, but also the goal that the whole country, the whole society and every citizen should make active efforts to. Therefore, it is very necessary to establish a systematic organization for the protection of children's rights to cooperate with the juvenile justice system and jointly realize the purpose of preventing and reducing juvenile delinquency. The systematic protection of children's rights is an administrative organ established by the state. On the one hand, it provides various materials of the state children's living conditions for the juvenile justice system, and provides Suggestions and opinions for the legislative work of the juvenile justice system. On the other hand, it oversees the operation of juvenile justice institutions, ensuring that the juvenile justice system protects children rather than harms them, and that it has the right to require the juvenile justice institutions that have the duty to violate children's rights in society to initiate protection procedures.

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申请essay的写作字数问题

在申请essay写作中，很多同学们会非常容易忽略字数这个问题，认为只要把自己的想法在essay中展现就行了，其实这是非常错误的想法。因为申请essay也有写作要求，对于字数是有一定限制的。下面就给大家讲解一下申请essay的写作字数问题。

对于想要“倾诉”的欲望，许多申请人都有过“内容比字数更重要”、“超出一点也无妨”的念头。然而，为了多加一个要点而无视学校对于Essay字数的规定，有时候反而会对录取产生不利影响。因为学校对字数做出限制，一定是有着充分的原因的。

招生处对Essay字数进行限制，主要出于两方面的考虑，一是为了考察申请人能否简明扼要地表达观点，二是评判申请人能否严格按照要求执行任务，而这两方面的能力，恰恰是商学院非常看重的。由此可见，遵循Essay的字数限制可不止是说说而已。

另一方面，之所以对Essay的字数进行限制，也是为了节省招生官的时间。因为每年都有不计其数的人进行留学申请，可想而知阅读Essay的工作量有多大，要想对每个申请人都做出公平专业的评判，学校不得不对Essay字数进行限制。

既然如此，如果一意孤行地无视Essay字数限制，那便是在要求招生官花费更多时间在你身上。说直白点，如果你的Essay超出了原本字数要求的30%，那是不是可以理解为，你要比其他申请人优秀30%？你值得让招生官多花30%的时间在你身上？

不过世事无绝对，招生处也不是那么不近人情，一般来说，若是Essay的最终字数超出了要求的5%，还是可以接受的。不过细分到具体执行要求上，申请人还需要格外注意：

essay写作字数

如果学校明确给出了字数范围 (比如250-750字) ，那么你应该严格执行这一要求，并且字数不能超出限制的最大值。

如果学校给出了页数限制 (比如2页) ，那么你的所写作的内容只能是2页以内。与此同时，还应该严格执行学校设定的格式要求，不能尝试通过改变页边距或缩小字号来增加内容。

由于学校网申系统的不同，在个别情况下，一旦超出字数限制范围，学校的申请系统会截断多出的部分，因此严格执行字数要求是非常重要的。

除了对常规意义上的Essay进行篇幅限制，在填写网申表格时回答的问题，也时常被规定字数。对于这些Short Answer Questions，有的学校采用“字符限制”，有的则是“字数限制”，因此，对于网申表格应该尽早填写，避免申请截止前的手忙脚乱。同时，对于答案要字斟句酌，确保以有限的字数，提供最全面的回答。

以上就是关于申请essay的写作字数讲解，在申请essay的写作，同学们还是得在有限的字数范围内表达自己的观点，不然就会有问题。

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Paper代写：International investment law

本篇paper代写- International investment law讨论了国际投资法。国际投资法是调整国际私人直接投资关系的国内法规范和国际法规范的总和，属于国际经济法的一个分支部门。国际投资法之所以只是调整国际私人直接投资关系，是因为这一关系最具有国际投资性质，经过相关法律调整后又具有国际公私法兼容的国际经济法性质。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

At present, the basic principles of international investment law exactly what, relatively chaos, formulation of specialized research. According to incomplete statistics, there are principles of sustainable development, the principle of national treatment, cancel the limit principle, principle of investment direction in line with the state industrial policy, investment main body status of the principle of equality, investors and the state and public interests coordination principle, the principle of investment decision-making is consistent with the investment responsibility, etc. Affect the jin-song yu is the professor's point of view, in his view, the most important principles of international investment law, there are two: one is permanent of natural resources, the state sovereignty principle, this principle is developing countries in their struggle for the establishment of a new international economic order to establish the important principle of international law, at the UN general assembly, through a series of resolutions are concrete embodiment, it is the principle of national sovereignty in the field of international investment law, according to the principle of countries can take legal action to foreign investment protection and control, not subject to any foreign interference, so this principle forms the foundation of international investment law; Secondly, the principle of equality and mutual benefit, equality and mutual benefit an integral and required substantial equality, the principle applies to both countries in international investment relationship, the relationship between the investors can also be applied to different countries, and between the relationship between the state and foreign investors, so it forms the foundation of international investment law.

International investment law is to adjust the international private equity relationship norms and the sum of international law, domestic law belongs to a branch of international economic law department. As a branch of international economic law, international investment law in our country in international economic and technological exchanges and cooperation play an important role. Academic circles, however, the study of international investment law basic principle, it seems, are still stay on the cognition of individual phenomenon, lack of integrity, systematic and self-contained. The author's own research experience, slightly Chen to his own opinion on this issue, expected to cause more intensive discussion.

The legal department is showing different characteristics, to a large extent depends on the nature of different legal department, legal department different regularity. Related to this, the basic principles of the legal department is different, because each has its own defined basis and significant signs. Tong said that law is the basic principle of the effectiveness of the method to implement the law is always the fundamental rules or guidelines, is the specific legal department basic criterion of legislation, law enforcement and judicial technology is a kind of overcome the limitation of law legislation. In that case, method should be based on specific definition of the basic principles of law spirit, and its significant signs should be emphasized that the essence of this particular method. Therefore, the definition of international investment law basic principle basis should be of the essence of international investment law namely advocate moderate introduction of foreign investment and expand the export of capital, strengthen national in international investment, trade and technological exchanges; Its characteristic should be emphasized that the essential characteristics of international investment law, namely must adjust the relationship between international private equity investment in accordance with the law.

International investment law is just adjust the relations of international private equity investment, because the relationship between the most have the nature of international investment, after adjusting for relevant laws and the international nature of the compatibility of international economic law and private law. Only international private equity is private international law of the law in the sense of investment, and international private indirect investment is the content of international financial law. Because of international finance is related to indirect investment, such as bank deposit, loan lending, trust, insurance, finance and so on are related to indirect investment; If it is direct investment main body, belong to state-owned enterprises or international aid law category. So private investment in the indirect and direct investment main body is not able to the category of international investment law.

The basic principles of international investment law should be the whole international law system of investment highly generalization and abstraction, must focus on the basic principle of international investment law, purpose and task, reflects the comprehensive international investment law for all kinds of international private equity relationship is of general significance. Tell from the function, the basic principles of international investment law, should first is the guidelines of international investment legislation. Both in international investment activities, and the international investment regulations must be guided by the basic principles of international investment law, maintain the harmony of international investment law inside the system. Secondly, the basic principles of international investment law should be to overcome the limitations of theory and practice of international investment law extending tool. Because the law has relative stability, and social relations are always are constantly changing, and because the law has generality, there is a special international investment disputes, when the judge found in international investment law loopholes or conflict, can apply international investment law basic principle for the expansion of the logical interpretation, or directly on the basis of the basic principles of international investment law to make the judicial referee. Again, the basic principles of international investment law should be to a country's international investment main body behavior rule of root activity. The basic principles of international investment law is not only applicable legislation principles of international investment relationship, but also a country's international investment main body of investment behavior should follow the basic principles. When the international investment law have specific provision for an international investment behavior, shall abide by the rules; When the international investment law for a international investment behavior when no corresponding provisions, shall abide by the basic principles of international investment law. Finally, the basic principles of international investment law should throughout the international investment in the construction of legal system, to play a role in, within the framework of international investment law system in the international investment legislation basis and criterion effect, in the international investment legal guidance and restraint effect.

Say the basic principles of international investment law should have certain defined on the basis of, because can't determined by legislators and jurists to the basic principles of international investment law. That is, the basic principles of international investment law content should be mainly from the basic task of the international investment law and the nature of the adjustment object to decide. The basic task of the international investment law should be to ensure the normal conduct of the international investment activities, protect the lawful rights and interests of the international investment parties. Thus, the basic principles of international investment law should serve the above tasks. The adjusting object of international investment law is the international private equity investment relationship, this kind of social relationship is different from international public relations and the international private law, and different from the general international economic relations. Therefore, the basic principles of international investment law also should be different basic principles of international law, both have different basic principles of private international law, and as equivalent to the basic principles of international economic law. On the basis of the author thinks that the basic principles of international investment law ought to be "independent", reveals the distinct personality of their own department.

As a result of international investment law is a branch of international economic law department, the basic principles of international economic law in international investment law nature should be a universal guiding significance. However, the basic principles of international economic law can not be as the basic principles of international investment law to repeat them. This is because the definition of international investment law basic principle basis and significant signs is unique, and is not generally equivalent definition of international economic law basic principle basis and significant signs. Based on this understanding, the basic principles of international investment law should make the following summary is more appropriate.

Although follow the principle of the state of natural resources are the deep reasons for the permanent sovereignty, but the author thinks that, the principle of accurate language expression should be "the host country investment interests shall be protected by special principle", and should not be the reason when the principle. This is because, the basic principles of international investment law should highlight the characteristics of international investment, and the host country, especially in developing countries as an investment destination, the power of its interests are vulnerable to foreign investors. As is known to all, in the context of the current situation of international investment, investment home for developed countries, more and more investment in the host country for developing countries; Power in the developed countries, and relatively perfect legislation and international investment to perfect legal protection from their own country, but in developing countries is weak, often subject to establish and improve its legislation. In contrast, the host country investment should be protected by special interests. Even if the north-south gap in the future, to distinguish the meaning of the developed countries and developing countries has no longer obvious, special protection is necessary to invest in the host country's interests, to do so is conducive to the interests of investor and investee balance, because the investor is always in a shortage of resources to the introduction of foreign capital. As investors to investment destination by investors play a decisive influence, how to make this kind of influence on the right track, make it play a positive influence is the entire process of investment, to focus on and solve the problem. In the process of investment, the more is by the investment destination by investors on foreign independent inherit the rights and obligations, for a third party, the influence degree of the investors by investors for investment destination must be predictable, and have certain limits. Because only in this way, there will be a stable investment order.

The host country investment interests are protected by special principle, shall include the following contents: the host country to foreign investment protection and control, because of its sovereign sexual characteristics should be free from any foreign interference; Parties concerned should through bilateral or multilateral treaties, the protection of international investment, promote the international economic and technological cooperation and exchanges; The abolition of the unequal international investment treaties, realize in the true sense of equality and mutual benefit; Any country may not be forced to give the preferential treatment to foreign investment, even if a most-favoured-nation treatment of unilateral will agree through benefit country; Every country has the right to management and supervision of the state under the jurisdiction of the multinational company activities, and take steps to ensure that the above activities comply with the legal and policy; Every country has the right to according to the needs of social and public interests of the foreign property ownership nationalised, and by developing countries or developed countries give appropriate compensation or full compensation.

International economic law to the principle of traditional expression is usually the principle of equality and mutual benefit. But in my opinion, instead of "international investment interests win-win principle" more in line with its threshold within the original intention in the international investment law, otherwise the scope is too large, points to fuzzy. Here "benefit and win-win" obligations shall include both Shared and benefit sharing. In other words, this principle can also be expressed as "international investment obligations and rights consistent principle". Investment obligation mainly includes credit investment, take care of each other interests and bear the investment decision consequences, etc.; Investment right including share investment benefit, investment income investors themselves free, enjoying the preferential investment, and investment, etc.

In today's world of peaceful development as the theme of The Times, countries should work together and seek common development, seeking to build a harmonious world of the way and method. International investment interests win-win precisely expressed to know basis, to seek common human well-being, opening up the new thinking of human future. It will be for governments around the world and people's benefits of interest exchange, but also through south-south cooperation and north-south cooperation to the prosperity and development of the economic and social and cultural interaction between east and west exchanges inject new vitality.

Benefit and win-win relationship is actually "mine, a glorious honor" relationship. This performance not only in terms of consistency between the interests of developing countries, and in between developed countries and developed countries and developing countries, between the interests of the relationship between die also happen from time to. Of course, this does not mean that there is no conflict of interest between these countries. International investment interests win-win lies in as investors on the investment project of the sexual characteristics of common benefit, determines the parties mutually dependent on international investment, which coexist in a unity, mutual condition, causal. Real case is the European debt crisis: the first is the Greek debt is not also, the chain is out of control, then the euro zone countries in part due to investment have a debt crisis; In order to avoid the euro zone to the investment prospects of further concerns, the European central bank took the economic stimulus plan. Market anxiety, however, continued to grow, the euro was dumped, European stocks plummeted, has affected the whole world market sentiment.

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Essay代写：The British school of communication

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The British school of communication，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的传播学派。英国的传播学派在反对进化论中发展起来了，曾经喧嚣一时，成为当时文化人类学中一种重要的声音，并在爱德华七世时代为英国民众所广泛接受。但在 1924年以马林诺夫斯基为代表的功能主义确立起来之后，它在学术界难觅继承人和支持者，便走向了衰落。这也是因为英国传播学派宣扬的文化-源说和埃及中心说太过绝对，一些主张也缺乏历史依据，使它与古典进化论一样有其自身的缺陷，也是其学术走向衰落的重要原因。

The first school of cultural anthropology was evolution, represented by Edward Burner Tylor in England and Lewis Henry Morgan in the United States, whose theoretical core was "single evolution theory". For example, Morgan said, "human beings started from the bottom of the stage of development. Only through the slow accumulation of experience and knowledge did they rise from ignorance to civilization." In addition, in order to explain the "single theory of evolution", their other important theory is the "psychological consensus theory", that is, because humans are the same in nature, equal opportunities and the same development path. As Taylor argues, "the history of human culture is part of natural history, and our thoughts, desires, and actions are adapted to such deterministic laws of motion, chemical composition, and the growth of plants and animals that govern the waves."

The classical evolutionist's claim has its merits, but its defects are obvious. For example, the viewpoint of biological evolution is mechanically applied to the process of social evolution, ignoring the external influences such as historical contact and geographical transportation. The school of communication is almost formed in the criticism of classical evolution. The first deo-Austrian school of communication uniformly opposed the single theory of evolution. For their single chronological view, they put forward the spatial order. They believe that culture or civilization is regional, the central culture spreads outward, and has space and time. Spatial perspective pays attention to the distribution of cultural characteristics; the time Angle pays attention to the superimposed relation of cultural traits, and the different traits of a cultural center come later in the order of time, forming the cultural layer with stratigraphic distribution. In addition, communicators believe that only in a very limited or possibly only one place do important cultural traits emerge and spread throughout the world.

However, the deo-Austrian school of communication is only the beginning of its opposition to evolution. Because in Britain, communication theory has taken a different path. From rivers, Smith to perry, the British communication school developed the thought of the German and Austrian communication school to the extreme, completely abandoned the German and Austrian scholars' multiple proposition, and proposed the monadic origin theory, which is called "sun center theory" or "pan-egyptianism".

W.H.R.R. ivers was a forerunner of the British school of communication, which first supported classical evolution. Faced with the complex cultural structure of Melanesian islands that cannot be explained by evolution, the theory developed from the second volume of the social history of Melanesia to the theory of communication. He believes that communication is achieved through immigration. It is the skilled immigrants who impose their culture on large groups of indigenous people. Rivers did not follow the german-Austrian school to divide the cultural circle, nor did he make too much analysis on cultural monism or pluralism, but only carried out the approach and method of communication. He focused on the research, which laid a breakthrough for Smith's research on the basis of the german-Austrian school theory. However, rivers was not a complete British communicationist, nor did he perfect the theory of British communication school. It was Smith who brought the British school of communication to its peak.

The core of g.e. lliot Smith's communication theory is that "Egypt is the source of all things". Belief in the sun god originated in ancient Egypt. The cult spawned cultural elements including mummies and calendars and spread to other societies with Egyptian migration and expeditions. This belief influenced the development of thought and belief and social practice of almost all human beings in later generations. He rejected human creativity, arguing that culture is rarely independent, that it occurs only in a certain context, and that such an environment exists only in ancient Egypt. He has also been working around the world to collect evidence similar to ancient Egyptian cultural elements, pushing this monism to its extreme.

Perry, a student of Smith's, is another head of the British school of communication. His theory can be seen as a continuation of Smith's theory, and at the same time, a certain degree of development and innovation. First, he inherited Smith's Egyptian centrism. Secondly, on the basis of Smith's theory, he divided culture into two levels: he defined the "natural person" in ancient times as the gathering and hunting culture; The second level is ancient culture, which is based on agriculture, complex stone construction technology, metal processing, etc., represented by Egyptian culture. He took "borrow" as the means of transmission, and focused on research. The vectors of transmission are those who seek out precious metals and other treasures, and discover new countries in their search.

The cultural communication theory represented by Smith was spread and developed against the classical evolution, and their opinions were different from those of the early German and Austrian school. Moreover, British cultural communication theory has its own distinct characteristics: the theory is radical and extreme, and even emphasizes that only Egypt is the source of civilization. The theory is huge and empty, lacks concrete historical basis, appears to be unconvincing; And obsessed with finding similar cultural elements to draw a road map for dissemination. Because their theories are unique. Thus formed the British communication school in the history of anthropology.

In the late 19th century and early 20th century, when the theory of evolution swept the world, how could the British school of communication be formed and have an impact in the academic circle? This can be analyzed from two aspects: social and historical conditions and the inheritance of academic thoughts.

The second industrial revolution began in Europe in 1870. This is a revolution represented by electrical technology. In Britain, plagued by old machinery and slow technological innovation, its power as an industrial powerhouse has begun to slip and Germany and the us have risen rapidly. Germany overtook Britain in industrial production at the end of the 19th century. In the 20th century, especially after the first world war, Britain gradually withdrew from its industrial hegemony, and its maritime trade and colonies were strongly competitive by other countries. In this environment, British society is suffused with a slightly pessimistic atmosphere. For example, the dead English literary world, the pessimistic Schopenhauer's voluntarism prevailed in Britain and so on. And this kind of negative communication theory of human creativity is more easily accepted by the British people at that time.

Although Britain's colonial rule was challenged by other countries, its hegemony was not completely lost in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During this period, British colonial rule in the islands of Egypt and Indonesia is still solid. It also paved the way for Smith and rivers to conduct their own research in the islands of Egypt and Indonesia. And because "in commerce, in colonies, and in sea trade, Britain faces ever more pressing competition. To compensate for this loss, the British bourgeoisie, in addition to continuing to expand its colonies and commodity markets, focused more on its control over the colonies. Therefore, the British social anthropology, especially the new communication school, has been widely paid attention to and developed when the control of colonies needed to be further strengthened. Many scholars believe that it was the British social anthropologists who pushed forward the ethnocentrism, implying that the cultural recipients of the colonies were subordinate cultures without their own creativity.

From the second half of the 19th century to the early stage of the first world war, British foreign policy has been "glorious isolation", not with the European continent's countries in peacetime peace treaty. This gives the British a freer hand in their affairs. And, in Europe, Germany has become Britain's biggest rival. This has certain influence and effect on the British communication scholars who do not follow the theories of the german-Austrian school and develop the extreme communication theory with their own characteristics more freely.

Before the middle and late 19th century, the classical theory of evolution met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie. It played an important role in breaking the feudalism theology's confinement to the bourgeoisie, and was therefore valued and applied by the bourgeoisie for its own service. However, with the further development of classical evolution, this theory began to be used by the proletariat. Engels praised evolution more than once: "Morgan enabled us to create new ideas because he provided us with unprecedented factual evidence through prehistory." And more importantly, Marx and Engels critically absorbed and applied the theory of classical evolution, and reached the conclusion that capitalism is not the ultimate stage of society, but must evolve into socialism. Therefore, the bourgeoisie has to find new social theories more in line with their requirements. The theory of communication was then supported by the bourgeoisie. Britain is an established capitalist power and colonial country. Its social anthropologists are more receptive to the theory of communication school and derive more extreme communication theory.

The german-Austrian school laid the ideological foundation for the formation of the British communication school. In the DE 'o school of communication, both the human geography of razer and the "cultural circle" theory of froubenius, grabner and Schmitt all provided the basis for the theory and research method of the British school of communication. Smith and perry, for example, argue that human civilization is disposable in Egypt. This theory is based on the theory of grabner. Grebna believes in the theory of the cultural circle. Human culture is produced once, and history has no repetition, so there is no law. People's inventiveness is limited and it is impossible to create the same thing independently twice. Similar things appear in different places because of communication. It also laid the groundwork for Smith and perry's theory of extreme communication. In addition, frobenius argues that "culture has no feet; man is only a porter of culture". This is the basis of the communication carrier of culture discussed by British communication scholars. Smith believed that the carrier of cultural communication was Egyptian immigration; Perry thinks it's egyptians looking for gold.

The formation and development of the British communication school is also related to the theoretical defects of classical evolution, which provides the opportunity for the communication school to attack it. Boas has said that classical evolution "attempts to establish any case anywhere and to explain its generalizations about the past and the foreseeable future are futile". This school of thought, increasingly seen by scholars as a utopian structure, is opposed. And the first opposition to form a system is the communication school. Classical evolution has initiated the research of social anthropology, and communication school has become another important theoretical system in social anthropology in the criticism of classical evolution, and in the long debate of whether independent invention is important or communication is important. In the British school of communication, rivers started his research on social anthropology by accepting the classical evolution theory. At the same time, he became a communicationist in his criticism of evolution and formed a new communication theory in Britain.

To sum up, the British communication school, represented by Smith, developed in the fight against evolution, which was once in uproar and became an important voice in cultural anthropology at that time, and was widely accepted by the British people in the era of Edward vii. However, after the establishment of the functionalism represented by B.K.M. Iinowski in 1924, it was difficult to find successors and supporters in the academic world and went into decline. Of course, the "culture-source theory" and "egyptian-center theory" advocated by the British school of communication are too absolute, and some claims lack historical basis, which makes it as flawed as the classical evolution theory, and is also an important reason for its academic decline. However, the British school of communication is not without value, and its theory has its merits. For example, Smith tried to construct the grand history of human civilization on the basis of his communication theory, which is an important reference for modern methodology of global history. In terms of the way of cultural communication, the British school of communication is also deeply studied. Both Smith's "Egyptian immigrant" and rivers's "new arrival" are valuable references to the social anthropology of later generations. Brown of the functional school, boas of the cultural area school of the United States and other scholars have more or less studied and referred to it. Nowadays, cultural communication is an indisputable fact, and its views have been accepted by the public. The social anthropologist, led by boas, developed the American cultural regional school on the basis of communication theory. It can be said that communication theory has become an important system in cultural anthropology and an important method to study human culture and social development. As a part of this system, the British communication school, though extreme and slightly obscure, is highly individual and worthy of further study.

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