Essay代写：The impact of railways on India's development

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The impact of railways on India's development，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了铁路对印度发展的影响。铁路作为英国殖民者对印度进行资本输出的主要通道，打破了印度社会各地的孤立状态，加强了各地的联系，加快了各地各行业的发展，铁路将作为带动印度工业发展的主导力量。铁路的发展摧毁了印度旧的社会经济基础，也将英国先进的农业生产方式带进了印度，并加以传播，使印度现代化因素成长起来。

In Marx's view, India has always been in the fate of being invaded and enslaved, the difference is only by which country enslaved. In the 19th century 40 or 50 s, the British colonists invaded India, began to colonial rule in India, and build a railway in India, the purpose is to strengthen the capital of India's output, allow India to become their own raw material and sales market, the development of the railway is to bring a high level of India's national oppression and slavery, but objectively promoted the development of the Indian national.

India is the largest country in the subcontinent, with mountainous terrain and plains. To the north is the Himalayas, to the middle is the Indus river, to the evergrande plain, to the south is the deccan plateau, and to the coastal plain. The low and gentle terrain is conducive to the development of traffic.

India has a tropical monsoon climate, together with fine natural conditions such as alluvial soil and tropical black soil, most of the land is very suitable for the development of agriculture. Agricultural production can be carried out all year round, and the natural conditions are very superior.

India's vast population, long history implements the caste system, brahman, barking up, kshatriya and sudra from high to low level structure of Indian caste system, in charge of the religious priests, respectively, of the political and military power in a noble, engaged in farming, animal husbandry, industry and commerce of ordinary the aryans, and society at the bottom of the toiling masses.

In the mid-19th century, before India became a British colony, it was almost always enslaved. Marx believed that India could not escape the fate of being conquered, and its history was also the history of being conquered.

In Marx's view, the main reason why India has been in the political state of being invaded for a long time is as follows: internal disunity within the Indian nation. "The unlimited power of the great mughal was overthrown by his governors, whose power was overthrown by the malatees, whose power was overthrown by the afghans; And in the midst of all this fighting, the British came in and conquered everyone. Since in a country there is not only the antagonism between muslims and hindus, but also the antagonism between tribes and tribes, castes and castes; Since a society is founded entirely on the balance of power between the universal exclusion of all its members and their inherent isolation,

Is not such a country, such a society, destined to be the booty of the aggressor?

India is under the rule of different dynasties. There are many reasons for India's disunity, such as conflicts among religions, tribes and RACES. As the strangeness and misunderstanding between people caused by geographical isolation is an important reason for the formation of contradictions, Marx also said that mutual exclusion and isolation is an important reason for Indian society to be destined to become the spoils of the aggressor.

The enslaved social conditions obviously inhibited the development of the national economy of India. Although India was rich in resources, it was plundered by the foreign powers. The people worked hard, but the fruits of their labor were appropriated by the foreign powers.

In 1845, some British capitalists began to build railways in India. With the help of the east India company, Britain began to build railways in India. Construction of the railway officially began in 1848. By 1857, India had 288 miles of railway lines. In order to open up a new railway line, the British colonists established some new railway companies in India, such as "shun tak railway company" "mumbai, baroda, central railway company," "east of Bangladesh railway company" "the great southern railway company" "Calcutta southeast railway company", just before the end of the east India company rule, the company operating a railway have not built. In modern India, a railway network was basically established, and India's main railway lines radiated from coastal port cities to inland cities. The main railway lines, connected by a number of branch lines, form a relatively dense network of railways throughout the country.

As the main channel for the British colonists to export capital to India, railway broke the isolation of different parts of Indian society, strengthened the links between different parts and accelerated the development of various industries. Railway will be the leading force driving the industrial development of India.

Railways have promoted agriculture in India. Before the British colonial rule, isolation between rural communes that lack of roads, road number of lack, in turn, more isolated between the rural commune, and this isolation paralyzed productive state, while India's natural products, such as cotton and coal are very abundant, but due to lack of transportation, these products can't exchange, the productivity development is slow, the rural in the self-sufficient economy state.

Railways provide services for agricultural development. Reservoirs built in places where soil is needed for embankment construction can be used to irrigate the agriculture along the routes. The development of railways broke the isolation of Indian society, especially rural areas, and greatly promoted the communication between regions. It destroyed the old socio-economic foundation of India, and also brought the advanced agricultural production mode of Britain into India and spread it, making the factors of Indian modernization grow up. Modern industry has gradually increased the planting area of cash crops in rural India, and the construction of railways has become an important means of transportation for agricultural products. During the rise of capitalism, Britain built railways in India, largely to turn India into its own raw material producer and market for the industrial revolution. Railways started the development of India's market economy. Although the market economy was the result of British colonialism at that time, it objectively laid the cornerstone of India's national market economy and promoted the development of India's national economy.

"As long as you apply machines to traffic in a country that has coal and iron, you can't stop the country from making these machines itself. "If you want to maintain a railway network in a large country, you have to build up all the processes of production that are needed daily for rail transportation in that country. The development of railways promoted the privatization of land in India, and there were rich farmers and big businessmen and bankrupt farmers in the countryside, which provided favorable capital and employed labor for the development of national industry in India in the late 19th century.

Marx believed that the legal, religious and professional inequality of the caste system in India led to the separation and disunity of the Indian people, which seriously hindered the development of productive forces and left the society in a backward state for a long time.

The manu code stipulates the four major caste systems. Brahmins teach and learn the functions of Veda, sacrifice, giving and receiving alms; The kshatriya mainly protected the safety of the people, gave alms, offered sacrifices, learned vedas and controlled worldly pleasures; Vedic houses were responsible for livestock, alms, sacrifices, learning about Veda, commerce and usury and agriculture; Shura was willing to serve those castes. Brahmins, kshas, vaishas and shuras are the four castes. The social occupation and social status of the members of each caste are fixed from the day of birth. People must follow this practice. In ancient and modern Indian villages, each village was a complete closed unit, where people of different castes fulfilled their obligations for generations. However, with the development of modern industry, the regulations of caste on occupation have been loosened. A certain occupation is not completely carried out by a certain caste, and sometimes more than one occupation is carried out by the same caste group. As a result, the trend of social division of labor has been highlighted.

With the development of railways, exchanges between different regions increased, population mobility increased, and intermarriage between different caste systems began.

The traditional caste system practiced social isolation, with strict rules and differences in dress, diet and behavior. With the increase of communication between different regions brought by railways and the development of modern industry, restrictions on dress and diet were further relaxed.

The development of railway transportation not only transported India's raw materials and agricultural products, but also spread Britain's advanced production methods and ideas, such as the ideas of equality, freedom and democracy. The caste system was disintegrated and shaken, and India's politics started the process of modern democratization.

The reason why India became a colony is related to the antagonism between religions, tribes and castes in India and the mutual exclusion and isolation between members of society. Railway traffic as a forceful measures to British colonial rule is to a great artery colonial rule to the process of high speed, the British colonists by rail has carried on the cruel exploitation and enslavement to the people of India, but in this kind of bad national destiny, the Indian people born excellent national character is stimulated, Marx said, "the people of this country elegant, with sal ladder cerenkov duke's words, even the lowest class of people; The quiet dignity of the people of this country even counteracts the taming they exhibit; They seemed naturally tired, but their courage surprised the English officers; Their country is the birthplace of our language, our religion, and from our zati we can see the archetype of the ancient Germanic people, and from their brahmins we can see the archetype of the ancient greeks. Under the dual promotion of colonial rule and modern civilization, the Indian nation has made use of its fine qualities and promoted economic development. Under the fate of the oppressed nation, the Indian people did not sink down, but took a positive attitude to face social changes and actively realized modernization.

The development of railways has not only promoted the progress of modern civilization, but also promoted the awakening of the national character. The good qualities of the Indian nation, which are naturally hard-working and brave, were inspired by the British colonialists, which are objectively conducive to the progress of the nation.

The people of India is in the enslaved political environment and the process of railway development, strengthen the contact and communication, national consciousness began to awaken, ethnic uprisings against the British colonial rulers in the 1850 s portrayal of national consciousness awakening, the people of India began to unite, and conducted a series of movement for national liberation and independence, promote the development of the Indian national politics.

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北美作业代写：Think tanks in the United States

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Think tanks in the United States，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的思想库。自威尔逊开辟了向思想库咨询的传统以来，之后几乎历届总统都要借助思想库的创新思想来打造美国未来的蓝图。在多年的发展和演变中，美国思想库对公共政策的制定和美国社会的方方面面发挥着巨大的影响力，而这种影响力正是通过美国思想库所承担的具体角色和功能体现出来的。美国思想库的教育功能包括对社会精英和大众两方面的教育，而且其受众不仅限于本国，也面向国际。

Since Woodrow Wilson became the President of the United States in 1913 and opened to the think tank of traditional, almost every President since with the help of a think tank of innovative ideas to build the blueprint for the future. Over the past 100 years of development and evolution, the American think tank has exerted great influence on the formulation of public policy and various aspects of American society, which is reflected by the specific role and function of the American think tank.

Specifically, the influence of the us think tank is mainly reflected in its four functions: setting policy agenda, conducting policy education, building a bridge between "knowledge" and "power", and promoting "second track" diplomacy.

The functions of American think tank in setting the policy agenda include the definition of the policy agenda and the framework of policy recommendations. On the one hand, the think tank helps the government to have a clear understanding of the complex domestic and diplomatic problems it faces and to identify the problems that need to be solved urgently. On the other hand, it puts forward new ideas and specific policy options for the government. In addition, think tanks focus not only on the current urgency of the problem, but also on the future development trend; It not only puts forward new policies, but also criticizes and improves existing policies.

The heritage foundation's 1,093-page 1980 "the duties of a leader" became an important manual for the Reagan administration, setting out the blueprint for its internal and external policies and having a major impact in the 1980s. Hoover institution in the late 1970s and late 1980s respectively wrote and published two long volumes, "America in the 1980s" and "America in the 1990s," which set out the domestic and foreign policy propositions available to the United States. The institute for progressive policy research designed the Clinton administration's change plan in the early 1990s, which recommended that the government take a "third path." Is different from the traditional liberal, it is also different from the conservative party, which put forward a set of recovery in the American economic policy options, such as strong support for enterprise and national investment, encourage competition, open markets, encourage job creation, to encourage exports, the federal budget, tax policies and education reform policies, health care, etc., which many proposal adopted by the Clinton administration, for the U.S. economy in the 90 s of the last long time contributed to the prosperity. The policy suggestion function of the American think tank is not only reflected in these grand policy plans, but also reflected in the forward-looking thinking on some specific issues and specific implementation plans. In 1948, the brookings institution established the famous "Marshall plan" policy plan with cross-era influence.

The education function of the American think tank includes education for both the social elite and the public, and its audience is not only limited to the country, but also to the international. Through publishing books and reports, expressing opinions and articles in the media, the think tank interprets domestic and international issues and public policies, and holding various public meetings, it has potentially cultivated public enthusiasm for political participation and understanding of public policies, and objectively assumed the functions of policy education and political socialization. In addition, the American think tank plays the role of policy education for elite personnel by organizing various training programs for government managers.

After "9.11" incident in the first place, at the brookings institution published book terrorist organizations and the United States foreign policy, timely and in-depth analysis of the anti-terrorism policy to the situation, determine the necessary factors and puts forward the specific strategies. The book is called "a guide to the development and implementation of counter-terrorism policies". Within months, the book had sold tens of thousands of copies and was widely cited in the media for its policy views. The education audience of the policy of American think tank is not only limited to the domestic audience, but also to the global audience. For example, the brookings institution and the international peace foundation have set up a policy research center and a Chinese website in China. One of their purposes is to promote American policy concepts and conduct policy education to Chinese audiences.

In terms of policy training, the American think tank has a long history. The institution's predecessor, the institute of government, has had education training for government personnel since its inception. In addition to the brookings institution, the Kennedy school of government at Harvard University has been holding training sessions for newly elected members of congress and incoming government officials. The heritage foundation has also run such courses since 1994, challenging harvard directly and taking a large share of the market. In addition, the centre for strategic and international studies has established a government transition training programme to facilitate the smooth entry of new administration officials into government management roles.

The American think tank not only trains talents for the next government, but also provides a channel and possibility for the knowledge of the "opposition" to be transferred into power. It also provides an opportunity and platform for the former government officials to recuperate and re-enter the country. The American think tank provides scholars with a stage for close contact with policy makers and the best environment for policy research, which enables them to understand not only policy research, but also political reality.

The administration of the United States is a typical "one emperor and one courtier". Each new election is accompanied by a major change of government. The President is elected every four years, involving more than 4,000 officials. Senior cabinet members, such as government ministers, are not elected by parliamentary committees and rarely come from civil servants. They come from an elite think tank, which is quite different from that of European countries and China. After the formation of the Obama administration, more than 30 people from the brookings institution entered the government for politics. A large number of scholars from the center for international strategic studies, the council on foreign relations and the center for American progress also entered the Obama administration. Through the bridge provided by the American think tank, think tank scholars with a large amount of professional knowledge have successfully transformed knowledge into power.

Every time a new President takes office, in addition to a large number of scholars from think-tanks, many former government officials also enter the think-tanks to do research work. For example, Henry paulson, who served as Treasury secretary in the bush administration, left the administration to join Johns Hopkins university as a visiting fellow, and Elaine chao, former labor secretary, joined the heritage foundation as an honorary fellow. The reason why the us think tank is willing to hire these former government officials is that they can bring experience and insight to serve in the government, and it is also conducive to the credibility of the think tank in the policy field. Third, and often overlooked, is to provide these people with an environment and platform to once again transform knowledge and power. In the process of "knowledge" and "power" transformation, the bridge function undertaken by the American think tank endows it with special status and great public opinion power.

The "second track" is a special channel between official diplomacy and pure non-governmental communication, which is characterized by non-official and conscious influence on official decision-making. Foreign the concept of "the second track" in 1982 by the American diplomat Joseph monte will put forward for the first time, refers to the organization or in the presence of conflicts or disputes countries ask an unofficial, informal contact and interaction. Its purpose is to solve conflicts by finding strategic methods, influencing public opinion and organizing human and material resources. By virtue of its special relationship with official decision-making and its own unofficial status, the us think tank plays a unique and important role as a diplomatic channel of the "second track" in international politics.

At present, as international exchanges and interdependence deepen, urgent global issues and a number of international affairs must be addressed through transnational organizations. As an important part of track ii diplomacy, the think tank is a platform for domestic and international exchanges and plays an important role in bilateral and multilateral foreign affairs. The think tank conducts cooperative research on some major issues concerning the interests of both sides, sometimes serving as a "booster" behind the scenes to promote bilateral relations. Take china-us relations as an example. In September 2005, us deputy secretary of state Robert zoellick for the first time publicly expressed the hope that China would become a "responsible stakeholder". In fact, a week before Mr. Zoellick publicly raised the concept of "stakeholder," Mr. Zoellick's speech was presented to the brookings institution with a number of targeted recommendations for change. After zoellick's speech, "stakeholder" became a buzzword and brought many different interpretations. Brookings institution sent senior researchers to China to contact relevant institutions, explain to them and listen to China's response. On December 8, 2005 zoellick and dai bingguo held in Washington for the second time "sino-us strategic dialogue", prior to the talks, the brookings institution, done a lot of preparation work, researchers sent to China, held talks with China's research institutions, the think-tank respectively, later put talks on both sides of the results report to dai and Mr Zoellick, makes the strategic dialogue was very successful.

Through the implementation of "track 2" diplomacy, the us think tank has become a power institution with significant influence on domestic and international policies from a policy research institution independent of the government and without the legitimacy of the policy.

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北美作业代写：Capital regulation of American Banks

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Capital regulation of American Banks，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国银行的资本监管。为适应金融环境的变化和金融机构风险的加剧，美国金融监控机构采取了以风险为核心的金融监管模型。美国银行监管机构对银行风险管理和资本充足率的监督，除资本充足率规定外，主要是以风险为重心的监管程序为主，包括持续的监管，配合检查、场外监管和快速纠正措施以督促银行积极提升风险管理能力和资本充足率水平。

It was Americans who pioneered capital-adequacy regulation of Banks. As early as 1864, U.S. financial regulators attempted to implement a series of capital adequacy measures. At that time, the national bank act established a static minimum capital requirement based on the number of people in the banking service area. However, early attempts to quantify capital adequacy failed due to controversy. Between 1930 and 1940, U.S. state and federal bank regulators turned to the ratios of capital to total assets and capital to total deposits, but both failed to test Banks' true capital adequacy. After 1950, scholars studied the methods of asset risk adjustment and proposed the corresponding capital/risk asset ratio, but none of them was generally accepted. As a result, until the 1980s, U.S. regulators did not put quantitative capital adequacy requirements on Banks. They implement informal, subjective assessments that vary from bank to bank, and in examining capital adequacy, regulators place more emphasis on Banks' ability to manage and the quality of their loan portfolios than on capital/asset ratios.

In fact, it has been widely accepted in the past that rigid, fixed capital/asset ratios are incompatible with theories that many factors determine a bank's ability to withstand risk. In 1978, the federal deposit insurance corporation's supervision and review manual made it clear that "capital ratios can only approximately reflect Banks' ability to withstand risks, and Banks with high capital ratios are not necessarily more robust than those with low capital ratios." This shows that at that time, the banking regulatory authorities used subjective judgment and bank-specific methods to assess the adequacy of Banks' capital. More importantly, the effectiveness of this non-quantitative method was not questioned from the end of world war ii to the 1970s, when the capital ratio of Banks was about 5% to 8%. The number of bank failures was small and the banking industry appeared to be stable.

But the weak performance of the American economy in the 1970s made the banking sector weak. The liquidation of franklin national bank and the first bank of Pennsylvania proved that even the big Banks were not impregnable. The global economy fell into recession in 1981, hit by high interest rates and soaring oil prices, while the number of bank failures in the United States began to rise and bank capital declined. Under these circumstances, for the first time, federal regulators have set clear regulatory capital requirements: the ratio of core capital to average total assets of regional Banks must be no less than 5 percent and that of community Banks no less than 6 percent. But the federal reserve, the office of the comptroller of the currency and the deposit insurance corporation do not agree on the definition of capital. The 1983 international loan act of the United States congress further promoted the implementation of clear and unified regulatory capital standards by the federal regulatory authorities. In 1985, the minimum capital ratio of all Banks, regardless of size, was 5.5 percent. By 1986, the us regulatory authorities realized that the unified core capital ratio lacked risk sensitivity and could not accurately measure the risk exposure caused by the innovation and expansion of the banking industry, especially the risks hidden in the off-balance sheet business of large institutions.

U.S. banking regulators on bank risk management and the supervision of capital adequacy ratio, in addition to the capital adequacy rules, mainly for the center of gravity of risk regulatory process is given priority to, including dynamic and continuous supervision and inspections, otc regulation and fast corrective measures to urge Banks to actively promote the risk management ability and the level of capital adequacy ratio.

In order to adapt to the change of financial environment and the aggravation of financial institution risk, the American financial supervision institution adopts the risk-centered financial supervision model. The office of the comptroller of the currency of the us Treasury issued the manual on supervision of large Banks in December 1995, and the federal reserve issued the risk supervision framework for large and complex financial institutions in August 1997, both of which put Banks' operation of the riskiest business as the regulatory focus, aiming at improving the efficiency of financial inspection.

The fed's dynamic regulatory process for large Banks is divided into six steps. The goal is to centralize supervision of Banks' riskiest businesses and evaluate the identification, measurement, monitoring and release of bank risks. In the risk assessment of Banks, the federal reserve mainly evaluates the overall risk environment of Banks, the reliability of internal risk management system, the effectiveness of information system management and the hidden risks of each major business, so as to determine the risk rating, which serves as an important basis for formulating regulatory plans and conducting field inspections.

U.S. financial regulators stress the importance of Banks' risk management and internal control when conducting on-site inspections. Since 1996, the federal reserve has officially supervised and rated the effectiveness of risk management and internal control of Banks, and listed it as one of the important assessment indicators for CAMEALS to check the "management ability" of the rating.

In addition, the minimum capital adequacy ratio of Banks is 8%. This ratio does not take into account the degree of risk diversification and other risk situations of Banks' portfolios, and regulators usually require Banks to maintain a capital adequacy ratio higher than the minimum standard due to their specific circumstances in field inspection. Banking regulators in the United States require minimum core capital adequacy ratio of 3%, but this standard only applies to CAMELS evaluation for "level of outstanding bank risk management, namely risk fully dispersed, asset quality, strong liquidity, profitability and not given level rating other Banks usually require a core capital adequacy ratio of 4% ~ 5%, the reason is that the Banks for their business, or imperfect financial risk.

Regulators monitoring Banks' capital ratios, in addition to confirm the declaration to the correctness of the data of regulatory capital adequacy ratio, capital content and risk-weighted assets used data and the accuracy of the calculation process, confirm whether the capital adequacy ratio to meet minimum standards, but also for the effect of management policies, finances, capital improvement plan is appropriate and effective implementation, provision for coverage, collateral and guarantee of credit risk, banking stocks and bonds market, the influence of excess subordinated bonds and outstanding investment returns an in-depth analysis of the influence of such factors on the capital adequacy ratio.

U.S. regulatory authorities say a lack of response to the capital bank as soon as possible to take measures to avoid the deterioration or even collapse, since 1991, the federal deposit insurance corporation improvement act passed, to participate in deposit insurance bank according to the capital adequacy situation into good capital, capital adequacy, capital shortage problems and the shortage of capital, capital significantly five classes, compulsory measures should be taken in accordance with the degree of insufficient capital, such as change the head; Restrictions shall be placed on branch establishment, new business development, asset growth, dividend policy, remuneration of directors and supervisors and related transactions. These early interventions to avoid the threat to the survival of Banks from falling capital are similar to the provisions of the second pillar of Basel ii, the supervisory review.

Otc on capital adequacy regulation, the bank shall quarterly report to the regulatory capital formation, risk weighted assets, provision for coverage, such as data, except on the federal reserve or the federal deposit insurance corporation, early warning system is used as a regular court supervision, regulators to strengthen supervision of undercapitalised Banks, take formal or informal to enforce regulations, require Banks to improve capital adequacy ratio.

America's three biggest financial regulator, the federal reserve, the comptroller of the currency and the federal deposit insurance company for the implementation of Basel ii in the United States is not completely agree, the comptroller of the currency and the federal deposit insurance company still reserved to the Basel ii agreement, three parties through proposal making forecast, and the quantitative assessment of Basel ii effects, gradually achieved a consensus.

The fdic is also concerned that the new capital agreement could reduce Banks' capital levels. Dorn Powell, chairman, told a house hearing in 2003 that the fdic opposed any capital provision that could increase losses on the fdic system and that regulators would have a harder time understanding the true risk profile of complex Banks using internal systems to allocate capital.

New capital accord on the question from all walks of life can lead to use the new capital accord and adopt the new capital accord Banks between part of the loan business of unfair competition, federal reserve chairman Alan greenspan, in March 2004 in a speech said that if there is evidence that the new capital accord have distorted the fair competition situation, the fed will take measures to amend, including possible changes on the implementation of laws and regulations in the United States the new capital accord, revised dual-track applicable plan, etc.

The fed has conducted extensive empirical research on issues where new capital agreements could lead to unfair competition, and two reports have been published. The first report discusses whether the adoption of new capital agreements to reduce legal capital requirements will lead to the increase of mergers and acquisitions of Banks that adopt new capital agreements to Banks that do not adopt new agreements. Empirical studies have found that there is no obvious evidence that the remaining legal capital is the main reason for the financial mergers and acquisitions of acquirers. Second report bank loans to small and medium enterprises to adopt new capital agreement provision if less capital Banks to adopt the new agreement in small and medium-sized enterprise loan produce unfair competition, the empirical data shows, community Banks and large Banks the types and the management of small and medium-sized enterprise loan pricing is not the same, so the New Deal's big Banks for there is no significant impact in the community bank lending to small businesses, but the report also pointed out that if large Banks and community Banks in the same market is engaged in the same small and medium-sized enterprise loan business, will create unfair competition problems.

The United States decided to adopt the dual-track system because it believed that AIRB and AMA law would bring the greatest benefits from the current situation in the United States and make it easier to implement the new capital agreement. The total assets and overseas exposure of the top 20 Banks account for the majority of the total assets and overseas exposure of American Banks. Small Banks and non-international Banks are less efficient in adopting new capital agreements; In addition to capital requirements, the United States also has leverage ratio provisions and rapid corrective measures for capital provision, which are in line with the spirit of the second and third pillars of the new capital agreement.

In addition to minimum capital requirements, all U.S. Banks will continue to comply with existing leverage ratios and take swift corrective actions.

Banks using AIRB and AMA must meet the basic risk management framework and specific standards for credit risk and operational risk regulation, and comply with the requirements of public disclosure of relevant information.

The second pillar of the new agreement's oversight review process, which requires Banks to maintain adequate capital and early intervention by regulators, has long been in place and has been in place for years.

Under the new agreement, which came into force in 2007, Banks using the AIRB and AMA laws are required to submit detailed written implementation plans and timeframes, and notify their main regulators after approval by the board. Regulators will decide whether to impose penalties on core Banks that fail to follow through on implementation plans, depending on how hard the Banks work. For the selective application of Banks, the implementation plan and timetable should be reported to the major regulatory agencies, but the implementation time should be given greater flexibility.

Core Banks and selective Banks are required to obtain the approval of major regulators one year before the formal adoption of the advanced method for calculating venture capital requirements, and two methods for calculating capital requirements for three years after the approval. In the first two years after the formal adoption of the advanced law, Banks shall abide by the minimum capital limit, that is, the capital requirements measured by the advanced law in the first year shall not be less than 90% of the capital calculated by the standard law, and the capital requirements calculated by the advanced law in the second year shall not be less than 80%, and the capital requirements calculated by the standard law and the advanced law and the ratio between them shall be disclosed simultaneously in the first two years.

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51due为留学生提供最好的assignment代写服务，亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多assignment代写范文 提供北美作业代写服务，详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

英国论文作业的解析

可能大家都听说过，英国大学对于学术方面的要求是全世界最严格的，这意味着什么，意味着英国留学生的学习压力会非常大。事实证明，英国大学中各种各样形式不同的论文作业让广大留学生们苦不堪言。那么英国论文作业都有哪些呢？下面就给大家讲解一下。

Essay写作是不分专业和课程的，几乎都要写，商科和文科类要写的多一些。essay的篇幅要求比较小，一般400个词左右，简单的陈述下自己对于所学的看法，类似于国内的议论文。正因为如此，所以essay没有标准参考答案，同样也很难写出高分。不过只要认真写出心中所想，一般分数也不会太低。

Assignment是国外最常见的作业类型，在英国，assignment的写作要求也是最严格的最多的。首先assignment写作要有研究论证的思维，而养成这种思维的前提则需要大量的 pre-reading。就算你有了大量的阅读量，并且整个文章的逻辑结构已经形成，也不能掉以轻心，因为你很有可能在语言上遭遇滑铁卢，毕竟拼写错误和语法错误在专业的写作中也是致命伤害。

Report就是研究报告，它占了实验分数的半壁江山。一般都是便做实验观察数据，之后写个报告。物理实验一般流程比较麻烦，很多人在实验室傻坐着盯着一桌子的设备不知道该干嘛。时间会很紧，但是report比较好写。化学实验就不一样了，流程没有物理那么繁琐，但是结果要求很严格，误差一般在0.15%以内才是满分。生物的report嘛，那叫一个长篇大论，各种分析加各种讨论加各种改进等等。没有几千字是下不来的。所以千万不要被生物实验过程的轻松愉快所迷惑，最后的report会让你写到手软。

以上就是关于英国论文作业的讲解，虽然英国论文作业种类有很多，同学们有时候还要熬夜，但大家还是得努力完成，不然就无法毕业了，所以同学们一定要认真对待每一份作业。

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paintings by Schiller

本篇paper代写- Paintings by Schiller讨论了席勒的绘画作品。埃贡·席勒是20世纪初期一位重要的表现主义画家，他的绘画作品最显著的特点是锐利敏感的线条表现以及有着变异和几何结构的带有压抑感的形象。席勒善于描绘非静态的人物和景物，无论是什么样的形态都像处在惊恐不安状态，恐惧与绝望的威胁交织成可怕的阴影，始终笼罩着他的作品。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Lines can reveal a painter's emotions and personality, and trying to hide them is never easy. In my opinion, learning to express a certain state of mind in the form of pure lines is also an ability that a painter should have. Lines are an important language of expression in Schiller's paintings and the tool that can grasp my thoughts the most. His use of lines is as naked and merciless as his grasp of human psychology, which even makes people prickly and anxious. That is to say, this "heart-wrenching feeling" drives me to understand Schiller and the unique charm of the painting language "lines".

In several years of teaching, my understanding of the basic elements of modeling was aroused. In painting creation I've been thinking about a few questions, how to understand the basic factors of the plastic arts - point, line, face, how to connect the social environment and the artistic creation, how to seize the heart the most soft the audience a point, arouse people's strong resonance, in a sense, Schiller's paintings is a key to unlock my confusion.

Schiller's paintings are characterized by sharp and sensitive lines and depressive images with variation and geometric structure. His works are not satisfied with the aestheticism, sentimentality and mysticism of symbolic paintings, but adopt a more rugged, bold and unrestrained artistic form and creative attitude, and his works have a strong expressionist style. Schiller is good at depicting non-static characters and scenes. No matter what form they take, they seem to be in a state of panic. Fear and the threat of despair interweave into a terrible shadow that always hangs over his works.

Schiller painting with thick, concise, line is the most primitive desire, impulse, expression form the transition from the traditional to the modern western agitated, his painting shows his swooning, fears, fantasies, and cruel torture yourself, painting often drawn on a base of blank characters, sometimes only draw the contour line, and the body stretched out of shape. His cold and handsome lines are thrilling, and the heavy lines in his works emphasize the clear external contour. However, in the anxious picture, we can clearly appreciate his passion for lines and his attention to the human mental state.

Schiller did not use many horizontal lines in his works, only relatively many for a very short period of time when his emotions were relatively stable. Horizontal lines have a sense of stillness and tranquility, and can be used to divide and stabilize the picture. Although Schiller used many horizontal lines in his works in this short period, what the picture conveys is not a pure sense of tranquility, but a state of alert under emotional repression. His landscapes felt crowded, as if a mentally disturbed person had been soothed for a while and would erupt again sooner or later.

If horizontal lines become unsettling in Schiller's writing, curves are his powerful language. When the curve is further emphasized, the picture becomes a strong emotional expression. The curvilinear space represents an imaginary universe or a vortex of uneasiness. Therefore, both the painter and the audience can create a sense of unrest. When we talk about the vortex of anxiety, the first thing that comes to mind may be the post-impressionist painter van gogh. Van gogh directly influenced Schiller from the perspective of painting. Although they have different styles of expression, they have been sublimated and recognized by the audience in the naked self-presentation, which is a complete self-expression of emotion. They paint in the simplest and most individual way, not content to express what they see, and bring us into their painful hearts, using swirl and wave strokes to express the storm of their inner excitement.

The provocative human body and erotic scenes in Schiller's paintings revealed people's psychology at that time, and depicted things that people wanted to do but did not dare to do, or were severely punished and forbidden at that time, or even dared not mention in the field of moral public opinion. Let people have a kind of psychological acne was stabbed, the heart of the secret is peeping at the feeling. As lu xun said: "dare to face up to the bleak life, dare to face up to dripping blood."

For Schiller to convey these emotions, he found a suitable, powerful and thrilling expression tool -- "line". His lines are as crazy as they can be, showing human nature and unpredictable potential, releasing great artistic energy in self-expression. Schiller's lines are direct and mysterious. A line is often thought of as a continuous symbol connecting two points. Lines can actually be formed by imagination. As long as the starting and ending marks are given, and some hints are given in the middle, the imagination itself will fill in the remaining gaps. This method enables the viewer to participate in the creative process. Imaginary lines can also highlight the atmosphere and add depth. It is more common in Schiller's works to give detailed descriptions of faces and hands and omit other parts of the body. Or just pick a part of your body and paint it. In this way, it is easy to draw the audience into his works and into his emotional vortex, so that people unconsciously follow his sometimes omitted and sometimes twitching lines and enter the spiritual world of the people in the painting. "Pain and happiness" is an appropriate description of his line.

Recall that the reason why their works do not resonate with the audience, the reason why the flow of mediocrity, the reason why people can not grab the attention, at least in the line can get a little inspiration. It is an effective way to improve oneself to analyze one's paintings with rational thinking. Because art itself is a constant cycle from sensibility to rationality, and from rationality to sensibility, it is also a process of constant perception of society.

The main reason why my works fail to resonate with the audience is that I cannot get rid of the bondage and fully express my emotions. Unable to face the rational life, old illness and death of people, do not dare to face. I disguised myself as a rational person. In a sense, Schiller may be more psychologically healthy. He is brave enough to face the lunatics in mental hospitals, the nature of human naked desire, the idea of death, and the psychology of pain, convulsion, struggle and sensitivity. Perhaps it is because of this "emotional camouflage" that we do not dare to use the "line" language to the extreme, until the degradation of the language can not be used.

Paul klee famously said, "take a walk with a line." "Line", the most basic modeling language, is a language we have been using since we first came into contact with painting, but it is also the language with the strongest expression and the deepest depth. I like and appreciate the lines in Schiller's works, and I have always been guided by the lines in his works. But as an artist, we should have our own way of expression. Especially in today's many works of art full of vision, "take on a new look" is the way works of survival. While trying to perceive and absorb the excellent elements in Schiller's works, I also insist on and find my own way of expression. I pay more attention to the "nutrients" in Chinese "line drawing" and intentionally ignore the depth in western oil painting. I hope that we can all experience online performance, online performance to find their own way of expression.

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