英文论文怎么写

很多初到国外留学的同学们表示，刚刚接触英文论文的时候，都是信心满满地把英文论文完成的，但成绩出来后却傻眼了，完全想不到自己会拿那么低的分数。其实这是因为大家还按照中式思维去写作的原因。那么英文论文该怎么写呢？下面就给大家讲解一下。

一、确定论文上交时间

建议学生从拿到论文要求和题目后就开始做准备。这样可以提高英文论文通过的概率，另外，也不要认为你目前的知识不足以完成这样一篇论文，要定位好自己的心态以及对自己将要写作的论文保持一定的信心。

二、写作材料收集充分

每一位学生在完成英文论文时，都会参考大量的文献资料或网络资源的，这个是非常有必要的，但需要注意的一点，不能完全抄袭，要懂得总结概括出来对论文比较重要的一些论点以做英文论文使用。可以多利用学校的一些网络数据库资源，这些数据库上有很多文献资料，只要你输入关键词就可以轻松找到你想要的资料。当然，你拿到这些资料后需要细细的做研究，但比自己去图书馆找相关的资料快多了。

三、与同学多探讨

当你的英文论文完成了的时候可以和你的周围同学做一些讨论，也可以做一下分工，交换英文论文来看一下，互相做到完善，以达到在导师审核时的一些不必要的一些问题，也顺便可以培养与同学间的感情与合作的默契度。这样来提高英文论文的写作效率、质量问题，从而达到论文顺利通过的目的。

以上就是关于英文论文的写作讲解，同学们要记住，完成英文论文之后一定要做修改润色，这样才有机会拿高分。

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北美作业代写：A Career In The Field Of Family And Child Development

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- A Career In The Field Of Family And Child Development，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了幼儿教育工作。幼儿教育和学前教育的概念不完全一样，幼儿教师的学习内容是关于幼儿智力发展各个方面的教育，所以幼儿园教师对幼儿的影响非常大。在幼儿教育中，我们要意识到个体的差异，进行差异化的教学。

Abstract

Early childhood marks the beginning of the formation of children's personality. During this period, the personality, psychological characteristics and self-consciousness have been initially developed. Thus, it is key to provide them some professional scientific guide for the child for their better development. A career as a preschool teacher with the content of it being education of all aspects of the development of children's intelligence can effectively promote the harmonious development of children 's physical and mental health. It has opportunity for advancement and may involve living in another country. To be a qualified preschool teacher, preschool education and personal qualities are needed. Also, with my current strength of respect of the children 's personality, I should work hard on education, and psychology and apply the knowledge by finding a relevant internship and honing skills of singing and so on.

Section I – Career Path:

The personal career plan have I have decided on is preschool teacher. Now there are a lot of narrow understanding of it. It is generally linked with a kindergarten teacher. But in fact, the concept of kindergarten and preschool education is still not exactly the same. The learning content of preschool teacher is about education of all aspects of the development of children 's intelligence. The preschool teacher can have a significant influence on early childhood(Vorkapić, & Sanja. 2012, p.28). Thus, it is linked with early education. The employment prospects of preschool education are very broad, such as teachers or children's advisers; child development assessment and mentoring, child education and health development policy makers, children 's education consultants at relevant government agencies, or major hospitals; children 's column program writers for newspapers, magazines, radio and television media and other media work; all kinds of children 's products development of professional consultants or market research and analysis professionals.

Preschool education is needed for me to be a preschool teacher. The main disciplines involved are education, and psychology. The main courses are general psychology, human anatomy and physiology, educational sociology, vocal music, dance, art, early childhood psychology, early childhood education psychology, infant health care, and research methods of early childhood education. It is to give me the professional knowledge, teaching and research talents of preschool education administrators. Thus, I can teach and carry out research work in nurseries.

As for personal qualities needed, I need to have the quality of observation of young children, and the implementation of child care. Also, I should be familiar with the childhood education policy and regulations at the national and local level. To be patient with children is also a necessary quality. At last, I should master the basic method of literature retrieval for scientific research and practical ability.

Section II – Career Requirements:

Hours required for this position is normal working hours, lasting from Monday to Friday. But the exact working hours may be uncertain if sometimes preschool teacher needs to work overtime when some emergency happens to children. As for salary range, the average number is between $21,490 and $31,420 but some may earn less than $17,000 (King, et al, 2016, p546).

There is also opportunity for advancement. It is because on the one hand that the early childhood education is experiencing a continuing and steady development. On the other hand, different from the past teachers in the preschool, the current preschool teachers has got some systematic and professional training. Thus, preschool teachers will also have more opportunities for further studies and career advancement with their professionalism and continuing and steady development of preschool education.

And this career may involve living in another country as there may be more and more preschool International Class in cooperation with the institution of foreign countries, international learning exchange symposium of preschool teachers and kindergarten international exchange in the era of globalization.

Opportunity for growth of the career in the next 5 years is also huge. Based on the ability of preschool teachers, it is to make them easier to learn and improve their skills, and have a broader career prospects. For example, preschool teachers can be divided into different levels, and then can rise to senior teachers. Those who wish to work as a manager can choose to re-launch the preschool education leadership diploma, and will be promoted to the principal and the mentor Principal. Those who are keen on professional teachers can become the Lead Teacher. Career development opportunities in the early childhood education allow preschool teachers to have more opportunities at different stages.

As for additional information of interest from the textbook, library, web, etc, it is that when considering early childhood teachers’ financial well-being, their salaries are one of the lowest for professionals in the U.S (King, et al, 2016, p546).

Section III – Application and Conclusion:

As for the goals I need to set for to fulfill the requirements for this career, in the short term, I should work hard on education, and psychology after learning courses such as general psychology, human anatomy and physiology, educational sociology and so on well. As for the long term goal, it is that I may sign up to work as a volunteer preschool teacher in other countries as the way to judge preschool teachers are not limited to the level of academic performance, but also depends on the work experience and ability.

There is the one area of my life that I need to focus on right now to prepare for this career: skills of piano, storytelling, painting, singing, dance, hand painting and other skills skills. It is because that the games are the basic activities of preschool. A teachers in preschool can not lack the skills of singing and dancing.

Educational skills mainly include understanding children, creating the environment, organizing educational activities not only for children but also for parents, and other skills. And educational skills are important for a preschool teacher. To be a qualified teacher, I have paid full attention to the issue of educational skills, and through various ways to improve it. For example, preschool education should respect the children's personality and rights, respect for the children's physical and mental development and learning characteristics. A lot of teachers see individualized intervention important for all children(McDonnell, 2001, p.1). It can be seen that teaching is not a simple process of knowledge transfer. As the difference of cognitive structure and experience of the learners, the same things and phenomena for different learners will have different meanings. With the influence of Confucian doctrines on education, I am always concerned about individual differences, to promote the development of each child's rich personality. Therefore, I have always been aware of and respect for individual differences in early childhood education. Knowing my strengths, I do see God using my strengths in my career for Him.

There are some adjustments I will have to make in my life in order to fulfill my career dreams as well: to find some internships in the early education institutions. In addition to the study of the basic theory and basic knowledge of preschool education, there is basic training of early childhood education skills in nursery institutions for childcare, education and research. Thus, when I graduate, I am to master preschool education, child psychology, the curriculum design and early childhood education research methods and other basic theory and basic knowledge by putting them into practice.

Reference lists

King, E K. et al. (2016). Preschool Teachers’ Financial Well-Being and Work Time Supports: Associations with Children’s Emotional Expressions and Behaviors in Classrooms.Early Childhood Educ J.44:545–553

McDonnell, Andrea P. (2001).Teachers' Views Concerning Individualized Intervention and Support Roles Within Developmentally

Appropriate Preschools. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses

Vorkapić, T., & Sanja. (2012). The significance of preschool teacher's personality in early childhood education: analysis of eysenck's and big five dimensions of personality. International Journal of Psychology & Behavioral Sciences, 28-37.

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英文论文怎么写

跟其他国家相比，英国大学的学制显得非常短，所以留学生的学习压力会非常大，而这些压力主要集中在英文论文的写作上。由于长时间习惯国内的写作，所以英文论文对中国留学生来说难度非常大。那么英文论文该怎么写呢？下面就给大家讲解一下。

1.摘要（Abstract）即主要是让导师一看就知道这是写的什么的文章，如文章领域专业及研究方向，总之是文章的概括和灵魂。

2.引言部分（Introduction）:主要讲文章从哪些方面、哪些部分来写这个论题，大概说明文章的结构（从…到…到…conclusion）,为什么要用这个结构，要达到什么样的目的。

3.LR:文献综述即引用的背景有前人的研究加一些自己的言论。参考了哪些东西并注明。需要注意数据引用的权威性及时效性，所以这一部分耗时比较长久一些。

一、方法论（methodology or method）

即定性或定量的分析方法。定性：比较简单，可能是调查问卷或二手资料属于经验性的论证方法。定量：比较难因为要用软件做分析数据如：SPSS、STATA、MATLAB.

二、分析结果及结论和建议（Analysis conclusion Recommendation）

即得出结果。需要有权威性的根据与理论来证明，主要是通过上面的method发现了什么？并总结自己的看法与建议。

三、参考文献（Reference）

需要注意:REF的来源，学术的权威性，时效性还有数量。在我们的英文论文写作中，尤其要注意语法的运用。许多语法句子在我们看来是平常的，其实用评判性思维来推断，是非常生涩而且浅显的。所以，论文写作一定要学会用评判性思维去写句子，这样能够帮助我们的论文更加顺畅，在导师面前加分。

以上就是关于英文论文写作的讲解，希望同学们能尽量掌握这些，然后写出好的英文论文。

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Paper代写：Track Down the Incidents in the Workplace

本篇paper代写- Track Down the Incidents in the Workplace讨论了OHS。OHS，就是职业健康安全，是企业经营过程中最重要的制度之一。随着立法体系的建立和完善，员工在公司没有提供适当的OHS管理制度的情况下，能够获得其合法权利的法律方法。OHS管理系统是最困难的战略系统之一，由于管理团队没有具备相关的知识来帮助系统的初始化，因此一直困扰着大多数企业。OHS管理体系的最佳实践要求建立者和管理者掌握职业健康安全的专业知识，并正确认识系统的工作原理。一个好的OHS系统需要一个反馈环，这将在系统审查和改进之前的系统中有很大的用处。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

I. Introduction

Occupational health & safety, short for OHS, is one of the most important system while operating a company. As the establishment and improvement of legislation system, employees have access to the legal method which can get their lawful rights when the company does not provide appropriate OHS management system. Companies exposed to OHS problem have higher risk to cost more to compensate the employees and repair working environment. In addition, internal incidents concerning health and safety will damage company’s prestige once it is exposed. Consequently, companies have already realized the urgency to establish OHS management system.

As one of the toughest strategic system, OHS management system has confused most of the companies because the management team does not equip with related knowledge to help the initial of the system. A best practice OHS management system requires the establishers and conductors grasp professional knowledge on occupational health and safety, also build a correct understanding on how the system works. A good OHS system requires a feedback loop which will be of great use in system review and improvement of the previous system.

During the initial and operation of OHS management system, incidents that happen in the workplace are worth investigating. Additionally, tracking down them can help the future improvement of the system. Unfortunately, the board or management team, who are far away from daily operation of the employees, have less opportunities to obtain information on workplace incidents on the first hand. How to track down the incidents has become one of the most serious factors that should be taken into consideration. Investigation on workplace incidents also a significant measure which can ensure the well operation of the system. In this essay, the literature review on these two factors will be presented in the next part. Then, discussion on how to make adjustment of the measure in order to fit into companies’ real condition will be showed.

II. Literature Review

Professor Andrew Hopkins[9] has suggested some ways to keep track of accidents from the lesson of the Gulf of Mexico oil well blowout. In 2010, one of the well oil in the Gulf of Mexico blew out which had caused serious damages and great economic costs. Sarcastically, just seven hours before the blowout, a group of VIPs had come to visit the well and they missed the warning signs which would be certainly recognized to avoid this disaster by professionals who equipped with related knowledge. The blowout happened after all. The author identified two factors which contributed to the neglect of the important signs of the explosion. The first is the focus of this visit. He thought that the team paid much attention to condition, which tends to remain unchanged, rather than behaviors. Secondly, they valued the management of conventional safety hazards more than major process safety hazards. After the analysis on the event itself, professor Hopkins proposed five ways that should be taken into consideration while the OHS committee or team was track down incidents in the workplace. All these suggestions were made under the circumstances that at least one expertise who was familiar with the working process should participated the inquiry. Firstly, the visitors should clearly remind themselves the potential risk and examine them closely. Secondly, they should check whether the accident control methods and equipment are in position. The third point should be focused on whether lessons from formal accidents are put into practice. Fourthly, expertise should pay attention to fatal process and check if the operators have conducted in accordance with the regulations. Last but not least, OHS managers or supervisors should do preparation before the inquiry which will ensure them to verify whether the process is in compliance with professional operation. In short, professor Andrew set an excellent example of how the supervisors should prepare and consider when they keep track of incidents in the workplace. Above all the principle mentioned by him, expertise with detailed knowledge of the working process should be in presence to help the identification. With the help of this guidance, expertise and professionals have higher possibilities to discover potential hazards before serious injury or damage.

Joanne De Landre[5] and his colleagues recommended the use of investigation tools and frameworks while conducting an incident investigation. In the essay, they emphasized the proactive use of ICAM which is the abbreviation of Incident Cause Analysis Method. The main purpose of this model is to identify all the related and material facts around the accidents and find out underlying or latent causes. ICAM divides the casual factors into four parts which are absent or failed defenses, individual or team actions, task or environmental conditions and organizational factors. Absent defenses indicates the control methods that have been applied did not make their effectiveness to prevent the event or minimize the consequences. Individual actions refer to personnel behavior which directly result in the accidents. Task conditions is the generalization of factors which will affect human or equipment and therefore lead to serious occurrence of incidents. Organizational factors produce or provide the condition that causes severe incidents. In the application of ICAM, the author proposed to find the source of accidents by identifying the factors from the first one to the last one. In other word, through the identification of absent or failed defenses, individual or team actions can be detected and then task or environmental factors will be exposed which followed by the organizational factors. Detection can be guided from micro factors to macro factors. The next step was to establish the risk management model to prevent the repeated occurrence of such kind of incidents. The factors in ICAM model from macro to micro can be reflected by four proactive ICAM elements. They are management controls, risk and behavioral influences, risk taking behavior and risk controls accordingly. When mapping the risk management model, the order from management controls to risk controls is recommended by the author. At the beginning regulates the management controls policy and then divided it into details step by step until to the step of risk controls. By proactively complying the ICAM model, OHS committee can conduct the investigation or revise the formal policies systematically. At the end of the thesis, the author applied ICAM model to the Learjet accident in Aberdeen, USA. The case study has showed that proactive application of ICAM model can help investigating accidents effectively.

III. Discussion

Incidents in workplace are often latent danger for management team and the board. How to keep track of and investigate accidents is the most urgent problem for members of OHS committee. In spite of the difficulties to identify the latent factors that will influence the working process, many methodologies are proposed to assist the establishment of the OHS plan. As presented above, several literature has recommended some systematical thoughts and model to conduct the investigation of incidents in the workplace. In this part, a discussion on how to successfully fulfill the task will be presented. Organizations with OHS problems can implements the model into practice to eliminate occurrence of accidents or limit the costs.

Keeping track of accidents related to OHS in the workplace is a professional job which require experts with abundant knowledge in the specific field. This is due to the reason that minor errors may occur during the process and with the help of person with detailed knowledge can easily track down the source of the danger signs. First of all, a team, which built by experienced managers who have tremendous experience with the working process, should be form up. Next, team members can inspect the workplace in person. Keep in touch with first-line workers and communicate with them. Before the inspection, they should get preparation for it and fully aware of what they are going to examine and what is worth observing while checking the working flow of the operators. In order to get further understanding of the situation, they are strongly advised to review the severe accidents occurred before both within or outside the organization. Just as suggested by professor Andrew Hopkins[9], experts should pay attention to the fatal process and accident control facilities. Specially, ensure lessons learned from former accidents have been reflect in practical. Last, a discussion can be held to offer the opportunities for them to communicate with each other and check whether their consideration is worth putting into practice. By following the process of the tracing method, OHS committee members can take the advantage of the gathered information to take further examination.

There are several models which can be considered put into practice while a company is troubled by OHS problems. The most important part to reduce OHS accidents is to take deep investigation into the history accidents. ICAM model has proven to be one of the most useful models to get insight of the source of incidents. In the model, factors that result in the accidents can be divided into four parts which are sequence from lower level to organizational level. When analyzing the accidents, experts can start from lowest level and extend to the higher level until organizational level. In addition, every step of the model is corresponding to one type of control in the risk management model. During the process of planning the risk management measures, recommendations is suggested to start from the organizational factors to absent or failed defenses. By implementing the model, the detailed errors conceal behind the workplace can be explore at the widest extend. With the help of risk management model which coordinates with ICAM model, committee members can make full advantage of the discovered errors and improve them in the next cycle of OHS system planning. Another methodology which is commonly used is the root cause analysis. Neglecting the process of blaming participants, root cause analysis is a structured methodology which tries dig deep into the root of the accidents. The first step for RCA is to specify the problem by identifying the related condition. Then describe the possible reason that can cause the specific problem. Then using tools such as statistics to estimate the possibility of the reason that can be root of the accidents. Several tools can be considered in this step. Structured technologies such as decision trees and benefit matrix, or unstructured methods like comparison analysis are commonly used in this step. Finally, by conducting on site experiment, validate information can be gathered for future utilization. Other advanced methodologies such AEB and HERA are also commonly used in actual operation. In short, to fully investigate the incidents in the workplace, proposed models are recommended in order to ensure the gather of useful information. Organizations should take the convenience and systematical mode of thinking into the practice of operating an OHS system. However, complexities may occur in different companies. As a result, the choice of models should be brainstormed by experts from internal and possess a rich fund of knowledge in the specific field. The model which fit into the exact situation of an organization can play a fatal part in the process of OHS system review and accidents investigation.

IV. Conclusion

The importance of tracking down and investigate incidents in workplace is put into the agenda for every company desire to build OHS plan in order to reduce financial consequences once accidents happen. In this essay, an expert team which constituted by professionals should be formed to get the utmost advantage of professional minds. Inquiries and inspections can be regularly held to ensure the discovery of dangerous signs of disasters. Experts should make preparation and equip themselves with the fatal process and potential risk in the working flow. During the inspection, emphatically observe the fatal points of the process and check out the whole flow to track down manual errors or unchanged errors. After the observation, they are suggested to participate a brain storm to discuss improvement for future OHS planning. While investigating the accidents, models are suggested to be used to ensure the best utilization of information. In the discussion, root cause analysis and ICAM model are introduced to further discuss the methodologies to investigate accidents. Assisted by models, OHS committee can fully explore the accidents and abstract valuable information. The participation of models can set up a good logic to build the best OHS system.

V. References

[1] Edwards, D.J. and Holt, G.D., 2010. Case study analysis of construction excavator H&S overturn incidents. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 17(5), pp.493-511.

[2] Goh, Y.M., Brown, H. and Spickett, J., 2010. Applying systems thinking concepts in the analysis of major incidents and safety culture. Safety Science, 48(3), pp.302-309.

[3] Whiting, J.F., 2013, January. Effective Risk Assessment in TA, JHA, JSA, JSEA, WMS, TAKE 5, and Incident Investigation. In ASSE Professional Development Conference and Exposition. American Society of Safety Engineers.

[4] Goraya, A., Amyotte, P.R. and Khan, F.I., 2004. An inherent safety–based incident investigation methodology. Process Safety Progress, 23(3), pp.197-205.

[5] De Landre, J., Gibb, G. and Walters, N., 2006. Using incident investigation tools proactively for incident prevention. In Australian & New Zealand Societies of Air Safety Investigators Conference.

[6] Lingard, H., Cooke, T. and Gharaie, E., 2013. A case study analysis of fatal incidents involving excavators in the Australian construction industry. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 20(5), pp.488-504.

[7] Rechnitzer, G., 2001. THE ROLE OF DESIGN IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY A discussion paper. Safety Institute of Australia, Melbourne.

[8] Ferjencik, M., 2011. An integrated approach to the analysis of incident causes. Safety Science 49, 886–905. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2011.02.005

[9] Hopkins, A., 2011. Management walk-arounds: Lessons from the Gulf of Mexico oil well blowout. Safety Science, 49(10), pp.1421-1425.

[10] Andersen, B. and Fagerhaug, T., 2006. Root cause analysis: simplified tools and techniques. ASQ Quality Press.

[11] Quinlan, M., Bohle, P. and Lamm, F., 2010. Managing occupational health and safety. Palgrave Macmillan.

[12] Hale, A., 2009. Why safety performance indicators?. Safety Science, 47(4), pp.479-480.

[13] Robson, L.S., Clarke, J.A., Cullen, K., Bielecky, A., Severin, C., Bigelow, P.L., Irvin, E., Culyer, A. and Mahood, Q., 2007. The effectiveness of occupational health and safety management system interventions: a systematic review. Safety Science, 45(3), pp.329-353.

[14] O’Neill, S., Martinov-Bennie, N., Cheung, A. and Wolfe, K., 2013. Issues in the measurement and reporting of work health and safety performance: A review. Safe Work Australia, Safety Institute of Australia and CPA Australia.

[15] Lin, J. and Mills, A., 2001. Measuring the occupational health and safety performance of construction companies in Australia. Facilities, 19(3/4), pp.131-139.

[16] Boardman, J. and Lyon, A., 2006. Defining best practice in corporate occupational health and safety governance. London: Acona Ltd Amadeus House Floral Street London.

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Essay代写：Primogeniture in England

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Primogeniture in England，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的长子继承制。长子继承制是英国封建制度重要内容之一，是指将绝大部分家产和爵位传给长子，幼子们只享有不多的年金和一小块地产的终身收益来维持生活。这种制度无论是在贵族还是在平民家庭中都存在，它是传统习俗和行政权力两种力量相互较量的结果。英国的长子继承制度对英国社会既产生了积极影响，又产生了消极影响。

Primogeniture is one of the important elements of the feudal system in Britain. It refers to the inheritance of most of the family property and title to the eldest son, and the youngest son only enjoys a small annuity and a small piece of property for life income to maintain life. This system existed in both aristocratic and civilian families. It is the result of the competition between traditional customs and administrative power, which has exerted an impact on all aspects of British society.

In Britain, "the feudal primogeniture system prevailed. The eldest son inherited all the land by himself, regardless of whether he was a farmer or a landlord." It states that the eldest son shall be the sole heir to the hereditary land, and that if the landowner shall have no male heir, one daughter shall inherit it, or the daughters shall divide it equally; If there is no heir, it is inherited by the nearest sibling of his generation. The eldest son usually inherits the estate. This system is mainly aimed at the inheritance of land, which has gone through a process from existence to nothingness in Britain.

There was no primogeniture in England at first. It was not until the end of the thirteenth century that primogeniture was introduced in Britain. "Since the 14th century, the estates of aristocratic families have been more effectively preserved, and the eldest son is in an extremely advantageous position." After entering the 16th century, it was gradually popularized and became a habit. "The eldest son of a nobleman inherits everything; the younger one holds public office or robs." After the establishment of the capitalist system, the primogeniture system was still implemented in Britain, especially in 1833, the primogeniture system was also stipulated in real estate. In the 1920s, when capitalism came of age, this system was gradually abolished.

The formation of British primogeniture system is closely related to its unique political and economic situation.

First of all, as the cornerstone of the country's political rule, the system of feudal lords and vassals needs this system to stabilize social order. In feudal times, the system of enfeoffment was formed between the monarch, aristocrat, bureaucrat and landlord. The vassals were required to do their duty to the vassals and to be loyal to the Lord. The principal obligation of the time was military service. Without the primogeniture, the knights of the vassal would be divided into several small parts, the military would be weakened, the attack and defense would not be guaranteed, and the invasion would be given opportunities, and the society would be in turmoil. In addition, the aristocracy is the pillar supporting the royal power, "no aristocracy, no king". Aristocrats are feudal privileged class groups who inherit the orders of the king and exploit serfs. The most important condition was to own the land. The primogeniture system prevented the risk of land distribution among children and ensured that the extended family did not decline. If the aristocracy disappeared, the monarchy would be in danger. So the system of allowing only the eldest son to inherit property prevents property analysis in order to guarantee the crown.

Secondly, people's greed for wealth provides the social soil for its survival. The most direct way for the aristocracy to maintain or promote their position was to preserve or expand their land holdings. After the growth of capitalist productive relations, people's pursuit of wealth became crazier, and it was less likely to divide the land to different people for inheritance. This would "lead to the uneconomy of divisible ownership". In addition, land is an instrument of wealth. Farmers have adopted this system.

As the most common overall inheritance system in Britain, the primogeniture inheritance system not only meets the requirements of maintaining the integrity of land under the manor system, but also meets the further requirements of excluding children other than heirs from land property, which has both positive and negative effects on British society.

This system laid the foundation for the formation of constitutional monarchy. In England, there is a certain limit to the relationship between a king and a nobleman. If the demand for a vassal exceeds this limit, the vassal can refuse. Therefore, when both sides abide by their contractual commitments, peace; Once the contract is broken, a conflict occurs. At that time, the prerequisite for nobles to rebel against the king and limit their power was to have enough powerful forces. Otherwise, this rebellion would never have happened. The primogeniture system strictly limited the succession of titles and kept a small scale from beginning to end according to the method of succession. In this way, the strength of the aristocracy could not be easily divided and the aristocracy had a strong power to contend with the king. In the struggle, "the king is under the law" and "the king is in parliament" were finally formed. The king "mainly undertook ceremonial work". New content was injected into the traditional shell, and the ancient form was combined with the spirit of The Times. Modern democratic politics came into being.

It catalyzed the industrial revolution in Britain and promoted the social and economic changes. The primogeniture system is mainly a restriction on the inheritance of property. Max weber once said, "land tenure is at the time of generation to the next generation in a written contract to ensure its integral and non-transferable, so it is impossible to have the lifetime of the holder of any changes. Much of Britain has been concentrated in this way in the hands of a few families... The result was that the great dominions were common in England... "The land as a whole has been passed on from generation to generation, maintaining its advantage. At the end of feudal society, the large property owned by primogeniture created favorable conditions for capitalist production. "It was the land of the aristocrats that allowed commercial capital to enter into commercial ventures." In addition, the land and capital needed by the developers to build the factories also depended on the support of the great nobles. It can be seen that the primogenitric succession system avoided the average distribution of family property, ensured the integrity of wealth, and converted the capitalist production relationship into capital when it came. Britain took the lead in completing the transformation from the traditional agricultural society to the modern industrial society. "On the contrary, countries and regions that have not adopted such succession systems, such as eastern Europe, southern Europe and China, have been slow to achieve such social changes."

It greatly influenced the development of English churches and monasteries. For children who have no right of inheritance, going to a church school or becoming a monk is an ideal way out. Many nobles "gave their children to monasteries, as well as their possessions, in order to show their piety to god, but also to find a better way out for the remaining children who could not inherit their property under the primogeniture system, and to honor their families if they later became model monks or senior monks." The children of aristocrats may thus gain access to the powerful and powerful, and have the possibility to rise to the top. Therefore, the monastery acquired a large amount of land and other property through bequest, which strengthened its own strength and promoted the feudalization and secularization of the monastery.

To some extent, it promoted the Crusades and also led to the changes of the nobles themselves. The Crusades, though a Christian "holy war" against pagans, were also influenced by secular factors. "According to the primogeniture common among European nobles, the primogeniture of nobles has the priority to become knights; The second son and the youngest son can only bear limited property, as a knight's attendant, unless the war achievements to obtain a new territory and title, can become a knight. Some of the remaining children in order to obtain territory and titles, had to seize the opportunity to set the war effort. At the same time, it also led to changes in the scope of the aristocracy itself. Some people gained titles due to their military achievements, and aristocrats different from the old ones began to appear.

In the early middle ages, the concept of primogeniture led to the emergence of two power antagonism and political division in England. William the conqueror in the distribution of heritage, according to the primogeniture system of ancestral lands and dukedom title to the eldest son Robert, but the British crown and land was left to the second son Rufus, "a country's highest rule in two. Therefore, in 1088, wang shuodu mustered some great noble rebellions and supported Robert as the king. As a result, there was a situation of power confrontation and political division in England. Although the rebellion was later suppressed, it caused social unrest.

In addition, to some extent, it led to the decline of the aristocracy itself. "At common law, British aristocracy is limited to the aristocrats themselves who receive the title. In the legal sense, the youngest sons and daughters of aristocrats are civilians, and the eldest son is also a commoner before he inherits the title. ... They cannot enter the house of lords, and their descendants will no longer be entitled to the title of Lord. In this way, it is not conducive to the continuation of the family. At that time, they were also faced with the possibility of child death and war. Even the nobles of high status could not escape. Therefore, there were fewer families following the male lineage, especially the primogeniture. Children other than the eldest have no means to enter into proper marriages and to form branches of the family. In addition, the aristocratic fiefs jue, and according to the firstborn of fairly strict inheritance system, although the rules if the eldest son died early, by the sun, the second son, the youngest son in turn sequence or her family members are available, there is no heir can be according to the will after approved by the king and the Supreme Court by its close relatives inherited its back cover titles, "but in most cases is being reclaimed by the king title". In this way, once the main heirs of the family have no male offspring, the family will disappear. According to English law, his title is not transferable to relatives or friends of the same clan or with different family names, nor can he give it away or sell it to others. The expansion of the aristocracy was limited.

At the same time, it also led to the increase of late marriage or celibacy, and the emergence of mistresses or divorce, which had a negative impact on the reputation of aristocrats. Aristocratic marriage is mostly political marriage, there are differences between the eldest son, youngest son, daughter. The eldest son bears the heavy responsibility of carrying on the family line and passing on the title, while the youngest son is excluded from the list of heirs to the family property and cannot bear the high cost of marriage. As a result, younger children and daughters are much less likely to marry than older ones. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the primogeniture was strengthened, and the sons and daughters of the aristocracy received less property, and their rates of celibacy were greatly increased. Children other than heirs have the freedom to remain at home, but celibacy has increased sharply at the expense of non-marriage. In addition, the internal marriage system makes the eldest son bear the heavy responsibility of bringing honor to the family, they must choose the right marriage partner, at the same time, it is limited by property, age, religious party and other factors, many people miss the best age for marriage. These not only limited the expansion of aristocracy, but also led to couples raising lovers or divorcing because of bad feelings. At the time, "aristocracy was associated with sexual chaos in the eyes of the public," and "coupled with the fact that these scandals were dramatized by writers who specialized in catching social scandals, it left the impression in the eyes of the public of a general breakdown of aristocratic sexual morality."

Ruler under the British feudal Lord system, whether it is based on the national political considerations, or noble based on the economic interests of the political privilege, and the honor of the family reasons, or civilians from their own economic interests, would choose eldest son inherits system, this system has been in British society from all walks of life to form the common consensus, and eventually established, is the social property inheritance has been for a long time. This system has a positive or negative impact on the United Kingdom, is one of the components of social production relations in Britain.

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