作业代写：Chinese immigrants and German immigrants in the United States

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Chinese immigrants and German immigrants in the United States，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的华裔移民和德意志移民。在美国的所有移民团体中，华裔移民和德意志移民是文化属性决然不同却又同样光彩夺目的两类人群。由于文化传统和客观现实的影响，两者融入美国的过程和对美国文化产生的影响都有着不同的特性。华裔移民和德意志移民，在经济发展上同时为美国经济做着自身的贡献，一个改善了交通，另一个发展了农业；在政治参与上二者积极维护着自身的利益，促进着美国民主制度的发展，极大的推动和丰富了美国这个多元国家。

Among all the immigrant groups in the United States, Chinese immigrants and German immigrants are two groups with absolutely different cultural attributes but equally brilliant. Due to the influence of cultural tradition and objective reality, the process of their integration into the United States and their influence on American culture have different characteristics. With the development of The Times and the improvement of the social status of the two kinds of immigrants, German immigrants and Chinese immigrants are playing an increasingly important role in American society. This paper analyzes from two aspects of economic activities and political participation, explores the differences between Chinese and German immigrants, and then studies their contributions to the pluralistic society of the United States, which is undoubtedly a difficult part of exploring the social development of the United States.

In terms of economy, immigrants from the two countries play different roles in promoting the development of the United States. German immigrants are the main force in the development of agriculture in the Midwest, and have a decisive impact on agriculture. There are different reasons for this outcome, but they all lead to the same goal, both of which are stimulants of America's economic boom.

The first group of Chinese came to the United States in the 19th century. They lived a miserable life at home and came to the United States during the "gold rush". The vast majority of them have low educational level and can only make a living by coolie. After landing on the west coast of the United States, most people were called up to build the western section of the union Pacific. The Pacific railway was divided into two sections, east and west, and the east was mostly plain. White men were hired to build it, and it went very well. In the east, it passes through the sierra mountains of California and Nevada. The mountains are very high, the geology and mine are complex, and the construction conditions are very bad. Two years of construction began, and less than 80 kilometers of railways were laid. White men, black men, prisoners of war, prisoners of labor could not speed up the building process. And Chinese workers have put such difficult and complex project done extremely well, governor Leland Stanford had report said: "in order to solve the problem of the sierra Nevada mountains engineering stagnation, we employ a number of Chinese workers, in terms of labor class, they calm and quiet, in addition, they are very hardworking, endurance is much better than other ethnic groups. The ability of these Chinese to learn was amazing. They soon learned the professional skills needed for future railway construction. They are also the most economical in terms of wages.

The traditional route of German immigrants to the United States enabled generations of German immigrants to settle in the vast Midwest, mainly in present-day Wisconsin and Minnesota, along the Mississippi River after arriving in New Orleans by boat. They used money other than travel expenses to buy land, buy farm tools, began the initial agricultural production, with advanced production technology, rich experience in planting and thrifty work style, quickly in the economic prosperity.

Due to the influence of cultural tradition and national character, German immigrants and Chinese immigrants have different characteristics in participating in politics. As the largest ethnic group of immigrants, the former has been wooed by the vote-conscious Democratic Party since arriving in the American continent and participated in American political life early. However, a small number of Chinese immigrants have kept a distance from politics due to their reserved and low-key nationality and policy restrictions. Until the second and third generations of Chinese Americans were born in the United States, more and more Chinese were able to exert themselves in politics.

According to statistics, in the 70 years from 1820 to 1890 alone, there were 4,359,121 registered German immigrants to the United States, accounting for the largest number of immigrants of any country. At that time, in the eyes of Democrats, the number of people represented the vote, so many democratic leaders took good care of German immigrants. The priority purchase act introduced by Democrats in 1830 helped more dowds to acquire land in the west. The Germans, in turn, rewarded the Democrats with their votes, sending candidates Jackson, van buren, polk and Pierce to the presidency. As slavery caused the contradiction increasingly do not adjust, differentiation of Democratic Party, the Democratic Party of people, the whigs, and constitute the know the republicans, because German immigrants disgruntled Democrats support the idea of slavery, coupled with the republican Abraham Lincoln through the acquisition of German newspapers such as unity the German immigrants constantly, making a large number of German support Lincoln in the election, and in the civil war, support the federal at that time a total of 176817 German federal troops, the German forces to full play in the civil war a military tradition of German soldiers and military technology, Played a decisive role in the victory of the civil war. Confederate Robert e. lee once said: "if the army without the German people, we can easily put young gay men beat."

For the early Chinese, they came to the United States just to make money so that they could return home one day. Therefore, the Chinese immigrants in the 19th century had no intention to participate in politics. In addition, the United States promulgated the Chinese exclusion act in 1882, which abolished the citizenship of Chinese immigrants in the United States. Chinese and Americans could not vote and political participation was out of the question. It was not until 1943, when President franklin d. Roosevelt signed the repeal act, that a small number of Chinese began to make a political difference, but this participation was nearly 200 years later than that of German immigrants. 1972 "Chinese council for the promotion of the rights and interests", 1983 "Chinese American political promotion association", "c" in 1990, the Chinese team set up continuously, not only safeguard the interests and rights and interests of the Chinese in the United States, will also each Chinese became a political elite, including Gary Locke was elected governor of Washington state in 1996, in 2009, was nominated for the commerce secretary, in 2011 was named the United States ambassador to China, is the first Chinese American governor in us history and Chinese ambassador to China; In addition, according to statistics, Chinese and Americans have reached nearly 4 million and are expected to reach 6 million by 2020, making them the third largest minority in the United States. In the American political elections, Chinese gradually began to change their image and play an increasingly important role, exerting a non-negligible influence on various elections. Elaine zhao, who served as labor secretary in 2001, Zhu Sijiu nominated deputy defense secretary in 2001, Steven chu, energy secretary in 2008 was nominated for the United States, the outstanding Chinese with great achievements in the field of politics, with nearly in the city or state government sector of Chinese immigrants, will be together for Chinese political voice in doing unremitting efforts.

Chinese immigrants and German immigrants, as two groups with distinctive features in the history of American immigration, have made their own contributions to the American economy in terms of economic development. One has improved transportation and the other has developed agriculture. In terms of political participation, the two countries actively safeguard their own interests, promote the development of American democracy, and greatly promote and enrich the United States, a pluralistic country.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创essay代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写、作业代写服务。

51due为留学生提供最好的essay代写服务，亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多essay代写范文 提供代写服务，详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

作业代写：Macroeconomic policy in the United States

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Macroeconomic policy in the United States，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的宏观经济政策。公共经济学的基本原理提示，现代市场经济体制是市场机制与非市场机制的统一，在这种混合经济体制下，政府要发挥的基本职能是资源配置职能、收入分配职能、经济稳定和增长职能，这些职能的发挥需要借助政府的宏观经济政策实施。很多人认为金融危机爆发的是市场机制失灵的必然结果的观点十分流行，出现了否定市场机制，主张政府积极干预经济的结论。美国政府在危机的各个阶段的政策措施，恰恰是这次金融危机爆发和蔓延的主要原因。

Modern market economy is a mixed economic system. The government and market mechanism jointly allocate resources. Macroeconomic policies play a very important role in economic operation. The global financial crisis has brought widespread criticism of the us-style free-market model, and the idea that governments need to intervene fully in the crisis is rife. It is believed that market failure is not the main cause of the financial crisis. The monetary policy, tax policy, trade and fiscal double deficit policies of American government before the crisis are exactly the main reasons for the formation, outbreak and spread of the financial crisis.

Public economics, the basic principle of modern market economy is the unity of the market mechanism and market mechanism, in this kind of mixed economy system, the government must play is the basic function of resource allocation function, the functions of the income distribution and economic stability and growth function, these functions play needs to be implemented with the help of the government's macroeconomic policy. The subprime mortgage crisis originated in the United States and eventually formed a global financial crisis. The idea that the outbreak of the financial crisis is the inevitable result of the failure of the market mechanism is very popular, and the conclusion that the market mechanism is denied and the government actively intervenes in the economy emerges. The American government's policies and measures in various stages of the crisis are exactly the main reasons for the formation, outbreak and spread of the financial crisis.

The federal reserve system is nominally a private institution that constantly adjusts monetary policy according to macroeconomic conditions. In fact, the federal reserve played an extremely important role in the origin of the financial crisis. In 2001, after more than a decade of new economic growth, the U.S. economy fell into recession. In order to avoid the macroeconomic recession, the federal reserve presided over by Alan greenspan began to continuously lower the interest rate. From 2001 to June 2003, the federal funds rate was continuously lowered for 13 consecutive years. The interest rate dropped from 6.5% in 2000 to 1% in June 2003 and lasted for nearly a year. Such low interest rates are rare in the history of the American economy.

The continuous low interest rate will undoubtedly increase the amount of money in circulation, which is very beneficial to overcoming the economic recession. It is also the fact that the American economy did not have a serious recession after the new economy burst, which objectively plays a counter-cyclical role. In the process of continuously lowering interest rates, it is inevitable to be accompanied by the increase of money circulation, which leads to the emergence of inflation in the macro economy, promotes the strong demand of the real estate market, and the rise of housing prices, and then forms the prosperity of the subprime loan market. Without sustained, long-term low interest rates, it would not have been possible for the subprime market to have flourished at the turn of the century and led to such complex financial innovations based on the subprime market. This is one of the mistakes of monetary policy, which attaches importance to counter-cyclical effect and ignores anti-inflation.

Monetary policy mistakes another, with the new economy burst a series of measures to implement economic stimulus, the U.S. economy has begun to rebound, by early 2004, with energy, raw material prices, global inflation pressure is increasingly protruding, the federal reserve system under this background, launched the cycle since June 2004, the federal reserve system within a year of 13 consecutive rise in interest rates, the federal funds rate from 1% to 5.25% in August 2006, completed the reversal from the rate cut cycle to cycle. Successive interest rate hikes have raised the cost of home loans, dampened market demand, housing prices began to fall and the housing market bubble began to burst. The virtuous circle in the subprime lending market is based on the sustained rise in house prices.

As a result of successive interest rate hikes, mortgage defaults in the subprime mortgage market have increased substantially. In 2006, housing prices nationwide fell by an average of 3.5% in one year, and in places with severe real estate bubbles, they fell by 20%. It can be seen that the interest rate control of the federal reserve not only stimulated the emergence of the real estate bubble, but also punctured the bubble, which led to the ups and downs of the real estate market and caused the subprime mortgage crisis. In the process, the market has been very good in accordance with the federal reserve system market adjustment signals, the right adjustments.

The United States is the most developed country in the world, but it is also rare among developed capitalist countries in the degree of polarization of income distribution. According to American standards, a person with an annual income of less than $10,000 or a family of four with an annual income of less than $20,000 is a poor person. According to data released by the U.S. census bureau in 2006, there are 370,000 people living below the poverty line in the United States, accounting for 12.6% of the total population. Due to the existence of a large number of poor people and low-income people, the United States government bears a lot of social security points out. The degree of polarization in the United States can be reflected by the gini coefficient in the table below.

While greenspan used interest rates to stimulate the U.S. economy, Americans did enjoy the benefits of the housing boom, while income distribution in the United States remained more polarized. Subprime loans are home mortgages to individuals with poor credit, no proof of income and no proof of repayment ability, and heavy debts. Subprime mortgages pay higher interest rates than prime mortgages given to people with good credit. Subprime loans can form the scale of the main reason is the existence of a large number of low-income people in the United States. The purpose of subprime loans is to solve the housing problem of low-income people, so that low-income people have their own houses. Instead, the subprime crisis has made it more difficult for lower-income people who could get subprime mortgages to buy homes, and for some middle-class people to fall.

In essence, the income distribution gap in the United States is the result of the spontaneous adjustment of the market. The reason why the market produces such a result has something to do with the tax policy of the United States. Since the 1980s, the tax cuts implemented by the Reagan administration have helped the rich but not the poor, resulting in a serious income gap in the United States. During the Clinton administration, tax increases were implemented, which were objectively beneficial to the low-income groups. During the period of rapid economic growth, the income of the poor and the rich increased, but the polarization of income did not get better. By President George w. bush, have carried out massive tax cuts, including 10 years to reduce stock dividends and other tax totaling more than $6700 to stimulate investment and consumption, the implementation of these tax cuts is conducive to capital owners, and, in turn, led to the virtual economic prosperity, buried a curse to the financial crisis.

Under the 2004 tax cut, families earning $50,000 or less would receive an average of less than $35. By contrast, households earning more than $1 million a year would get an average tax cut of $18,745. In addition, the us tax law provides for individual income tax to be deductible on the interest expense of loans for the purchase, construction and repair of houses, which stimulates the construction of new houses and people's enthusiasm to buy houses. In 1998, in the revised tax law of the United States, a more favorable regulation for homeowners was introduced, that is, when the owner of a house pays personal income tax, he can deduct the pretax, and each family can deduct $2,750 per year. People who rent houses cannot enjoy this tax preference, which further encourages residents to buy houses.

The U.S. tax code also stipulates that if a homeowner has lived in a house for more than two years, "income tax will be waived if the price difference between a single person's house and a house purchase is no more than $250,000, or if the price difference between a married family and a house purchase is no more than $500,000". In much of the U.S., home prices have been relatively stable, which has allowed Americans to largely avoid income tax on the proceeds of home sales. That has helped spur the market for previously owned homes, encouraging more activity in home transactions and investment.

As a major trading country in the world, the United States is also the main promoter of free trade and the maker of international trade rules. Imports and exports account for an important share in world trade. Most domestic industries and service industries have strong competitiveness in international trade and are among the biggest beneficiaries of international trade. In the field of international trade, the United States is running a deficit year after year. The current account deficit rose from 1.5 per cent of GDP in 1995 to 6 per cent in 2006. Huge current account deficits need to be financed by large amounts of capital from abroad to make up for the large gap in domestic savings. The U.S. fiscal deficit reached $455 billion in 2008, and the current account deficit, though down 7.9 percent from 2007, was still $673.3 billion. In 2008, the U.S. public debt exceeded $10 trillion. This twin deficit structure, which has been in existence for many years, can only be solved by the issuance of public debt and the introduction of international capital. This is how the United States has long relied on the dollar as the leading international reserve currency to support domestic consumption and investment growth through borrowing, based on large fiscal and trade deficits. The double deficit of the United States is the main reason for the imbalance of the world economy. The surplus countries can only put the surplus reserves back into the securities market of the United States, which further promotes the formation of the prosperity and bubble of the virtual economy of the United States, and leads to the rapid spread of the crisis, which sets off the global financial tsunami.

The financial crisis follows the process of continuous interest rate hikes by the federal reserve -- the bursting of the real estate bubble -- the subprime mortgage crisis -- the U.S. financial crisis -- the global financial crisis. In this process, the market does have defects and failures, but the main cause of this crisis lies in the U.S. government. Macroeconomic policy mistakes, to the functions of the income distribution and economic stability function of the government failed to make up for market failure, the market is not everything, but government failure is more terrible, the U.S. government before and after the crisis of monetary policy, tax policy, trade and fiscal deficits, as well as the lack of response, after the subprime crisis is the formation, the main reason for the outbreak and spread of financial crisis. Understanding this is particularly important for how to deal with and prevent financial crisis. In the process of global governments' response to the crisis, they must clearly recognize the functional positioning of the government, wantonly and improperly intervene in the market excessively may solve the current prominent problems, but also lay the groundwork for the coming of the next more serious problems.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创assignment代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有assignment代写、essay代写、paper代写服务。

51due为留学生提供最好的assignment代写服务，亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多assignment代写范文 提供北美作业代写服务，详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Persuasive Essay的Introduction部分

想必留学生们都知道Persuasive Essay，它其实是一种说服力文章，除了要陈述自己的观点之外，还需要列举论证和层层论证，以此来说服读者。在Persuasive Essay的写作中，Introduction部分是非常重要的，下面就给大家讲解一下。

可以说在一篇学术论文，研究论文或学期论文中最重要的部分莫过于开头的Introduction部分成功的阐明了要表达的三个具体主题：

1.介绍该项研究的标题所涵盖，需探索或分析的内容——解释题目的相关内容，或作者对其运用领域的兴趣，以及亟须讨论的框架和内容。

2.解释论文的结构划分，论文中主要的过渡部分和段落，主题和要点。

3.阐明论文的核心主题——提出的理论或观点，为余下论文、需将讨论的观点打下一个前提基础。一段论文Introduction的内容可据论文类型的不同而各有特色，其可分为说服文，一般研究性论文，学位论文或博士论文。但是学生在写说服文——其观点通常是有理论依据的——一般遵循一些基本规则。

写好一篇Persuasive Essay的Introduction的步骤一段接一段的概述说服文的其他部分。以我看来，Essay Introduction段落是作为整个论文的大纲。一篇论文应该有引言，明确的中心思想，有力的论据以及一个能够统筹整篇论文的结尾。写一个或两个主题句。一般一篇论文大概有一个主题句，通常方便读者阅读该论文，还利于作者组织引言段落，规划好整篇论文，更能指示文中的观点，限定引言的范围。主题句规划上下文的主题及其界限。这些观点或整个主题都将要进行检验，分析或评估，解释为何它们在学术领域内如此重要、切题、中肯，并值得详细讨论。

主题句可以是一个简单的奇闻异事，可以是个问题，也可以是个有名的引用，但一定得有解释它的重要性，为何值得讨论的句子。要把握好Persuasive Essay的主题思想。学生要有一个有把握且简明的论据，至多用一到两句话写出即可。总结支持看法的要点，保持简洁。Persuasive Essay的Introduction段落中的这部分旨在表明余下论文中每个段落的要点，而这些要点紧随论文的中心思想，基本观点。它们不必过分具体，也不必详细叙述。当然，并不是每篇论文的Introduction都必须准确遵守这些规则。然而，对于留学生首次要想写好一篇Persuasive Essay来说，这却是一个基本的规则。希望本篇内容能够帮助到同学们。

以上就是关于Persuasive Essay的Introduction部分讲解，希望能帮大家更好地写作Persuasive Essay。

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：The Temple of Jupiter Optimus

本篇paper代写- The Temple of Jupiter Optimus讨论了朱庇特神庙。朱庇特神庙位于罗马的卡皮托林山上，被认为是古罗马最伟大的宗教神庙。朱庇特神庙的庙宇看起来非常雄伟、庄严和吸引人。众所周知，它已经融入了世界的景观。近年来，越来越多的人从世界各地开始旅行，以参观神秘的朱庇特神庙。朱庇特神庙一件艺术作品，在艺术研究中起着重要的作用。同样，它也是一个重要的历史遗迹，考古学家可以在这里进行考古工作。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

According to Constantine, “the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, also known as the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (Constantine, 2016). The Temple of Jupiter Optimus is located in the Capitoline Hill in Rome, and it is regarded as the greatest religious temple of ancient Rome. As a matter of fact, the Temple of Jupiter Optimus looks very majestic, solemn, and attractive. As we all know, it has already been incorporated into the landscape of the world. In recent years, an increasing number of individuals from all over the world begin to travel to see the mysterious Temple of Jupiter Optimus. In this paper, I will mainly focus on discussing the basic information, creative process, function and importance of The Temple of Jupiter Optimus.

It was said that the Temple of Jupiter Optimus was completed in 509 BC, and located in Terracina in Italy (Davies, 2006). Most of the work on the building was completed by Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. The temple is located on a prominent rocky promontory, and the undulating sea provides a natural backdrop for the temple, setting it prominently on the coast a few miles from here. From the temple, people can see the magnificent landscape. The Temple of Jupiter Optimus is a world-famous standard religious building. At the same time, it is also a repository for objects of ritual, cultural, and political events. No one can deny the fact that the Temple of Jupiter Optimus has a very strong artistic, historical, or archaeological flavor. The reason why the Temple of Jupiter Optimus was created in that period is that there is a very thick religious belief atmosphere at that time. In the period of Rome expansion, religion was completed introduced into Rome. During the period of the Empire, personal demands for religion gradually increased (Macrae, 2013). During the reign of Augustus, the traditional religion of Rome was revived, and some ancient temples were rebuilt. Since then astrology and magic have already prevailed. As a matter of fact, no one can deny the fact that almost every citizen at that time is significantly crazy about religion because they firmly believe that religion can help them to get rid of poverty and pain. As we all know, the Romans are very free to provide some sacrifices to the god, and it is also possible to sacrifice or sacrifice a particular combination of gods in Rome. The Romans built the temple so as to meet their own demands of sacrifice. According to Giffard, from its earliest stages, the temple seems to be a site of religious, cultural and political significance. For instance, the sibylline oracles are put in the temple to memory the war. Moreover, the Temple of Jupiter Optimus is treated as the terminus of victory. It is also a place where the Senate meets are held. And it is very gorgeous position combining religion and politics. In a word, it is a remarkably supreme and sacred building in Rome. Obviously, the construction of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus is a symbol of a historical period. Thus, the Temple of Jupiter Optimus can better reflect the art history in Rome. A significant number of individuals research the Temple of Jupiter Optimus so as to better understand the art history of Rome.

Actually, the construction of the temple is a huge project. It has the roofs with steep slope, inherits the Roman ancestors’ architectural and decorative traditions, and begins to learn from the Greek style of architecture. The top of the arcade is built of concrete and masonry, with irregular walls of lime concrete rubble forming a natural network of decorative patterns that enhance the rustic quality of the stone. The temple of Jupiter makes people clearly feel the contribution that Rome made to the development of Greek architecture. It combines the purely decorative arch with the Greek column so as to become the logical structure of a building with strong practicability.

In general, the Temple of Jupiter Optimus has the religious function and meaning. Religion is a strict routine for the sake of the collective good. It is necessary to strictly observe the rituals of keeping the grace of God in order to achieve social prosperity, physical health, a bumper harvest of agriculture, and a victory in war. Actually, God is regarded as an abstract force, which can help people to get rid of poverty and pain and live a happier life. People at that time worshiped God and communicated with God through their hearts and they carried out heartfelt routines. According to Miller, Jupiter is the God that is in charge of the sky and weather (Ippolito, 2009). In addition, it also includes a large number of names of lower ranking gods that rule the smallest details of human life. In the sacrifice, gods are generally represented by statues of the Romans, and the ranks and relations of God are arranged in a purely Greek manner. These statues in the Temple of Jupiter Optimus are on behalf of the Roman gods, and they are the performance of the typical image in Greek mythology. Thus, the gods of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus are endowed with the characteristics of Greek religion and the story of Greek mythology. From the latter part of the Republic, especially during the imperial period, people tended to have more religious needs. As a matter of fact, the Temple of Jupiter Optimus is to cater for people’s religious demands at that time.

Lindsay says that the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus is the first major temple built in the early city and the destination of Roman triumphs (Lindsay, 2010). The Temple of Jupiter Optimus has made a great contribution to the art history, archaeology, anthropology, or history in ancient Rome. The temple itself is an art work, so it plays an important role in studying art. It is also an important historic site, where archaeologists can carry out archaeological work. Through studying the temple, people not only understand art history, but also get more information about human activity at that time. No one can dispute the fact that the temple is the reflection of a certain historical period of Rome. In the modern world, a significant number of individuals travel to Rome to see the Temple of Jupiter Optimus in order to meet their Curiosities and explore this mysterious world-famous religious temple.

References

Constantine, A. O. (2016). Temple of jupiter optimus maximus. Classical Review, 57(1), 172-174.

Davies, P. J. E. (2006). Exploring the international arena: the tarquins' aspirations for the temple of jupiter optimus maximus. Carol C Mattusch, págs. Cornell University Press, 27(2), 186-189.

Ippolito, A. (2009). Modelling the wall surfaces of the temple of divine Claudius in Rome. Journal of Medieval History, 20(38), 76-85.

Lindsay, H. (2010). Vespasian and the city of rome: the centrality of the capitolium | nova. the university of newcastle's digital repository. Acta Classica, 53(1), 165-180.

Macrae, D. E. (2013). Religion in republican rome: rationalization and ritual change by jörg rüpke (review). American Journal of Philology, 134(3 (Whole Number 535)), 510-514.

要想成绩好，英国论文得写好，51due代写平台为你提供英国留学资讯，专业辅导，还为你提供专业英国essay代写，paper代写，report代写，需要找论文代写的话快来联系我们51due工作客服QQ：800020041或者Wechat：Abby0900吧。

Essay代写：The development of the British civil service

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The development of the British civil service，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国文官制度的发展。从英国文官体制的建立至二十世纪初，英国的文官体制改革持续很多次。1890年，由于行政日常事务增多，政府又将第一等级和第二等级进行重新划分。后来麦克唐纳委员会对于文官体制问题进行考察、调研，并提议一系列的建议。一战结束后，英国文官制度又进行了变革，所有文官的最高文职授予财政部常任秘书。

In terms of the world, the first country to establish a civil service system was Britain. Before the reform of civil service system is given priority to with "gift patronage system", that is all the positions are appointed by the king, and the king, using many privileges on the buying and selling office kept expanding his powers, have also led to sell ranks and titles, corruption, bloated, civilian quality is poor, low working efficiency of a series of phenomena. The bill of rights, agreed in 1689, largely restricted the power of the king and gradually replaced parliament as the country's political center. At the same time, the new bourgeoisie, in order to protect their vested interests, passed a bill in 1964, which stipulated that tax clerks were not allowed to serve as members of the house of Commons. At the beginning of the 19th century, the two-party system of government was gradually consolidated. The ruling party was the composition of the winning party, so the winning party would share the spoils openly after it came to power. This leads to the reconstruction of the civil service team and the chaos of the administrative system. To counter such instability, the first permanent secretary was installed at the Treasury in 1805, not associated with a change in the ruling party. After that, each department set up a permanent office for this department, which laid the foundation for the permanent civil service system.

The industrial revolution marked by the invention of steam engine began in Britain in the mid-18th century and was basically completed in the mid-19th century. It made the British economy develop rapidly and created the industrial bourgeoisie. From the utilitarian principle of the industrial bourgeoisie, the request was made to create a clean and efficient authority, save money, and put more capital into the economy. At the same time, relying on their strong economic strength, the industrial bourgeoisie worked hard to promote the reform of the British administrative system. In 1832 and 1867 respectively, the industrial bourgeoisie reformed the parliament. The results of the reform made the industrial bourgeoisie occupy an important position in the parliament.

Exam Ren Yongzhi origins in the east India company, the same year the British parliament sent up waiting on the company's administrative system of the research, and put forward the makah to report, in the second year, the Treasury two officials, Scott and QuWeiLian, research on the present situation of the civil service team, develop the noble Scott - QuWeiLian report, the report reveals that the public system's ills, a set of Suggestions on the reform of civil service system.

In 1855, palmerston issued the privy council order on the recruitment of civil servants in the royal government, establishing a civil service system committee to undertake the examination and assessment. The second civil service reform act issued by Gladstone in June 1870 is a symbol of the establishment of the modern British civil service system. This change in the British civil service system has great significance for the social progress of Britain and other countries in the world. It has greatly improved the efficiency of government work and promoted the progress of material civilization. And development is the basic characteristic of western civil service system.

From the establishment of the British civil service system to the early 20th century, the reform of the British civil service system lasted for many times. In 1890, due to the increase of daily administrative affairs, the government reclassified the first and second levels. MacDonald commission in 1914, the civil service system of the investigation, research, and proposed a series of recommendations. After the end of the first world war, the British civil service system was changed again, and the highest civil service was given to the permanent secretary of the Treasury. The British government took over the civil service of the foreign office in 1943.

After the World War II, Britain became a second-class country with a rapidly declining international status. At the same time, during the World War II, the British civil service swelled and people were very angry at the phenomenon that government officials only paid attention to generalists and ignored professional skills. In order to improve the overall quality of the civil service and quickly strengthen the efficiency of the government, the government has decided to make necessary reforms to the permanent civil service system. Fulton investigated the British civil service system in 1966. In 1968, Fulton report put forward relevant opinions: the establishment of civil personnel department and the change of the management and leadership mode of civil servants; to strengthen the training of civil service skills and establish civil service colleges; Implement consistent hierarchy framework and reorganize the civil service team.

Thatcher reformed the current civil service system in 1979, aiming at decentralization of power, improvement of work efficiency, and provision of high-quality services to taxpayers. The specific measures include: the number of civil servants was continuously reduced, and the civil servants accounted for 2.7% of the British labor force in 2002. Reorganizing senior officials to manage civilian officials independently and breaking the structure of civilian officials again. Retain professional and technical personnel from the layoff process, break the generalist model. Introduce the competition mechanism into the social service, change the overall quality of the civil service team, and determine the standardized performance evaluation in the social management. As the establishment of the civil service swelled the ranks of civil servants and protected their privileges, it was abolished. In July 1994, major's administration issued the white paper "continuity and reform of the British civil service system", inheriting thatcher's ideas of reform and proposing a series of countermeasures: reducing senior management; Recruit college students to the civil service team after examination; To form management organizations, including senior officials and chief executives; Develop a variety of senior management salary system. Blair put forward a number of guidelines and stated the purpose of the civil service system in 2004.

The civil service system in Britain has developed gradually through the government's vigorous advocacy and its own gradual reform, and has evolved into many features: one is the "permanent occupation system" of the civil service profession. That is to say, according to the law, civil servants can be engaged in civil service permanently as long as they are employed by the government without major mistakes. Second, the "neutrality" of the civil service system. That is to say, civil servants maintain a neutral attitude in politics and are not affected by any ruling party. Third, the legalization of the civil service profession. The state USES legal forms to stipulate that civil servants should perform their official duties in accordance with the law, and that malfeasance and corruption should be punished accordingly. In short, the reform of the British civil service system has achieved great results. The British civil service culture has been greatly developed, and the working efficiency of the government has been further improved. While absorbing fine traditions, the British government has also tried to practice new management ideas.

The United States and Canada in 1885 and 1882 created a permanent civil service under the influence of the United Kingdom as the first. After World War II, France and Germany followed Britain's example and established the modern civil service system. Italy also established the modern civil service system. At present, most countries have established the modern civil service system. However, each country establishes civil service system in accordance with its own actual development situation, so it is different from Britain in many aspects. For example, in the selection of the quality of civil servants, due to the British traditional culture, more attention is paid to the selection of versatile, and the United States is the selection of civil servants with more professional knowledge and technology of talent. In terms of job classification, the United Kingdom implements the establishment of jobs according to people, emphasizing the "grade classification" of rank and rank. America, on the other hand, focuses on "job classification". At the same time, the modern British civil service system has great reference value for the evaluation and selection of Chinese civil servants. In general, although there are many differences in the modern civil service systems in many countries in the world, there are many similarities in their basic contents.

Especially after the end of World War II, with the rapid development of science and technology and the emergence of advanced technologies in the world, the government has significantly increased its intervention in all aspects of social life. Therefore, professional and technical personnel are urgently needed in the management of the government. The number of civil service professionals in the United States federal government gradually increased. During Roosevelt's tenure, one-third of the secretaries had bachelor's degrees. Nine-tenths of Japan's civil service are highly educated. At the same time, France also pays special attention to professional knowledge and talent, and establishes the "national school of administration" to strengthen the professional training of civil servants. It can be seen that the demand of modern civil service system for professional knowledge talents has developed into an irreversible tide.

The adoption of legal means has become the basis for the establishment of civil service systems in many countries around the world. The powers, tasks and other matters to be exercised by civil servants are strictly delineated in many decrees. A civil servant who has not committed a material fault will not be removed from office. On the contrary, once the civil servant ACTS beyond the scope of the decree or violates the law, he will be subject to judicial sanctions. In short, more legal restrictions can make the civil service system more perfect.

Britain's political system reform is developed through its own practical experience, without any theoretical reference. Although it has many defects and imperfection, the originality and extensibility of its own development characteristics have shown us its unique charm and value, which are worth learning from and studying.

想要了解更多英国留学资讯或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有essay代写、paper代写、assignment代写。在这里，51Due致力于为留学生朋友提供高效优质的留学教育辅导服务，为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有essay代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有；未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象，51Due保留一切法律追诉权。