🇺🇸Dark knight

District Attorney Harvey Dent and
Lieutenant James Gordon
Mob bosses Sal Maroni, Gambol, and the Chechen hold a video conference with their corrupt accountant, Lau, who has taken their funds for safekeeping and fled to Hong Kong. The Joker interrupts the meeting to warn them that Batman is unhindered by the law, and offers to kill him in exchange for half of their money. The mob bosses disagree, and Gambol places a bounty on the Joker. The Joker finds and kills Gambol, taking over his gang. The mob decides to take the Joker up on his offer.

Batman finds Lau in Hong Kong and brings him back to Gotham to testify, allowing Dent to apprehend the entire mob. The Joker threatens to kill people unless Batman reveals his identity, and starts by murdering Police Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb and the judge presiding over the mob trial. The Joker also tries to kill Mayor Anthony Garcia, but Gordon sacrifices himself to stop the assassination. Dent kidnaps one of Joker's henchmen and threatens him with a seemingly deadly game of heads or tails until Batman intervenes, warning Dent that all the criminals he has convicted would be released if anyone found out. Dent learns that Rachel is Joker's next target.

Bruce decides to reveal his secret identity to prevent more deaths. Before he can, however, Dent falsely announces that he is Batman to lure the Joker out. Dent is taken into protective custody, but the Joker appears and attacks the convoy. Batman comes to Dent's rescue and Gordon, who faked his death, apprehends the Joker, securing a promotion to Commissioner. Rachel and Dent are escorted away by detectives on Maroni's payroll; Gordon later learns that they never arrived home. Batman interrogates the Joker, who reveals that they have been trapped in separate locations rigged with explosives and that Batman must choose one to save. Batman races to save Rachel, while Gordon attempts to rescue Dent. Batman arrives at the building, but realizes that the Joker has sent him to Dent's location instead. Both buildings explode, killing Rachel and disfiguring Dent. The Joker escapes with Lau, who leads him to the Mob's funds. The Joker burns his share of the money and kills Lau and the Chechen.

Coleman Reese, an accountant at Wayne Enterprises, deduces that Bruce is Batman and threatens to publicize the information. Not wanting Reese's revelation to interfere with his plans, the Joker threatens to destroy a hospital unless Reese is killed within an hour. All hospitals are evacuated and Gordon travels to secure Reese. The Joker, disguised as a hospital nurse, discovers Dent's ward and hands him a gun, convincing him to seek revenge for Rachel's death. The Joker destroys the hospital and escapes with a busload of hostages. Dent goes on a killing spree, deciding the fates of people he holds responsible for Rachel's death by flipping his lucky coin, one face of which was corroded in the explosion. Dent eventually apprehends Gordon's family, believing Gordon's love for his family parallels his love for Rachel.

After announcing that Gotham City will be subject to his rule by nightfall, the Joker rigs two evacuating ferries with explosives; one carrying civilians and the other prisoners. The passengers have been supplied with a trigger to the other boat's explosives, and the Joker announces through an intercom that he will blow both ferries if one of them has not been destroyed by midnight. Batman finds the Joker by using a sonar device that spies on the entire city, with the reluctant help of Lucius Fox. The civilians and the prisoners refuse to kill each other, while Batman apprehends the Joker after a fight. Before the police arrive to take the Joker into custody, he gloats that Gotham's citizens will lose hope once Dent's rampage becomes public knowledge.

Gordon and Batman arrive at the building where Rachel died and find Dent threatening to kill Gordon's family. Dent again flips his coin and shoots Batman, spares himself, and aims to kill Gordon's son, claiming that Gordon's negligence is responsible for Rachel's death. Batman, who was wearing body armor, tackles Dent off the building to his death. Batman persuades Gordon to let him take responsibility for the killing spree to preserve Dent's heroic image. As the police launch a manhunt for Batman, Gordon destroys the Bat-signal, Fox watches as the sonar device self-destructs, and Alfred burns a letter from Rachel saying she plans to marry Dent.

Cast[edit]

Cast and crew of The Dark Knight at the European premiere in London. From left to right: Director Christopher Nolan, producers Emma Thomas and Charles Roven, actors Monique Gabriela Curnen, Michael Caine, Aaron Eckhart, Maggie Gyllenhaal and Christian Bale.
Christian Bale as Bruce Wayne / Batman:
A billionaire socialite who, after witnessing his parents' death in a mugging at age 8, travels the world for seven years before returning home to operate as a bat-masked vigilante hailed as Gotham City's "Dark Knight", using fear against the city's criminal underworld at night. Bale said he was confident in his choice to return in the role because of the positive response to his portrayal in Batman Begins.[13] He continued training in the Keysi Fighting Method and performed many of his own stunts,[13][14] but did not gain as much muscle as in the previous film because the new Batsuit allowed him to move with greater agility.[15] Bale described Batman's dilemma as whether "[his crusade is] something that has an end. Can he quit and have an ordinary life? The kind of manic intensity someone has to have to maintain the passion and the anger that they felt as a child, takes an effort after a while, to keep doing that. At some point, you have to exorcise your demons."[16] He added, "Now you have not just a young man in pain attempting to find some kind of an answer, you have somebody who actually has power, who is burdened by that power, and is having to recognize the difference between attaining that power and holding on to it."[17] Bale felt Batman's personality had been strongly established in the first film, so it was unlikely his character would be overshadowed by the villains, stating: "I have no problem with competing with someone else. And that's going to make a better movie."[18]
Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth:
Bruce's trusted butler and confidant, who supplies useful advice to Bruce and likeness as a father figure, leading him to be labeled "Batman's batman".[19][20]
Heath Ledger as The Joker:
A psychopathic illegalist mastermind portraying himself as an "agent of chaos", who rises from the criminal underworld by thrusting Gotham into anarchy and drawing Batman ever closer to crossing the fine line between heroism and vigilantism. Before Ledger was cast in July 2006, Paul Bettany,[21] Lachy Hulme,[22] Adrien Brody,[23] Steve Carell,[24] and Robin Williams[25] publicly expressed interest in it. However, Nolan had wanted to work with Ledger on a number of projects in the past (including unsuccessfully approaching Ledger for the role of Batman in Batman Begins) and was agreeable to Ledger's chaotic interpretation of the character.[26] When Ledger saw Batman Begins, he had realized a way to make the character work that was consistent with the film's tone:[27] he described his Joker as a "psychopathic, mass murdering, schizophrenic clown with zero empathy".[28] In the film, the Joker has a Glasgow smile, and his trademark chalk-white skin and red lips are makeup rather than the result of chemical bleaching, as in the traditional portrayal of the character. Throughout the film, the Joker states his desire to upset social order through crime, and comes to define himself by his conflict with Batman. To prepare for the role, Ledger lived alone in a hotel room for a month, formulating the character's posture, voice, and personality, and kept a diary, in which he recorded the Joker's thoughts and feelings.[18][29] While he initially found it difficult, Ledger eventually generated a voice unlike Jack Nicholson's character in Tim Burton's 1989 Batman film.[28][29] He was also given Batman: The Killing Joke and Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth, which he "really tried to read and put it down".[27] Ledger also cited A Clockwork Orange and Sid Vicious as "a very early starting point for Christian [Bale] and I. But we kind of flew far away from that pretty quickly and into another world altogether."[30][31] "There's a bit of everything in him. There's nothing that consistent", Ledger said, and added, "There are a few more surprises to him."[30] Ledger was allowed to shoot and mostly direct the videos the Joker sends out as warnings. Each take Ledger made was different from the last. Nolan was impressed enough with the first video shoot that he chose to not be present when Ledger shot the video with a kidnapped reporter (Anthony Michael Hall).[32] On January 22, 2008, after he had completed filming The Dark Knight, Ledger died of an accidental prescription drug overdose, leading to intense press attention and memorial tributes. "It was tremendously emotional, right when he passed, having to go back in and look at him every day [during editing]", Nolan recalled. "But the truth is, I feel very lucky to have something productive to do, to have a performance that he was very, very proud of, and that he had entrusted to me to finish."[31] All of Ledger's scenes appear as he completed them in the filming; in editing the film, Nolan added no "digital effects" to alter Ledger's actual performance posthumously.[33] Nolan has dedicated the film in part to Ledger's memory.[34][35]
Gary Oldman as James Gordon:
A lieutenant in the Gotham City Police Department and one of the city's few honest police officers, who forms a tenuous, unofficial alliance with Batman and Dent and is given the position of Police Commissioner by the city's mayor following the recent commissioner's assassination. Oldman described his character as "incorruptible, virtuous, strong, heroic, but understated".[36] Nolan explained, "The Long Halloween has a great, triangular relationship between Harvey Dent and Gordon and Batman, and that's something we very much drew from."[37] Oldman added that "Gordon has a great deal of admiration for him at the end, but [Batman] is more than ever now the dark knight, the outsider. I'm intrigued now to see: If there is a third one, what he's going to do?"[37] On the possibility of another sequel, he said that "returning to [the role] is not dependent on whether the role was bigger than the one before".[38]
Aaron Eckhart as Harvey Dent:
The district attorney hailed as Gotham's "White Knight", whose campaign against the criminal underworld leaves half of his face disfigured, turning him into a murderer with a split-personality bent on revenge.[39][40] Nolan and David S. Goyer had originally considered using Dent in Batman Begins, but they replaced him with the new character Rachel Dawes when they realized they "couldn't do him justice".[41] Before Eckhart was cast in February 2007, Liev Schreiber,[42] Josh Lucas,[43] and Ryan Phillippe[44] had expressed interest in the role,[45] while Mark Ruffalo auditioned.[46] Matt Damon stated that he was considered for the role, but could not accept due to scheduling conflicts.[47] Hugh Jackman was also considered for the part. Nolan chose Eckhart, whom he had considered for the lead role in Memento, citing his "extraordinary" ability as an actor, his embodiment of "that kind of chiselled, American hero quality" projected by Robert Redford, and his subtextual "edge".[48] Eckhart was "interested in good guys gone wrong", and had played corrupt men in films such as The Black Dahlia, Thank You for Smoking, and In the Company of Men. Whereas Dent is depicted as a crime boss in most characterizations, Nolan chose to portray him as a twisted vigilante to emphasize his role as Batman's counterpart. Eckhart explained, "[He] is still true to himself. He's a crime fighter, he's not killing good people. He's not a bad guy, not purely."[39][40] For Dent, Eckhart "kept on thinking about the Kennedys", particularly Robert F. Kennedy, who was "idealistic, held a grudge and took on the Mob". He had his hair lightened and styled to make him appear more dashing. Nolan told Eckhart to not make Dent's criminal persona "jokey with slurping sounds or ticks".[49]
Maggie Gyllenhaal as Rachel Dawes:
Gotham City's assistant district attorney and Bruce's childhood friend, who is one of the few people who knows Batman's true identity. Gyllenhaal took over the role from Katie Holmes, who played the part in Batman Begins. In August 2005, Holmes was reportedly planning to reprise the role,[50] but she eventually turned it down to film Mad Money with Diane Keaton and Queen Latifah.[51] By March 2007, Gyllenhaal was in "final talks" for the part.[52] Gyllenhaal has acknowledged her character is a damsel in distress to an extent, but says Nolan sought ways to empower her character, so "Rachel's really clear about what's important to her and unwilling to compromise her morals, which made a nice change" from the many conflicted characters whom she has previously portrayed.[53]

出生

紀元前384年、トラキア地方の半島の小さなギリシア人植民町で、当時マケドニア王国の支配下にあった。父はニコマコスといい、マケドニア王の侍医であったという。幼少にして両親を亡くし、義兄を後見人として少年期を過ごす。このため、マケドニアの首都ペルラから後見人の居住地である小アジアのアタルネウスに移住したとも推測されているが、明確なことは伝わっていない。


アカデメイア期[edit source]
紀元前367年、17歳にして、「ギリシアの学校」とペリクレスの謳ったアテナイに上り、そこでプラトン主催の学園、アカデメイアに入門した。プラトンが死去するまでの20年近い年月、学徒。紀元前347年にプラトンが亡くなると、その甥が学頭に選ばれる。この時期、アリストテレスは学園を辞してアテナイを去る。アリストテレスが学園を去った理由には諸説あるが、デモステネスらの反マケドニア派が勢いづいていた当時のアテナイは、マケドニアと縁の深い在留外国人にとって困難な情況にあったことも理由のひとつと言われている。その後アカデメイアは、529年に東ローマ帝国皇帝ユスティニアヌス1世（在位 527年 - 565年）によって閉鎖されるまで続いた。
アカデメイアを去ったアリストテレスは、アカデメイア時代の学友で小アジアのアッソスの僭主であるヘルミアスの招きに応じてアッソスの街へ移住し、ここでヘルミアスの姪にあたるピュティアスと結婚した。その後紀元前345年にヘルミアスがペルシア帝国によって捕縛されると難を逃れるためにアッソスの対岸に位置するレスボス島のミュティレネに移住した。ここではアリストテレスは主に生物学の研究に勤しんでいた。
アレクサンドロス大王とリュケイオン[edit source]
紀元前342年、42歳頃、マケドニア王フィリッポス2世の招聘により、当時13歳であった王子アレクサンドロス（後のアレクサンドロス大王）の師傅となった。アリストテレスは首都ペラから離れたところにミエザの学園を作り、弁論術、文学、科学、医学、そして哲学を教えた[8]。ミエザの学園にはアレクサンドロスのほかにも貴族階級の子弟が彼の学友として多く学んでおり、のちに彼らはマケドニア王国の中核を担う存在となっていった。
教え子アレクサンドロスが王に即位（紀元前336年）した翌年の紀元前335年、49歳頃、アテナイに戻り、自身の指示によりアテナイ郊外に学園「リュケイオン」を開設した（リュケイオンとは、アテナイ東部郊外の、アポロン・リュケイオスの神域たる土地を指す）。弟子たちとは学園の歩廊（ペリパトス）を逍遥（そぞろ歩き、散歩）しながら議論を交わしたため、かれの学派は逍遥学派（ペリパトス学派）と呼ばれた。このリュケイオンもまた、529年にユスティニアヌス1世によって閉鎖されるまで、アカデメイアと対抗しながら存続した。
紀元前323年にアレクサンドロス大王が没すると、広大なアレクサンドロス帝国は政情不安に陥り、マケドニアの支配力は大きく減退した。これに伴ってアテナイではマケドニア人に対する迫害が起こったため、紀元前323年、61歳頃、母方の故郷であるエウボイア島のカルキスに身を寄せた。しかし、そこで病に倒れ（あるいは毒人参をあおったとも）、紀元前322年、62歳で死去している。

死因

2019-10-03 23:22:54

結核（けっかく、Tuberculosis）とは、マイコバクテリウム属の細菌、主に結核菌 (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) により引き起こされる感染症[2][3]。結核菌は1882年にロベルト・コッホによって発見された。日本では、明治初期まで肺結核は労咳（癆痎、ろうがい）と呼ばれていた。現在でも多くの人が罹患する病気で好発部位は肺であるが、全身の臓器・器官に感染し、顕著な症状を呈している部位名の前後に「結核」を付け加えるなどした呼び方により細分化される（肺結核、肺外結核、カリエス参照）。

世界保健機関 (WHO) によると、結核はHIVの次に死者の多い感染症であり[3]、2013年には900万人の患者が発症し150万人が死亡した[3]。結核による死者の95%以上は低中所得国であり、それらの国々では15-44歳女性のトップ5死因に入る[3]。WHOは2017年にも1000万人が新たに結核と診断され、160万人が死亡したと推定している。このままでは国際連合が持続可能な開発目標（SDGs）で掲げる「2030年までの結核流行終息」達成が難しいとして各国の対策強化を求めている[4]。また世界では50万人の0-14歳児童が結核に感染しており、2013年では8万人（HIV陰性）が死亡した[3]。またHIV患者はリスクが26-31倍となり、HIV患者の4人に1人は結核で死亡している[3]。

感染様式は結核菌を含む飛沫核の吸入による空気感染で[3]、結核患者からの咳、くしゃみ、唾より感染する[3]。世界人口の3分の1が結核菌に感染しており、毎秒の単位で感染患者が発生している[3]。近年は多剤耐性肺結核 (MDR-TB) や「超多剤耐性」(XDR) が問題となっている[5][6]。

疫学


結核による死者数を年齢調整した障害調整生命年のヒートマップ。1日あたり、10万人あたりを表す2004年のデータ[7]
結核患者の分布は均一ではなく偏在し、多くのアジアやアフリカの国では約80%の人が結核の感染（＝発病ではない）検査で陽性を示すが、一方アメリカ合衆国では5〜10%が陽性であるのみである[2]。

アメリカ合衆国で毎年2万5千人が新たに発生し、その40%が結核の流行地域からの移民であると推定されている[2]。

世界保健機関 (WHO) は2010年3月18日、従来の薬による治療が極めて困難な「超多剤耐性」(XDR) 結核の感染が2010年3月時点で、世界58カ国で確認されたと発表した。XDR結核の感染者は推定で、年間2万5000人に上るとした。また、XDRを含めた、薬による治療が難しい「多剤耐性」(MDR) 結核の感染者は08年で年間44万人、死者は15万人に上ったと推計した。2013年のMDR-TB感染者数は48万人に上る[3]。

日本では2000年以降も毎年新たに2万人程度が発症し[8]、2010年の統計では人口10万人あたり18.2人と世界保健機関の「結核中蔓延国」に該当している[9]。厚生労働省によると、2016年は約1万8000人が新たに罹患し（人口10万人あたり13.9人）、約1900人が死亡した。厚労省は2020年東京オリンピックまでの「低蔓延国」（罹患者が10万人あたり10人以下）移行を目指しているが、困難な情勢である


2019-10-14 02:02:22

Approchant de la mort, il se fait de plus en plus de souci pour sa santé, se convainc de l'existence d'un complot visant à l'empoisonner. Il cesse alors de s'alimenter, tombant progressivement dans la cachexie. Il pesait alors environ 30 kilos

🇺🇸 Les Misérables

Les Misérables by Victor Hugo
Volume 1, Book Second, Chapter 3 Chapter 4→
The door opened.

It opened wide with a rapid movement, as though some one had given it an energetic and resolute push.

A man entered.

We already know the man. It was the wayfarer whom we have seen wandering about in search of shelter.

He entered, advanced a step, and halted, leaving the door open behind him. He had his knapsack on his shoulders, his cudgel in his hand, a rough, audacious, weary, and violent expression in his eyes. The fire on the hearth lighted him up. He was hideous. It was a sinister apparition.

Madame Magloire had not even the strength to utter a cry. She trembled, and stood with her mouth wide open.

Mademoiselle Baptistine turned round, beheld the man entering, and half started up in terror; then, turning her head by degrees towards the fireplace again, she began to observe her brother, and her face became once more profoundly calm and serene.

The Bishop fixed a tranquil eye on the man.

As he opened his mouth, doubtless to ask the new-comer what he desired, the man rested both hands on his staff, directed his gaze at the old man and the two women, and without waiting for the Bishop to speak, he said, in a loud voice:--

"See here. My name is Jean Valjean. I am a convict from the galleys. I have passed nineteen years in the galleys. I was liberated four days ago, and am on my way to Pontarlier, which is my destination. I have been walking for four days since I left Toulon. I have travelled a dozen leagues to-day on foot. This evening, when I arrived in these parts, I went to an inn, and they turned me out, because of my yellow passport, which I had shown at the town-hall. I had to do it. I went to an inn. They said to me, `Be off,' at both places. No one would take me. I went to the prison; the jailer would not admit me. I went into a dog's kennel; the dog bit me and chased me off, as though he had been a man. One would have said that he knew who I was. I went into the fields, intending to sleep in the open air, beneath the stars. There were no stars. I thought it was going to rain, and I re-entered the town, to seek the recess of a doorway. Yonder, in the square, I meant to sleep on a stone bench. A good woman pointed out your house to me, and said to me, `Knock there!' I have knocked. What is this place? Do you keep an inn? I have money--savings. One hundred and nine francs fifteen sous, which I earned in the galleys by my labor, in the course of nineteen years. I will pay. What is that to me? I have money. I am very weary; twelve leagues on foot; I am very hungry. Are you willing that I should remain?"

"Madame Magloire," said the Bishop, "you will set another place."

The man advanced three paces, and approached the lamp which was on the table. "Stop," he resumed, as though he had not quite understood; "that's not it. Did you hear? I am a galley-slave; a convict. I come from the galleys." He drew from his pocket a large sheet of yellow paper, which he unfolded. "Here's my passport. Yellow, as you see. This serves to expel me from every place where I go. Will you read it? I know how to read. I learned in the galleys. There is a school there for those who choose to learn. Hold, this is what they put on this passport: `Jean Valjean, discharged convict, native of'--that is nothing to you--`has been nineteen years in the galleys: five years for house-breaking and burglary; fourteen years for having attempted to escape on four occasions. He is a very dangerous man.' There! Every one has cast me out. Are you willing to receive me? Is this an inn? Will you give me something to eat and a bed? Have you a stable?"

"Madame Magloire," said the Bishop, "you will put white sheets on the bed in the alcove." We have already explained the character of the two women's obedience.

Madame Magloire retired to execute these orders.

The Bishop turned to the man.

"Sit down, sir, and warm yourself. We are going to sup in a few moments, and your bed will be prepared while you are supping."

At this point the man suddenly comprehended. The expression of his face, up to that time sombre and harsh, bore the imprint of stupefaction, of doubt, of joy, and became extraordinary. He began stammering like a crazy man:--

"Really? What! You will keep me? You do not drive me forth? A convict! You call me sir! You do not address me as thou? `Get out of here, you dog!' is what people always say to me. I felt sure that you would expel me, so I told you at once who I am. Oh, what a good woman that was who directed me hither! I am going to sup! A bed with a mattress and sheets, like the rest of the world! a bed! It is nineteen years since I have slept in a bed! You actually do not want me to go! You are good people. Besides, I have money. I will pay well. Pardon me, monsieur the inn-keeper, but what is your name? I will pay anything you ask. You are a fine man. You are an inn-keeper, are you not?"

"I am," replied the Bishop, "a priest who lives here."

"A priest!" said the man. "Oh, what a fine priest! Then you are not going to demand any money of me? You are the cure, are you not? the cure of this big church? Well! I am a fool, truly! I had not perceived your skull-cap."

As he spoke, he deposited his knapsack and his cudgel in a corner, replaced his passport in his pocket, and seated himself. Mademoiselle Baptistine gazed mildly at him. He continued:

"You are humane, Monsieur le Cure; you have not scorned me. A good priest is a very good thing. Then you do not require me to pay?"

"No," said the Bishop; "keep your money. How much have you? Did you not tell me one hundred and nine francs?"

"And fifteen sous," added the man.

"One hundred and nine francs fifteen sous. And how long did it take you to earn that?"

"Nineteen years."

"Nineteen years!"

The Bishop sighed deeply.

The man continued: "I have still the whole of my money. In four days I have spent only twenty-five sous, which I earned by helping unload some wagons at Grasse. Since you are an abbe, I will tell you that we had a chaplain in the galleys. And one day I saw a bishop there. Monseigneur is what they call him. He was the Bishop of Majore at Marseilles. He is the cure who rules over the other cures, you understand. Pardon me, I say that very badly; but it is such a far-off thing to me! You understand what we are! He said mass in the middle of the galleys, on an altar. He had a pointed thing, made of gold, on his head; it glittered in the bright light of midday. We were all ranged in lines on the three sides, with cannons with lighted matches facing us. We could not see very well. He spoke; but he was too far off, and we did not hear. That is what a bishop is like."

While he was speaking, the Bishop had gone and shut the door, which had remained wide open.

Madame Magloire returned. She brought a silver fork and spoon, which she placed on the table.

"Madame Magloire," said the Bishop, "place those things as near the fire as possible." And turning to his guest: "The night wind is harsh on the Alps. You must be cold, sir."

Each time that he uttered the word sir, in his voice which was so gently grave and polished, the man's face lighted up. Monsieur to a convict is like a glass of water to one of the shipwrecked of the Medusa. Ignominy thirsts for consideration.

"This lamp gives a very bad light," said the Bishop.

Madame Magloire understood him, and went to get the two silver candlesticks from the chimney-piece in Monseigneur's bed-chamber, and placed them, lighted, on the table.

"Monsieur le Cure," said the man, "you are good; you do not despise me. You receive me into your house. You light your candles for me. Yet I have not concealed from you whence I come and that I am an unfortunate man."

The Bishop, who was sitting close to him, gently touched his hand. "You could not help telling me who you were. This is not my house; it is the house of Jesus Christ. This door does not demand of him who enters whether he has a name, but whether he has a grief. You suffer, you are hungry and thirsty; you are welcome. And do not thank me; do not say that I receive you in my house. No one is at home here, except the man who needs a refuge. I say to you, who are passing by, that you are much more at home here than I am myself. Everything here is yours. What need have I to know your name? Besides, before you told me you had one which I knew."

The man opened his eyes in astonishment.

"Really? You knew what I was called?"

"Yes," replied the Bishop, "you are called my brother."

"Stop, Monsieur le Cure," exclaimed the man. "I was very hungry when I entered here; but you are so good, that I no longer know what has happened to me."

The Bishop looked at him, and said,--

"You have suffered much?"

"Oh, the red coat, the ball on the ankle, a plank to sleep on, heat, cold, toil, the convicts, the thrashings, the double chain for nothing, the cell for one word; even sick and in bed, still the chain! Dogs, dogs are happier! Nineteen years! I am forty-six. Now there is the yellow passport. That is what it is like."

"Yes," resumed the Bishop, "you have come from a very sad place. Listen. There will be more joy in heaven over the tear-bathed face of a repentant sinner than over the white robes of a hundred just men. If you emerge from that sad place with thoughts of hatred and of wrath against mankind, you are deserving of pity; if you emerge with thoughts of good-will and of peace, you are more worthy than any one of us."

In the meantime, Madame Magloire had served supper: soup, made with water, oil, bread, and salt; a little bacon, a bit of mutton, figs, a fresh cheese, and a large loaf of rye bread. She had, of her own accord, added to the Bishop's ordinary fare a bottle of his old Mauves wine.

The Bishop's face at once assumed that expression of gayety which is peculiar to hospitable natures. "To table!" he cried vivaciously. As was his custom when a stranger supped with him, he made the man sit on his right. Mademoiselle Baptistine, perfectly peaceable and natural, took her seat at his left.

The Bishop asked a blessing; then helped the soup himself, according to his custom. The man began to eat with avidity.

All at once the Bishop said: "It strikes me there is something missing on this table."

Madame Magloire had, in fact, only placed the three sets of forks and spoons which were absolutely necessary. Now, it was the usage of the house, when the Bishop had any one to supper, to lay out the whole six sets of silver on the table-cloth--an innocent ostentation. This graceful semblance of luxury was a kind of child's play, which was full of charm in that gentle and severe household, which raised poverty into dignity.

Madame Magloire understood the remark, went out without saying a word, and a moment later the three sets of silver forks and spoons demanded by the Bishop were glittering upon the cloth, symmetrically arranged before the three persons seated at the table.

🇫🇷 Les Misérables

III

HÉROÏSME DE L’OBÉISSANCE PASSIVE

La porte s’ouvrit.

Elle s’ouvrit vivement, toute grande, comme si quelqu’un la poussait avec énergie et résolution.

Un homme entra.

Cet homme, nous le connaissons déjà. C’est le voyageur que nous avons vu tout à l’heure errer cherchant un gîte.

Il entra, fit un pas et s’arrêta, laissant la porte ouverte derrière lui. Il avait son sac sur l’épaule, son bâton à la main, une expression rude, hardie, fatiguée et violente dans les yeux. Le feu de la cheminée l’éclairait. Il était hideux. C’était une sinistre apparition.

Madame Magloire n’eut pas même la force de jeter un cri. Elle tressaillit, et resta béante.

Mademoiselle Baptistine se retourna, aperçut l’homme qui entrait et se dressa à demi d’effarement ; puis, ramenant peu à peu sa tête vers la cheminée, elle se mit à regarder son frère, et son visage redevint profondément calme et serein.

L’évêque fixait sur l’homme un œil tranquille.

Comme il ouvrait la bouche, sans doute pour demander au nouveau venu ce qu’il désirait, l’homme appuya ses deux mains à la fois sur son bâton, promena ses yeux tour à tour sur le vieillard et les femmes, et, sans attendre que l’évêque parlât, dit d’une voix haute :

— Voici. Je m’appelle Jean Valjean. Je suis un galérien. J’ai passé dix-neuf ans au bagne. Je suis libéré depuis quatre jours et en route pour Pontarlier qui est ma destination. Quatre jours que je marche depuis Toulon. Aujourd’hui, j’ai fait douze lieues à pied. Ce soir, en arrivant dans ce pays, j’ai été dans une auberge, on m’a renvoyé à cause de mon passe-port jaune que j’avais montré à la mairie. Il avait fallu. J’ai été à une autre auberge. On m’a dit : Va-t-en ! Chez l’un, chez l’autre. Personne n’a voulu de moi. J’ai été à la prison, le guichetier n’a pas ouvert. J’ai été dans la niche d’un chien. Ce chien m’a mordu et m’a chassé, comme s’il avait été un homme. On aurait dit qu’il savait qui j’étais. Je m’en suis allé dans les champs pour coucher à la belle étoile. Il n’y avait pas d’étoile. J’ai pensé qu’il pleuvrait, et qu’il n’y avait pas de bon Dieu pour empêcher de pleuvoir, et je suis rentré dans la ville pour y trouver le renfoncement d’une porte. Là, dans la place, j’allais me coucher sur une pierre, une bonne femme m’a montré votre maison et m’a dit : Frappe là. J’ai frappé. Qu’est-ce que c’est ici ? êtes-vous une auberge ? J’ai de l’argent. Ma masse. Cent neuf francs quinze sous que j’ai gagnés au bagne par mon travail en dix-neuf ans. Je payerai. Qu’est-ce que cela me fait ? J’ai de l’argent. Je suis très fatigué, douze lieues à pied, j’ai bien faim. Voulez-vous que je reste ?

— Madame Magloire, dit l’évêque, vous mettrez un couvert de plus.

L’homme fit trois pas et s’approcha de la lampe qui était sur la table. — Tenez, reprit-il, comme s’il n’avait pas bien compris, ce n’est pas ça. Avez-vous entendu ? Je suis un galérien. Un forçat. Je viens des galères. — Il tira de sa poche une grande feuille de papier jaune qu’il déplia. — Voilà mon passe-port. Jaune, comme vous voyez. Cela sert à me faire chasser de partout où je vais. Voulez-vous lire ? Je sais lire, moi. J’ai appris au bagne. Il y a une école pour ceux qui veulent. Tenez, voilà ce qu’on a mis sur le passe-port : « Jean Valjean, forçat libéré, natif de… — cela vous est égal… — Est resté dix-neuf ans au bagne. Cinq ans pour vol avec effraction. Quatorze ans pour avoir tenté de s’évader quatre fois. Cet homme est très dangereux. » — Voilà ! Tout le monde m’a jeté dehors. Voulez-vous me recevoir, vous ? Est-ce une auberge ? Voulez-vous me donner à manger et à coucher ? Avez-vous une écurie ?

— Madame Magloire, dit l’évêque, vous mettrez des draps blancs au lit de l’alcôve.

Nous avons déjà expliqué de quelle nature était l’obéissance des deux femmes.

Madame Magloire sortit pour exécuter ces ordres.

L’évêque se tourna vers l’homme.

— Monsieur, asseyez-vous et chauffez-vous. Nous allons souper dans un instant, et l’on fera votre lit pendant que vous souperez.

Ici l’homme comprit tout à fait. L’expression de son visage, jusqu’alors sombre et dure, s’empreignit de stupéfaction, de doute, de joie, et devint extraordinaire. Il se mit à balbutier comme un homme fou :

— Vrai ? quoi ! vous me gardez ? vous ne me chassez pas ? un forçat ! Vous m’appelez monsieur ! vous ne me tutoyez pas ? Va-t’en, chien ! qu’on me dit toujours. Je croyais bien que vous me chasseriez. Aussi j’avais dit tout de suite qui je suis. Oh ! la brave femme qui m’a enseigné ici ! Je vais souper ! Un lit avec des matelas et des draps ! comme tout le monde ! Un lit ! il y a dix-neuf ans que je n’ai couché dans un lit ! Vous voulez bien que je ne m’en aille pas ! Vous êtes de dignes gens ! D’ailleurs j’ai de l’argent. Je payerai tout ce qu’on voudra. Vous êtes un brave homme. Vous êtes aubergiste, n’est-ce pas ?

— Je suis, dit l’évêque, un prêtre qui demeure ici.

— Un prêtre ! reprit l’homme. Oh ! un brave homme de prêtre ! Alors vous ne me demandez pas d’argent ? Le curé, n’est-ce pas ? le curé de cette grande église ? Tiens ! c’est vrai, que je suis bête ! je n’avais pas vu votre calotte.

Tout en parlant il avait déposé son sac et son bâton dans un coin, puis remis son passe-port dans sa poche, et s’était assis. Mademoiselle Baptistine le considérait avec douceur. Il continua :

— Vous êtes humain, monsieur le curé. Vous n’avez pas de mépris. C’est bien bon un bon prêtre. Alors vous n’avez pas besoin que je paye ?

— Non, dit l’évêque, gardez votre argent. Combien avez-vous ? ne m’avez-vous pas dit cent neuf francs ?

— Quinze sous, ajouta l’homme.

— Cent neuf francs quinze sous. Et combien de temps avez-vous mis à gagner cela ?

— Dix-neuf ans.

— Dix-neuf ans !

L’évêque soupira profondément.

L’homme poursuivit : — J’ai encore tout mon argent. Depuis quatre jours je n’ai dépensé que vingt-cinq sous, que j’ai gagnés en aidant à décharger des voitures à Grasse. Puisque vous êtes abbé, je vais vous dire, nous avions un aumônier au bagne. Et puis un jour j’ai vu un évêque. Monseigneur qu’on appelle. C’était l’évêque de la Majore, à Marseille. C’est le curé qui est sur les curés. Vous savez, pardon, je dis mal cela, mais, pour moi, c’est si loin ! — Vous comprenez, nous autres ! — Il a dit la messe au milieu du bagne, sur un autel, il avait une chose pointue, en or, sur la tête. Au grand jour de midi, cela brillait. Nous étions en rang, des trois côtés, avec les canons, mèche allumée, en face de nous. Nous ne voyions pas bien. Il a parlé, mais il était trop au fond, nous n’entendions pas. Voilà ce que c’est qu’un évêque.

Pendant qu’il parlait, l’évêque était allé pousser la porte qui était restée toute grande ouverte.

Madame Magloire rentra. Elle apportait un couvert qu’elle mit sur la table.

— Madame Magloire, dit l’évêque, mettez ce couvert le plus près possible du feu. — Et se tournant vers son hôte :

— Le vent de nuit est dur dans les Alpes. Vous devez avoir froid, monsieur ?

Chaque fois qu’il disait ce mot monsieur, avec sa voix doucement grave et de si bonne compagnie, le visage de l’homme s’illuminait. Monsieur à un forçat, c’est un verre d’eau à un naufragé de la Méduse. L’ignominie a soif de considération.

— Voici, reprit l’évêque, une lampe qui éclaire bien mal.

Madame Magloire comprit, et elle alla chercher sur la cheminée de la chambre à coucher de monseigneur les deux chandeliers d’argent qu’elle posa sur la table tout allumés.

— Monsieur le curé, dit l’homme, vous êtes bon. Vous ne me méprisez pas. Vous me recevez chez vous. Vous allumez vos cierges pour moi. Je ne vous ai pourtant pas caché d’où je viens et que je suis un homme malheureux.

L’évêque, assis près de lui, lui toucha doucement la main. — Vous pouviez ne pas me dire qui vous étiez. Ce n’est pas ici ma maison, c’est la maison de Jésus-Christ. Cette porte ne demande pas à celui qui entre s’il a un nom, mais s’il a une douleur. Vous souffrez, vous avez faim et soif ; soyez le bienvenu. Et ne me remerciez pas, ne me dites pas que je vous reçois chez moi. Personne n’est ici chez soi, excepté celui qui a besoin d’un asile. Je vous le dis à vous qui passez, vous êtes ici chez vous plus que moi-même. Tout ce qui est ici est à vous. Qu’ai-je besoin de savoir votre nom ? D’ailleurs, avant que vous me le disiez, vous en avez un que je savais.

L’homme ouvrit des yeux étonnés.

— Vrai ? vous saviez comment je m’appelle ?

— Oui, répondit l’évêque, vous vous appelez mon frère.

— Tenez, monsieur le curé ! s’écria l’homme, j’avais bien faim en entrant ici ; mais vous êtes si bon qu’à présent je ne sais plus ce que j’ai, cela m’a passé.

L’évêque le regarda et lui dit :

— Vous avez bien souffert ?

— Oh ! la casaque rouge, le boulet au pied, une planche pour dormir, le chaud, le froid, le travail, la chiourme, les coups de bâton ! La double chaîne pour rien. Le cachot pour un mot. Même malade au lit, la chaîne. Les chiens, les chiens eux-mêmes sont plus heureux ! Dix-neuf ans ! J’en ai quarante-six. À présent, le passe-port jaune ! Voilà.

— Oui, reprit l’évêque, vous sortez d’un lieu de tristesse. Écoutez. Il y aura plus de joie au ciel pour le visage en larmes d’un pécheur repentant que pour la robe blanche de cent justes. Si vous sortez de ce lieu douloureux avec des pensées de haine et de colère contre les hommes, vous êtes digne de pitié ; si vous en sortez avec des pensées de bienveillance, de douceur et de paix, vous valez mieux qu’aucun de nous.

Cependant madame Magloire avait servi le souper. Une soupe faite avec de l’eau, de l’huile, du pain et du sel, un peu de lard, un morceau de viande de mouton, des figues, un fromage frais, et un gros pain de seigle. Elle avait d’elle-même ajouté à l’ordinaire de M. l’évêque une bouteille de vieux vin de Mauves.

Le visage de l’évêque prit tout à coup cette expression de gaîté propre aux natures hospitalières : — À table ! dit-il vivement. — Comme il en avait coutume lorsque quelque étranger soupait avec lui, il fit asseoir l’homme à sa droite. Mademoiselle Baptistine, parfaitement paisible et naturelle, prit place à sa gauche.

L’évêque dit le bénédicité, puis servit lui-même la soupe, selon son habitude. L’homme se mit à manger avidement.

Tout à coup l’évêque dit : — Mais il me semble qu’il manque quelque chose sur cette table.

Madame Magloire en effet n’avait mis que les trois couverts absolument nécessaires. Or c’était l’usage de la maison, quand M. l’évêque avait quelqu’un à souper, de disposer sur la nappe les six couverts d’argent, étalage innocent. Ce gracieux semblant de luxe était une sorte d’enfantillage plein de charme dans cette maison douce et sévère qui élevait la pauvreté jusqu’à la dignité.

Madame Magloire comprit l’observation, sortit sans dire un mot, et un moment après les trois couverts réclamés par l’évêque brillaient sur la nappe, symétriquement arrangés devant chacun des trois convives.