写好Essay的诀窍

对于留学生来说，Essay的写作无疑已经成为了一项基本技能。想要写好一篇Essay，其实说难不难，说简单也不简单，技巧就只有那些，只要同学们把握好细节，那么问题就不大。下面就给大家分享一些写好Essay的诀窍。

诀窍1、思考与抉择：首先要选定论题，所以最好的方法是从你的兴趣出发，因为这样你写作Essay的动力最足；然后结合你功力最深的知识点（尽量具体-这里可以采用思维浓缩法/聚焦法）进行大致确定。

诀窍2、参照与对比：选择与论题类似的其它作品/论文进行参考比较，从而发现新鲜点（即做到与众不同），这便是你的独创性了，这样你既可以采取从别人/某一类的研究上更深入探究也可以纵向对比提出新观点。同时对相关作品进行细致品读，从而为你的论文议题、行文线程、引用资料、参考文献等都做好了准备。

诀窍3、写作与修改：既然论文框已经打好，就要采取趁热打铁式写作，把你考虑好的主体先写下来，然后到修改时再来考虑细节方面。写作时要注意用词的规范性（多使用专业术语）和艺术性（适当变化用词），修改-修改-再修改，要不厌其烦，这项工作你可以在你每天精神最佳的时刻来进行，这里最主要考虑的点应该是逻辑思辨方面，要做到论据充分（佐证/反证）、论点有力。

诀窍4、通读与求教：大声朗读你的Essay，觉得大体通顺，就可以让同学来提意见、请老师来评点。然后还是去修改。

诀窍5、检查与检测：这时就可以使用相关软件对拼音进行检查、使用检测工具来对论文进行检测。

诀窍6、最重要的一点无论什么时候都不要觉得Essay很难，只要内心不畏惧，你就可以战胜它。

以上就是给大家总结出的Essay写作诀窍。在写作的过程中运用这些小诀窍可能会使你的Essay变得更好，让你更加高效的写作Essay。

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作业代写：Explain North Korea's determination to develop nuclear weapons

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Explain North Korea's determination to develop nuclear weapons，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了朝鲜发展核武器的问题。从历史的角度来看，朝鲜发展核武器的决心始于1953年战争结束后不久。在国际政治环境的影响下，在邻国和美国的威胁下，朝鲜发展了自己的核武器，以保障自身的安全。相反，朝鲜核问题是对其邻国和美国利益的威胁，核武器也是朝鲜获得国际援助和能源援助的理想筹码。

Introduction

The nuclear problem in Korean Peninsula is a historical problem that can step back to 1957 when the U.S. Government deployed tactical nuclear weapons. The determination of North Korea to develop nuclear weapons, as a result, is a historical problem in not only Korean Peninsula area but also the among China, the U.S.,Japan and Russia. The essay will be divided into three parts to explain the two times of Nuclear power in North Korea and the rolls of these six counties play during the two conjunctures.

The first Nuclear Issue in North Korea

To explain the root of the study of the Nuclear Issue, the essay needs discuss the history traced back to post-war disposal of the Korean War. This war from the legal point of view, has not yet officially ended.

On July 27, 1953, with the highest commander of the Korean People's Army and the commander of the Chinese People's Volunteers as the party, with the commander-in-chief of the United Nations as the other party, both sides signed the "Korean Armistice Agreement" and the "temporary supplement on the armistice agreement protocol". But it is only a paper armistice agreement, rather than a peace treaty. That is, the relevant countries although in the truce, but still in a state of war. This can be regarded as one of the important causes of the stability of the Korean Peninsula for a long time.

North Korea has natural advantage of nuclear weapons development, that is its rich uranium mine. Take the two mines near Pyongyang, for example, are middle-size uranium mines. The two uranium mines are in the protection of the army that can't be overran only if there is a general war in North Korea.

In 1956, the government of North Korea cooperated with the former Soviet Union that concluded a plan called Nuclear Energy Research Cooperation Plan, and the country sent dozens of scientists each year to "Dubna Nuclear Research Center" in Moscow for studying nuclear knowledge. In the meantime, the government also cooperated with Eastern European countries for technology exchanges. In 1920, North Korea established a nuclear energy research institute to build reactors in Yongbyon area which is 90 kilometer north of Pyongyang. The institute was for nuclear energy research and development.

North Korea joined the International Atomic Energy Agency in 1974 and subsequently joined the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 1985. At the beginning of the 1980s, the country began its construction of a second reactor in Yongbyon. The 50-megawatt research reactor began operating in 1987 with the capability to produce about 700 kilograms of plutonium per year, which means it has potential to produce one or two nuclear weapons each year.

In 1991, the North Korea offered to denuclearize the Korean Peninsula, because South Korea was also ready to develop nuclear weapons as well as the United States in South Korea deployed tactical nuclear weapons. On December 31, 1991, the DPRK signed the Agreement on the Denuclearization of the Peninsula. In January 1992, the "safeguards agreement" was signed, and the DPRK accepted the IAEA's oversight and accepted its verification for 6 times from May 1992 to February 1993.

In the Untied States, on June 16, 1994, the U.S. Senate passed a resolution urging Clinton to take action to prepare the U.S. Military for "deterrence and repelling the Korean attack if necessary". However after the assessment, the U.S recognized that military action against DPRK would lead to North Korea's attack on the South Korea, which will result in a large number of innocent civilian’s casualties in both countries. During the time when the US was discussing about the military programs, the former US president Carter went to Pyongyang to visit and meet with Kim Zecheng, the leader of North Korea that time. The visiting brought back the information that North Korea was willing to negotiate with the United States. After that, the Clinton administration changed its attitude and chose the path of negotiations.

Since June 1993, North Korea and the US government had held three high-level talks in New York. The two sides signed the Framework Agreement on Solving the North Korean Nuclear Issue. The main contents include: North Korea agreed to abandon the construction process in the two graphite reactor. As compensation, the United States would organize and lead an international consortium to provide North Korea two $ 4 billion worth of light water reactors with capability of 1000 megawatts each as early as possible. In order to solve the energy problem in the reactor replacement process, the US would provide 500,000 tons of heavy oil to North Korea per year. This is the end of the first North Korean Issue.

The Second Nuclear Issue of North Korea

The second nuclear issue of North Korea began in 2003. However, before 2003, some evidence shows that the nuclear issue might be totally solved. At the end of the Clinton administration, there seemed to be some possibility that the relationship between DPRK and the US would become normal. On October 9, 2000 the first vice chairman of the National Defense Commission of North Korea visited the United States as Special Envoy of Kim Jong il. On 23 October, US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright held a two-day historic visit to North Korea and met with Kim Jong il. During this visit, Albright conveyed President. Clinton's vision of improving the relationship between the two countries. At the same time they discussed about North Korea's nuclear issue as well as the removal of the list from the "fear list". They also talked about the possibility of arranging Clinton's visit to the DPRK. But because of the president cycle in the US that time, the Clinton administration did not have the time and the energy to achieve the visit, which might be a good chance to solve the nuclear issue from the root.

In the State of the Union address in January 2002, President George W. Bush listed North Korea as an "axis of evil". In October 2002, the US intelligence agency claimed to have found North Korea's secret nuclear program and had evidence of North Korea's technology and equipment procurement in the international market. The evidence of North Korea's secret nuclear deal with Pakistan was exposed. The news was admitted by the Vice-Minister of North Korea.

This incident caused the United States and North Korea shocked. It seems that North Korea. While claiming to abandon the development of nuclear weapons. But also secretly research the development of uranium as raw material of nuclear weapons. From the US point of view, North Korea had renounced the agreement so they announced the end of bilateral negotiations. However in the North Korea's view, the US did not fulfill all the commitments in the framework agreement. The rupture of this relationship directly triggered the second nuclear issue.

In December 2002, under the auspices of the US, the Spanish Navy intercepted the North Korean cargo ship with a "Scud" missile in the Yemeni off the coast. In the same year on November 14, the US-led Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) decided to stop sending oil to North Korea. North Korea believes that the US suspension of oil supply is a breach of contract, so on December 12, the country announced that it will restart under the "US-DPRK Framework Agreement" frozen nuclear program. On 10 January 2003, North Korea declared its formal withdrawal from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

From 2003 to 2007, six counties including North Korea, the US, Russia, China, South Korea and Japan held 6 times of the six-party talks on the nuclear issue of Korean Peninsula. Although the talks signed statements including "September 19 joint statement" in 2005, Joint Statement issued on Tuesday 13 February 2007, North Korea still had 5 times nuclear test since 2006. The first test was on October 9 2006 and the 5th was on September 9, 2016.

Analysis

The main reason that North Korea keeps developing nuclear weapon, according to the two issues discussed above, is the threaten from other countries as well as the bargain chip in diplomacy. The government need use the development of nuclear weapon to maintain the rule of long-term stability, and to incite the great nationalist sentiment and patriotic need of the country. According to the history of nuclear issue and the six-party talks, the nuclear weapon development increased the bargain chip for economic and food aid to the United Nations countries dominated by the US and China.

For the other countries in the six-party talk they all have interest in the issue that cause the balance of this issue keeps unsolved. For the United State. If the North Korea nuclear weapon issue eases, the US will lose its situation in South Korea, and then the country will withdraw from East Asia. In the meantime, the other purpose in North Korea's strategy is China. The US needs to build all forces in Northeast Asia against North Korea.

For Japan, the country began to move forward a normal state after WWII since 1990s. The North Korea Nuclear issue is a good excuse for Japan. Since 2002, the DPRK missile Taupu hole series launch several times into the Sea of Japan as well as its exclusive economic zone. By these missile threat, the Japanese strengthened its domestic public opinion, modified the constitution, expanded the army and turned the SDF to self-defense forces to complete its normalization.

For South Korea, during war times, South Korea has no choice but to rely more on the US, in the interests of the US.

For Russia, Russia is located in the north of North Korea. The Korean Peninsula is Russia's stumbling block in the south. The Russia does not want to see a complete Korean Peninsula on the Mediterranean in Asia.

For China, the nuclear weapon might threaten the peace in north of China. Hence, during the six-party talk, China kept its opinion to stick to the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.

For the future discussion, there might be three different possibility for the nuclear weapon issue in North Korea.

The first situation is that the "sanctions-teat-and then sanctions-re-teat" cycle will be continued. North Korea is relatively closed and strong independence in some way. North Korea under the sanctions will not give up nuclear development. In fact, the country is subject to sanctions after the start of nuclear tests, as all five nuclear test are after the sanctions occurring. Hence, it is not difficult to judge that this situation will drag the North Korea nuclear issue. The escalation of the sanctions and the Korean nuclear test stimulate the cycle of repeated till the North Korean nuclear technology reaches the so called "critical point". The reason is that the determination of nuclear development is very firm for North Korea. Over the past 60 years as mentioned above, the DPRK has been trapped in external security pressure, repeatedly involved in peace talks failed to obtain security. Coupled with thee years occurred in other countries like Iraq and Syria. These all caused and strengthened its choice to hold nuclear weapons for self-protection.

The second situation is the collapse of the DPRK regime, which can't happen in short time. In recent years, North Korea's domestic agriculture and economic recovered while the people's live hood situation has improved compared to the most difficult period. Kim Jong un took over North Korea's top leaders after the basic stability of the situation. Although the DPRK's domestic policy and performance to the outside world is resentment, the hope of resolving the nuclear issue in the short-term collapse of the regime is difficult to achieve.

The third situation is the resumption of dialogue and serious negotiations, so that the nuclear issue will be alleviated or even resolved. This is also a hard method. Because over the past years, the US and North Korea has been extremely mutual distrust. The retrogression of the six-party talks has weakened the confidence of all parties.

Conclusion

From the historical point of view, the determination to develop nuclear weapons of North Korea began just after the war after 1953. With the influence from international politic environment and threaten of its neighbor countries as well as the US, North Korea developed its own nuclear weapon to keep its security. On the contrary, the nuclear issue of DPRK is a threaten to its neighbor countries and the US's interest, hence, the nuclear weapon is also an ideal bargain chip for North Korea to gain international aid and other aid in economics and energy.

Reference

Ying, FU. "The Korean Nuclear Issue: Past, Present, and Future A Chinese Perspective." n.d. Brokings. 9 June 2017.

"U.S.-DPRK Agreed Framework," U.S. Department of States, 15 February 2001.

"President Bush Address the Nation" Washington Post, 20 September 2001.

Condoleezza Rice. "Diplomacy is Working on North Korea." The Wall Street Journal. 26 June 2008.

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英文论文的初稿怎么修改

留学生在完成英文论文之后，最多只能算是初稿，还要经过不断的检查和修改，才能完成一篇正式的英文论文。只有这样，英文论文里的细节问题才能及格改正过来。那么英文论文的初稿该怎么修改呢？下面就给大家讲解一下。

一、随时修改

平时的作业基本上都是两三千字的，篇幅较小的使用这种方法很好，就是在准备好选题，搜集好材料，打好草稿之后动笔阶段，如果发现有选题有不好的可以及时补充发现材料。对语句写作上也要有所斟酌。

二、虚心征求别人的意见

初稿完成后，要敢于暴露自己的文章，请他人阅读和帮助修改。也许自己写的文章看不出太多的毛病，可以虚心听听他人的批评和建议，进一步消化分析、取长补短、集思广益，进而通盘考虑，使论文达到比较理想的水平。

三、冷热修改交替进行

热改法就是在初稿之后趁热打铁，立即进行修改，能发现很明显的小错误，还记忆清晰、印象鲜明，改动及时。冷改法就是初稿完成后放上一段时间在修改，这样能够避免不冷静清新的缺点，再看初稿就容易发现不完善、不妥当之处，通过删除多余、增补不足，使论文水平有新的提高。

四、自我朗读，锤炼词句

初稿完成之后自己多看几遍，发现问题并予以修改，甚至可以朗读出来，这样对于文中存在的一些毛病如语句不通、衔接不紧、缺词漏字、论证有漏洞等问题很容易发现。尤其是新的留学生可以尝试使用这种方法。

五、修改的标准

1.Essay的论题。不管是平常作业还是以后要写的Dissertation，选题都是至关重要的一步，决定了之后的写作进行，还有毕业！在平常锻炼中就要做好选题的步骤，为后期的写作能力打下基础。

2.Essay的结构安排。动笔之前最好是有个Outline,合理安排论证的进程，每个板块之间既要符合逻辑也要互相有关系。

3.Essay的内容。论点一定要正确、鲜明、有价值、有创新点，论据要围绕中心论点展开论证。

4.Essay的语言。使用地道的英文表达，最基本的单词语法、句式选词的注意，句子段落要读得通顺并且是一个整体。

5.Essay的标点符号。正确精彩地使用标点符号哦！

6.Essay的格式。要按照老师的要求格式进行，比如参考文献该用哈佛格式就千万不要用错了。

以上就是英文论文的初稿修改，如果大家在修改的时候毫无头绪，不知道该如何修改，不如参考以上这几点方法。

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Paper代写：The requirements of being an operating theatre nurse

本篇paper代写- The requirements of being an operating theatre nurse讨论了手术室护士的职业要求。手术室的护理工作比较复杂，因为它涉及到各个部门的许多不同的具体操作，需要在各个领域有广泛的专业知识。手术室的主要工作之一是协助外科医生。外科技术发展迅速，对手术室的学习能力要求较高。手术室作为外科医生的房间，对手术室的消毒要求非常严格，要求手术室护士有更多的耐心、细心和责任心。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

1. Introduction

The operating theatre is one of the most important parts in a hospital. The presentation is to reveal the requirements of being an operating theatre nurse. Firstly, the presentation will give an introduction on the tasks and specific responsibilities of operating theatre. Then the interpersonal skills and intercultural skills as a nurse are presented. At last, my understanding of how to be a competent operating theatre nurse is presented.

2. Body

2.1 Specific features of working in an operating theatre

High professional: The nursing work in operating theatre is quite complex, because of its relevance to many different specific operations in various departments, requiring a wide professional knowledge in a variety of fields.

Fast changes: One of the main jobs in operating theatre is its assistance to surgeons. The development of surgeon techniques is fast, requiring a quick learning ability of operating theatre.

Strict sterilization: As a room for surgeon, the sterilization requirement for operating theatre is very strict, calling for more patience, carefulness and responsibility for operating theatre nurse.

High intensity: The work in operating theatre is with high intensity, calling for good body situation and lots of energy.

2.2 Specific requirements for an operating theatre nurse

Good managerial skills: Good managerial skills are quite important for operating theatre nurses, including the management for patients, operating room, surgical items, and personal life.

Good professional skills: Good and wide professional skills are essentially important in operating theatre.

Sharp observation: To be a good assistant to surgeons, the operating theatre nurse must have a sharp observation, in order to satisfy the needs of surgeons as soon as possible.

Good physical quality: The high work intensity in operating theatre calls for a good physical quality of both nurses and surgeons.

2.3 Important interpersonal skills required as an operating theatre nurse

2.3.1 The communication with patients

The main goal for operating theatre nurse’s communication with patients is to ease the calm patients, reduce tension and make sure that the patients can feel a sense of security in the whole operating procedure.

Language communication: Positive words from professional operating theatre nurses will surely ease the tension of patients and give them hope, willing power, and even the willing of survival.

Non-language communication: Non-verbal communication includes touching, vision and smelling. Researches have revealed that the touch from other human beings is likely to ease the inner tension of patients, providing a sense of supporting and security at the same time.

2.3.2 Communication with patients’ family member

According to scholars, the patients’ family members are likely to experience emotional changes along with patient’s situations change. Therefore, it is important to care for the needs of patients’ family as well both physically and psychologically.

2.3.3 The communication with surgeons

According to practical experience, the relations between nurses and different departments are quite complex. A failed communication between nurses and surgeons will lead to a failed surgeon cost the patients’ life. Therefore, it is important for operating theatre nurses to conduct a good communication with surgeons.

2.4 My understanding of the role of operating theatre nurse

From my point of view, the role of operating theatre provides both opportunities and challenges for me. To be well prepared for the coming role as an operating theatre nurse.

Book knowledge:

In order to be equipped with all the important knowledge, I will try my best to learn as many courses as possible. Except for choosing a concentration as a starting point of my career, I will also try to select the courses in other concentrations besides my chosen one.

Practical Experience:

It is important for me to be good at both book knowledge and practical experience. As a student in nursing major, I’ve got some chances to observe surgeons’ operations in the observation room. Besides, I will take some practical lab lessons, to practice my actual operation skills.

Communicating with surgeons:

My preparation of professional knowledge makes me ready to understand the surgeons well. I should spend more time with professional surgeons and even students in medical colleges.

Communication with patients:

I can look for chances to practice my communication skills through simple communication cases. Therefore, my communication skills with patients are likely to be prepared before I actually get a job as an operating theatre nurse.

3. Conclusion

In conclusion, the role of operating theatre nurse is quite important. As for professional skills, a wide professional knowledge, a quick learning ability and quick response ability are required. As for communication skills, communications with patients, patients’ family members and surgeons are very important.

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Essay代写：The development of seaside resorts

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The development of seaside resorts，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了海滨度假地的发展。世界范围内最早的海滨度假地出现在18世纪上半叶的英国海滨城镇，随后扩展到法国、比利时、西班牙、德国和美洲大陆。这被称为传统海滨度假地，是定制化海滨旅游的开端。欧洲传统海滨度假地的兴起最初都与皇家贵族的示范性消费有关，海滨度假长期以来一直是权贵上层阶级的专利。直到19世纪后半期到20世纪初，欧洲和北美的海滨度假地出现了权贵消费向大众消费的转型，普通大众越来越多地介入到海滨度假活动中。相应地，欧洲海滨度假地也真正进入到大发展时期。

Worldwide, the development of coastal resorts can be roughly divided into three periods, namely, the development period of traditional coastal resorts represented by coastal towns on the European continent, the rapid urbanization period of coastal resorts, and the development period of comprehensive resorts emerging in the past half century. Among them, the British traditional seaside resorts have the longest history of development. Brighton, scybarra, toby and other famous resorts have long been the center of the world's seaside resort activities, leading the trend of the world's seaside leisure culture.

Since the 1970s and 1980s, the traditional public seaside resorts represented by the United Kingdom have been generally faced with the crisis of recession, which is unprecedented in scope and depth. Why the recession? How can recession be contained and resort revival promoted? These problems become the focus of destination government and academia. Many scholars have written articles to explain this phenomenon, forming a great discussion on the decline of traditional coastal resorts. In general, the existing researches are mainly based on two theoretical frameworks: one is the life cycle model of tourist destinations, and the other is the transformation theory. On the basis of literature research, this paper attempts to reproduce the development course of traditional coastal resorts and the important theoretical achievements of their decline research.

The earliest seaside resorts in the world appeared in English coastal towns in the first half of the 18th century, and then expanded to France, Belgium, Spain, Germany and the American continent. This is known as the traditional seaside resort, and some scholars call it the beginning of customized seaside tourism.

The rise of traditional European coastal resorts is initially related to the exemplary consumption of the royal aristocracy. Coastal resorts have long been the patent of the upper class. From the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the coastal resorts in Europe and North America experienced a transformation from power consumption to mass consumption, and the general public was increasingly involved in coastal resort activities. Accordingly, European seaside resorts have really entered a period of great development.

This transformation is mainly promoted by the invention and popularization of railway transportation technology, which greatly improves the access of coastal resorts around industrial centers. For example, Lancashire and Yorkshire became destinations for London residents in large Numbers, and alicante in Spain became a new seaside resort around Madrid. In addition, the struggle of the working class for equal social status is also an important factor.

In the first half of the 20th century, the development of European coastal resorts led to the development of coastal resorts on other continents. With the further improvement of transportation conditions, the international seaside vacation activities are becoming increasingly prosperous. People in northern and Western Europe began to group holidays along the shores of the Mediterranean, while tourists from North America flocked to Florida and the Caribbean. The rapid development of coastal resorts in the Mediterranean and the Caribbean is due to: first, the development of air transport technology and the reduction of travel costs; Second, consumption in Mediterranean countries is lower than in northern and Western Europe; Third, northern Europe and North America have high latitudes, and some western European countries have low light hours due to fog, while the Mediterranean and Caribbean have low latitudes and enjoy abundant sunshine all year round. There is a strong general demand for light, so the Mediterranean and Caribbean coasts are ideal seaside resorts.

During this period, although the international coastal resort tourism has achieved great development, due to the intensified competition among coastal resorts, countries generally imposed strict restrictions on the movement of personnel. In general, therefore, the British and north American coastal resorts are still dominated by domestic tourists. From the 1950s to the mid-1970s, British coastal resorts ushered in a golden age of development driven by strong government support and private capital investment. In 1968, 75% of the holiday consumption activities in the UK were concentrated in the local coastal resorts, and the domestic coastal holiday activities flourished.

Since the late 1970s, there has been a general decline in the number of British seaside resorts, many of which are facing declining visitor Numbers, above-average unemployment and underinvestment. Since the mid-1990s, the annual number of seaside holiday tourists in England has been about 18 million, with an average annual income of 2.9 billion pounds, compared with 32 million in 1973 and 51. 800 million pounds of tourism revenue compared to the level of a substantial decline. Many seaside resorts topped the list of areas in Britain in 1993 that needed help because of high unemployment. In terms of investment, shaw and Williams analyzed the monitoring data of tourism investment in England by the tourism promotion agency from 1988 to 1989 and found that the investment focus shifted from traditional seaside resorts to urban theme parks or other tourist attractions. During this period, there was almost no major investment in the coastal resorts, and the reception facilities were seriously aging. According to cooper's research, existing hotels in British seaside resorts are dominated by low-grade hotels such as 1-star or 2-star hotels, which suffer from low occupancy rates and off-season.

Indeed, the decline of Britain's seaside resorts has been accompanied by structural changes in demand and supply. Statistics show that although the number of long-term visitors decreased from 3 million in 1993 to 2.5 million in 1999, the number of short-term visitors staying for 1-3 nights in the same period increased from 4.8 million to 8.8 million. Day-triers are becoming more and more important in the tourist structure of small and medium-sized resorts. The change of demand structure brought about by the greatly shortened stay time of tourists has an important impact on the adjustment of the reception facilities structure of resorts. Take the seaside town of skaibora in Yorkshire, where the number of beds fell from 78,000 in 1978 to 51,000 in 1992.

The widespread decline of British seaside resorts has aroused widespread concern in academic circles. Many scholars have studied the causes of the decline. The classical tourism destination life cycle model provides a simple and practical analysis framework. According to this model, British coastal resorts have apparently entered a stagnating recession stage, which is caused by the weakening of the uniqueness of vacation products and the lack of market competitiveness.

The applicability and effectiveness of life cycle model have been questioned by many scholars for a long time. The main reason is that it is difficult to judge the turning point of different stages. Since the 1990s, scholars have gradually abandoned the research path of simply applying life cycle model and focused on the internal and external driving factors behind the evolution of tourism destinations. The complexity of tourism destination evolution lies in that the internal and external dynamic systems of each tourism destination are different, and the time length of each stage and the path of life cycle are different. Therefore, the life cycle model cannot be mechanically applied to the evolution of all tourism destinations. This is a major advance in the study of life cycle theory.

In the framework of tourism destination life cycle model, the reason of resort decline is the weakening of uniqueness and market competitiveness. For resorts to recover, their appeal must undergo fundamental changes. This analytical paradigm starts more from within the resort system, attributing the decline to a decline in competitiveness as tourism products become less attractive. The key to recovery is attracting investment and developing new products. This is the theoretical background for the implementation of tourism development action plan in coastal resorts in southern England. Driven by the local government, a number of new tourism products have been created in the coastal resorts. For example, a large comprehensive project including conference, exhibition and leisure facilities was built in toquay in 1987, followed by Hollywood evening party, large bowling alley and ski slope in 1988. Scybera developed conference tourism facilities, manhead and weymouth organized event Tours, and so on.

The implementation of the TDAP plan has updated the traditional British coastal resort products, but the comprehensive implementation effect has not produced the significant recovery effect expected by the life cycle theory. As Mr Agarwal puts it: TDAP's implementation "looks disappointing, especially in terms of stopping the local economic downturn". In recent years, scholars have gradually realized that the decline of British seaside resorts is not as simple as described by life cycle theory, but there is a deeper external environmental motivation. In this case, the theory of transformation in the socio-economic field is used to analyze the decline of British seaside resorts.

The theory of transformation first appeared in the field of industrial production and was only recently applied to the service industry to explain some structural changes in the service sector and the resulting impact on social economy. Generally speaking, the transformation theory has two explanatory functions. One is to depict the profound transformation from the ford system to the tailor-made products in the social and economic field of western countries since the 1970s, that is, the transformation from standardized and large-scale customized production to differentiated and personalized flexible production. The other is to explain the new requirements of this reform on the form of production organization, including spatial reorganization, production scale and labor force reorganization. Once the production activities can not meet the requirements of changes proposed by futailor-made, economic activities are likely to decline.

There is also the phenomenon of transformation in the field of tourism. Tourists pay more attention to personalized tourism products and authentic tourism experience. This change in demand has led to the transition of tourism production mode from ford system to houfu tailor-made system. The mass market is gradually differentiated and provides new market opportunities for small and more flexible tourism enterprises. This is called "new tourism".

Transformation theory provides a new theoretical perspective for studying the decline of British seaside resorts. Different from the life cycle theory, the transformation theory focuses on finding the reasons for the decline of resorts from the perspective of the change of the external environment of coastal resorts. The external environment change of resort revealed by transformation theory includes two aspects. One is the process related to production, including capital accumulation seeking expansion, change of production process and flexible production. Second, consumption-related processes, including changes in tourists' needs, motivations and expectations, improvement of tourists' utilization rate of new technologies, and extension of leisure time. These external factors help to better explain three trends in the evolution of British seaside resorts. First, a large number of holiday guests flow from home to abroad. Data show that from 1980 to 1992, the number of people visiting British seaside resorts fell by 58 million days, while the number of outbound tourists soared to 21 million days. Second, Britain's domestic tourist hotspots have moved inland from the coast. Third, the number of short-distance holidaymakers has increased sharply, with more tourists preferring cities, villages and heritage sites, and the seaside tourism boom cooling off.

Through a comprehensive analysis of the changes of the external environment of resorts, the theory of transformation holds that the increasingly fierce external competition environment of resorts is an important reason for the decline of resorts. This theoretical perspective is helpful to broaden the life cycle theory which lays too much emphasis on the narrowness of the internal factors of resorts and to explore the whole picture of the evolution of resorts from the perspective of macroscopicity and dynamics. All in all, the decline of resorts is the result of the interaction between internal and external complex factors.

In terms of policy measures to cope with the decline of resorts, the transformation theory greatly enriches the product diversification strategy proposed by the life cycle theory, and puts forward a measure system that includes two core strategies and eight related strategies. Therefore, the transformation theory has a stronger guiding significance for the study of the decline of coastal resorts.

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