留学文书CV的写作

在申请国外大学的过程中，留学文书是非常重要的，这也是招生官了解申请者的主要途径。在个人陈述的写作中，很多留学生都发现由于字数限制的问题，导致很多东西都讲不完。在这种情况下，其实同学们可以适当把一部分内容补充到CV里面去，下面就给大家讲解一下CV的写作。

在申请留学的时候，如果你不能创新出很独特的简历那就建议你按照一般性简历的格式来写，下面介绍下一般留学简历的书写格式：首先你要别人知道你是谁，所以你要写上你的个人信息即Personal Information，包括你的姓名，联系地址和联系电话，email。

其次既然你是申请去对方学校学习的，那你就要写上你的教育背景，即Educational background，让别人知道你之前的学习经历。其内容要从大学开始，高中及以前的不要写进去，具体的可以看你申请学校的要求。有必要的话，可以写一些自己学过的核心课程，注意不要写太多，5～6门功课足以;如果你的成绩非常优秀，你也可以写上自己的GPA和排名。

然后就是所获荣誉，即Honors，也叫做Awards，也就是你获得的各种奖励，学术的和社会活动方面的荣誉都要写上去。建议这一项紧跟在教育背景之后写，因为这一部分和你的教育直接相关联，并且很是你经历中的重要部分。

还有国外对于申请者的个人重大经历也看得很重，即Experience，这一部分的内容是重点，你应该多写一点。比如说，工作经验Working Experience，学术经历Academic Experience，这两种经历可以统称为Professional Experience;还有志愿者活动Volunteer Work。

如果你在之前的学校参加过一些组织，即Membership & Affiliations，也就是你参加过什么社团，协会之类的，同时注明你所担任的职务和所作的工作。他们在看你的是申请材料的时候也会考虑到这这些的。

最后就是你的一些其他能力和爱好，即Interests & Skills，这一项里面的Skills 有很多含义，比如说你的英语能力(包括你的TOEFL & scores)，第二外语语言能力，计算机能力，计算机语言能力等等，如果你有什么特长也写，把你会的都写上去;同时这里也可以简要说明一下自己的性格特点，比如honest, hardworking, reliable 等等;至于个人爱好也随便写一些吧，基本上每个人都会有的。

当然如果你之前发表过著作，即Publications，也就是你发表的等等，注意要是学术上的，可以为你的申请增添不少色彩，但是别把你写的什么诗歌也拿进去充数，除非你申请文学学位。如果没有这一项可以不写。

以上就是关于留学文书CV的写作讲解，同学们要是想从众多的申请者中脱颖而出，那么就要在留学文书中下点功夫了。

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更多关于代写的内容，点开主页栏目，即可快速获取代写相关资讯，如果各位有美国作业代写需求，可以咨询24小时客服QQ：800020041，为您详细解答。

北美作业代写：Eating Lunch Together

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Eating Lunch Together，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了员工的午餐。在人们的认知中，午餐是一天之中必不可少的一餐，人们已经习惯了在漫长的一天中补充这种能量。然而，由于工作压力的缘故，有一部分公司的员工很少有时间享受他们的午餐。为了专心工作，他们会选择一边办公一边吃饭。但有研究表明，对于同一组的员工来说，一起在休息室吃饭可以使他们的工作表现更加积极，或者换句话说，在午餐时间一起吃饭的团队成员会更加团结，从而在工作任务上取得显著的进步。

Lunch has been long regulated as an essential meal of a day in a large range of the world, and people have already developed their accustoms to this energy supplement in the middle of a long day. However, as the industry and economy develops in a fast speed that human beings have never experienced before, it is only efficiency that is worshipped due to the crave of productivity and the capital flows by the hurried people. Having lunches was then deprived of its privileges of being superior to work as it would break the fluency of the morning work and the afternoon work, and workers by the table today, according to the research published by the New York Times, seldom have time to enjoy their lunch during working days. It has become a common phenomenon that lunch turns optional and employees eat alone by their computer or desk and avoid eating launch at the break room in order to stick to their work. Though experts have proven that eating alone might be helpful to those employees’ health as it may reduce the amount of food taken in, but there are also evidences showing the calories that are cut in the lunch period is made up later in the form of snacks, the whole amount is then even larger than an ordinary lunch amount and the food is less healthy. Considering the opposite effect of eating alone may brought with, it is also a good option for employees to eat together. Researches have shown that desktop dinning for workers at the same group may help improve the correlations between work performance more positive, or in another word, the team members who eat together at lunch time may become more united, which would trigger significant progress in the working tasks. Thus, eating lunches together not only help improve the health condition of the employees, but also help employees to communicate with each other better and push the progress of the work.

People cannot deny there are an increasing number of employees who always in a hurry to do everything due to the huge work load and the great working pressure. It is also an unescapable truth that people who are losing time to eat their lunch are shy to show their intention to eat while others don’t eat. However, this situation can be changed. Since the energy supplement is actually required after what is already a hard morning work, people naturally feel hungry and they need to take in food to continue the work in the afternoon. It can be understood that people who do desk jobs have their own desk to convey all kinds of working activities, but lunch is actually not involved in those works. Since there are restrooms exclusively set up for the breaks of the employees, there is no necessity to avoid using it.

Considering the advantages and the essence of eating lunch, employees eating together should be promoted by the managers. It is a campaign that is both beneficial for the company and the employees. There are reasons to explain. The first reason is that eating lunch is essential for workers to continue their work. No matter what kind of job does one do at his company, he may use all kind of his resources to complete the job he has been assigned to. The progress to finish his job definitely takes strength, and the loss of energy requires supplements before it completely runs out, and usually human beings takes in energy in the form of bio energy, in another word, people eat food to compensate the loss of energy. So that as long as people work, they need to eat, and when the energy runs out, the efficiency of work drops. So that people need to take in food in time in order to keep a relatively high efficiency. And the time to take in food, which has been calculated by our ancestors and be decent as a habit, turns out to be in the middle of the day, which is often referred to as lunch. So that eating lunch is an appropriate movement, both for one’s health and work. Secondly, eating together helps colleagues to communicate and understand each other better, which in turn, would lead them into a more unit teamwork. The people sit by the same table and eat, it is very common for them to have a talk or chat with each other. People may not consider this as a normal or ordinary way to develop their relationships, they may happen to be assigned to one group or forced to work together, but chatting during eating turns out to be a very efficient way to develop friendship. There are also huge possibilities that colleague using lunch time to talk about work, converting lunch time into conference-lunch time. They tend to be more friendly and relaxing while eating, talks and words tend to be less aggressive than in a formal conference and some issues of working can be solved easier.(Bell & Pliner, 2003) Thus, Eating lunch together is quite positive for companies.

Considering the unhealthy situation that occurs frequently on today’s employees and the advantage of eating together that may change the current bad situation, it is very recommended for the managers to attach importance to the atmosphere of colleagues eating lunch together. He may improve the decorations in the restroom in order to attract his employees to eat lunch in it, putting some large tables that allow several people sitting together. He may also set up some regulations that ask for workers not to eat on their table—there are documents and computers to protect, so workers, please go to the break room and have dinner. They can also encourage their workers to eat lunch at company cafe, and provide some snacks and food at lunch time.

Reference

Bell, R., & Pliner, P. L. (2003). Time to eat: the relationship between the number of people eating and meal duration in three lunch settings. Appetite, 41(2), 215.

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如何确定英国essay的题目

留学生在写作英国essay之前，首先要做的，就是先确定论文的观点，然后这个观点最好能在essay题目上体现出来。因为只有一目了然的题目，才能让大家立马就明白essay到底想要表达什么。那么如何确定英国essay的题目呢？下面就给大家讲解一下。

一、了解论文意义

即论文论题的总结，好的论文题目就等于文章成功了一半。因为题目的功能是点明essay主旨，让老师一眼就可以看出文章讨论的基本问题。例如：The influence of theory of luxury market in China就知道主要是讲奢侈品在中国市场的影响力方向来展示论述的。

二、选题思路

1.对自己比较感兴趣的方向。即从自己专长和兴趣入手确定选题。留学生可能对于同一科目，不同的知识要点可能有不能的见解和思考，或在实际活动中也有不同的感悟，对于同一个学科的认知深度是不同的，留学生们可以根据自己感兴趣的方面进行定题。

2.题材挖掘法。对于当今社会新闻，市场动态，以及学校教学的方向来去挖掘出来最具吸引力的热点题材进行定题。

3.边缘学科交叉定题法。将其他学科的研究成果与你将要定题的论文结合对比，可以让你视野更广阔的去提供一个比较接近学科的论文题目。

4.新角度的延伸法。即对同一问题不同角度并较有深度的总结论文的题目，让题目能更一步深化。

5.对比总结法。通过对论文学科中的不同问题进行多方面的比较研究来认识事物，进行总结出来论文题目。

三、标题要精简明了无符号

标题一定要新颖，即用语不能过于常规化。学生可以选择一些比较陌生的词来表达同一主题，可能会给老师耳目一新的感觉效果。

以上就是关于英国essay的题目讲解，题好文一半，所以同学们要想让essay拿高分的话，那么就必须确定一个好题目了。

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：Child Abuse

本篇paper代写- Child Abuse讨论了虐待儿童的问题。在现代社会，虐待儿童已经成为一种常见的现象，这对儿童的成长非常不利。尽管许多人尽最大努力呼吁禁止虐待儿童，但这一社会现象到目前为止还没有根本改变。事实上，没有人能否认，虐待儿童在全世界仍然是一个严重的社会现象。大量数据表明，虐待儿童的现象十分严重。虐待儿童是一种非常复杂的现象，它具有显著的多层面性。因此，对这一复杂现象的概念化也是多方面的。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

1. Introduction

Child abuse refers to all kinds of extreme violence that hurt children, cripples children or kills children. Studies show that a significant number of children are sometimes threatened and attacked by their parents using force. Generally speaking, child abuse usually has different styles. According to Sedlak, et al., “abuse includes physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Neglect includes physical neglect, emotional neglect, and educational neglect (875).” In fact, no matter what kind of child abuse has its specific causes to children, at the same time, all kinds of child abuses can not avoid bring many negative effects to children. As a matter of fact, no one can deny the fact that children abuse may lead to both physical and psychological adverse effects on children’s later lives. These negative effects mainly include the following aspects: neural development, attachment, emotion regulation, self concept and social adaptation. So many children are abused by their parents or relates, and it makes them suffer great pains in their whole lives. However, it seems that there is no sign of relaxation in the phenomenon of children abuse. Instead, an increasing number of children are suffering abused by others in the modern world. Actually, children abuse is worth paying more attention to and it is a thought-provoking social issue. In this paper, I will focus on discussing the phenomenon, causes and adverse effects of child abuse.

2. The phenomenon of children abuse in the modern world.

In the modern world, children abuse has been a common phenomenon which can bring great disadvantages to children. An increasing number of children are experiencing different styles of maltreatment during their growth experiences. Although a large number of individuals try their best to call for a ban on child abuse, the social phenomenon has not been fundamentally changed so far. As a matter of fact, no one can deny the fact that children abuse is still a serious social phenomenon throughout the world. A great amount of data show that the phenomenon of children abuse is significantly serious. According to Sedlak, et al., from 2005 to 2006, more than 1.25 million children have already experienced maltreatment. Among them, about 553,300 children were abused (875). And 771,700 children were neglected. Data show that, the majority of children were abused in physical, and the number was 323,000. About a quarter of them had the experience of sexual abuse, it was about 135,500 children. In addition, over a quarter of them have the experience of emotional abuse, the estimated number is 148,500. Nearly half of the neglected children have the experience of educational neglect, the number is 148,500. Over a third of them were physically neglected, the number is 295,300. A quarter of them were emotionally neglected, the number is 193,300(875).

3. The major causes of child abuse

Generally speaking, there are a number of reasons which can explain the occurrence of child abuse. Child abuse is a very complex phenomenon and it is significantly multifaceted. Hence, the conceptualizations about the complex phenomenon is also multifaceted.

3.1 Child abuse is connected with the life experiences of parents. Actually, the parental history and the parents’ own experience during childhood can lead to child abuse. As we all know, growth experience always brings an obvious life-long effect on a person’s behaviors. On the one hand, parents who have bad experiences in their childhoods are more likely to abuse their children. Some parents have the experience of being abused in their childhoods. These groups of parents are not able to feel love and express love to their children. Even some of them abuse their children motivated entirely by the desire for revenge. To a certain extent, they all have different degrees of mental illness. In fact, it is just the mental illness that leads them to abuse children. On the other hand, parents who have bad experience in their childhoods fail to carry out effective communication with their children. These groups of parents always don’t have enough parental skills and they tend to fail to respond to their children’s needs in early phases of interaction with their children. As a result, it will also lead to children abuse. As a matter of fact, no one can deny the fact that family and interaction contexts have great effects on parents’ behaviors and child abuse. Hence, interactions between the parents and the child is remarkably important and it is necessary to pay more attention to the way parent-children interactions.

3.2 Family structures and dynamics including marital relation, family organization may lead to child abuse. Data show, a large number of parents have the tendency to abuse children, because they live in a remarkably discordant family. As we all know, a bad marriage is often without love and warmth. Thus, this kind of family is more prone to conflict. In the long run, they may be depressed. Parents’ depression may increase the risk of their losing control, and physically injuring a child (Kinard 413). A significant number of parents are easily affected by negative emotions including unhappiness, sadness and depression. These groups of parents tend to abuse their children because negative emotions always make them lose control. To a certain extent, these groups of parents abuse children because they usually lack of the ability to control over their own emotions. Their sadistic behaviors are often the result of impulse. Thus, it is necessary to use of standard mental health interventions so as to prevent child abuse.

3.3 The stress of daily life may cause the behavior of child abuse. Generally speaking, life stress includes several factors such as poverty, unemployment and work adversities, etc.. The social environment such as poverty may be one of the major factors which lead to child abuse. “In United States, poverty and family structure explained the largest proportion of the variance while individual pathology, including a childhood history of abuse, explained the least (Calheiros 14)”. In the modern world, people are bearing more and more pressure in many aspects. The majority of parents have to bear the responsibility to support families and they always feel significantly exhausted. In the face of heavy burden, a lot of parents addict themselves in to drugs and alcohol. As a matter of fact, it is really a bad phenomenon. A significant number of parents clarify that they abuse their children because drunk or drug seizures. Obviously, these groups of parents refuse to admit that they are hurting their children deliberately. In fact, no matter whether they shirk or not, the only fact is that they all make irreparable harm to their children.

3.4 Moreover, parents’ level of education is also a factor that leads to child abuse. Related data show people who have higher socioeconomic status and social position will be able to get resources that ensure them to better interact with their children, tend to have little inclination to abuse children.

4. Adverse consequences of child abuse

Child abuse has a profound negative impact on both the physical and mental aspects of childhood and adulthood. Maltreatment not only hurts the children's body, but even causes disability and death in children. It also causes all kinds of psychological and behavioral problems and psychosomatic diseases. Adults are also prone to physical and psychological problems, such as ischemic heart disease, post traumatic stress disorder, stroke, diabetes, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, fracture and hepatitis, cancer, depression and anxiety, eating disorders, antisocial behavior or personality disorders. In recent years, it has been found that maltreatment can cause irreparable harm in aspects of behavior, socialization, cognition and emotion of children, and these effects can be sustained into adulthood.

4.1 The impact of child abuse on behavior. Behavioral pathways are the most studied in all the approaches. It includes a large number of acts of damaging health, such as substance abuse, eating disorders, suicide, high risk sexual behaviors, smoking and sleep disorders, etc..

4.1.1 Substance abuse. It is said that children who have four or more than four childhood bad experiences are more likely to be addicted to alcohol, drug addiction and drug injection. Gay and bisexual men who have had a history of sexual abuse are more likely to use psychotropic drugs. Women who have a history of sexual abuse tend to suffer from drug addiction and alcohol abuse (Bernstein et al. 1132). The reason is that they try to deal with academic failure and poor peer relationship, to change their inner experience and reduce mental pain by substance abuse alcohol or drug use. Smoking is also common among children with childhood abuse history.

4.1.2 Obesity and eating disorders. Overweight is a significantly common issue among adults with a history of childhood abuse.

4.1.3 Suicide. Suicide attempts and suicidal thoughts are common in adults who have had a history of abuse. People who have four or more types of family problems tend to have stronger suicide attempts. Sexual abuse history is also related to kill ideas and actions. The same is true of psychiatric patients with history of sexual abuse or history of physical abuse.

4.1.4 High risk sexual behaviors. Risky sexual behaviors are fairly harmful behaviors in the study of abuse, and are not influenced by gender and sexual orientation. Sexual abuse is associated with high-risk sexual activity (Fergusson et al. 529). Women who have sexual abuse history tend to be much more voluntary to conduct sexual activity for the first time. There are more teenage pregnancy, abortion, multiple sex partners, unprotected sex and suffering from sexually transmitted diseases. The phenomenon is more obvious especially in women with a history of more serious abuse. People who have four or more than four family problems tend to have sexual partners who have at least one sexually transmitted disease.

4.1.5 Sleep disorder. Although sleep itself is not a strict sense of behavior, it has the ingredients of behavior. Adults with childhood abuse often have difficulty falling asleep and continuing nightmares. Proper sleep is necessary for health and the lack of adequate sleep can affect health in a variety of ways. The lack of sleep for a long time will reduce immunity and lead to infections and diseases. At the same time, it is also prone to a variety of injury accidents. Difficulty in falling asleep also indicates serious depression.

4.2 Impact of child abuse on social competence. As we all know, good social relations and the ability to get along with others are essential to an individual's health. The ability to establish and maintain positive and interactive social relationships can also be affected by all forms of abuse. Adults with a history of abuse have a poor relationship with others (Lopez 183). For example, they tend to fail in marriage, and choose to be segregated from others. Adults who were neglected in childhood were more anxious, paranoid and hostile. The mutual trust between people can also affect the life span. Trust refers to a person believe that others are loyal, kind, and honest. People with higher interpersonal relationships are healthier and longer than those who lack trust. High level of trust is related to self health and life satisfaction. In addition to the negative beliefs discussed above, beliefs about health perception are also related to individual health. Health perception refers to the condition in which an individual feels himself in a healthy state. Cruelty can affect one's health perception. People who have the history of sexual abuse are generally less satisfied with their health. More women who suffer from sexual harm think they are in poorer health. As a matter of fact, health perception may be a potential predictor of disease and death.

4.3 Emotional impact of child abuse. Over the past 20 years, a great deal of literature has shown that negative emotions are potentially dangerous to life. Common depression after being abused has a significant effect on people’s health. In general, depression is considered as the most common mental disorder after maltreatment. Adults with childhood sexual abuse are more likely to suffer from major depression. Actually, the majority of sexual abusers suffer from depressive symptoms. They include sleep disorders, chronic fatigue, disappointment and frequent crying, most of which are untreated. Compared with other depressed patients, depressive symptoms are the most severe in patients who have childhood sexual abuse experience. Child abuse itself can make the abused persons suffer from depression. Women with a history of sexual abuse are several times as likely to develop depression as those with history of asexual abuse. Childhood sexual abuse has an independent effect on depression, and it is more than other childhood adverse events. Depression has been shown to have an immunosuppressive effect that affects the immune system at the level of blood leukocytes, especially those patients with severe depressive disorder. Depression also affects people’s ability to take part in activities so as to promote healthy behaviors. Studies have shown that depression is closely related to lack of physical activities, having breakfast, sleeping regularities, as well as the use of seat belts. In addition, depression is related to smoking, eating less fruit and failing to use sunscreen. And women with major depression also have an increased risk of coronary heart disease. Patients with depression are prone to relapse and heart disease.

5. Conclusion

Child abuse has been a social issue throughout the world for decades of years. More and more children have the experience of maltreatment in their childhoods. In general, there are a lot of causes that can explain the phenomenon of child abuse. Child abuse is connected with the life experiences of parents. Family structure and dynamics including marital relation, family organization may lead to child abuse. The stress of daily life may cause the behavior of child abuse. Moreover, parents’ level of education is also a factor that leads to child abuse. Meanwhile, it is not rational to ignore the bad effects of child abuse. It generally embodies in four aspects, such as the impact of child abuse on behavior, impact of child abuse on social competence, emotional impact of child abuse. Every child should be regarded of equal worth although they have individual differences and uniqueness. Every child should have the right to enjoy equal social, economic, civil and political treatments in order to ensure them to fully realize their inherent potential and share equally in life (Veronica 43). It is obvious that these values are grounded in the humanistic philosophy of any nation's declaration of independence. As a matter of fact, child abuse is a remarkably vital issue in the modern world. Therefore, it is necessary to attach great importance to care for children and forbid child abuse.

References

Bernstein, David P, et al. "Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. " American Journal of Psychiatry 151.8(1994):1132.

Calheiros, Maria Manuela. "Parents' beliefs on the causes of child maltreatment." International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy 13.1(2013):1-14.

Fergusson, D. M., L. J. Horwood, and L. J. Woodward. "The stability of child abuse reports: a longitudinal study of the reporting behaviour of young adults. " Psychological Medicine 30.3(2000):529-44.

Kinard, E. "Child Abuse and Depression: Cause or Consequence?." Child Welfare 61.7(1982):403-413.

Lopez, M. A., and R. W. Heffer. "Self-concept and social competence of university student victims of childhood physical abuse. " Child Abuse & Neglect 22.3(1998):183-95.

Sedlak, et al. “Fourth national incidence study of child abuse and neglect (NIS–4).” International Journal of Public Health 58.6(2013):875.

Veronica Amdi. "The cause of child abuse and neglect and their effects on the development of children in Samaru Zaria, Nigeria." Early Child Development & Care 58.1(1990):31-43.

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Essay代写：Britain's oil rule of law

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Britain's oil rule of law，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的石油法治体系。作为较早从事油气商业开发的发达国家，英国已经形成了涵盖海陆油气开发、独具特色、较为完整的石油法治体系。不断完善体制，加强宏观管理，促进油气工业不断发展是英国石油法律体系的一大特点。英国根据油气产业发展的实际需要，不断调整和修订法律，适时制定和出台新法规，为管理体制改革提供法律依据。另外，英国实施国有石油公司的民营化改革，实现了国有石油企业的民营股份制改革，显著促进了石油企业的发展，增强了其国际竞争力。

Generally speaking, oil and gas law is a law made for all aspects of the oil and gas industry in the oil and gas field, involving exploration, drilling, transportation and commercial transactions, also known as oil and gas law. The legal framework of oil and gas exploration and development in the UK mainly consists of the government's oil policies, laws and regulations and contracts.

Petroleum law is a basic legal document regulating the exploration and exploitation of domestic oil and gas resources. A representative oil and gas law would address the following key issues:

The role of the government, the establishment of oil companies, the methods and application procedures for obtaining licenses/contracts, the phased requirements for operations, environmental requirements, financial requirements, dispute resolution, the role of the national courts, fines and penalties, etc.

Take the oil act of 1998 of the United Kingdom as an example. The act was enacted on June 11, 1998, merging the laws related to oil, offshore installation and submarine pipelines into one law. It is mainly composed of petroleum, Marine activities, submarine pipelines, decommissioning of Marine installation facilities, general miscellaneous items and appendices. Among them, the first part is oil, mainly related to the definition of oil, national ownership of oil, license and detailed provisions for exploration and exploitation of oil, payment of exploitation costs, subsidiary rights and other contents; The second part is Marine activities, mainly involving the application of criminal law, civil law, prosecution and other content; Seabed pipeline is the third part, mainly including the construction of the pipeline and use, authorization, mandatory pipeline maintenance, the use of the pipeline to obtain power, termination, authorized by the pipe after the termination of ownership or authorize follow-up questions, inspector, implementation, XingSu procedures, the civil liability of the illegal, the apply of this section, the commands and regulations the content such as; The fourth part is the decommissioning of Marine installation facilities, which consists of the preparation of the plan, the personnel who submit the plan, the approval of the plan, the consequences of not submitting the plan, the revision of the plan, the recovery of the approval, the obligation to implement the plan, the consequences of non-performance of the plan, financial resources, regulations, illegal penalties and other contents. The fifth part is general miscellaneous, mainly including shares in Northern Ireland and the isle of man with oil revenues, development loans, interpretation, provisional provisions and exceptions.

Oil regulations in most countries are usually formulated to deal with specific technical problems in the oil industry and are considered as supporting legal documents. Most countries only enact regulations related to oil and gas and do not promulgation laws, the purpose of which is to allow sufficient flexibility and adaptability of the legal system. Oil law generally contains a general provision that authorizes statutory bodies to formulate regulations in due course to keep in line with the policy objectives of the oil law, which allows greater flexibility in the legal system to change as circumstances change without having to go through a lengthy legislative process to amend the oil law. Some regulations may be very complex, specific and professional for the industry, while others may be very general and allow the industry the right to make industry rules. The success of regulations depends largely on the ability of regulators themselves. The main areas of supervision include: establishment of regulatory bodies, safety and environmental protection, technical aspects, financial considerations, application procedures and so on.

According to the bp law, oil operations can only commence in accordance with the forms and conditions stipulated in the oil law, regulations and oil contracts if a license or permit is issued by a legal body. Britain's oil law provides for greater flexibility in the rules governing exploration and production of oil, meaning that the state can direct oil operations through any international oil company, private company or any method it deems appropriate.

British oil law usually introduces the concept of standard contracts and what they contain. It authorizes legal bodies to provide standard contracts to potential applicants when negotiating exploration and production contracts. The common types of contracts in Britain include mining tax contract, product sharing contract, service contract, joint venture contract, license contract and so on.

The department for energy and climate change is the main regulator of oil and gas activity in the UK. The department aims to ensure that Britain has a safe, clean and affordable energy supply, promote international cooperation and monitor climate change. It has eight agencies under its jurisdiction, among which the oil and gas administration is responsible for the supervision of offshore and onshore oil and gas activities in the UK. Its main responsibilities include the issuance of oil and gas permits, oil and gas exploration and production, oil and gas fields and Wells, the supervision of oil and gas infrastructure, and the issuance of carbon capture and storage permits. The natural gas and power office is responsible for the supervision of monopoly companies operating natural gas and power networks, and has the right to determine the price control and implementation. Its responsibility is to protect the interests of consumers and help industrial enterprises improve the environment.

The ministry of economy and finance and the ministry of revenue and customs are responsible for the administration of taxation, such as petroleum income tax, value-added tax, fence ring corporate tax, etc.

The main responsibility of the Marine safety administration is to monitor the health, safety and environmental protection of oil and gas activities.

Deepening reform, improving the system, strengthening macro-management and promoting the continuous development of the oil and gas industry are major features of the legal system of bp. This is highlighted in the following aspects: firstly, according to the actual needs of the development of the oil and gas industry, we should constantly adjust and revise laws, timely formulate and introduce new laws and regulations to provide legal basis for the reform of the management system; Secondly, we should constantly promote market-oriented reform, open up the market and introduce competition to promote the rapid development of domestic oil and gas exploration and development. Thirdly, the privatization reform of the state-owned oil companies has realized the reform of the private shareholding system of the state-owned oil companies in the UK, which has significantly promoted the development of oil companies and enhanced their international competitiveness.

The UK has earlier established a management system of oil and gas mineral rights with block bidding as the core. The management of oil and gas mineral rights mainly includes the following contents: first, the division of oil and gas blocks, according to relevant laws, the exploration areas on land and sea continental shelf are divided into several blocks, and bidding is carried out in batches; The second is to formulate standardized bidding procedures and bid standards, define the criteria and procedures for bid evaluation, and determine the type and terms of the contract; The third is to establish an effective block return system, in accordance with the standards of capital investment, technology, process, environmental protection and other standards and the term of mining rights, part or all of the oil and gas block mining rights will be returned; Fourth, a system of taxation policies for oil and gas resources has been established, with signature fee, rent, royalty and tax exemption as the main ones.

The British government attaches great importance to the supervision of oil and gas development and utilization, pays attention to the standardization of exploration and development activities, and emphasizes the supervision of oil and gas Wells, so as to achieve scientific, reasonable and efficient development of oil and gas resources. This concentrated performance is as follows: first, supervise the bidding and tendering activities of oil and gas mining rights, ensure their openness, transparency and fairness, and supervise the implementation of various contracts and the collection of taxes and fees; The second is to supervise the specific oil and gas exploration and development and production activities, strictly review the exploration and development technical programs, supervise the investment of funds, the application of technology and technology, and strengthen the supervision of oil and gas Wells, including the production of oil and gas Wells, the impact of various drilling on the environment, and the reasonable disposal of abandoned facilities. The establishment of appropriate regulatory bodies responsible for the overall supervision of oil and gas exploration and development.

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