èšèªã¯çµæžæ§ãšåŒå¥æ§ã®äºã€ãéèŠèŠãããåè
ã¯äŸãã°ãaiããšèã®é«ããéãæ¯é³ãé£ç¶ããå Žåã«aã®é³ãiã«åŒããããªã©ããŠãeiãã«ãªã£ããããããšã§ãããåŸè
ã¯äŸãã°ãè¶ããšããåèªãçãããŠå¥ã®åèªãšééããããªã®ã§ããè¶ããšèšããããªããããªããšã§ãã(ãããæ²»çãšèšã)ããã®ä»ãåœããåã ããèšèªã¯é¢ãããå°åãåºããã«ã€ããŠç°¡åã«ãªã£ãŠãããããäžæŠçµæžæ§ãåŒå¥æ§ã«ããé£ãããªã£ãåèª(äŸãã°ãè±åèªãgoãã®éå»åœ¢ã¯ãwentãã§ãããããã¯ãã®åèªããã䜿ãããæ
ãåŒå¥æ§ã«ããèãééããããªãæ§ãæ©ãåãããšããæå³ã®ãwanderãããåãããçµæžæ§ã«ããèšããããæ§çž®ãŸã£ãããã§ãã)ãä»ã®åèªããã®é¡æšã«ããç°¡åã«ãªã(äŸãã°èšèãèŠãããŠã®å¹Œå
ã¯ãgoãã®éå»åœ¢ãä»ã®åèªã®éå»åœ¢ã«ã-edããã€ãããšã®é¡æšãããgoedããšèšã£ãŠããŸã)ã
IPAåœéé³å£°åæ¯ã¯ããããèšèªã§çºé³ãããåèªãã»ãŒç¶²çŸ ããŠãããããèŠããã°èšå·ãèŠãã ãã§ããããã®çºé³ãåçŸã§ããããšã¯ããå®ç§ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ãèšèªãåŠã¶éã«ã¯ãããåèã«ãã€ã€ãåèšèªã®çºé³ã®èª¬æãåå¥ã«èŠãå®éã«æ¯èªè©±è ã®å£ã®åããèŠãããèãããããããã«ããŠããããã
é³ã«ã¯ãé³å£°ããšãé³çŽ ãã®äºçš®é¡ããããé³å£°ãšã¯å®éã®å£°ãé³çŽ ãšã¯è©±è ãèªèããŠãã声ã§ãããäŸãã°æ¥æ¬èªã®ãã¬ãã®åé³ã¯æ¯é³ã®åŸãã«ãããããã§ãªããã«ãã£ãŠé³å£°ãéã(æ声è»å£èæ©æŠé³ãšæ声è»å£èç Žè£é³ãããããIPAåœéé³å£°åæ¯è¡šèšã§[É£]ã[É¡])ãã話è ã¯ããããåãçºé³ã ãšæã£ãŠããããæå³ã®éãã«ã¯ãªããªãããããé³çŽ ãåãã§ãããšããããã«èšãã察ããŠãæã ã¯âæ©â(é³çŽ è¡šèš:/háêsi/)ãšâ箞â(/hasÃê/)ãå¥ã ã®çºé³ã§ããããšãç¥ã£ãŠããããã®ããã«ããã£ãäžã€ã®é³çŽ ã®éã(ããã§ã¯ã¢ã¯ã»ã³ãã®éã)ãé€ããŠä»ãå šãŠåãã§ãããããªäºã€ã®åèªã®é¢ä¿ããæå°å¯ŸããšåŒã¶ã
ããŸãèŠãããªãé³çŽ ã¯ã[Éž](ãã¡ã®åé³ãè±èªã®[f]ãšã¯éã)ã[Éœ](åèªã®å§ãã®ã©è¡ã®åé³)ã[Ξ](è±èªã®thãã®ãªã·ã£èªã®Îž)ãç¹ã«[f]ãš[Éž]ãåæã«æã€èšèªã¯æ¥µããŠçš(ãã£ãžãŒèªãªã©)ãaã®é¡é³ã[Ê][Ê][É]ã®ããã«è€æ°ããèšèªãå°ãªã(è±èªããã©ã³ã¹èªãªã©)ã
å ¥ç Žé³ãæã¡ãªããp,t,kã®é³ãæããªãèšèªã¯ååšããªããããšp,t,kã®ãã¡äœãäºã€æã£ãŠããããšäžã€ãå¿ ãæã£ãŠããªããã°ãªããªãæ°ããããäœãšäœã ã£ããæãåºããªãã®ã§åèªã§èª¿ã¹ãŠæ¬²ããã
æ声é³ãšç¡å£°é³ã察ç«ããŠããèšèªã§ãp,t,kã®æ声é³(b,d,g)ã®ãã¡ãããããæ¬ ããŠããå Žåãããã¯é«ç¢ºçã§bãŸãã¯gã§ãããåè ã¯æ£åã¢ã©ãã¢èªãåŸè ã¯ãªã©ã³ãèªãªã©ãåœãŠã¯ãŸãã
é³è±¡åŸŽã¯ãããé³ãæå³ãšé¢ä¿ããŠããããšã§ãããäŸãã°ãã±ã¢ã³ã¯åŒ·ã倧ãããã®ã«é²åããã«ã€ããŠåºæ¯é³(ã¢ãªã©ã®é³)ãæ¿é³ã®å ããå²åãå€ããªãã
åŠå®ãè¡šãåèªãæšè(ããŒã«ãŒ)ãªã©ã®åœ¢æ çŽ (æå³ããã€è¡šçŸèŠçŽ ã®æå°åäœ)ã¯nãlãªã©ã®ããåäœã§äŒžã°ããããé³(=æµé³)ããèãã床ã®é«ãé³(æ¯é³ã[z]ãªã©)ã«ãã£ãŠè¡šããããã圢æ çŽ ã2ã€ã«åå²ãããŠå¥ã ã®å Žæã«ä»ããŠããããããšãå€ã(ex:ãªããããnotãnoãneâŠpas(ãã©ã³ã¹èª)ãªã©)ããŸããçåãè¡šã圢æ çŽ ã¯æåãæåŸã«æ¥ãããšãå€ã(ex:"What" do you want?ãããªãã¯å¥œãã§ãâãïŒâããã¥ãã®å±±ã倩ã«è¿âãâ(ä¿ãçµã³)ããªã©)ããããã¯ããããçåã§ãããã©ãããåŠå®ã§ãããã©ãããã¯ã£ãããããªããšæå³ãå šãå€ãã£ãŠããŸããããšèããããŠããã
èšèªé¡åè«ã«ãããŠãåãªããæ®éæ§ããšãéšåçãªæ®éæ§ããšã®åºå¥ãããŠããããšã¯å€§åã§ãããäŸãã°ãè±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã¯ææè ãã-'sããããã®ãã®ãããªæè¬ãæ¥èŸãããæ¥èªããã€ããŠè¡šçŸããã察ããŠãã³ã¬ãªãŒèªãªã©ã®èšèªã§ã¯ãææãããŠããæ¹ã®åèªã«æ¥èŸãã€ãããäŸãã°ãaz embar házaã(ãã®ç·ã®å®¶)ãšããå¥ã§ã¯ããaz embarãã«ããã®ããšããæå³ã®æ¥èŸãæ¥èªãããããã§ã¯ãªãããházã(家)ã«ã-aããšããæ¥èŸãã€ãããšã§ææé¢ä¿ãæå³ããŠãããè±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã®ããã«ãææããŠãããã®ã«æ¥èŸãã€ããããã©ãã³èªãªã©ã®ããã«ãåè©ãäž»èªã«ãã£ãŠåœ¢ãå€ãããããªèšèªã¯äž»èŠéšè¡šç€ºåèšèªãšåŒã°ãããã³ã¬ãªãŒèªã®ããã«ææãããŠãããã®ã«æ¥èŸãã€ããããåè©ãç®çèªã«ãã£ãŠåœ¢ãå€ãããããªèšèªã¯äŸåéšè¡šç€ºåèšèªãšåŒã°ãããäž»èŠéšè¡šç€ºåèšèªãšäŸåéšè¡šç€ºåèšèªã¯ã²ãšã€ã®èšèªã§æ··ããåã£ãŠããæãããããäŸãã°ãææããŠãããã®ãšææãããŠãããã®ã®äž¡æ¹ã«æ¥èŸãã€ãããšããããã«ãçæ¹ã ãã§æžããããªããšããã£ãŠããèšèªã¯çšã§ãã(ãã«ã³èªãªã©ã該åœãã)ããã®ããã«ãããäžæ¹(ããã§ã¯äž»èŠéšè¡šç€ºåèšèªãªã©)ã®äžã§ã®ã¿éçšããåå(äž»èŠéšã«è¡šç€ºããããŠãããªããäŸåéšã«ã衚瀺ãã€ããããªããšã¯ãªã)ã®ããšãéšåçãªæ®éæ§ã®ããã«èšãã
æ¥æ¬èªã¯ãäžçã§ãçããäž»èªãçããã®ã«äž»èªã«å¿ããåè©ã®æŽ»çšããªãèšèªã§ããã
è±èªã¯ãäžçã§ãçããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãæã¡ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãæã€èªç¶èšèªã®äžã§ãçããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãwhatã®ãããªçåè©ã ãã§ãªãthatã®ãããªæ瀺代åè©ãã掟çããŠããä»ãäžçã§ãçããäžå®å è©ãæã€ã
ã±ãã¥ã¢èªã¯ãèªç¶èšèªããããã¬ãšãŠãèŠåçãªæŽ»çšãããèªç¶èšèªã
人工èšèªã¢ã«ã«ã®èªåœæ°ã¯çŽ15000èªã§ãããåµäœã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ã®äœã倧äœã®äººå·¥èšèªã¯ããã«æºæ ããŠãããšæããããããŸãã¯2000èªãã¡ãã«äœããšãããšèšãããŠãããäžé³ç¯ã®åºæ¬èªåœãçµã¿åãããŠæŽŸçèªãäœã£ãŠãããšãæ¡å€ããããäœãããããããªãã
æã ã¯åããå·®ãããšèšããè±èªã§ã¯ãopenã(éã)ãšèšãããã®ããã«èšèªãæåã«ãã£ãŠèšãæ¹ãç°ãªããã»ã¬ã³ã«ããã°ããã®ãããªèªæ³ãããªãªãžãã«ã§èããããšã§ããé²ãã 人工èšèªãäœãããšãå¯èœãªããã ã
æ¥æ¬äººã®äœã人工èšèªã¯ã©è¡ãå€ããªããšèšãããããšããã®ããæ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯lãrãåãã©è¡ã«ããŠããŸãããã§ãèŽãæ¹ãªããšãèšããã
ãšã¹ãã©ã³ãèªã§ãäžè¶³ããããã¯ãäžè¶³ããããšæã€ãš18çŠãªåèªãåºãŠããŠããŸãâŠâŠãšããããã«ã人工èšèªã§ã¯æ¥æ¬äººãèããšå€ã«èããããããªåèªãåºãŠããŠããŸãå ŽåãåŸåŸã«ããŠãããäžèŠããŠæ®éã®åèªã§ãã掻çšãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠã¯äžåãªèšèãåºãŠããå¯èœæ§ãããã®ã§ãããããããšãæ°ã«ããå Žåã¯ããèããŠäœãããã
IPAåœéé³å£°åæ¯ã¯ããããèšèªã§çºé³ãããåèªãã»ãŒç¶²çŸ ããŠãããããèŠããã°èšå·ãèŠãã ãã§ããããã®çºé³ãåçŸã§ããããšã¯ããå®ç§ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ãèšèªãåŠã¶éã«ã¯ãããåèã«ãã€ã€ãåèšèªã®çºé³ã®èª¬æãåå¥ã«èŠãå®éã«æ¯èªè©±è ã®å£ã®åããèŠãããèãããããããã«ããŠããããã
é³ã«ã¯ãé³å£°ããšãé³çŽ ãã®äºçš®é¡ããããé³å£°ãšã¯å®éã®å£°ãé³çŽ ãšã¯è©±è ãèªèããŠãã声ã§ãããäŸãã°æ¥æ¬èªã®ãã¬ãã®åé³ã¯æ¯é³ã®åŸãã«ãããããã§ãªããã«ãã£ãŠé³å£°ãéã(æ声è»å£èæ©æŠé³ãšæ声è»å£èç Žè£é³ãããããIPAåœéé³å£°åæ¯è¡šèšã§[É£]ã[É¡])ãã話è ã¯ããããåãçºé³ã ãšæã£ãŠããããæå³ã®éãã«ã¯ãªããªãããããé³çŽ ãåãã§ãããšããããã«èšãã察ããŠãæã ã¯âæ©â(é³çŽ è¡šèš:/háêsi/)ãšâ箞â(/hasÃê/)ãå¥ã ã®çºé³ã§ããããšãç¥ã£ãŠããããã®ããã«ããã£ãäžã€ã®é³çŽ ã®éã(ããã§ã¯ã¢ã¯ã»ã³ãã®éã)ãé€ããŠä»ãå šãŠåãã§ãããããªäºã€ã®åèªã®é¢ä¿ããæå°å¯ŸããšåŒã¶ã
ããŸãèŠãããªãé³çŽ ã¯ã[Éž](ãã¡ã®åé³ãè±èªã®[f]ãšã¯éã)ã[Éœ](åèªã®å§ãã®ã©è¡ã®åé³)ã[Ξ](è±èªã®thãã®ãªã·ã£èªã®Îž)ãç¹ã«[f]ãš[Éž]ãåæã«æã€èšèªã¯æ¥µããŠçš(ãã£ãžãŒèªãªã©)ãaã®é¡é³ã[Ê][Ê][É]ã®ããã«è€æ°ããèšèªãå°ãªã(è±èªããã©ã³ã¹èªãªã©)ã
å ¥ç Žé³ãæã¡ãªããp,t,kã®é³ãæããªãèšèªã¯ååšããªããããšp,t,kã®ãã¡äœãäºã€æã£ãŠããããšäžã€ãå¿ ãæã£ãŠããªããã°ãªããªãæ°ããããäœãšäœã ã£ããæãåºããªãã®ã§åèªã§èª¿ã¹ãŠæ¬²ããã
æ声é³ãšç¡å£°é³ã察ç«ããŠããèšèªã§ãp,t,kã®æ声é³(b,d,g)ã®ãã¡ãããããæ¬ ããŠããå Žåãããã¯é«ç¢ºçã§bãŸãã¯gã§ãããåè ã¯æ£åã¢ã©ãã¢èªãåŸè ã¯ãªã©ã³ãèªãªã©ãåœãŠã¯ãŸãã
é³è±¡åŸŽã¯ãããé³ãæå³ãšé¢ä¿ããŠããããšã§ãããäŸãã°ãã±ã¢ã³ã¯åŒ·ã倧ãããã®ã«é²åããã«ã€ããŠåºæ¯é³(ã¢ãªã©ã®é³)ãæ¿é³ã®å ããå²åãå€ããªãã
åŠå®ãè¡šãåèªãæšè(ããŒã«ãŒ)ãªã©ã®åœ¢æ çŽ (æå³ããã€è¡šçŸèŠçŽ ã®æå°åäœ)ã¯nãlãªã©ã®ããåäœã§äŒžã°ããããé³(=æµé³)ããèãã床ã®é«ãé³(æ¯é³ã[z]ãªã©)ã«ãã£ãŠè¡šããããã圢æ çŽ ã2ã€ã«åå²ãããŠå¥ã ã®å Žæã«ä»ããŠããããããšãå€ã(ex:ãªããããnotãnoãneâŠpas(ãã©ã³ã¹èª)ãªã©)ããŸããçåãè¡šã圢æ çŽ ã¯æåãæåŸã«æ¥ãããšãå€ã(ex:"What" do you want?ãããªãã¯å¥œãã§ãâãïŒâããã¥ãã®å±±ã倩ã«è¿âãâ(ä¿ãçµã³)ããªã©)ããããã¯ããããçåã§ãããã©ãããåŠå®ã§ãããã©ãããã¯ã£ãããããªããšæå³ãå šãå€ãã£ãŠããŸããããšèããããŠããã
èšèªé¡åè«ã«ãããŠãåãªããæ®éæ§ããšãéšåçãªæ®éæ§ããšã®åºå¥ãããŠããããšã¯å€§åã§ãããäŸãã°ãè±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã¯ææè ãã-'sããããã®ãã®ãããªæè¬ãæ¥èŸãããæ¥èªããã€ããŠè¡šçŸããã察ããŠãã³ã¬ãªãŒèªãªã©ã®èšèªã§ã¯ãææãããŠããæ¹ã®åèªã«æ¥èŸãã€ãããäŸãã°ãaz embar házaã(ãã®ç·ã®å®¶)ãšããå¥ã§ã¯ããaz embarãã«ããã®ããšããæå³ã®æ¥èŸãæ¥èªãããããã§ã¯ãªãããházã(家)ã«ã-aããšããæ¥èŸãã€ãããšã§ææé¢ä¿ãæå³ããŠãããè±èªãæ¥æ¬èªã®ããã«ãææããŠãããã®ã«æ¥èŸãã€ããããã©ãã³èªãªã©ã®ããã«ãåè©ãäž»èªã«ãã£ãŠåœ¢ãå€ãããããªèšèªã¯äž»èŠéšè¡šç€ºåèšèªãšåŒã°ãããã³ã¬ãªãŒèªã®ããã«ææãããŠãããã®ã«æ¥èŸãã€ããããåè©ãç®çèªã«ãã£ãŠåœ¢ãå€ãããããªèšèªã¯äŸåéšè¡šç€ºåèšèªãšåŒã°ãããäž»èŠéšè¡šç€ºåèšèªãšäŸåéšè¡šç€ºåèšèªã¯ã²ãšã€ã®èšèªã§æ··ããåã£ãŠããæãããããäŸãã°ãææããŠãããã®ãšææãããŠãããã®ã®äž¡æ¹ã«æ¥èŸãã€ãããšããããã«ãçæ¹ã ãã§æžããããªããšããã£ãŠããèšèªã¯çšã§ãã(ãã«ã³èªãªã©ã該åœãã)ããã®ããã«ãããäžæ¹(ããã§ã¯äž»èŠéšè¡šç€ºåèšèªãªã©)ã®äžã§ã®ã¿éçšããåå(äž»èŠéšã«è¡šç€ºããããŠãããªããäŸåéšã«ã衚瀺ãã€ããããªããšã¯ãªã)ã®ããšãéšåçãªæ®éæ§ã®ããã«èšãã
æ¥æ¬èªã¯ãäžçã§ãçããäž»èªãçããã®ã«äž»èªã«å¿ããåè©ã®æŽ»çšããªãèšèªã§ããã
è±èªã¯ãäžçã§ãçããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãæã¡ãé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãæã€èªç¶èšèªã®äžã§ãçããé¢ä¿ä»£åè©ãwhatã®ãããªçåè©ã ãã§ãªãthatã®ãããªæ瀺代åè©ãã掟çããŠããä»ãäžçã§ãçããäžå®å è©ãæã€ã
ã±ãã¥ã¢èªã¯ãèªç¶èšèªããããã¬ãšãŠãèŠåçãªæŽ»çšãããèªç¶èšèªã
人工èšèªã¢ã«ã«ã®èªåœæ°ã¯çŽ15000èªã§ãããåµäœã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ã®äœã倧äœã®äººå·¥èšèªã¯ããã«æºæ ããŠãããšæããããããŸãã¯2000èªãã¡ãã«äœããšãããšèšãããŠãããäžé³ç¯ã®åºæ¬èªåœãçµã¿åãããŠæŽŸçèªãäœã£ãŠãããšãæ¡å€ããããäœãããããããªãã
æã ã¯åããå·®ãããšèšããè±èªã§ã¯ãopenã(éã)ãšèšãããã®ããã«èšèªãæåã«ãã£ãŠèšãæ¹ãç°ãªããã»ã¬ã³ã«ããã°ããã®ãããªèªæ³ãããªãªãžãã«ã§èããããšã§ããé²ãã 人工èšèªãäœãããšãå¯èœãªããã ã
æ¥æ¬äººã®äœã人工èšèªã¯ã©è¡ãå€ããªããšèšãããããšããã®ããæ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯lãrãåãã©è¡ã«ããŠããŸãããã§ãèŽãæ¹ãªããšãèšããã
ãšã¹ãã©ã³ãèªã§ãäžè¶³ããããã¯ãäžè¶³ããããšæã€ãš18çŠãªåèªãåºãŠããŠããŸãâŠâŠãšããããã«ã人工èšèªã§ã¯æ¥æ¬äººãèããšå€ã«èããããããªåèªãåºãŠããŠããŸãå ŽåãåŸåŸã«ããŠãããäžèŠããŠæ®éã®åèªã§ãã掻çšãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠã¯äžåãªèšèãåºãŠããå¯èœæ§ãããã®ã§ãããããããšãæ°ã«ããå Žåã¯ããèããŠäœãããã