北美作业代写：The dilemma of American economic policy

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The dilemma of American economic policy，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国经济政策的两难困境。在全球化背景下，美国经济政策面临着两难困境。一方面经济增长迟缓，失业率居高不下，需要继续实行扩张性政策，以刺激经济复苏；另一方面，预算赤字和政府债务不断扩大，需要尽快实施紧缩性政策，尤其是紧缩性财政政策，以恢复市场信心。要想解决这些问题，美国必须在紧缩预算的同时，继续实施扩张性货币政策以刺激经济增长，另外还要采取紧缩性政策，恢复市场信心，然后再实施扩张性政策。

In the background of globalization, the economic policy of U.S. is In dilemma: on one hand, the slow economic growth and high unemployment rate need expansion policies. On the other hand, the increasing budget deficit and government debt the require tightening policies to rebuild the market confidence. The Two way to get ride of the was: First, the combination of tightening and loosening policies, belong imply expansion policies to stimulate pa which reduce finance budget. Second, imply tightening policy at the first step and then turn to expansion polices, Ahead of the above mentioned polices, Expand the U.S. should expand the service export to developing countries to achieve rebalance.

Over the past 50 years, the United States has become deeply involved in the world economy. Oil is mainly imported; Top 500 companies derive 50% of their revenue from international operations. Foreign investors hold 50 per cent of government debt.

The United States has benefited greatly from globalization. As a result of trade liberalization, the United States gains more than us $1 trillion annually, which is equivalent to more than 10% of the national income and more than us $10,000 per family. But there are costs to trade liberalization. As a result of the widening trade deficit, about half a million American workers are losing their jobs each year.

Obviously, in the process of globalization, the United States is closely related to the world, and the prosperity and stability of the American economy depend on the development of the global economy. However, the us government did not realize this. They indulged the trade deficit for a long time, making the us the largest debtor country in the world, and many debts were held by foreign creditors. America's biggest creditors are now government agencies, including China, Russia and Middle East oil producers.

Many factors cause the us trade deficit: enterprise international competitiveness, decline in domestic savings rates, backward infrastructure, lack of government support for technological innovation strength, the tax system to encourage multinational companies to invest abroad rather than their own, financial support, excessive consumption, is more serious is that the dollar overvalued and fiscal deficits.

On the one hand, the United States is more and more dependent on the world economy, on the other hand, the United States has less and less influence on the world economy, which is the most serious challenge facing the United States. The proportion of the us economy in the world economy has dropped from 50% after the second world war to 20% today, and the proportion of us trade in world trade is even lower. The us dollar is still the world's major currency, but the euro challenge 10 years ago and the renminbi challenge 10 years later are likely to emerge.

In the 21st century, the balance of economic power in the world has changed dramatically. Industrialized nations such as the United States, Europe and Japan, which used to lead the world economy, are struggling to recover. At the same time, developing countries such as China and India are experiencing rapid economic growth. It is clear that the world of the twenty-first century is one of deepening polarization.

The European Union, one of the world's largest economies, has been deeply involved in the debt crisis. In fact, as a monetary union, the eurozone was unstable from the very beginning. Despite the establishment of a common currency and central bank, there was no corresponding central finance and management institution. The global financial crisis has had a great impact on the eurozone, and the recovery of eurozone countries after the crisis is fraught with difficulties. Neither the us nor the world economy is likely to get much help from the eurozone for at least the next few years.

Japan is also one of the world's largest economies, but it has experienced two "lost decades" of stagnation and deflation since the 1990s, and has yet to recover. The United States and the world economy are unlikely to get much help from Japan for some time.

The sharp contrast with Europe and Japan is the rapid economic growth of developing countries. They have provided three-quarters of global economic growth over the past decade, three times as fast as the developed world. Developing countries are likely to account for more than two-thirds of global GDP in the next decade. The financial situation of developing countries is better than that of developed countries. The ratio of debt to GDP is below the warning line of 60-100%, while some developed countries are close to 200%.

Major changes are taking place in the world economic landscape: more developing countries are joining the WTO; the IMF has twice raised the share of developing countries; The group of seven is moving toward the group of 20, a broader framework in which the United States and China form an informal but DE facto group of two.

American economic policy faces a dilemma: on the one hand, economic growth is sluggish, unemployment is high, and expansionary policies are needed to stimulate economic recovery; On the other hand, as the budget deficit and government debt continue to grow, tightening policies, especially fiscal tightening policies, need to be implemented as soon as possible to restore market confidence.

There are two ways for us economic policies to get out of the predicament. One is to mix the tight and elastic, that is, to continue the expansionary monetary policy to stimulate economic growth while tightening the budget. Second, we should first adopt a contractionary policy to restore market confidence and then implement an expansionary policy.

Whatever steps are taken, rebalancing is a prerequisite. Increasing exports and reducing the trade deficit is not only the key to rebalancing, but also the key to restoring rapid economic growth in the United States. To be specific, in the next five years, we will increase the share of U.S. exports in GDP from 10% in 2010 to 20% in 2020. This will increase the real growth rate of the United States by 0.5 percentage point every year and create 3 million to 4 million jobs.

After the crisis, international trade conflicts tend to intensify: the first area of international trade conflicts is exchange rates. As we know, the purpose of establishing the imf is to prevent sovereign states from implementing beggar-thy-neighbor policies and preventing competitive currency devaluation. However, for at least five years, China has been engaged in large-scale intervention in foreign exchange markets to slow the appreciation of the renminbi, which amounts to subsidies for exports or tariffs on imports. Because the yuan and other Asian currencies are undervalued, the dollar is overvalued by 10-20%, and eliminating that imbalance would create at least 1m jobs in America.

The second area of international trade conflict is the protection of intellectual property rights. As we know, the competition between the United States and other developed countries mainly takes place in the field of high technology and benefits from scientific and technological innovation. However, some developing countries, including China, have been using these achievements for free. In this way, China gains at least $50 billion to $100 billion annually and the United States loses at least $100 billion to $200 billion annually.

Despite the international trade conflicts and the long-term trade deficit of the United States, the United States still has its own advantages in the field of international trade. For example, America's service exports are highly competitive and have been running a trade surplus, especially in business services. The administration has failed to recognise this, and the prevailing view in the us that only a manufacturing revival can lead to a genuine recovery is mistaken. Because manufacturing currently provides only 10 percent of U.S. jobs and has been shrinking for 50 years, while services provide 25 percent of U.S. jobs and have been growing for 50 years. In the long run, manufacturing is likely to follow in the footsteps of agriculture, which accounted for 50 per cent of the us economy 100 years ago but has now fallen to 1 per cent. Since the amount of trade in services is far greater than that of manufacturing and the average wage of service industry is far higher than that of manufacturing, the service industry may replace manufacturing as the main driving force of the American economy in the future, just as manufacturing replaced agriculture as the main driving force of the American economy a century ago.

To develop trade in services, we must pay attention to developing countries. Second, expanding exports of services to developing countries will help the United States rebalance. But so far, the United States has not acted, and the U.S. government has not given high priority to trade in services in the doha round of negotiations. Part of the reason is the difficulty of opening markets for trade in services. Unlike manufacturing, which is protected by tariffs, import and export quotas and some overseas measures, The service industry mainly relies on domestic measures for protection, including industrial standards and technical standards, intellectual property protection, anti-monopoly policies, etc.

In the 21st century, while the American economy is more dependent on the world economy, it has less and less influence on the world economy. This is the root of the policy dilemma of the United States and the starting point of its policy choice.

In any case, the following choices are necessary: one is to improve the technological innovation ability and international competitiveness of American enterprises. Second, cut at least $4 trillion to $6 trillion from the budget over the next decade and implement it in phases to avoid hitting the already fragile real economy. 3 it is to stop the "currency manipulation" behavior of major trading partners, may be considered in the world trade organization against the main trading partners in violation of the rules of the "competitive devaluation" shall be not implemented, can also be performed considering the antagonistic currency intervention, such as the United States to buy the yuan to the influence of the exchange rate to offset China's purchases of dollars.

It is well known that the first wave of globalization took place in the 19th century and ended in world wars and the "great depression". One of the important reasons was that the then rapidly rising Germany and Japan failed to enter the international power center. The second wave of globalisation is likely to take place in the second half of the 20th century, when developing countries such as China and India are also rising rapidly. What will happen to the international political and economic system? This is something we need to think about in the next five, 10 or more years.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创essay代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写、作业代写服务。

51due为留学生提供最好的essay代写服务，亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多essay代写范文 提供代写服务，详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

北美作业代写：The national banking act of the United States

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- The national banking act of the United States，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的《国民银行法》。《国民银行法》是美国银行史上第一个关于统一管理全国银行业和金融业的联邦金融法。《国民银行法》及其修正案施行后，美国初步建立起比较规范的国民银行体系，美国联邦政府对银行体系的监管也有所加强。但《国民银行法》在立法上还存在很多不完善和不合理的地方，从而造成了当时美国银行监管方面的漏洞和银行体系内的诸多弊病。

The national banking act was the first federal financial act in the history of the bank of America that unified the management of the national banking and financial industry. After the implementation of the act and its amendment, the United States initially established a relatively standardized national banking system, and the federal government strengthened its supervision over the banking system. However, the national banking act was imperfect and unreasonable in legislation, which resulted in loopholes in bank supervision and many defects in the banking system.

America has been a society of diverse interests since its founding. In order to avoid the concentration of social resources and rights into the control of a specific group, thus damaging the interests of other groups, the spirit of the constitution of the United States attaches great importance to the principle of separation of powers and checks and balances. In the process of making and implementing realistic policies, we also pay great attention to giving equal rights and freedoms to all social groups to safeguard their own interests. Because the monetary banking system is directly related to the wealth distribution effect, the struggle of all social strata and interest groups in this field is particularly fierce. Influenced by Thomas Jefferson's ideas of freedom and equality, the American people also have the traditional consciousness of opposing the concentration of monetary power. For to the average American, a central bank undoubtedly represents a high concentration of financial resources and power, and is a tool used by certain groups to make profits. It was this traditional consciousness that dominated the two attempts to establish a central bank in the history of the United States. The first bank, founded in 1791, was closed in 1811. The second bank of the United States, founded in 1816, was closed in 1836. In fact, these two embryonic central Banks are beneficial to the control and monopoly of financial resources and rights of large Banks, and detrimental to the equal freedom and opportunity of small and medium-sized American businesses to open and operate Banks.

Since 1836 the bank of America's second President Andrew Jackson ? is turned off, the federal government to take the laissez-faire policy of banking industry and completely gave up on monetary banking system of centralized management, bank approval and supervision of all shall be the responsibility of the states themselves. The U.S. banking system experienced the most chaotic twenty-seven years in the history of monetary banking, the so-called free banking period, as the entire banking industry lost the institution of unified regulation and management. During this period, the number of state Banks grew rapidly and "wildcat Banks" prevailed. However, there were many problems such as insufficient capital quota, complex bondage varieties and unstable credit in Banks. About half of the Banks failed before their operating period. Given the chaotic state of financial markets during the era of free banking, calls for a common currency and a return to federal supervision of money Banks have resurfaced. At the same time, the new patriotism inspired by the civil war has led to a wider public recognition of the authority of the federal government. In this favorable social background, to end the chaotic monetary banking, and raise money for the war, the then Treasury secretary salmon chase, in March 1863, the United States congress through the act of the national currency. In 1864, parliament passed the national banking act to replace the national currency act, on which the national banking system was established.

The national banking act was the first federal financial act in the history of the bank of America that unified the management of the national banking and financial industry. Historians have put forward different views on the purpose of establishing the national banking act. Or think it's mainly to support federal credit. Chase, the Treasury secretary who pushed the law through during the civil war, later stated that his "first objective was to meet the broad demands of the war, and the second was to replace state bank notes with national bank money and to redeem them in COINS." It can be seen that the purpose of the national banking act is actually to establish the authority of the federal government on banking supervision and intervention, establish the national banking system under unified supervision to replace the decentralized state Banks, so as to coordinate the currency circulation and ensure financial stability.

The law of the people's bank of China stipulates that a bureau of monetary supervision shall be set up under the ministry of finance to exercise the functions of management, supervision and inspection over the people's bank of China. The office of the comptroller of the currency is specifically responsible for the examination and approval of the registration of national Banks, the examination and approval of whether the capital operation and loan ratio of national Banks meet the requirements, and the implementation of provisions on deposit reserve and issuance reserve. This means that in the national banking system, to become a national bank, it is necessary to apply for registration with the federal government, issued by the federal government business license, subject to the supervision and management of the federal government, but also must meet the requirements of the above laws.

The establishment of the national banking act indicates that the federal government has started to deviate from the policy of laissez-faire since the closure of the second bank of the United States, and to exercise supervision and control over the monetary banking system. After the implementation of the national banking act and its amendment, the United States initially established a relatively standardized national banking system, and the federal government of the United States strengthened its supervision over the banking system. However, the national banking act was imperfect and unreasonable in legislation, which resulted in loopholes in bank supervision and many defects in the banking system.

First of all, the biggest drawback of the national banking law is that it fails to establish a central bank and realize unified supervision of the monetary banking industry. In view of the historical lessons of first and second national bank, the federal government is not set up a bank of monetary system centralized regulation and oversight for the central bank, by attempting to collect taxes on for state Banks to issue bank notes to make registration to the federal government, state Banks to join the national banking system and ultimately to the national banking system to replace the state banking system, so as to realize the unity of the federal government on banking supervision, and coordination of monetary circulation, maintaining financial stability. To this end, the national banking act amendment specifically set up the tax system of state Banks to issue bank vouchers, the provisions of any state Banks to issue bank notes must be issued in accordance with the provisions, the ratio of pay tax, intended to force state Banks quickly turn to national bank, on the one hand, make the national bank notes become a unified currency, on the other hand easy monetary supervision bureau of supervision and management of the entire banking system. But the national banking act did not actually achieve this purpose. Because the "national bank law" on the capital ratio of national Banks, loans and issuing bank notes provisions and restrictions than the state Banks more stringent. For example, national Banks are not allowed to set up branches or operate trust businesses, but there are no restrictions on state Banks. Therefore, in the first two years after the enactment of the law, except for a few state Banks that joined the national bank to avoid the 10% tax on bank notes issuance, most state Banks were reluctant to apply for federal registration, but skillfully maintained a relatively stable source of funds through cheque depositing. Therefore, the national bank has not been able to replace the state bank, the state bank notes flood, the state bank management chaos problem has not been solved. In order to make the national banking system more attractive to state Banks, congress successively introduced two legal measures, namely, "act of March 3, 1865" and "monetary act of 1900". After the implementation of these two bills, the issuance of state bank notes gradually shrank due to strict and expensive taxes, and finally disappeared from circulation. However, the national bank did not replace the state Banks in the end. The state banking system still maintained the vitality of continuous development, and formed the "dual-track banking system" in the United States, which has been continued to this day, with the approval of registration and financial supervision by the bureau of monetary directors and financial institutions of the state governments.

Second, from the practical requirements of bank supervision, the national banking law has many loopholes and deficiencies in the supervision and legislation of the banking system. The national banking law prohibits national Banks from operating trust business, and most state registered Banks regulated by the state banking law cannot engage in trust business. As a result, a number of state-chartered trust institutions enjoy exclusive investment business opportunities. Trust institutions belong to the state banking system, to monitor the state rather than federal government, and the state to regional economic development, to this kind of trust assets ratio of franchising often require too loose, supervising, and trust become focus for risky assets, become the hidden trouble of the financial crisis. In the late 19th century, the rapid growth state franchised trust for America's financial market an important financial tool, they collect deposits and make loans, widely participate in the joint of railway restructuring and industrial companies, engaged in commercial Banks is also engaged in private banking, range far beyond the traditional business scope provided by the funds of the trust. While competing with national bank for most banking business, trust companies also have investment opportunities that national bank does not enjoy, while being less regulated than national bank and state bank and less regulated in asset selection. For example, trust companies can own equity assets directly and are allowed to own and manage real estate. Such assets can also account for 15% of their total assets, which is not allowed at national bank. The national bank is required to maintain 25 percent of its reserves, while the trust company is required to maintain 15 percent of its total deposits, and two-thirds of this reserve can be in the form of bank notes or bonds, and only one-third in the form of cash. Thus, the asset ratio of trust companies hides higher risks. They can also lend like commercial Banks, but the federal government's looser regulation of trust companies makes them far less regulated than national Banks. Trust to make full use of the loophole in the law on open the door of the speculation, in order to get to the risk of investment of funds, they pay higher interest rates, and mortgage lending money on stocks and bonds, in October 1907, half of the New York trust bank loans are guaranteed by securities as collateral, lead to two money market and capital market, increased the instability of financial markets. Once trust companies are run by depositors, they have to suddenly recall these mortgages from the market, and lenders have to sell their stocks in order to pay back the loans. The associated effect is that stock prices plummet, interest rates on demand loans soar, and panic spreads widely through the stock market. It was this trust institution with excessively risky asset ratio that became the source of the outbreak of the American crisis in 1907 and acted as an intermediary to spread the financial crisis to the stock market and other financial institutions and even the entire financial market.

Third, there are many disadvantages in the banking system, such as dispersed reserves, inelastic currency, backward commercial paper market and the lack of unified check clearing mechanism. The national banking act divides the national Banks of the country into three levels according to size and region: the central reserve city bank refers to the national bank of New York; Reserve city Banks refer to the national Banks of 18 important cities; The term "rural bank" shall mean any national bank other than the 19 cities mentioned above. The law on national banking stipulates different reserve ratio and deposit reserve depository places of the third-level national Banks respectively: the reserve ratio of the grameen bank is 15%, of which 2/5 of the reserve must be deposited in the bank's vault, and the remaining 3/5 can be deposited in the national Banks of the reserve cities or the central reserve city national bank. The reserve city bank reserve ratio is 25%, of which half of the deposit reserve as cash in stock, the other half can be stored in the central reserve city national Banks; National Banks in the central reserve cities have a 25 percent reserve ratio, with all deposits reserved for cash on hand. The national banking act was originally designed to prevent financial crisis based on the reserve system, but it backfired. The national banking system based on the reserve system was actually not a system and had no effective mechanism for preventing and responding to financial crisis. On the contrary, this hierarchical and centralized inverted pyramid reserve system actually tangled the capital and capital markets and became a channel to transmit, transfer and spread financial turmoil. Through this channel, instability in a small number of Banks, regions or individual sectors is likely to develop into nationwide financial instability or even panic. At the same time, although the establishment of the national bank system, provides us with at par flow standardized currency, largely improved after the currency of the disorder, but due to the national banking act some legislation itself is not reasonable, but the funds the us banking system liquidity problems caused by lack of serious problems such as lack of flexibility and control money supply. Because the national bank act stipulates that the issuance of national bank notes must be based on federal government bonds, the money supply lacks the necessary flexibility to expand or contract in response to the needs of the economic cycle and emergency. Moreover, the lack of a sound commercial paper market and a nationwide bank clearing system in the national banking system has affected the soundness and stability of the domestic financial market. In addition, the imperfect commercial paper market in the United States also prevents the United States from being in line with the developed discount market of commercial acceptance paper in European countries, which is not conducive to the international short-term capital flow.

Due to the imperfection of the national banking law and the numerous defects of the national banking system established on it, from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the United States suffered from financial crisis while developing rapidly in industrial economy. For example, severe financial crisis occurred in 1873, 1884, 1893 and 1907. The frequent outbreak of financial crisis has caused great damage to the American society and economy, and even often plunged the United States into economic depression for several years. Among them, the source of the outbreak of the financial crisis in 1907 was the weakest link in the supervision of the national banking law -- trust institutions. The crisis fully exposed the defects of the national banking system of the United States, which made all sectors of the American society realize the necessity of completely changing the banking system and establishing a central bank to act as the lender of last resort in order to achieve unified supervision of the monetary banking system and maintain financial stability. In 1913, the United States enacted the federal reserve system act, which completely amended the national banking act and established the first real central bank in American history -- the federal reserve system of the United States. After the establishment of the federal reserve system of the United States, the law on the federal reserve system has been continuously revised and supplemented according to the actual needs, making the United States become the most developed country in the world in terms of financial markets and the most complex and perfect regulatory system.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创assignment代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有assignment代写、essay代写、paper代写服务。

51due为留学生提供最好的assignment代写服务，亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多assignment代写范文 提供北美作业代写服务，详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

英国论文写作的注意事项

由于用语习惯和评判性思维的原因，导致中国留学生很难写好英国论文。从接触英国论文，到最终掌握，要花费大量的时间和精力。刚开始写作英国论文的时候，大家一定要了解它的写作注意事项，不然就会导致很多错误，下面就给大家讲解一下。

1、文献过多，引用不当

这里就是典型的不会整理自己的文献。学生搜集的东西确实都看过，但并不代表每一篇都是很有价值的，有的学生列出的实在太多，分不清主次以及内部之间的逻辑连贯。一般情况下要选择最主要和最新近的文献，比如综述论文的论点和论据来自的文献、为分析讨论提供有力依据的文献、知名度高的文献、新近的文献代替旧的文献等等。

2、对于文体认识不清

这是留学生们最容易忽略的但却非常重要的问题！虽然经常提醒但是大家都不放在心上，被扣分之后又会抱怨。大家不注重文体，将综述写成讲座性质的文章是学生很容易犯的一个错误，最显著的特征是文章当中带有大量的基础知识的内容，有的还把课程书上的一些图标搬过来，文章冗长而深度不足。

3、不加整理，原文照抄

这个表现又分为两种，有的同学对于自己选定的话题方向进行各种资料查找，但是偶然发现在这一领域或是这一方向已经有前人做好综述总结了，直接把别人总结的东西直接照抄过来;或者英文的，或者是国内的，学生将国内大家的名著英文翻译就OK.另一种表现就是对于自己搜集的资料素材进行简单地罗列，没有经过自己的整理，有的甚至没有归类，一条一条的素材很是没有条理，彼此之间没有关联，更没有提出自己的见解。

以上就是关于英国论文写作的注意事项讲解，希望大家在写作英国论文的时候都能注意这些。

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：What Social Forces Shaped the Public Awareness of Nature and Environment in China

本篇paper代写- What Social Forces Shaped the Public Awareness of Nature and Environment in China讨论了自然与环境意识形成的社会力量。为了解决环境问题，经济发展的驱动力、媒体的影响以及互联网的力量等都发挥了巨大的作用。并且，每个人通过身边的减排、环保等活动，让年轻一代树立了对自然和环境的责任感。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Introduction

Based on previous assignments, the major purpose of the research is to understand the social forces in shaping the natural and environmental awareness in China. It has shifted slightly from the original focus of the deforestation/reforestation processes to the bigger, more comprehensive picture of public awareness in China, so that the social and cultural forces are more easily shown. After some research on the historic records of the struggles with nature and the many social forces involved in it, the correlation between social forces and public awareness is established. The major sources of the research are academic papers, personal observations of the social patterns, as well as data from relevant websites. Since the topic of interest covers an extensive timeline, an analysis of primary and secondary sources is needed. This research is significant and intriguing since it reveals what roles do cultural factors play in shaping public awareness, in a country with the largest population in the world.

Body

Trees and forests used to be regarded as the sign of prosperity in Chinese culture. However, in the 1980s and 1990s, the rush for economic development and industrialization have changed the harmonious way people lived with nature. As a result, China suffered from the desertification of the largest scale in the world since the 1980s. Overgrazing, overcultivation, deforestation, weak laws and ignorance are among the major contributors of the desertification (Geocase, 2014). The problem with a centralized government is, despite the efficiency, there is no one to correct its mistakes once they are made. Under the encouragement of the government, coals and steel became the symbol of development, while trees were cut down to make way for the crops (Geng, 2013). There are still debates on whether it is justified to push for economy developments at the cost of the nature. However, the Chinese government was not doing enough to stop the problem at its early stages (Wang, 2013). As a result, China has to spend much more on fixing the problem nowadays.

The natural and environmental awareness was initialized with a topic relevant to the majority: air quality. China’s economy boomed in the late 1990s and early 2000s, but the public awareness of the natural and environmental issues was still falling behind. One of the turning points was in 2008, when China was to host the Olympic Games for the first time. The reports of complains from foreign athletes made more and more people care about the issue. With millions of dollars inverted, the improved air quality in Beijing gave people hope, especially those who were already suffering from air pollution. The Beijing case also served as a role model for later implementations and enforcement of environmental policies in other areas of China (Ju, 2009). In 2015, the journalist and famous host Chai Jing published an environmental documentary fully sponsored by her, Under the Dome. The film, which targeted the smog problems in China was viewed by millions within weeks, making the air pollution problem the most heated discussions of the year (Yuan, 2015). Different from the year 2008, when the issue blew off soon with the end of the Olympic Games, the documentary made more and more people think, especially the young and educated generation.

China had a rather late entrance into the age of the new media and the internet, but the development of these new forces is among the fastest in the world. The internet has become the major tools to shape public awareness about natural and environmental issues. One of the most popular websites in China, Weibo (the Chinese version of Twitter), with the largest internet traffic volumes in the world, has become the main platform for environmental information to be communicated to the public. The concept of PM2.5, first heard in the news during the Olympics, introduced much more in-depth by Under the Dome, have now integrated into the daily lives of the Chinese netizens through Weibo. In a way, PM2.5 became the chance for the Chinese public to be more involved in the natural and environmental challenges (Huang, 2015). Since 2014, the measurement of PM2.5 has been incorporated into the national air quality standard in China, and the values can be seen in almost all weather apps in China nowadays (You, 2014). The interest in the topic of air quality has also spread into other topics, such as wildlife protection, reforestation and natural reserves.

Conclusions

Overall, the public awareness of the natural and environmental issues has been shaped by many different factors through the course of history: the drive for economic development, media influence as well as the power of the internet. A path of development is seen though the analysis, and the distinctive features of different generations, and groups of different educational level is also noted in the research. More work needs to be done to find out how these elements work in shaping the public awareness. Began in 2015, the largest online payment company in China started the program named Ant Financial, which provides carbon accounts for 0.45 billion alipay users in China. All low-carbon activities through the alipay apps will be recorded and added into the carbon account (JPMNews, 2016). Once the amount of carbon reduction reaches a value, the company would plant a real tree in the northwestern areas of China to fight desertification and help reforestation. Through these campaigns a sense of responsibility for the nature and environment is established in the younger generations. Such efforts show promising signs in how the public awareness is to be shaped further in the future.

Works Cited

Geng, Y., Sarkis, J., Ulgiati, S., & Zhang, P. (2013). Environment and development. measuring china's circular economy. Science (New York, N.Y.), 339(6127), 1526.

Geocase. (2014). Desertification and Land Degradation in China. Accessed in Feb 2017 from: http://www.geocases1.co.uk/printable/Desertification%20and%20land%20degredation%20in%20China.htm

Huang, G. (2015). PM2.5 opened a door to public participation addressing environmental challenges in china. Environmental Pollution, 197, 313-315. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.001

JPMNews. (2016). Ant Financial Has Provided Carbon Accounts for 0.45 Billion Alipay Users. Accessed in Feb 2017 from: http://www.jpm.us/article-446-1.html

Ju, A. (2009). Improved air quality during Beijing Olympics could inform pollution-curbing policies. Accessed in Feb 2017 from: http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2009/07/beijing-air-quality-improved-during-olympics

Wang, F., Pan, X., Wang, D., Shen, C., & Lu, Q. (2013). Combating desertification in China: Past, present and future. Land use Policy, 31, 311-313. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol. 2012.07.010

You, M. (2014). Addition of PM2.5 into the national ambient air quality standards of china and the contribution to air pollution control: The case study of wuhan, china. The Scientific World Journal, 2014 doi:10.1155/2014/768405

Yuan, R. (2015). Under the Dome: will this film be China’s environmental awakening? Accessed in Feb 2017 from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/05/under-the-dome-china-pollution-chai-jing

要想成绩好，英国论文得写好，51due代写平台为你提供英国留学资讯，专业辅导，还为你提供专业英国essay代写，paper代写，report代写，需要找论文代写的话快来联系我们51due工作客服QQ：800020041或者Wechat：Abby0900吧。

Essay代写：An analysis of Shelley's poems

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- An analysis of Shelley's poems，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了雪莱的诗歌评析。雪莱早期的诗歌创作明显具有一种唯美主义倾向，其文章使用的语言色彩明艳。在创作风格方面，雪莱早期的作品是朦胧的，同时也是甜美而忧伤的，用词较为华丽。雪莱每部作品的完成都离不开英国传统民族文化的影响。英国的民间传说大多具有神话主义色彩，美轮美奂的神话故事就成为了雪莱诗歌的精神来源。

Shelley, a famous English modern poet, is one of the most gifted lyric poets in the history of world literature. He especially likes to be unconventional and pursue the literary trend of The Times. He is a unique master of symbolism. Shelley was a Platonist and a great idealist. The most striking feature of his poetry is its pure beauty, especially in the lyric aspect of his poetry. But at the same time, he is also deeply in love with traditional literature and can absorb the essence from traditional literature and make use of it. He is famous for his romantic literary methods, but his works can often be seen in the shadow of traditional literature. To be sure, the main source of Shelley's symbolism is traditional literature. Unconsciously, Shelley was able to quickly find important information related to symbolism in traditional literature, especially the works created by romantic writers represented by Blake, so as to promote his own symbolism theory and creation of works.

From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, Shelley's poems are symbolic. The meaning of his poetic language is a mode of thinking that expresses abstract things with the concept of concrete things. Symbolism is universal in all literary styles, not limited to poetry as a literary genre. Specifically, in the theory of cognitive poetics, firstly, the performance of poetry relies on symbolism; Secondly, poetic symbolism is essentially indistinguishable from conventional symbolism in everyday discourse. It can be said that poetic symbolism is built on the premise of conventional symbolism. The most obvious difference between conventional symbolism and poetic symbolism is that poetic symbolism always expands and refines or even combines them in a way that transcends conventional symbolism. Extension refers to the use of more source domain structures than conventional symbols. Refinement refers to the use of more detailed and specific source domains than conventional symbols. Questioning refers to questioning the limitations of conventional symbols. The so-called combination refers to the combination of several conventional symbols.

The theory of cognitive poetics began in 1983, after which a large number of linguists made unremitting research on it before its development and expansion. In the current research process of China, the essence of cognitive poetics is actually a means of applying cognitive linguistics theory to literary texts for criticism. The concept symbol theory formed in the early 1980s is one of the main theories of cognitive linguistics, and its application is also very extensive. The most obvious feature of conceptual symbolic theory is the distinction between "symbol" and "symbolic expression". It can be seen from the above content that symbolic language is the concept of concrete things, that is, the so-called source domain in the article, through which abstract things are expressed in the form of concrete concepts. However, symbolic expression is actually a kind of linguistic expression of symbolism. For decades, through the concrete study of conceptual symbols, it has been found that many concepts, especially abstract concepts, are often understood in the form of symbols. Most linguists support this view. There are examples of how the expression of a poem is refined or combined around a conventional symbol. For example, the success of Shelley's poem ode to the west wind, a masterpiece of naturalism by the famous British modern poet Shelley, is partly due to the conventional symbols related to the concepts of "center" and "edge". However, there are still some linguists who hold a negative attitude towards the above views. After a lot of in-depth studies, some modifications have been made. No matter linguists who support this view or deny it or revise it, their research on symbolism is carried out by qualitative analysis of one or more texts, and few quantitative data are available on a large scale. Linguists have given explanations for this. They believe that literary criticism emphasizes the unique characteristics of each text or author, and emphasizes the novel and in-depth interpretation of literary texts, so it refuses to draw general conclusions from a large amount of corpus. Since cognitive poetics is recognized as a method of literary criticism, it is logical that the study of cognitive poetics follows the consistent style of literary criticism. In this case, this paper believes that large-scale quantitative data is necessary. Firstly, this paper discusses the development background of symbolic language theory in cognitive linguistics, and then takes the analysis of poetry text as an example to analyze the theory in detail, and finally describes its significance.

In London at the end of the 19th century, there appeared a book named "symbolic movement in literature", which was also the work. The modern French poets baudelaire, verlaine, malam and others formally appeared in the world literary world in the form of a school. Only then did the English poets begin to consciously rediscover the value of symbolism in their creation. The author Arthur ? Simon put this epoch-making works for Shelley. Therefore, many critics believe that it was through Simon that Shelley accepted the influence of French symbolism. Nevertheless, Shelley's views on symbolism do not seem to coincide with those of Simon, for Simon was far behind Shelley in the richness of metaphor and symbolic language.

Shelley's early poetry creation obviously had an aesthetic tendency, and the language color used in his articles was bright and brilliant. No matter "Prometheus liberated", "cloud", "to the lark", "queen mab" and "ode to the west wind" are full of magical colors. In terms of the style of creation, Shelley's early works are obscure, sweet and sad at the same time. Shelley's works can not be completed without the influence of British traditional national culture. Most of the British folklore has a mythological color, the beautiful fairy tales became the spiritual source of Shelley's poetry. In his poems, we can easily find the emergence of mysticism, the artistic conception of his works is profound and fantastic. His symbols are usually completed by mythic stories or mythic characters. Mythic stories provide a good carrier for his creation and expression of thoughts, and symbolism is an important rhetorical device for the theme of his works.

In the early stage, Shelley created a large number of poems, which occupied a very important position in the literary world. Many people believed that Shelley was a passive recluse from reality. The early poems are fresh and natural as a whole, the language is quite beautiful and fluent, and the flavor of simple folk is flowing everywhere. The whole poem does not show the depressed color of post-victorian romantic poetry. Moreover, from the perspective of the language of poetry texts, Shelley has always had an ideal country in his subconscious mind. "Innisfree Island" is actually an island in English folklore, which does not exist in reality. In this poem, Shelley set out to go to a place that is not needed, which is actually a situation of confrontation with the reality at that time. Like many of his early poems, this one USES text to construct a secret place, a secret place that exists in reality. The best footnote to this aspect is a hidden theme of "walking" in Shelley's early poetry, which is a unique phenomenon in Shelley's early poetics and an important channel to open his thoughts. For example, in the song "to Mary": "like the brilliance of your body, that cannot be hidden, the most beautiful brilliance. I would give my life for such a good dream as yours, and I would die a martyr with a smile, before the altar of love without bloodshed. The implied attitude and image of "walking" are obvious, which represents Shelley's spirit of advocating freedom. In Shelley's poems, "walking" is not death or escape as we think, but rather a kind of pursuit and exploration. It is the author's silent resistance and opposition to the chaotic society at that time. This point is similar to tao yuanming, the famous pastoral poet in ancient China, whose poems often express a kind of profound thinking and silent resistance to the society at that time. "There is truth in this," he said. In Shelley's opinion, maybe folklore can express more things that cannot be expressed in words and realize his deep desire for an ideal world. Shelley's symbolically long narrative poem "Prometheus unbound" was written in 1819. The poem is based on the mythological stories of ancient Greece. The protagonist Prometheus reflects the poetic characteristics of Shelley's romanticism, and the poem ends with the joy of the universe and the arrival of spring. According to vico, folk myths and mythological heroes are imaginary concepts imagined by people, which do not exist in reality. Just like poetry, they are imaginary things and the embodiment of "poetic wisdom". Therefore, in his opinion, art and myth have always been isomorphic, and myth and poetry can be well integrated. However, folk myths cannot be fabricated at will, which is a special way of ancient people's cognition of things and a poetic explanation based on reality. Therefore, in Shelley's poems, folk fairy tales become the symbol of his creation and the silent revelation of reality. The author constantly enriches the theme of the poem by drawing material from life, so that the content of the whole poem is rich and the emotion is real. As for the image selection of poetry, Shelley usually chooses the image with a sense of modernity, and often USES the fusion of modern and ancient times, which is rich in profound philosophical connotation. Poetry is not only rich in the reality of life, but also full of dialectical and critical thinking, so that readers can feel the author has a broad range of knowledge, experience and other poetry different from the spirit of literature.

To sum up, it is not difficult to see the uniqueness of Shelley's symbolism. What makes him unique is that he will not simply follow the existing traditional symbolism, but absorb and improve traditional symbolism, and integrate universality and particularity into his unique symbolism. It is worth mentioning that Shelley held a view that the starting point must be his own practical experience, not for the sake of symbol, and insisted on combining the "secret thoughts" of individuals with the universal knowledge of mankind. For Shelley, symbolism is an important means of expression rather than the purpose of expression. His real purpose in writing poems is to reveal what is hidden behind by means of symbolism. He once said that poetry is worthless unless it shows something higher than itself. Although Shelley's symbolic system is out of the ordinary, it is not made up at will, because the poetry written by Shelley is based on the truth because it can be endowed with richer content through symbols. It can be said that literary tradition, especially romantic tradition, is Shelley's symbolic treasure house. He excavated many symbols and the concept of symbols for his own use. In many cases, literary historians believe that Shelley was a late symbolist poet. In fact, through analysis, this paper believes that Shelley's works are adhering to the romantic color, and transcend the realism of poetry. His symbolism was a school of its own and had a great influence. He found symbolism in traditional literary works and gave full play to it. At the same time, he also developed his great talent in symbolism, which led him to create unique symbolist theories and poems, and eventually became the master of British symbolism.

想要了解更多英国留学资讯或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有essay代写、paper代写、assignment代写。在这里，51Due致力于为留学生朋友提供高效优质的留学教育辅导服务，为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有essay代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有；未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象，51Due保留一切法律追诉权。