北美作业代写：The end of classical English sea power

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The end of classical English sea power，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国古典海权的终结。在女王维多利亚时代，英国确立起以稳健性、威慑性和全球性为主要特点的古典海权。到维多利亚时代晚期，古典海权盛极而衰，英国面临的危机和挑战不断加剧。在英国第一海务大臣约翰·费希尔的领导下，英国皇家海军进行了一系列改革。改革在巩固英国海上优势的同时，也促使维多利亚时代的英国古典海权逐步走向终结。

In the Victorian era, Britain established the classical maritime power characterized by robustness, deterrence and globality. By the end of the Victorian era, the classical sea power was at its peak and declining, and the crisis and challenge faced by Britain were continuously intensified. In the first sea Lord John fisher, under the leadership of the British royal navy conducted a series of reforms. The reform not only strengthened the maritime superiority of Britain, but also brought about the gradual end of the classical British maritime power in the Victorian era.

In the Victorian era of the British queen, the British classical maritime power with the main characteristics of robustness, deterrence and globality was finally formed. However, with the change in the balance of world forces and the development of the international situation, the British maritime power was faced with a series of crises and challenges. At the beginning of the 20th century, under the leadership of Admiral Sir JohnFisher, first secretary of the admiralty, the royal navy carried out a comprehensive and systematic reform. The reform strengthened Britain's maritime superiority, but also led to the end of Britain's classical maritime power. The British maritime power gradually retreated from the global system existed in the Victorian era to the largest pole in the multi-polar maritime power pattern in the era of great powers competition. At present, almost all the researches on fisher reform by domestic and foreign scholars focus on technological innovation, while the analysis on the impact of reform on the British maritime power model is relatively weak. Therefore, this paper focuses on the analysis of the far-reaching impact of fisher's reform on the transformation of British maritime power, especially emphasizing that the reform promoted the end of the British classical maritime power. The author believes that both the reform itself and the subjective pursuit and objective effect of the reform show that the British maritime power had been gradually declining before the outbreak of the first world war, and the end of the British classical maritime power was the most prominent manifestation of this decline.

As we all know, the victory of the battle of trafalgar in 1805 was the beginning of Britain's establishment of its maritime hegemony. By the middle of the 19th century, Victorian Britain had established the right to rule the world by sea. The author thought that this kind of sea power has robustness, deterrent, and the main characteristics of global, it is obvious difference in the late 19th century and the early 20th century powers competition era, the established under the zero-sum thinking dominated, pursue thoroughly destroy rivals, he'll start a lose-lose war power of the naval power. As a part of the world system led by Britain, this kind of maritime power has a strong classical color. Its basic idea is to deter potential enemies by virtue of Britain's absolute advantage, coordinate wars and conflicts, avoid world politics out of control, and maintain the stability of the international order led by Britain. This kind of sea power is in line with the coordinating spirit of the Vienna system established after the Napoleonic wars, so it can be called the classical British sea power in the Victorian era.

The robustness of the British classical maritime power is highlighted in a certain "peace" color, which is complementary to deterrence. After entering the Victorian era, with the establishment of the global free trade system dominated by Britain, the British Isles became increasingly dependent on the international market. In the event of war, international markets are bound to be in turmoil, with Britain the worst hit. Therefore, the most important task of the British classical maritime power is to protect the global free trade system dominated by Britain, specifically, to ensure the smooth and safe maritime communication lines connecting the British mainland and the colonial empire. To accomplish this task, a long-term and lasting peace must be the prerequisite. Because any war, even a successful war, can threaten the security of free trade, the so-called Pax Britannica from the beginning means an open free trade system and a stable international political order. For Britain, not only is war dangerous, but so is preparation for war, which would place a heavy financial burden on the country and force it to expand the power of the state, thereby weakening the vitality of the liberal market economy. Therefore, Britain must take advantage of its maritime power to nip all dangerous factors of war in the bud as far as possible so as to ensure that conflicts around the world are kept within acceptable limits and that they can be finally resolved peacefully within the framework of the international order in which Britain ACTS as an arbitrator. Therefore, even after the establishment of maritime hegemony, Britain still tends to ease the relations between great powers through negotiation and consultation rather than aggravate conflicts by means of war confrontation. We see that even as the great war of 1913-1914 was looming, Britain was engaged in intensive diplomatic consultations with Germany on the contentious issue of naval competition. Britain wanted to avoid a mad war by proposing a ratio of 16:10 naval power and 8:5 battleship fleets, but Germany rejected the idea. In short, Britain's classical maritime power is not about militaristic expansionism or large-scale war. It is about maintaining the international order dominated by Britain and creating a peaceful and stable international environment for open and free trade.

Furthermore, Britain was not afraid of war and did not reject intervention, but it insisted on a limited interventionism and did not seek large-scale war. Most of the British colonial wars in the Victorian era, represented by the opium war, were limited interventions. The royal navy does not need or seek to destroy the enemy completely at sea, but to take advantage of the enemy's strategic fortress and force it to sit at the negotiating table. The Crimean war was the first large-scale local war after the establishment of British maritime hegemony. Although it won the war, Britain was not eager to expand the results of the war, but always limited the battlefield to the Crimean peninsula, and signed the treaty of Paris with Russia after achieving the goal of defeating Russia's control of the Turkish strait. This restraint can fully show the British pay attention to the strategic thinking, limited interference and the Crimean war was a vivid interpretation of the sea after hegemony established policy - the UK is not keen on expansion of territory, but want to active defence of vested interests, but the threat comes still willing to take such a radical way of war.

The deterrence of the British classical maritime power is embodied in the fact that the royal navy attaches great importance to playing a strategic deterrent role backed by absolute superiority and forcing the enemy to yield and yield. This was fully reflected in the near east crisis of 1878 and the fashoda incident of 1898. By 1897, the royal navy was a much better equipped, more modern, and far more peaceful force in size and quality than the navy of 1815. Its fleet is spread around the globe and ready to meet any challenge that might threaten British interests. The British grand strategy also emphasizes the long-term, cumulative and gradual pressure on any land power threatening British interests to make concessions backed by a powerful fleet.

British classical global features of sea power and isolationism tradition is a coin of two sides, it means that the British pay more attention to things outside Europe, dedication to expand worldwide business empires and maintain the leading system of the world, consolidate "pax Americana" Britain, that emphasizes "Britain is not only a European country, but also an empire". Some scholars point out that precisely because the royal navy is global in existence, the UK has established a global maritime mastery that realizes true ocean domination.

As opposed to a global, Britain in Europe for a long time to maintain a hands-off attitude, detachment from the European continent, only in continental Europe likely destroy the balance of power to intervene, and this kind of intervention is often confined to "beat about the bush" on the edge of the European region, in order to avoid in core areas of major European conflict. This shows that the global character of the British classical maritime power is closely related to the marginal strategy in Europe. This marginal strategy is mainly manifested in that the British maritime power never extends into the inland rivers and bays of the European continent, but maintains its influence in the important marginal areas of Europe. "In order to protect the Portuguese monarchy against dangers both at home and abroad, the fleet was anchored in the tagus river; Britain's decisive use of naval power in the Mediterranean; Whenever the 'problem of the east' became apparent, it used to station its fleet in front of the dardanelles. These are all examples of Britain's maritime power, which is geographically limited but still very important in the minds of European governments. With control of the sea lanes of communication, Britain could easily impose a naval blockade, political and economic pressure, and eventually force a surrender or peace on a hostile country in the event of war.

Britain's classical maritime power reached its zenith in 1897, when the British celebrated queen Victoria's diamond jubilee. Paul Kenny wrote: "the royal naval strength, their size is equal to the other two of the largest fleet; its unparalleled network of naval bases and submarine cable stations spans the globe; it owns by far the world's largest merchant fleet, which carries the goods of the world's largest trading nation. The financial services industry in the city of London makes the UK the largest investor, banker, insurer and commodity trader in the global economy ", so "if there is one country that really wants to dominate the world, it is the UK. In fact, it is not just trying to dominate the world, it has already done so.

However, at the same time when the British classical sea power reached its peak, there was also a deep crisis. Industrial and economic power was the foundation of maritime power, and by the end of the 19th century, with the relative decline of British industrial power, the foundation of British maritime power was constantly weakened. In 1880, Britain accounted for 22.9% of the world's total exports of manufactured goods, but by 1913 it had decreased to 13.6%. In 1880, Britain accounted for 23.2% of world trade, but in 1911-1913 it accounted for 14.1%.

The emerging industrial countries also vigorously developed their navies, which directly challenged Britain's maritime hegemony. Under the influence of JeuneEcole, France has made great efforts to develop new ships such as torpedo boats and submarines, hoping to break Britain's maritime monopoly through new technologies. By 1900, France and Russia, Britain's two biggest maritime rivals, had more than 20 warships under construction or planned. The British navy defense act passed in 1889 explicitly stipulated the implementation of the two-power standard, which was mainly aimed at the navies of France and Russia. After the proposal of Weltpolitik of William ii, the new Germany developed its navy with a more rapid momentum, which became the biggest threat to British maritime power. Under the 1898 navy act, the German navy plans to build 19 class I battleships, eight armored coast guard ships, 12 heavy cruisers and 30 light cruisers. In 1900, Germany passed a new naval law with a much larger ship-building program. The act stipulates that by 1920, the German navy will have a large maritime force composed of battleships, overseas fleets and reserve fleets. The battleship fleet will consist of two fleet flagships and four sub-fleets, each consisting of eight battleships, eight heavy cruisers and 24 light cruisers. The overseas fleet consists of 3 heavy cruisers and 10 light cruisers, while the reserve fleet is equipped with 4 battleships, 3 heavy cruisers and 4 light cruisers. At this rate of development, Britain believed, Germany would become the world's second largest naval power after Britain in 1906, with better artillery and better naval training.

The relatively slow pace of rearmament is another problem Britain has to face. The rapid development of military technology made warships in service in the 19th century rapidly outdated, and the large scale of the royal navy is unlikely to build a large number of new ships in a short period of time to replace the old ships often not to the service period, a large number of old warships occupied a large number of personnel and military expenditure, become a heavy burden on the modernization of the British navy. Emerging powers such as Germany can arm their fleets with the latest technology, often at a faster rate than Britain's.

Britain has also been plagued by a lack of funding for its navy. Defence spending has been kept relatively low because fiscal stability is seen as the key to national security. After the liberal party came to power in 1905, it vigorously promoted social welfare programs and reduced the military expenditure of the navy. In the fiscal year 1904-1905, the navy spent 11,263,019 pounds on building ships, which was sharply reduced to 96,688,444 pounds in the fiscal year 1905-1906 and 7,406,930 pounds in the fiscal year 1908-1909. At the same time, the bank credit advantage that had made Britain proud before industrialisation and underpinned its naval development was gone. Industrialization greatly increased the income available for defense spending of the two continental powers, France and Germany. They also established a national bank for massive borrowing and improved financial efficiency, which greatly enhanced the economic strength of France and Germany in developing the navy. While Britain remains Europe's most financially powerful country, it no longer has the overwhelming borrowing advantage it once had to maintain naval power in wartime.

More importantly, since the second half of the 19th century, European and American powers have competed to develop navies, making it impossible for Britain to maintain an edge everywhere in the world. "France, Russia, Turkey, Germany and the United States have all been openly hostile, and the unprecedented severity of the European situation has prevented the admiralty from strengthening its overseas fleet in the event of an imperial emergency." Under such circumstances, simply expanding the size of the fleet has become difficult to maintain Britain's maritime superiority, financial pressure has forced Britain to find a more effective way to cope with competition, and calls for reform are growing louder.

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北美作业代写：The us trade deficit

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- The us trade deficit，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的贸易逆差。自20世纪70年代石油危机后，美国为提高国际竞争力，不断行结构调整，造成了不同层面的结构失衡，最终导致美国贸易逆差。而汇率、财政赤字，美元本位等问题，更是对美国的贸易逆差起到推波助澜的作用。美国要从根本上消除长期存在的贸易逆差，必须矫正美国内部和外部的结构扭曲状况，实现内部结构和外部结构同时不平衡的现状。

The us trade deficit has existed for a long time and is on a trend of expanding. After World War II, the United States first had a trade deficit in 1971. In 1971, the trade deficit of the United States was only 1.5 billion us dollars. Since then, it has existed for a long time and climbed all the way up to the peak of 267.6 billion us dollars in 1999. Although the us trade deficit has declined after the financial crisis, the scale of the us trade deficit has not changed fundamentally, for various reasons. This paper mainly analyzes the reasons for the long-term existence of the us trade deficit from three aspects: the imbalance of investment-savings, the uncoordinated internal and external structural adjustment and the imbalance of industrial structure.

Since 1971, the United States has ended its long-term trade surplus. In 2006, the United States trade deficit reached 856.755 billion us dollars, climbing to the historical peak. Although it fluctuated slightly during this period, it was on the whole expanding. With the outbreak of the financial tsunami in 2007, the us trade deficit has been reduced, but it has not been fundamentally reversed. The level of the deficit is still very high. The continuous huge trade deficit of the United States has become an important aspect of the imbalance of the world economy and an important source of risks for the world economy. For a long time, the us authorities and trade surplus countries have tried to take various measures to adjust the trade imbalance, but the size of the trade deficit is still on the rise. Therefore, the study of the us trade deficit has important practical significance.

Scholars at home and abroad have made a lot of studies on the causes of the trade deficit in the United States and analyzed the causes from various aspects. Mainly include the following views: double deficit said Feldstein, believes that the fiscal deficit is the fundamental cause of the U.S. trade deficit. Fiscal deficit means more government consumption. In order to prevent inflation, the government will not finance the deficit, thus causing interest rate rise, foreign capital inflow and dollar appreciation, and ultimately leading to trade deficit. However, during the Clinton administration, the us budget was in surplus, but it was precisely the period when the us trade deficit increased by a large margin. Currency manipulation says undervaluation by U.S. trading partners is a major cause of the U.S. trade deficit. Both Japan and Germany have experienced rapid real effective exchange rate appreciation, but this has not significantly changed their trade surplus with the United States; The difference in economic growth points out that the strong growth of the U.S. economy leads to the increase of its import demand, while the slow growth of other trading partners leads to the decline of U.S. exports, which ultimately leads to the U.S. trade deficit. Global savings glut said that east Asia's emerging economies of fast economic growth and the accumulation of a large number of foreign exchange reserves of the petroleum exporting countries into the United States, which makes the United States of real interest rates down, asset prices are rising, and the wealth effect generated by the rise in asset prices and leading to a fall in the saving rate, thus cause the trade deficit; The dollar privilege says scholars who hold this view believe that the United States has more soft constraints on international debt and that the vast majority of so-called external debt does not require actual resources to be repaid. As for the above explanations of the us trade deficit, from the previous three perspectives, it is obviously not in line with the reality that if the government fiscal deficit, exchange rate factors and differences in economic growth rate lead to the trade deficit, the result must be temporary. The fourth view overemphasizes the impact of external factors on the us economy. The fifth view is simply that the privilege of the dollar is a condition for the us trade deficit to be sustained and, to some extent, expanded.

In reality, from the perspective of the structure of the us trade deficit, the us trade deficit mainly comes from the trade in goods, among which the proportion of manufactured goods is large and the increase is the largest. The trade deficit of secondary primary products does not change much. The United States has a competitive advantage in trade in services, which has been running a surplus. Therefore, this paper believes that the above factors may affect the us trade balance to some extent, but the underlying reason for the continuous expansion of the us trade deficit is caused by its structural imbalance.

From the perspective of investment, the first trade deficit of the United States since 1971 marks the loss of the competitive advantage of traditional American industries. To this end, since the mid-1980s, the United States has carried out large-scale economic restructuring, reduced military expenditure, invested a large amount of funds in increasing investment in civil technology research and development, developed high-tech industries and transformed traditional industries to achieve industrial restructuring and upgrading. At the same time, the government also encourages enterprises to invest through tax cuts. In the 1990s, the United States began to have a new economy represented by information technology, with sustained economic growth, which also stimulated large-scale investment by enterprises.

In conclusion, on the one hand, the characteristics of the American consumer economy determine that the marginal propensity to consume in the United States is very high, and the savings rate must be insufficient. On the other hand, the economic restructuring and industrial upgrading of the United States require huge investment. The imbalance between demand and investment will inevitably lead to the us financing its internal demand gap through the trade deficit. At the same time, the strong economic and political power, the international division of labor, a high speed of economic growth, highly developed financial markets and the advantages of the center of international reserve currency status for $source continuously flows into the United States also attract external resources, create conditions for the internal imbalance of supply and demand balance, to make America's trade deficit can be sustained.

In the era of economic globalization, the adjustment of a country's internal economic structure is closely related to its external economic structure.

In the late 1960s, the American economy began to decline relatively. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, under the fierce competition from Japan, federal Germany and some developing countries, the international competitive advantage of the United States deteriorated sharply and the trade deficit rose sharply. Against this background, since the 1980s, the us economy has undergone the most profound structural adjustment and upgrading since the war. Through the adoption of strategic trade policy, increase investment in r&d to develop high technology industry, promote the enterprise merger and realize the rationalization of industrial organization, relying on venture capital and small business development of high technology, realized the high technology industry rapid development, but also promoted the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries such as cars, steel, the enterprise internal organization structure is more effective, significantly enhance the international competitiveness, America in the 20th century the golden age of economic growth. Strong economic growth in the United States has led to strong domestic investment and consumer demand. At the same time, the process of structural adjustment and upgrade in the United States, the United States part of the traditional labor intensive and capital intensive industry and east Asia home rich successful docking, cheap, high quality of labor force resources, developing countries to develop the general manufacturing and a large number of exports to the United States, meet the necessities of low-cost domestic demand and production inputs, promote the economy structure adjustment and upgrade; Other developed countries, including Japan and European countries, have slow economic restructuring, low capital formation rate of high-tech industries, and large amount of capital flows to the United States, thus meeting the needs of economic restructuring and expansion in the United States. The imbalance of structural adjustment between developing countries, the United States and other developed countries such as Japan and Europe aggravates the trade imbalance of the United States.

Driven by global capital and resources, the United States has successfully achieved economic restructuring and industrial upgrading, but it has also established high-tech industries with potential production capacity and production scale commensurate with the global market, far exceeding domestic demand and resulting in structural surplus. In other words, only the global market can absorb the actual production capacity and production scale formed by the high-tech industry in the United States.

Therefore, the global market size is required to upgrade and expand simultaneously with this adjustment process. If other countries can vigorously improve the existing industrial structure and develop emerging industries, take American high-tech products as intermediate inputs, and increase the demand for American high-tech products, a virtuous circle can be formed with the structural adjustment of the American economy to promote the trade balance of the United States.

However, this is only an ideal situation. In the real world, first of all, developed countries such as Japan and European countries are trapped in structural obstacles, with slow economic restructuring and little room for structural adjustment in the short term. The general manufacturing industry of emerging market countries is over-developed, and the whole economy is over-dependent on the general manufacturing industry. There is still an objective need to promote economic development by exporting to the United States. Moreover, economic restructuring involves multiple complex factors such as national income distribution, industrial restructuring, social security system and population composition, which is a long-term process and impossible to achieve in the short term.

On the other hand, the products produced by the high-tech industry, in addition to the machines and equipment in the physical form, are more intangible technologies, patents, standards, services and so on. In the international scope, the product realization link of high-tech industry is mainly manifested as technology transfer and sales. However, the global trade and investment rules formed in the Uruguay round in the early 1990s cannot guarantee that the profit distribution pattern in the process of technology dissemination is in favor of the United States. Therefore, the absence of new multilateral investment agreements and intellectual property rights agreements has a negative impact on the global technology diffusion process and greatly restricts the coordinated development of other countries and the economic structure of the United States.

From the above analysis, it can be seen that the imbalance and uncoordinated structural adjustment of the United States, emerging market countries and other developed countries is one of the reasons for the existence of the U.S. trade deficit production period.

After two oil crises in the 1970s, the international competitive advantage of the United States declined. Guided by neoliberal economic theories, the United States held high the banner of economic globalization and began large-scale industrial restructuring, gradually transferring a large number of manufacturing industries to developing countries. As a result, the proportion of the service industry in the national economy keeps rising, and the manufacturing industry shrinks correspondingly, resulting in hollowing out of the manufacturing industry. By 2007, the year before the financial crisis, the proportion of primary, secondary and tertiary industries in the United States was 1.2%, 20.9% and 77.9%, respectively. Serious imbalance in the structure of secondary and tertiary industries. This structure has also had a serious impact on the us trade balance.

The shrinking manufacturing industry means that the majority of ordinary consumer goods, manufactured goods and other goods in the United States are no longer produced in the United States, and they have to rely more on imports to meet the sharply increased consumer demand, and the foreign trade deficit is rapidly expanding. By 2008, the us had a surplus of 153.5 billion us dollars in trade in services and a deficit of 882.1 billion us dollars in trade in goods, accounting for 6.1% of GDP. At the same time, compared with goods, services have a low degree of tradable participation. Therefore, with the continuous adjustment of the industrial structure of the United States and the continuous increase of the proportion of service industry, the export volume per unit of the newly added GNP of the United States decreases correspondingly, and the export capacity of the United States will be further weakened and the deficit will be further expanded.

From the perspective of the interdependence between service industry and manufacturing industry, manufacturing industry is the material basis of service industry. The service industry mainly includes financial insurance, medical care, transportation, tourism and education industries. These industries have a strong dependence on the production of material products produced by the manufacturing industry. When the material products produced by the manufacturing industry of the United States cannot meet the needs of the production of the service industry, it is necessary to import a large number of such products. Such as financial insurance industry, communication and information equipment; Large buildings and leasing equipment in real estate and leasing industries; Replacement of parts and components for commercial service departments; Large quantities of valuable drugs and medical equipment in the medical sector; With the development of these sectors, the demand for iron and steel and means of transport will inevitably increase. But in the production of this kind of product manufacturing with the adjustment of industrial structure, many of the manufacturing or production links all transferred to overseas, the gradual improvement of the service industry proportion in the national economy in the United States, on the one hand, increased the demand for capital goods production support services, while on the other hand reduces the native American enterprise on the supply of the goods, therefore, can make up for the growing service sector through import capital goods supply and demand gap.

Along with the increase of the proportion of American service industry and the shrinking of manufacturing industry, American industry has transferred overseas. The overseas transfer of American industries is realized through the overseas investment of transnational corporations, which always has a negative impact on the trade deficit of the United States. On the one hand, the overseas direct investment of transnational corporations replaces the products exported from the host country to the home country to some extent, so it will reduce the export of the home country. On the other hand, it will increase the deficit by exporting to the home country through internal transactions of transnational corporations. Therefore, with the imbalance of American industrial structure, it is bound to stimulate the expansion of American trade deficit.

The adjustment of the industrial structure of the United States leads to the imbalance of the industrial structure, which increases the import of capital goods needed for the production of general manufacturing products and service industries, greatly affects the export capacity of the United States, and finally has an important impact on the trade deficit of the United States. Thus it can be seen that the imbalance of American industrial structure is the deep root of its trade deficit.

Since the oil crisis in the 1970s, the United States has continuously adjusted its structure to improve its international competitiveness, and the structural imbalance at different levels is the reason for the long-term existence of the U.S. trade deficit. The exchange rate, fiscal deficit, dollar standard and other reasons are only secondary or temporary reasons, which only contribute to the trade deficit of the United States. Therefore, to fundamentally eliminate the long-term trade deficit in the United States, it is necessary to correct the internal and external structural distortions of the United States, and realize the current imbalance of the internal and external structure.

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Reference的写作格式和要求

想必留学生们都知道，在写作英文论文的时候，如果大家引用了别人的观点，那么就要标注出处，即Reference. Reference对于英文论文写作是非常重要的，所以英国大学会有专门的课程教导大家如何正确书写Reference,下面就给大家讲解一下。

1.一般的英国高校，Reference中作者的姓名禁止运用中国名。

2.Reference的年代有必要运用2000年今后的时间。

3.谨记需求运用斜体的地方。

4.规范In-text reference的写法，括号、作者、逗号、反括号、句号等都需求严厉遵照要求进行。

5.毕业论文的写作中，常常会呈现某某人以为/说，这时分某某人后边需求注明时间，这也是一种In-text reference，与此同时，reference list中也有必要写清楚相应的reference。

6.reference中，呈现的一些书名和文章名，都有必要与原文中标注了这条reference的文字内容相符。

7.假如引证的reference出自政府机关、公司内部，这时分是没有作者称号的，可是其他的情况下作者的姓名都需求写清楚。

8.不同的论文都会规则运用不同的reference格式，比较常见的有以下几种：哈佛(Harvard)格式、芝加哥(CMS)格式、APA格式、MLA格式。这些都需求在写作的时分依据要求来操作。

以上就是关于Reference的写作格式和要求讲解，如果同学们能把这些写作的格式和要求记住，那么Reference部分肯定能写好。

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Paper代写：A style of artistic design

本篇paper代写- A style of artistic design讨论了艺术设计的风格。艺术风格是艺术设计的时代风格和民族风格。艺术设计的风格，一般是指艺术设计家在艺术作品中所表现出来的创作个性与艺术个性，它是人们社会生活的审美观念、素质层次、民族文化的总体需求与反映。艺术设计风格的形成有着多方面的原因，艺术家在艺术设计过程中或创作完成后的作品中都物化了艺术家的个性特点和认知原则。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

The style of artistic design, it is to point to artistic designer commonly the creation individual character that place shows in artistic work and artistic individual character. It is the overall demand and reflection of people's aesthetic concept, quality level and national culture in social life. As for artistic design style, it involves the subjective aspects of artists, such as thoughts and feelings, personality and temperament, life experience, cultural accomplishment and the particularity of aesthetic ideal. All these, in turn, are affected by the particularity of the material and spiritual civilization of the country and nation in the historical development, as well as by political, philosophical, religious and aesthetic thoughts. The diversity of artistic design style also comes from the diversity of aesthetic needs. As the subject of appreciation has different social, cultural and age levels and belongs to different ethnic groups and regions, aesthetic needs vary greatly, which in turn stimulates and promotes the formation of different artistic styles.

There are various reasons for the formation of artistic design style. First of all, as a special spiritual production, artistic design is bound to leave an artist's personal mark on artistic works. Artist as the creation subject in the design of art, his personality, temperament and endowment, talent, psychology and so on various aspects of characteristics, are naturally projection and fused cast to his creation of art, make the subject object materialized through creative Labour to spiritual products, artists in the process of art design or creation after the completion of the works are materialized the artist's personality traits and cognitive principles. Artistic style is the design of The Times and national style.

The artistic style of the era is the portrayal of the science and technology, culture and aesthetic consciousness of a certain period and an era. The artistic design style of the era is the materialized expression of the cultural concept, aesthetic consciousness and value orientation of an era in the design. The bronze wares in the early shang and zhou dynasties had strong decorative characteristics, strong fantasy elements, and weird images. On the whole, ancient Chinese bronzes are characterized by vivid shapes, fine ornamentation, clear inscriptions and gorgeous decorations. However, if we carefully distinguish them, we can still find distinctive features of The Times in their styles. Chow era, is China's slave society's heyday, bronze art has reached the jisheng stage, especially the late shang dynasty and early western zhou dynasty bronze ware, bulky and heavy, especially popular a kind of "gluttonous" beast grain, it is like a cow, and like a tiger, is like some kind of fierce beasts, and as a horrific monsters, it shows a kind of mysterious power, the beauty of a ferocious, it is obvious the stamp of the slave society, is a symbol of the authority of the slave owners class rule and order, this is the embodiment of the spirit of the age, it is in the cultural atmosphere, to appear the "ding" so neatly, standard, order, order of the model Form.

For example, although the shang dynasty and the zhou dynasty in China both belonged to slavery, the cultural characteristics of the shang dynasty and the zhou dynasty were different. The culture of shang dynasty is more prominent in sacrifice. Its life content, material culture and spiritual culture mainly revolve around sacrifice. Therefore, the bronze wares of Yin and shang dynasties were greatly strengthened in size and strength to meet the needs of sacrifice. The rites of the zhou dynasty, though there were sacrifices, were different from the rites of the Yin and shang dynasties, which were the worship of ghosts and gods from a distance.

Be like Chinese bright type furniture to be in again the disparate on design style and aesthetic characteristic, also be because of the influence place of different culture, cause. Ming style furniture was produced in the Ming dynasty private garden such a specific cultural atmosphere and environmental atmosphere, and many private garden owners, themselves are good at writing and painting literati. With the aesthetic requirements and standards of literati, they planned the overall design style of furniture in garden buildings, and some of them participated in the design of furniture style in person. This makes bright type furniture sends out thick literati interest and scroll breath not only, and infuse the connotation of culture of more literati literati and officialdom. Ming furniture is a kind of materialization of literati culture in the south of the Ming dynasty. The proportion scale that chair of Ming dynasty produces as a result of modelling, and the beauty of simple but elegant and simple qualitative, make furniture craft achieved very high level. Of furniture whole long, wide and tall, whole and local balance scale are very appropriate. The Ming style furniture was occupied and used by the feudal ruling class. For example, some chairs were high and wide in surface and armrest, which was required by the feudal ruling class to "sit upright" to show their majesty. Therefore, the formation of design style in each era is closely related to the cultural development at that time. The cultural atmosphere of an era is the soil for the development of design in that era, and the artistic design of an era also reflects the appearance and characteristics of the culture of that era.

Religion is a complex cultural form. It creates a relatively independent religious culture by itself, which makes it a special form of world culture and a link in the development chain of world culture. In religious culture, there are various religious arts. Involving architecture, sculpture, painting and other arts. In the middle ages, a bible was the bible of the ruling class. The place where the culture was spread was the church. The design of the church could best represent the western culture at that time. Cologne cathedral in Germany, Notre Dame cathedral in Paris is one of the typical representatives. Both are gothic in style, and outwardly, its towering spires are tattooed with angelic awe, while its bleak walls and framing are shocking. High church is long and narrow narrow space, as well as on the rows of slender columns to form a kind of empty and move feeling, make the person produces the otherworldly close to heaven of hallucinations, coupled with the Christian story on walls or Windows in the church paintings, adopts the design of the Windows of stained glass Mosaic is given priority to with red, blue, and purple configured to the bible story of glass Mosaic, build a strong religious atmosphere.

The birth of European "baroque" art is a cultural phenomenon at the end of the 16th century, which began to flourish from the beginning of the 17th century to the 18th century. "baroque" art abandoned the rigorous and harmonious classical style and was committed to creating an artistic realm of magnificence, fullness, realism, strong movement and saturated tone.

The meaning for "baroque" "pearl" deformed, it formed a new Renaissance of the pursuit of highly realistic and harmony dignified humanistic tradition, and the pursuit of gorgeous, exaggeration, bizarre and spectacular surface effect, in full color and distort the curve of the turmoil, through the light changes and form the dynamic atmosphere to shape a kind of spirit, thus the real life and fantasy passion together, to create a thrilling fun.

The style of "baroque" architectural design deliberately pursues the effect of abnormality and novelty in the form. The appearance is free and unrestrained, the lines are zigzag and changeable, the composition rhythm of the building is not stable, often irregular jumping, and the wavy wall has an infinite dynamic force. Love USES double pillar, even with 3 pillar are a group, the change between the open space is very big also. In the decoration of "baroque" take more curves, the use of twists and turns in the form of patterns, into a complex and circuitous shape; Like to use a large number of colorful murals and exaggerated posture of the statue, rich and colorful art structure, reflects the idea of theocracy center.

In construction, the mid and late 18th century Louis xv of France during the reign of the rise of a "rococo" style, it appears coarse on the architectural appearance, typical opportunely, gorgeous, pay attention to the intricate carving decoration, the phenomenon is a sculpture "rococo" building in luxury, "baroque" phenomenon and the essence of architectural style in this era style exist. "Rococo" art was full of exotic emotional appeal and fantastic ideas, the pursuit of free stretch, lively naturalistic emotional appeal.

In the second half of the 18th century, with the deepening of enlightenment, the contradiction between the bourgeoisie and the feudal aristocracy became increasingly acute. France is brewing a great revolutionary storm. In this new era, the delicate and delicate "rococo" art has been incompatible with the contemporary atmosphere, people call for the emergence of new art that can be consistent with the new era. The German aesthetician winkelmann made a lot of serious research on ancient Greek art at an early age. In the mid-18th century, he published his paper on ancient Greek art, some opinions on imitating Greek works in painting and sculpture art, and later published the history of ancient art. These works and his aesthetic thoughts on ancient art had a wide influence in Europe. In the middle of the 18th century, driven by the enlightenment and scientific spirit, Italy and other ancient cities along the Mediterranean coast were excavated one by one, especially the excavation of the ancient city of Pompeii in Rome in the middle of the 18th century. People saw a new art style with rational and rigorous characteristics and the spirit of advocating heroism. In the second half of the 18th century, there was a great upsurge in the study and research of ancient art in France, and a new movement of restoring ancient ways appeared, which was called neoclassicism in the art history. The origin of neoclassicism was ancient Roman art, Italian Renaissance art in its heyday, and the classicism represented by poussaint in the 17th century. All these arts embody a spirit of tranquility, elegance and rationalism.

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Essay代写：Britain's unemployment insurance system

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Britain's unemployment insurance system，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的失业保险制度。英国失业保险法在20世纪初建立。在其发展一段时间后，就失业保险的影响而言，有人认为失业保险的出现阻碍了英国劳工的流动性，失业保险给工人带来了安全感，剥夺了他们的主动性。所以英国用失业保险制度来对抗失业问题是不合理的，它的虚假安全感使劳动力的流动性降低。毫无疑问，在失业保险制度建立发展前期，有些工人拒绝给低于正常工资的行业工作，但当工人失业一段时间后，正式禁止以较低工资拒绝工作将会被剥夺领取失业福利资格。

Britain since the unemployment insurance law "established in 1911, according to its relationship with the labor mobility problem, many scholars believe the establishment of the unemployment insurance system makes people lazy behavior, hindered the motivation of the in search of work, especially to limit the people to" migration "to find suitable work enthusiasm, it is the main reason affecting the labor mobility. The author thinks that there are many factors affecting labor mobility, and unemployment insurance is not the main factor. On the contrary, the establishment of employment exchange under the unemployment insurance system provides more opportunities for unemployed people to find jobs and indirectly promotes the mobility of labor force.

The British unemployment insurance act was established in the early 20th century. After its development for a period of time, some scholars pointed out that "the emergence of unemployment insurance hindered the mobility of British workers, which brought workers a sense of security and deprived them of initiative. "It is unreasonable for the UK to use unemployment insurance to combat unemployment. Its false sense of security makes Labour less mobile." There is no doubt that in the early stage of the establishment and development of the unemployment insurance system, some workers refused to work in industries with lower than normal wages, but when workers were out of work for a period of time, a formal ban on refusing to work with lower wages would deprive them of the eligibility for unemployment benefits. The unemployment insurance act of 1911 was passed under normal industrial conditions. One of its objectives is to enable the unemployed to receive welfare payments to support themselves on the wages and conditions they are accustomed to receive. He can refuse an unemployed worker a job in an area where he does not live. The employment exchange office shall not force it to accept conditions of employment lower than those set out in agreements between workers and employers' associations or by "good" employers. But in the postwar depression and industrial upheaval, the employment exchange under the unemployment insurance system was unlikely to adhere strictly to these standards. In a later amendment to the unemployment insurance act, the act expanded the definition of appropriate work to include working in another occupation after a reasonable length of unemployment. Under this provision, a worker is required to accept an occupation other than his previous occupation at a lower salary and on lower terms than he was entitled to under the penalty of disqualification from welfare. "If the unemployment insurance system has more or less affected the movement of labor in the early days, it will not have this effect after the revised bill takes effect. We need to take a dynamic look at the relationship between unemployment insurance system and unemployment insurance system. Clay insisted that "the way to increase labor mobility is either to reduce wages to at least 1924 levels in real terms, or to increase industrial productivity through the use of more capital, technological improvements or restructuring, or to continue unemployment. This is true regardless of whether unemployment insurance is abolished or not. "At the moment, for better or worse, the incentive for public spending to find work is less incentive than it would be for unemployment insurance schemes," said one authority. The poor law is a system in which there is no mechanism for the unemployed to be placed in new positions. The commission also stated that while the provision of unemployment benefits had reduced incentives for migration and internal migration to some extent, it had minimized that risk through wise regulations and procedures, particularly the setting up of employment exchanges. According to the survey, in 1929, the number of unemployed people resettled by the employment exchange office accounted for 90% of the total number of unemployed people, which greatly promoted the mobility of labor force.

Officials acknowledge that measures must be taken to prevent unemployment insurance from reducing liquidity, and the employment exchange, which manages insurance, provides a means to stem this trend. Since the exchange is a national system, each exchange keeps in touch with employers all over the UK. When the development of any one region is sluggish, workers can be placed in other places, which makes the employment exchange under the unemployment insurance system provide a means for workers' intelligent career transfer. "When guided wisely, migration is better than blind cues from hunger." The combination of unemployment insurance and exchanges has greatly increased liquidity. Previously desperate workers had to rely on rumors. Now a government agency has provided him with accurate information about a job, even across the country. This would undoubtedly stimulate the confidence of the unemployed and increase their willingness to migrate. Furthermore, the late revision of the unemployment insurance act has placed new pressure on migrant workers who are hesitant to move because they will lose their unemployment benefits if they refuse appropriate work. At the same time, aimless mobility has been greatly reduced by the existence of unemployment insurance. Previously, the only opportunity for unemployed workers to go out to work was to wander around after hearing "rumors" or seeing "advertisements" in newspapers. Sometimes, when he went to the factory advertised for a hundred people, he would find a thousand unemployed people in front of him. Unemployed workers now know that if there is telecommuting, the communications office will notify them, which makes previously unorganized and often hopeless work a little more reliable. Poverty in 1930, England and wales legal guardian 55 of the central meeting, said the salvation army members? David lamb, as unemployment insurance, and employment communication Settings, the old type of rangers had largely disappeared. Thirty years ago, he claims, the guard council met an "army" of 50,000 to 80,000 people who were driven or driven on the roads.

In the author's opinion, there are many factors hindering labor mobility, such as housing shortage, which hinders geographical migration. Inadequate training impedes skill transfer; the individual initiative flaw and faces the change or the risk inadaptability hinders the psychological migration; Family relations, age and other factors are important obstacles to labor mobility. Compared with the former, the unemployment insurance system has little impact on labor mobility. Especially with the continuous improvement of the late unemployment insurance system, it not only does not hinder the flow of labor force, but also indirectly promotes the flow of labor force due to the establishment of various mechanisms. Just as an expert said, the establishment of compulsory unemployment insurance system in Britain is a world innovation. It has a positive impact on solving the problem of unemployment and poverty. In addition to guaranteeing the basic life of the unemployed, it also promotes the flow of unemployed workers everywhere.

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