作业代写：International crisis management in the United States

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- International crisis management in the United States，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的国际危机管理。从行为学的角度看，危机管理是国家在重大国际危机时刻实施的战略选择。美国国际危机管理远远超越技术层次上的危机响应，而呈现鲜明的战略预谋、主动筹划、自我设计与实现的特点。美国国际危机管理特点与美国对外干预历史密切相联；美国国际危机管理实质是美国历史上重大关键时期特别是危机时刻的战略选择。

From the perspective of behaviorism, crisis management is a strategic choice adopted by a country at a time of major international crisis. Compositing the major crisis events and foreign military intervention in the 230 years since the founding of the United States, we find that the international crisis management of the United States goes far beyond the crisis response at the technical and tactical level, and presents distinct characteristics of strategic premeditation, active planning, self-design and realization. Specifically, American international crisis management mainly has the following five modes.

The United States is a country with a strong commercial foundation and strong utilitarianism and expansionism, which has a profound impact on the strategic behavior of the United States, making the strategic behavior of the United States show the characteristics of "putting more emphasis on interests than on righteousness". The pursuit of geopolitical and economic interests is the eternal strategic theme of the United States. This strategic characteristic is reflected in the following three characteristics of American international crisis management mode: the United States always ACTS in accordance with its own interests in international crisis management. In practice, an important prerequisite for crisis management in the United States must be profitable. When there is no interest or practical interest, the crisis is left to itself. Even if a management crisis is implemented, it will be suspended at a higher cost. In the early 1990s, for example, when somalia was hit by a humanitarian disaster, the United States initially intervened but eventually withdrew after several American soldiers were killed or wounded. In Iraq, by contrast, the United States has lost 5,000 or 6,000 troops but has been slow to withdraw. Even now, some 50,000 "military observers" remain in Iraq.

We should seize and take advantage of international crises and turn them into opportunities for our own development and growth. Reading the history of the United States, we may find that the United States has developed from a small country with only 13 states to a great country across the north American continent. One of the keys lies in making full use of the fact that European powers have no time to ignore each other and expanding in the Americas, Asia Pacific and other weak regions in Europe. During the Napoleonic wars of the early 19th century, for example, the United States cleverly exploited political tensions in Europe to build alliances against Britain. This not only led to the great economic prosperity of the United States, but also to the acquisition of Louisiana from napoleon, doubling the territory. In the Spanish-American war at the end of the 19th century, the United States also took advantage of the contradiction of power between Britain and Spain, so that it won a landslide victory in the first major overseas adventure and won Cuba, the Philippines, Guam and other places, which extended the United States' power to the Pacific region at one fell swoop.

Where there are interests, there is crisis management. That is to say, the scope of American international crisis management and intervention expands correspondingly with the expansion of the scope of interests. Throughout the history of the United States, in order to control the world's main waterway, the United States instigated and publicly supported panama's independence in 1903, and seized the right to build the panama canal and lease the canal zone. In 1956, he actively intervened in the Suez Canal crisis and skillfully seized the leading power of the Suez Canal. In order to control the edge of Eurasia and prevent it from being controlled by hostile forces, it actively intervened in the Korean war and Vietnam war. In order to enter and control the core zone of world energy, control the lifeline of world economy, strategically induce and actively intervene in the gulf crisis in 1990; In order to prevent any hostile country or group of countries from ruling Eurasia, they tried their best to squeeze into the heart of Eurasia, contain and guard against the forces of other world powers, and launched the war in Afghanistan on the occasion of September 11th. In order to fill the "strategic vacuum" left by the retreat of the Soviet union and squeeze the strategic space of Russia, we actively used ballot boxes and street protests to create crises in the presidential elections of Georgia, Ukraine, kyrgyzstan and other countries, took the opportunity to launch a "color revolution" and bring pro-American regimes to power. In short, America's international crisis management has followed suit.

The United States has a typical tradition of "rule of law - morality" in dealing with international issues. The influence of this tradition on the international crisis management of the United States shows that the United States is good at borrowing international mechanisms and legal issues and likes to borrow the banner of international morality.

It emphasizes the "legitimacy" of actions and attaches importance to legal issues in crisis management. There are generally three kinds of laws and regulations that the United States emphasizes in crisis management: international law, international treaties or agreements and domestic law. International law is a code of conduct for countries to handle conflicts and differences in international relations. With the development of globalization, international law is playing an increasingly important role in international relations. The flexible application of international law can seek favorable situations and increase freedom of action. During the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, President Kennedy referred to the military blockade of Cuban waters as "quarantine," according to American experts in international law. This approach not only achieved the purpose of military blockade, but also left room for the United States and the Soviet union to maneuver. According to international law, declaring a military blockade is equivalent to declaring war on the other side. International treaties or agreements often have strong international legal force. The United States' intervention in the china-japan diaoyu islands crisis is based on the us-japan security treaty, on the pretext that the scope of the treaty applies to the diaoyu islands. In the absence of appropriate international law and treaties, the United States often intervenes in international affairs on the pretext of domestic legislation, such as the issue of arms sales to Taiwan.

Good at borrowing international institutions and alliances to deal with crises. The United States also favors action under the authority of the United Nations, the international atomic energy agency and regional organizations such as NATO, the organization of American states and the six-party talks on the Korean nuclear issue. The use of actions authorized by the United Nations and other international organizations can prove the legitimacy of the United States' actions, disguise its true intentions, and place opponents in an "illegal" position. For example, after the outbreak of the Korean war in 1950, the United States used the name of the United Nations to organize the "United Nations army" to intervene in the Korean civil war, and called the actions of the north Korean and Chinese people's volunteer army "illegal aggression". For another example, during the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, the United States obtained authorization from the organization of American states and recognition by the United Nations under section 6 of the 1947 Rio treaty on mutual assistance and section 51 of international law before taking military action. Also, the United States has used the iaea to conduct repeated inspections of nuclear facilities in Iraq, Iran and north Korea.

The tradition of pragmatism makes the American international crisis management flexible, practical and utilitarian. That is, always act in accordance with the function, effectiveness and self-interest, which is manifested in changing political positions, not bound by any other factors such as covenant and morality, and pursuing double standards.

In disregard of international covenants and commitments, words may be broken. During the war of independence on February 6, 1778, the United States and France signed the treaty of amity and commerce between the United States and France and the treaty of alliance between the United States and France. At the same time, France also used its influence to make Spain and the Netherlands enter the war. Russia, Prussia and Denmark declared their armed neutrality, which made the international situation develop rapidly in favor of the United States and finally won the victory of the war of independence. However, Britain and France went to war in 1793, and under the treaty of alliance of the United States and France of 1778, the United States was obligated to declare war on Britain. However, after listening to the opinions of the cabinet, President Washington of the United States announced the declaration of neutrality on April 22, assuring foreign governments of friendship and impartiality towards belligerents, and asking France to recall the minister genet who interfered with this neutrality policy. It is fair to say that the United States stood idly by while its French ally, who had helped it and is now in trouble, stood by. In addition, the United States pursues double standards in crisis management according to its own national interests. The United States, for example, has long known about Israel's nuclear weapons program but turned a blind eye to it. As for the nuclear programs of Iran and north Korea, the United States has been putting pressure on Iran through the international atomic energy agency, and even conspired with Israel to carry out preventive strikes against Iran's nuclear facilities. We will keep a close eye on the DPRK's nuclear program and list the DPRK as a key target of attack.

Crisis management methods are extremely flexible and pragmatic, and rarely subject to moral laws. American crisis management methods are diverse and flexible. From the perspective of classification, there are four major approaches to crisis management in the United States: first, diplomatic approaches. Including diplomatic protest, mediation, diplomatic intimidation, bargaining and concessions. Second, economic means. These include foreign aid and economic sanctions. Third, military means. Including military intimidation, military deterrence, the use of intelligence agencies to subvert, military invasion. Fourth, cultural means. Including propaganda broadcasting, cultural infiltration, "color revolution", direct subversion. The United States chooses different management methods according to its competitors. That is to say, for powerful opponents, they often emphasize limited objectives, prudent use of force, effective communication, concession and face-saving, leaving room, etc., tend to use diplomatic means to solve crises backed by force, and emphasize bargaining. For weak enemies, if the diplomatic pressure on key interests cannot be solved, they tend to immediately wave a "big stick" or even start wars. The crisis management and intervention of the United States and the degree of its involvement are mainly based on the comprehensive balance of power comparison and interest involvement.

To adopt an instrumentalist attitude towards the international system without regard to international legitimacy when necessary. Typical examples are the 2003 Iraq war. During the Iraq crisis in 2003, the United States distorted facts, fabricated reasons and deceived international and domestic public opinion. In March 2003, the United States launched the Iraq war against widespread international opposition after it said it had evidence of saddam hussein's weapons of mass destruction and support for al-qaida. Since the end of major military operations on May 1, the United States has failed to produce conclusive evidence of its involvement in the war, and then blamed the American intelligence system for the fall on then-cia director George tenet.

The famous French writer verne once commented: "Americans are the greatest mechanical workers in the world, born to be engineers, just as Italians are born musicians and Germans are born philosophers. Niu also believes that the United States is a highly industrialized society, which attempts to seek technical solutions to any problems. The American tradition of engineering technology has an important influence on its international crisis management.

Tend to regard international crisis management as an effective and important way to deal with international problems. Wilson famously said to Theodore Roosevelt that "diplomacy is the management of international business". After the Cuban missile crisis of 1962, McNamara bluntly stated that "the strategy of the future may no longer exist, but crisis management will take its place." On the one hand, it highlights the American mindset of dwarfing strategy and reducing it to management. On the other hand, it implies that the United States often realizes the governance of international relations through crisis management. In recent years, American officials and academics have been strengthening international crisis exchanges, cooperation and negotiations with China. The essence of crisis management is to regulate, restrain and reduce the "destructive impact" that China's rise may bring.

Tends to rely on technological and weapons superiority to manage international crises. "Americans have a lot of money and think that technological and resource advantages can make up for the mistakes made in the early stage of the crisis, when they just want to make a strong response but don't necessarily choose the best solution," said xue litai, a researcher at Stanford university's center for international security and cooperation. But China's technology and resources are at a disadvantage, with little room for maneuver, and must follow the best plan, that is, 'yunnan heavy initial war'. Of course, we have also seen that the United States did not use force as quickly, decisively, and consistently as it has in the multinational air campaign against Libya in March 2011, and continued to play a leading role. The reason lies in the fact that the United States was dragged down by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan as well as the economic crisis, and its national strength and military strength were much less than before, thus seriously affecting the ability and willingness of the United States to intervene in international crises by force.

In addition, historically, the United States has succeeded in responding to and managing international crises, but failed in some cases, such as the Korean war and the Vietnam war. Others, such as the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq in 2001 over the 9/11 crisis, are mixed and inconclusive. To sum up, the characteristics of American international crisis management are closely related to the history of American foreign intervention. The essence of American international crisis management is the strategic choice in the critical period of American history, especially in the crisis. The motivation and characteristics of American crisis management behavior are deeply rooted in Americans' cognition of national interests and values. Finally, it needs to be pointed out that, fundamentally speaking, American international crisis management pursues profit maximization, so the target positioning is often too high, which will inevitably lead to the excessive expansionism of the United States, thus accelerating the decline of American hegemony.

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作业代写：American military aid policy

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- American military aid policy，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的军援政策。军事援助不同于发展援助、人道主义援助等其他援助形式的根本之处在于其“军事”属性。行动纲领变了，美国的军援政策也随之而变。美国军援是因变量，真正的自变量是美国的全球战略利益。

"9.11 impact to the United States is reflected in all aspects of the country, one of the major military assistance policy adjustment is performed. Throughout the cold war, the U.S. military assistance to foreign countries has been focused on "anti-communist". After the collapse of the Soviet union, the U.S. once played down the importance of military aid. Until "9.11" incident, the United States began to strengthen military assistance policy, "anti-communist" is replaced by the "war on terror", led all American military assistance activities in the 21st century. With "9.11" event as the cut-off point, the changes in the American military assistance policy is mainly manifested in the following two points: the name of the United States against terrorism, created a large number of recipients.

"9.11" incident, the bush administration quickly increased a lot of military aid. The largest U.S. military assistance program, foreign military assistance, increased from $3.57 billion in fiscal 2001 to $4.12 billion in fiscal 2003, and an additional $372.5 million in the 2002 budget was devoted to counterterrorism. Recipients include Oman, Nepal, Ethiopia and djibouti. The international military education and training program was budgeted at $80 million in fiscal 2003, up 38 percent from $58 million in fiscal 2001.

Pakistan white has been under U.S. sanctions after nuclear test in 1998, but after the "9.11", a key location for the urgent need of Pakistan for its support in the war in Afghanistan, quickly restored military aid to Pakistan. U.S. military assistance to Pakistan reached $300 million in fiscal 2006, double the amount in fiscal 2004. According to Pakistan's dawn on July 25, reported this year, the U.S. government has decided to put the original plan in April to help Pakistan update or repair maritime patrol aircraft, helicopter gunships and navigation equipment purchase of a $226 million aid against terrorism, to help Pakistan improve upgrade its F - 16 fighter aircraft electronic radar equipment, ground navigation equipment and communications equipment in real time.

In 2004, the United States government provided a total of $36.4 million in military assistance to cis countries to help members of the counter-terrorism alliance. In return for $11m in military aid, uzbekistan agreed to a "semi-permanent" American base on its territory. The other largest beneficiary was Georgia, which also received $10 million, as well as kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Armenia, azerbaijan, moldova, turkmenistan and tajikistan. In particular, azerbaijan and tajikistan were targeted by the United States in 2001.

In the late cold war, Africa became a focus of military assistance because of the need of the United States and the Soviet union for hegemony. However, after the end of the cold war, its international status declined as a whole and its external assistance was greatly reduced. "9.11" incident also broke the peace in Africa, since 2001 the United States has increased development assistance to Africa. U.S. aid to the region grew 56% in real terms at the end of fiscal 2004 and 78% between 2000 and 2005. "Foreign military aid to sub-saharan Africa" double funding from $2000 in fiscal 12 million to $24 million in fiscal 2006, recipient also increased from 1 to 9: "the international military education and training" program also increased from $2000 in fiscal 8.1 million to $2006 in fiscal 11 million, up 35%, participating countries increased from 36 to 47.

The United States has produced 11 security assistance programs as a result of the "global war on terror." Its concept of foreign aid is different from that of many other donor countries. One prominent feature is that the primary objective of foreign aid is defined as "national interest". Changes and adjustments in U.S. military assistance have always strengthened the role of this "political weapon" in serving the national interests of the United States.

On April 15, 2008, U.S. defense secretary Robert gates called on congress to transfer the leadership of the U.S. foreign military assistance program from the state department to the defense department, and to endow the defense department with the authority to make it permanent. Gates made the request on the grounds that the U.S. military assistance program is a key and long-term military mission of the United States and has nothing to do with other government departments other than the department of defense, and the relevant authority and funding mechanism should be led by the department of defense. Secretary rice endorsed gates' proposal and affirmed the irreplaceable role of the defense department in military assistance. "9.11" before American military aid is traditionally part of the diplomatic work, jurisdiction by the state council. The state department of the United States is the most important institution in the field of foreign aid policy. According to the opinions of the state department on the geographical distribution of recipient countries proposed in accordance with the needs and standards of American foreign and security policies, the congress determines the recipient countries, aid fields and aid quotas, and then the state department and the department of defense are responsible for the implementation and management. But after "9.11", the defense department began to increasingly occupied the main position in terms of military assistance. "9.11" event to bring the United States, prompted the government to strengthen the security cooperation between functional integration. In this way, the adverse impact of interdepartmental and intergroup containment on U.S. military aid may be better controlled.

As early as 40 years ago, Hans morgenthau, a political scientist, pointed out that "since the Marshall plan, all foreign military and economic assistance of the United States has shown quite profound foreign policy significance, almost all of which focus on short-term or long-term strategic interests, political or economic security interests...".

Although American military assistance after the "9.11" on the "war on terror", but was unable to hide the new military assistance targeted distribution of America's strategic resources - oil pressing needs. Because of concerns about oil supplies, military assistance to the 10 largest U.S. oil importers increased 3.5 times between 2001 and 2004, from $12.2 million in fiscal 2001 to $58 million in 2004. Nigeria not only meets America's urgent need for oil, but also meets the conditions of America's Allies in the war on terror. Therefore, the military assistance provided by the United States to Nigeria increased from 90,000 dollars in 1999 to 4,075-dollars in 2003.

"9.11" after five years, the direct sales business is increased by about $66 billion for five years before, expanded 11 times. Countries once subject to sanctions, such as India, Pakistan, Armenia, azerbaijan and tajikistan, have been lifted because of America's need to "fight terrorism", thus expanding the market for American arms sales. In Africa, the main targets of U.S. military assistance are Algeria, Chad, djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania and Niger. Some of these countries are dominated by the oil industry, while others are rich in mineral resources. Djibouti, located on the west coast of the gulf of Aden in northeast Africa, is a sentry on the oil passage known around the world. It is not difficult to see from the geographical location of these countries that the United States chooses recipient countries on the basis of giving priority to recipient countries' strategic position in geopolitics. In fact, behind America's military aid slotting across the world map lies its deep oil crisis. In the 1990s, the United States maintained 12 consecutive years of rapid growth by relying on cheap oil in the international market, but since the late 1990s, the turbulent international oil market has become an important reason for the economic downturn of the United States. In 2002, the United States produced only 280 million tons of its own oil, while oil consumption was about 890 million tons, accounting for about one-third of the world's total oil consumption. "9.11" incident makes us realize that the dangers of excessive reliance on Middle East oil, so the renewed focus on Africa. According to an assessment by the national intelligence council, the share of us oil imports from west Africa will rise from 16 per cent in 2000 to 25 per cent in 2015, surpassing the proportion from the Middle East. In a 2007 report, the U.S. department of energy also noted that Africa will account for 24 percent of U.S. energy imports by 2025. As a result, U.S. investment in oil and gas in Africa has increased in recent years: total investment in equatorial guinea has exceeded $11 billion, and investment in Nigeria and Angola has also increased. Anadarko is the largest foreign oil producer in Algeria and Egypt. The United States also plays an important role in Chad's oil production, investing $4 billion in a cameroonian pipeline project in Chad.

The severity of the situation has made the United States realize that to obtain cheap oil, it must control the organization of petroleum exporting countries and curb the implementation of other countries' international energy strategies. To achieve this goal, military assistance has become an important tool for the United States. For example, in order to incorporate five central Asian countries, especially kazakhstan, tajikistan and kyrgyzstan, which border China, into their energy strategies, the United States used military assistance to induce the kazakh government to abandon the china-kazakhstan oil pipeline project. Meanwhile, the United States has doubled the number of joint military exercises between the United States and kazakhstan every year since 2002. U.S. arms sales to kazakhstan were budgeted for more than $20 million in the 2007-2008 fiscal year.

Even for Israel, American aid is not free. Under U.S. government regulations, about 73 percent of foreign aid must be sourced domestically. In order to ensure that the Israeli army can use foreign capital to purchase military equipment developed by Israel, most Israeli companies can only cross the sea to have close contact with American defense companies, or set up branches in the United States. If the equipment developed by Israel is to be manufactured in the United States, patent problems also need to be solved.

The fundamental difference between military aid and other forms of aid such as development aid and humanitarian aid lies in its "military" nature. American global strategy adjustment mainly embodies in four direction, appropriate to reduce the forces in Europe, especially to reduce the forces in Western Europe j adjustment in South Korea, Japan's deployment, increases the strength of Guam, Australia, southeast Asia, the purpose is to establish a radar base in the Asia Pacific region, to build the missile defense program is required for satellite tracking facilities; Continue to maintain the military presence in the Middle East, central Asia and South Asia, in addition to further consolidate in uzbekistan, kyrgyzstan, tajikistan, kazakhstan and other countries outside force, seeking admittance and bases in India, Pakistan's military, in addition to continue to expand the scale of the military base in djibouti, also to Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Gabon, Kenya, Senegal and other African countries seek bases, ports, airports and other facilities of the wartime access rights.

As the program of action changed, so did U.S. military aid policy. In fiscal year 2007, the us department of state submitted a total of 4.8 billion us dollars in military aid budget, reflecting the corresponding changes in the relationship between the us military aid and the us global strategic deployment adjustment: Israel and Egypt still occupy the largest share, aid to Europe and the western hemisphere has decreased, Pakistan and Jordan are among the second group of recipient countries; increase its share in Lebanon by $4.8 million and Indonesia by $6.5 million, respectively; Under the state council, proposed to increase funding of peacekeeping in Africa to $76.9 million, will include Sudan and Libya and across the Sahara anti-terrorism action plan, to implement in Asia "regional maritime security solution" allocated $2 million, aims to help Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand Asian coastal states such as improving the capacity of information sharing. It is not difficult to see that American military assistance is only a dependent variable, and the real independent variable is the global strategic interests of the United States.

In February 2007, President bush approved the plan of establishing the us Africa command. Under the cloak of anti-terrorism, the intention of strengthening the us military presence in Africa and thus controlling oil resources serves the national interests of the us. "Do as much as possible with less money" is a common feature of American foreign aid, including military aid. The establishment of the us Africa command is conducive to the establishment of a more effective African-led military intervention force, thus reducing the direct involvement of the us military.

Above all, American military assistance policy changes behind, is essentially the impact of the "9.11" incident, the driving force of economic interests and the global strategy together with the guidance of the three. Maintaining the national interest in the dynamic development is the reason why America's military aid policy is always changing.

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Dissertation的标题该怎么选

不知道同学们有没有听说过这句话，题好文一半。相信大家都知道Dissertation的重要性，留学生想顺利毕业，那么Dissertation就必须得写好。而一个好的标题，则是写好Dissertation的前提。那Dissertation的标题该怎么选呢？下面就给大家讲解一下。

首先要对标题进行了解

对于文学类、金融类、科技类等不同文体的Dissertation，标题样式繁多，但是无论哪种形式，总要以全部或不同的侧面体现作者的写作意图和文章的主旨。

其次要知道标题的层次分类

总标题就是写在Dissertation开头最中间的，有的文章还会有副标题，主要是为了点明论文的研究对象、研究内容、研究目的，对总标题加以补充、解说。有时候加副标题是为了强调论文所研究的某个侧重面。

分标题主要出现在Dissertation正文当中，当然，在目录中也会出现。设置分标题的主要目的是清楚地显示文章的层次。有的用文字，一般都把本层次的中心内容昭然其上；也有的用数码，仅标明“一、二、三”等的顺序，起承上启下的作用。需要注意的是：无论采用哪种形式，都要紧扣所属层次的内容，以及上下文的联系紧密性。

第三是总标题的体现方式

1、解释课题的实质。这种形式的标题，高度概括全文内容，往往就是文章的中心论点。它具有高度的明确性，便于读者把握全文内容的核心。

2、提问式。这类标题用设问句的方式，隐去要回答的内容，实际上作者的观点是十分明确的，只不过语意婉转，需要读者加以思考罢了。这种形式的标题因其观点含蓄，易激起读者的注重。

3、交代内容范围。这种形式的标题，从其本身的角度看，看不出作者所指的观点，只是对文章内容的范围做出限定。

4、判断句式。这种形式的标题给予全文内容的限定，可伸可缩，具有很大的灵活性。文章研究对象是具体的，面较小，但引申的思想又须有很强的概括性，面较宽。

以上就是关于Dissertation的标题讲解，希望同学们在写作Dissertation的时候，都能选到一个好的标题，这样才有机会拿到高分。

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Paper代写：Organizational behavior in Starbucks

本篇paper代写- Organizational behavior in Starbucks讨论了星巴克的组织行为。星巴克是世界上最著名的连锁咖啡店，它的企业价值和文化驱动着它的发展。星巴克在尊重消费者、保持产品和高质量服务的价值观念下，提出了一套有效、高效的产品质量控制体系，实现了产品质量的持续改进。为了发展这个体系，星巴克尊重员工，为员工提供足够的机会和培训，使员工快速成长，虽然这需要耗费大量的资源。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Introduction

This paper is going to have a view on Starbucks based on the theory of Organizational behavior and to analyze the organization’s behavior from four zoom level: individual, group, organization and external. As we can see, my experience as an intern in Starbucks can reflect lots of intangible concepts and knowledge of organizational behavior. The theory can tell the reason of behavior behind each individual, group as well as even the organization and also can provide behavioral guidelines for me and company. Before my story start and further discussion, it is necessary to have a picture of Starbucks.

Individual

I am an intern in Starbucks outlets as a barista. My job duty is to make kinds of coffee for consumers and to undertake some administrative work including cashier and other supporting work for store manager. There are 15 staffs in store and one third of them is intern. In general, we work hard and think it is worthy to do so. But the salary of intern in Starbucks is unimpressive compared with intern job in other company or industry. Although the fast is that, the working attitude and working efficiency of us keep high and strong. According to the theory of organizational behavior, the working attitude depends on three factors: job satisfaction, job involvement and organizational commitment (Robbins and Judge, 35).

Firstly, job satisfaction. Research has found that there five important factors (work itsel, pay, promotion, supervision and co-workers) influencing the job satisfaction (Robbins and Judge, 39). As for the work itself, working for Starbucks is interesting and full of challenges. The work undertook is not mechanic repetition. Take making coffee for an example, there are more than 50 kinds of drink and food you should learn to make as an intern in Starbucks and it needs lots of time and effort to practice. When I joint Starbucks, I am assigned a qualified worker, Tom who is responsible to teach my skills and improve my occupational qualities. At the beginning I start from the simplest dish – Latte, which is easy to learn but it is hard to be proficient especially the latte art. My teacher imparts the knowledge to me patiently and it grow me fast. When I master more and more dish and drink, I can make dish for consumers independently and start to become a teacher for the new man.

Secondly, the pay. It is mentioned that the pay is not competitive but fairness of the pay can attract me. The level of pay in Starbucks depends on your quality and working time. The harder you work and the more qualified of you, the more you can get, which motivates us to work efficiently.

Thirdly, opportunity for promotion. The career path in Starbucks is clear and fair even though for an intern. There are about 20% staffs in Starbucks getting promotion for a year. The promotion for someone is decided by your performance, knowledge and familiarity of operation and job vacancy. For the first two, the training system and daily work can offer you enough opportunity to practice and improve yourself. Besides your teacher, any staffs in Starbucks are willing to help you when you are confused or want to develop. For the latter one, Starbucks are eager to have more and more excellent managers every year because it plans to set up about 2500 outlets around the world in 5 years. Thus, there are lots of vacancy waiting for the qualified partners.

Fourthly, although there is a supervisor (store manager) in outlet, the salutation among us does not show any hierarchy. We all greet with each other by partners. In Starbucks, partner is considered as the most important part of offering great experience to consumers. Besides, store managers pay attention to your performance and try his best to grow every partners. So, the flattering atmosphere makes me enjoy this job.

Last, co-worker. My partners in Starbucks have the similar age and all like to make food and enjoy coffee. There is no gap between us and the communication among us is smooth.

Obviously, Starbucks has applied the Maslow's hierarchy of needs to stimulate its staffs (Robbins and Judge, 113). People are all eager to pursue the social need and esteem. Because the young group in Starbucks, almost all the staff can communicate with no gaps and it is easy for them to build the friendship. As for the esteem, Starbucks highlight the culture of partners, so people in there can feel respect in many aspects. For example, you will get a unique cup and badge if you are in Starbucks for 2 years. The respect is consisted of two parts : self-respect and the respected. The training course and clear career path make you fell respected.

Groups

Working in Starbucks, the main work mode is team work. According to the arrangement of class, I will work with different partners in every day and there is a head who is an assistant shop manager with the responsibility of intraday revenue and store operation in our team. So in Starbucks, I have to be ready to work with any one and because of the high turnover in retail industry, sometimes I may work with someone who have never met. However, every team in Starbucks runs well. I think the mode of group decision-making and the small size group can contribute it (Robbins and Judge, 142). Firstly, the small size group can work faster and have better performance of individuals when facing a simple task compared with the big size group. Besides, group decision-making’ advantages can also come out. Working as a team can come up with many ideas and increase the level of validity and satisfaction of decision. The opinions from different people especially some of us are students with different majority can inspire the unexpected idea. Besides, the smooth communication and information share can coordinate our work and make new man grow faster. In addition, we respect every person’s opinion and pay attention to each proposal from intern to store managers, it stimulates the sense of participation. No one in our team will keep himself out of affair. Last but not least, group decision-making also help to eliminate the phenomenon of dictatorship and make the final decision democratized, which can reflect everyone’s aspiration and requirement. Although the final decision is made by store managers, he will listen to everyone’s opinions patiently and lots of plan actually come from different partners instead of manage. However, the mode of group decision-making can also lead to disadvantages including time-consuming, compromising, separation of power and responsibility as well as the dictatorship from the minority. These weakness come out on main account of a big group mainly and because of a small team, many weakness including the feature of time-consuming and dictatorship of the minority can be minimize.

To make each Starbucks outlet operate well, the store manager is a core and it is extremely important for him or her to gain a leadership. The system of development of store manager make it work. Almost all the store manage is come out from a shop assistant with about 2 years. So it gives shop manager trainee enough time to practice and get enough knowledge of all aspects of its store. Besides the practice in store, the school of Starbucks also provides systematic teaching of sales, coffee, management and on so. In this way, the influence of leadership will be generated. As the team leader, store manager with value information (operation practice, management knowledge and experience) can provide behavior guideline to other teammate, which help other grow up. Besides this hard power, store manager spends effort to set up trust between him and other teammate. Firstly, store manager masters lots of information including the latest company policy as well as store operation knowledge and he will convey it to other staffs as fast as he can. Secondly, almost all the plan for the store development is public. When you become a man of Starbucks, store manager will tell you the plan of this store’s development, which make you take part in it instead of only working for the pay. You know your action can contribute a certain plan and that plan is clear and feasible. In addition, your career path is open once you are in Starbucks even though you are just an intern with no plan to go further initially. Store manager will tell you the clear path to be a store manager and tell out the meaning of all you will do. Thus, making each coffee or treating well each consumers are only my duty work, but also it is benefit for my future. In this way, we all regard and accept the store manager and are willing to follow his plan.

As we can see, Starbucks has the way to build up a high effective team. Context, composition and process exercise a team. Needless to say, with enough capital and excellent brand image, Starbucks gain the desirable material resources from all over the world and the talent from higher education. And also the great leadership and structure make it have a better performance. The career path, performance evaluation and reward systems are clear and feasible. In addition, the professional recruitment team makes the team composition proper and reasonable. They pick up the suitable people who can work and is willing to work as team instead of the talent without team spirit. Besides, the small team keep flexible. Last, the common aim and clear goal has contributes to the effective team (Robbins and Judge, 152).

Organization

Coffee is a traditional product with thousand-year-old history. Starbucks makes it become a unique, sustainable and high additional value product and sale it all around the world. This achievement can be contributed by its organizational culture. Organizational culture plays an important role in all aspects of a certain company (Robbins and Judge, 250).

The value and culture of Starbucks can be concluded into one sentence “pursue an excellent performance from the view of humanistic care. It can be understood by its product, service and staff management.

To ensure the high product quality, Starbucks implement Total Quality Management. Based on it, Starbucks focus on the quality and call for participation of all staffs aiming to achieve a sustainable development by satisfying consumers and bringing benefits for society. All staffs means all department and levels of staffs should take part in this plan. So the product quality control starts from the beginning – purchasing. The superior coffee bean is purchased from all over the world with a uniform standard. Besides, all parts of logistic including transportation and packing is in the supervision with the toughest standards. All staffs in Starbucks are required to be familiar with the knowledge and creation method of all product. As for grind, baking and a series of links, it uses the latest facility and technology to product the featured coffee with the digitalizing control. After cook, there is a qualified barista who is responsible to check the quality of each cup of coffee. Every staffs in Starbucks are not allowed to use perfume when they entering into the outlet. My store manager tells me that in Starbucks the smell should be full of pure coffee instead of other smell. This value and corporate culture makes me pay attention to product quality and my behaviors.

Secondly, awareness of customer oriented. Almost all the company mentions they are customer oriented. But Starbucks take action to achieve it. We attach importance to customer experience. Consumers in Starbucks can get a tasty coffee and also get a comfortable room. We spend lots time and efforts to design the furnish and decorate in Starbucks outlet. We update the latest fashion magazine and newspaper for consumers. If consumer tip over his coffee, we will change a new one for him with no complaints. Sometimes we will come up with a special activity for them like a small piano performing. When there is a new style of drink, we will offer it to consumer and hope it can bring surprise to them. Besides, we offer more autonomous rights for consumers with a style of self-service. After order a certain kind of coffee, consumer can have a set for relaxation and can also enjoy the process of cooking coffee by barista. Besides, there are lots of condiment like toffee, creamer and ground cinnamon for different taste of each consumers. Thirdly, we establish a good relationship with consumers. All staffs including intern in Starbucks are required a 24-hour training of customer service, basic sales skills and basic coffee knowledge. We are supposed to realize the demand of our consumer and explain to them patiently in terms of different flavor and fragrance. When consumers ordering a coffee, we should remember what they order and its price, but also get the information of their age group and name. Otherwise, the cashier machine cannot run. In this way, when a consumer come to Starbucks for the second time, it is easy to recommend a proper coffee for him when he does not what to choose. The consumers also feel warm about what we have done for them. Last but not least, the opinions from consumers are extremely important and we pay attention to them. There is a store reporting and meeting in our outlet every week. One of the content of it is to analyze the opinions from our consumers and think out methods to improve our situation. After that it should be transferred to corporate headquarters too. In this way, consumers feel the sincerity of our product and service, which leads to sales boost and more suggestion from them. How to get information from our consumers? We put a response letter on the stage with evaluation of service quality, environment, product quality and overall feeling. We will answer all the letter for them and will not ignore any opinions from consumers. To make this system operate well, there is also a system of mystery customer, which aims to confirm whether an outlet carry out a service standard of “try our best to cook every cup of coffee for consumers”. This system is that some people with no relationship with Starbucks are selected to visit a certain Starbucks outlet after a training. And then, they will finish an evaluation for that outlet with a uniform standard for all the outlets in the world. The content of exam is very detailed including whether there is a smile and eye contact when consumer entering in a store. Besides, this evaluation is unscheduled, which makes all store managers keep attention to the consumer service all the time. Furthermore, in terms of improvement service for consumers, we also spend efforts to go further instead of keeping it in a high level. A lot of additional service is offered to consumers including free WIFI and innovation in financial field. Prepaid card is introduced to reduce the time of payment. The localization is also highlighted and Starbucks will prepare special gifts for different festivals.

The strong culture of Starbucks make it distinguish from other organization. People in Starbucks have the strong willing to meet the consumers’ demand and improve the product quality. Additionally, it represents the sense of identity for its staffs. We call each other as partners ignoring the title of a post and try to maintain the brand of it. Last, it makes the commitment from staffs higher than the individual interest. Sometimes we work overtime voluntarily because we want Starbucks have a better image in consumers’ view.

External

The external factors have important influence on a company too. As we can see, Starbucks spend lots of effort to improve its product quality and diversify its product mix to rise to the occasion. Take Costa which is a famous coffee store brand too far an example. It is going to have more than 900 outlets in 2020. Although the quantity of outlet is less than Starbucks, its store-opening rate is very high. Except the famous chain coffee shop brand, the local coffee in a small size can also bring threat to Starbucks. They focus on a certain area and provide high quality to treat local people’s appetite. Additionally, the small size make them change flexibly. Thus they can put forward marketing mix properly to meet local people’s demand. Except the coffee shop, some dessert shop can also be a competitors for Starbucks. With the business development, Starbucks has become a comprehensive coffee shop and food has taken a large proportion in its revenue. So Dunki’Donuts and other eating and drinking establishment are the potential competitors. Unlike the small local coffee shop, they are also a famous brand in the world with great competiveness in catering industry. last but not least, some substitute goods also constitute a danger for Starbucks. People can use juice, milk tea and other drinking to replace coffee in Starbucks to meet their demand.

Conclusion

From the view of organizational behavior, we can realize a certain behavior of certain person or organization. This theory points out the reason behind complex and various human beings’ behaviors. Besides, it can also give us inspiration of how and why a company can make talent showing itself.

Starbucks is the most famous chain coffee shop in the world with the most outlets. Its corporate value and culture drive its behavior. In value of respecting consumers and keeping high product and service quality, it comes up with an effective and efficient system to control its product quality and achieve a sustainable improvement with the time goes by. To support this system, it pay attention to its staffs. Starbucks respects its staffs and provide enough opportunity and training to them, which grow them up fast. Although it cost lots of resources to do so, the qualified staffs bring benefits back to Starbucks with the commitment of corporate value. With the guide of Starbucks’ value, staffs try their best to control product quality and improve their sales skills to meet consumers’ expectation. The direct cycle mentioned above makes Starbucks develop fast and sustainably. However, organizational behaviors can be affected by the external factors (economy, competitors and so on). This factors will drive the change of an organization’s behaviors too. Thus, to keep competiveness, Starbucks is expected to pay attention to its internal operation and external factors. The theory of organizational behaviors provide us a view of observation for a company and its development.

Work Cited

Robbins, Stephen P., and Tim Judge. Essentials of Organizational Behavior. Boston: Pearson, 2012.

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Essay代写：Extension schools in the UK

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Extension schools in the UK，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的拓展学校。英国的拓展性学校指的是学校在正规的教学时间之外提供系列服务和活动，以满足学生、家长和社区的需要。2001年，英国教育与技能部承诺政府将立法消除学校和社区联系的障碍，并进行实验来发展拓展性学校。这标志着拓展性学校的概念正式出笼。英国的拓展学校的出现弥补了传统学校忽略学生当下生活的弊病，其建立的初衷体现了终身教育的民主内核。

An extended school in the UK is a school that provides a range of services and activities outside the regular school hours to meet the needs of students, parents and the community. Extended schools solve the problem of unsupervised children and weak community education. They have the characteristics of caring about children's current life, paying attention to vulnerable groups and integrating social education resources. They fit the essence of lifelong education and provide reference for school education reform in other countries.

Since the emergence of modern lifelong education thought in the 1960s, people's confidence in the reconstruction of modern education has been ignited by its bright proposition that it takes care of the whole life of people and integrates all kinds of education resources in society. Nearly half a century has passed, and although the modern lifelong education thought is gradually mature, the fact that its practice is weak has not been fundamentally solved.

An extended school in the UK is "a school that provides a range of services and activities outside the regular school hours to meet the needs of students, parents and the community". In 2001, a white paper published by the education and skills department, school success, promised that the government would legislate to remove barriers to school and community links and conduct experiments to develop outreach schools. This marks the formal launch of the concept of an extended school. In 2005, the education and skills department issued the "extended schools: opportunities and services for all" plan and set the corresponding goals.

By 2010, all primary schools will be able to provide full, affordable year-round child care from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. At least half of all primary schools were able to provide such services in 2008. Child care services are based on the school the child is in. They can also be provided at a nearby school or by a partner private or volunteer somewhere else.

By 2010, all secondary schools will be open to the public from 8 am to 6 PM all year round, providing young people with a series of activities, such as art, sports, special interest clubs, learning assistance, information exchange technology and holiday activities. At least a third of secondary schools were able to provide such services in 2008. Since teenagers only want to participate in activities that are attractive to them, the school should provide opportunities for students to actively participate in the activity development process. Through a series of services and activities, students have the opportunity to develop their interests and strengths, learn new skills, and gradually socialize in a safe environment.

By 2010, all 3-4 year olds will receive 15 hours of free comprehensive education and 38 weeks of care per year.

As we all know, the lifelong education thought system constructed by langerlang aims to solve the problem of people's adaptability due to the rapid changes in society, which is a passive "crisis overcoming" thought system. However, in 1975, Dave, director of the education research institute in Hamburg, United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organization, concluded that "the ultimate goal of lifelong education is to maintain and improve the quality of life". Italian scholar gerby pointed out that the ultimate goal of education for life is to help those who suffer from social injustice and differences escape from political or economic difficulties. Regardless of the specific statement, the above points of view all show that people pay attention to the quality of life in common. Undoubtedly, life here includes both the present life and the future life.

The emergence of extended schools in Britain makes up for the fact that traditional schools ignore students' current life.

First of all, the urgency of establishing extended schools is related to the current living environment of British children. At present, British communities are fragmented, losing their organic connections and becoming loose individual families. In addition, parents are worried about dangers, traffic accidents and strangers, and do not trust their children to play alone in the game field. Children lose the natural context of play, inquiry and learning. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a safe and organic living environment for children.

Secondly, from the perspective of the service content provided by the extended school, it covers a variety of activities and provides the key education for the critical period of children's growth, which can basically meet the requirements of students in various aspects and enable students to live a rich spiritual life after class. The education reform of the school under the guidance of lifelong education ideology is "the reform currently focuses on the situation of knowledge transmission, considering teenagers' 'development in emotional, social, artistic and physiological aspects' and individual differences of students".

Finally, extended schools provide parent training services to help children through the critical transition period. Most parents, as non-professional education people, lack necessary professional knowledge and are at a loss about their children's problems in critical period. They are eager to get help in this respect.

With the constant enrichment of the connotation of lifelong education, its attention to the characteristics of social vulnerable groups is increasingly prominent. Specifically, it contains at least three meanings:

First of all, lifelong education thought advocates that "lifelong education is contrary to top-notch education and has universality. It advocates the democratization of education".

Secondly, the lifelong education system "provides new opportunities for those who fail to complete all their studies or leave education system due to academic failure for a variety of reasons".

Finally, as gerby put it in the position of vulnerable groups in the third world, "all people who encounter unfair social treatment should stand in the position of social justice for life education and show solidarity with their demands. In other words, social education policies should be tilted towards them, and education should extend a helping hand to them.

In view of the bias of traditional elite education and closed education, people have also made a lot of practical exploration, such as "inclusive education" and "return to education", but the results are more theory than operation possibility.

Britain's extension schools were set up to embody the democratic core of lifelong education.

First, it fits with an important tenet of the Blair government's education policy: the education problem of disadvantaged or excluded groups must be addressed. Because if people get out of touch with schools and continue to have education, that means they lose touch with the job market, which can cause serious problems for the whole society and its welfare system. One of the best ways to solve this problem is to put these people to work, and the best way to put them to work is to put them through high-quality education, good training and exercise. From 2005 to 2008, the British government spent 790 million pounds to support the development of extended schools. For the first time in the UK and around the world, this kind of state-funded integration of different institutions and organizations, with schools as the center, provides comprehensive services to children, their families and their communities, and forms a national framework.

Second, in the 2002-2003 academic year, 25 local education authorities, funded by the education and skills department, developed the second part of the "extended school pathfinder" programme, "activities targeting vulnerable groups, deprived and serviced areas".

Finally, the core service of an extended school is to ensure that all children and parents have access to a minimum of services and activities, rather than providing each school with specific, directly applicable, fixed models and blueprints. For special education and disabled children, it is more necessary to provide a new form of service.

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