Part of a series on
Genocide
Issues
List by death toll Chronological list Cultural genocide Genocidal rape Genocidal massacre Utilitarian genocide Incitement to genocide Psychology Denial Risk factors Prevention Effects on youth Studies Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders War and genocide
Genocide of indigenous peoples
Dzungar genocide, 1750s Black War, 1825-1831 California genocide, 1846–1873 Circassian genocide, 1860s Selk'nam genocide, 1890s–1900s Herero and Namaqua genocide, 1904–1907
Late Ottoman genocides
Greeks, 1914–1922 Assyrians, 1914–1924 Armenians, 1915–1923
World War II (1941–1945)
The Holocaust Romani genocide Nazi crimes against the Polish nation Genocide of Serbs by the Ustashe Population transfer in the Soviet Union Genocide of Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks
Cold War
Bangladesh genocide (1971) East Timor genocide (1974–1999) Cambodian genocide (1975–1979) Guatemalan genocide (1981–1983) Anfal genocide (1986–1989)
Genocides in postcolonial Africa
Ikiza genocide (1972) Gukurahundi (1983-1987) Isaaq genocide (1988–1989) Rwandan genocide (1994) Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War (1996–1997) Darfur genocide (2003–)
Ethno-religious genocide in contemporary era
Bosnian genocide (1995) Yazidi genocide (2014–2019) Uyghur genocide (2014–) Rohingya genocide (2017–)
Related topics
Democide Ethnic cleansing Ethnocide Forced assimilation Mass killings under communist regimes Holodomor genocide question Anti-communist mass killings Atrocities in the Congo Free State
Category
List of cultural genocides[edit]
The term has been used to describe the destruction of cultural heritage in connection with various events:
In reference to the Axis powers (primarily, Nazi Germany)'s policies towards some nations during World War II (ex. the destruction of Polish culture).[13]
The persecution of Baháʼís in Iran as a case of religious persecution has been called a cultural genocide.[14][15][16]
In the Bosnian War during the Siege of Sarajevo, cultural genocide was committed by Bosnian Serb forces. The National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina was specifically targeted and besieged by cannons positioned all around the city. The National Library was completely destroyed in the fire, along with 80 percent of its contents. Some 3 million books were destroyed, along with hundreds of original documents from the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian monarchy.[17]
The Stolen Generations in Australia where half-caste children were removed and bred with white people in order to destroy their race.[citation needed]
2004 unrest in Kosovo.[18] In an urgent appeal,[19] issued on 18 March by the extraordinary session of the Expanded Convocation of the Holy Synod of Serbian Orthodox Church (SPC), it was reported that a number of Serbian churches and shrines in Kosovo had been damaged or destroyed by rioters. At least 30 sites were completely destroyed, more or less destroyed, or further destroyed (sites that had been previously damaged).[20]
Francoist Spain: the alleged prohibition of the use of minority languages such as Catalan in the public space, from schools to shops, public transport, or even in the streets, the banning of the use of Catalan birth names for children, the persecution and destruction of books in Catalan language,[citation needed] renaming of cities, streets and all toponyms from Catalan to Spanish, and the abolition of government and all cultural institutions in Catalonia, with the goal of total cultural suppression and assimilation.[21]
John D. Hargreaves writes that "A policy of cultural genocide was implemented: the Catalan language and key symbols of Catalan independent identity and nationhood, such as the flag (the senyera), the national hymn ('Els Segadors') and the national dance (the sardana), were proscribed. Any sign of independence or opposition, in fact, was brutally suppressed. Catalan identity and consequently the Catalan nation were threatened with extinction."[22]
However, these allegations can be contested: Josep Pla and other Catalan authors published books in Catalan in the 1950s, and even there were prizes of Catalan Literature during Francoism like the Premi Sant Jordi de novel·la. Other prominent case of popularization of Catalan was Joan Manuel Serrat: he could compose Catalan songs and gained certain notoriety. So there were no official repression on using the Catalan but a political one.[23]
In reference to the newly-unified Vietnam after the end of the Vietnam War (particularly its policies towards South Vietnam).[citation needed]
In reference to the Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia (particularly the Khmer Rouge's policies towards both the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Khmer Republic).[citation needed]
The destruction by Azerbaijan of thousands of medieval Armenian gravestones at a cemetery in Julfa, and Azerbaijan's subsequent denial that the site had ever existed, has been cited as an example of cultural genocide.[24][25]
Branch of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the German occupation of Poland and the Japanese occupation of Korea have also been cited as cases of cultural genocide.[26]
In 1989, Robert Badinter, a French criminal lawyer known for his stance against the death penalty, used the term "cultural genocide" on a television show to describe what he said was the disappearance of Tibetan culture in the presence of the 14th Dalai Lama.[27] The Dalai Lama would later use the term in 1993[28] and he would use it again in 2008.[29]
Historian Jean Brownfield cited the 1638 Treaty of Hartford as a "clear and explicit historical example of a cultural genocide, in which the Pequot language and name were outlawed and there was a clearly stated intention that this cultural entity would simply cease to exist."[30]
Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey.[citation needed]
The persecution of Native Hawaiian culture in annexed Hawaii.[citation needed]
The persecution of Native Taiwanese culture under the martial law.[citation needed]
ISIL forced conversions in its territory and destroyed ancient Assyrian, Roman, Yazidi and Christian heritage sites and museums.[31]
Indigenous peoples in Canada.
In 2007, a Canadian Member of Parliament criticized the Ministry of Indian Affairs' destruction of documents that were evidence to the "cultural genocide" imposed on Indigenous peoples within Canada.[32]
The Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada concluded that the Canadian Indian residential school system "can best be described as 'cultural genocide.'"[33]
In 2015, Chief Justice Beverly McLachlin, of the Supreme Court of Canada, stated in a speech to the Global Centre for Pluralism that Canada's historical treatment of Indigenous peoples was an attempt at cultural genocide, and "the worst stain on Canada's human-rights record."[34]
Hmong persecution in Laos.[citation needed]
Ireland has been described as enduring cultural genocide under British rule, which aimed to eradicate the Irish language, Irish culture, and the Catholic faith.[35][36][37] Ireland's cultural genocide is discussed in the Dictionary of Genocide (2007), as well as by Christopher Murray (1997) in reference to the suppression of the Irish language;[38] Hilary M. Carey (1997) in reference to the transportation of Irish convicts to Australia;[39] and by Tomás Mac Síomóin (2018).[40]
The Uyghur genocide in China. Reportedly, some one million members of China's Muslim Uyghur minority have been detained in mass detention camps, termed "reeducation camps," which are aimed at changing the political thinking of detainees, their identities, and their religious beliefs.[41] Satellite evidence suggests that China has also razed more than two dozen Uyghur Muslim religious sites to the ground.[42]
See also[edit]
icon Genocide portal
Cultural conflict
Cultural imperialism
Culture war
Ethnic cleansing
Ethnocide
Forced assimilation
Institutional racism
Linguistic discrimination (includes Linguicide)
Language death
Policide
Religious cleansing
Stolen Generations
List of destroyed heritage
Uyghur genocide
Ethnicity
Related concepts
Clan Ethnic group Ethnographic group Ethnolinguistic group Ethnoreligious group Ethnographic realism Hyphenated ethnicity Indigenous peoples Ingroups and outgroups Meta-ethnicity Metroethnicity Minority group Monoethnicity Nation Nationality Panethnicity Polyethnicity Population Race Symbolic ethnicity Tribe
Ethnology
Anthropology Ethnic studies Ethnoarchaeology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnomycology Ethnozoology Ethnoecology Ethnocinema Ethnogeology Ethnography Autoethnography Clinical Critical Cyber- Institutional Netnography Online Person-centered Salvage Transidioethnography Video Ethnohistory Ethnolinguistics Ethnology Ethnomathematics Ethnostatistics Ethnomedicine Ethnomethodology Ethnomuseology Ethnomusicology Ethnophilosophy Ethnopsychopharmacology Ethnopoetics Ethnoscience Ethnosemiotics Ethnotaxonomy
Groups by region
Africa Americas Indigenous Canada Greenland Mexico United States Central America Caribbean South America Asia Central Asia East Asia Northern Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West Asia Australia Aboriginal groups Torres Strait Islanders Europe Oceania Indigenous European
Identity and
ethnogenesis
Cross-race effect Cultural assimilation Cultural identity Demonym Development Endonym Ethnic flag Ethnic option Ethnic origin Ethnic religion Ethnicity in census Ethnofiction Ethnonym Folk religion Historical Imagined community Kinship Legendary progenitor Lineage-bonded society Mythomoteur Mores Nation-building Nation state National language National myth Origin myth Pantribal sodality Tribal name Tribalism Detribalization Neo-Tribalism Urheimat White ethnic
Multiethnic society
Civilization state Consociationalism Cultural appropriation Diaspora politics Dominant minority Ethnic democracy Ethnic enclave Ethnic interest group Ethnic majority Ethnic media Ethnic pornography Ethnic theme park Ethnoburb Ethnocracy Ethnographic film Ethnographic village Indigenous rights Middleman minority Minority rights Model minority Multinational state
Ideology and
ethnic conflict
Allophilia Ethnic bioweapon Ethnic cleansing Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnic nationalism Ethnic penalty Ethnic slur Ethnic stereotype Ethnic violence Ethnocentrism Ethnocide Ethnosymbolism Indigenism Indigenization Separatist movements Xenocentrism Xenophilia Xenophobia
hidevte
Genocide
Genocides
(list by death toll)
Dzungar Mongols (1750s) Circassians (1860s) Selk'nam (1890s–1900s) Herero and Namaqua (1904–1907) Greek (1914–1923) Assyrian (1914–1925) Armenian (1915–1923) Holodomor (1932–1933) Chechens and Ingush (1944) The Holocaust (1941–1945) Porajmos (1941–1944) Serbs in Croatia (1941–1945) Bangladesh (1971) East Timor (1974–1999) Cambodia (1975–1979) Guatemala (1981–1983) Isaaq (1982–1989) Anfal (1986–1989) Burundian (1972, 1993) Rwanda (1994) Bosnia (1992–1995) Darfur (2003–) Uyghur (2014-) Yazidis (2014) Rohingya (2017–)
Terms
Democide Autogenocide Politicide Classicide Eliticide Ethnocide Cultural genocide Eugenics Gendercide Genocidal massacre Genocide of indigenous peoples Policide Utilitarian genocide
Methods
Genocidal rape Extermination camp Killing Fields Death marches Death squads Incitement
Genocide denial
The Holocaust trivialization Armenian Serbian Bosnian Rwandan Holodomor Cambodian
Issues
Definitions Genocide law Prevention Effects on young survivors Genocide recognition politics Genocide justification
Legal proceedings
Nuremberg trials subsequent Nuremberg trials International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Radovan Karadžić Ratko Mladić Slobodan Milošević International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Khmer Rouge Tribunal
Genocide
Issues
List by death toll Chronological list Cultural genocide Genocidal rape Genocidal massacre Utilitarian genocide Incitement to genocide Psychology Denial Risk factors Prevention Effects on youth Studies Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders War and genocide
Genocide of indigenous peoples
Dzungar genocide, 1750s Black War, 1825-1831 California genocide, 1846–1873 Circassian genocide, 1860s Selk'nam genocide, 1890s–1900s Herero and Namaqua genocide, 1904–1907
Late Ottoman genocides
Greeks, 1914–1922 Assyrians, 1914–1924 Armenians, 1915–1923
World War II (1941–1945)
The Holocaust Romani genocide Nazi crimes against the Polish nation Genocide of Serbs by the Ustashe Population transfer in the Soviet Union Genocide of Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks
Cold War
Bangladesh genocide (1971) East Timor genocide (1974–1999) Cambodian genocide (1975–1979) Guatemalan genocide (1981–1983) Anfal genocide (1986–1989)
Genocides in postcolonial Africa
Ikiza genocide (1972) Gukurahundi (1983-1987) Isaaq genocide (1988–1989) Rwandan genocide (1994) Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War (1996–1997) Darfur genocide (2003–)
Ethno-religious genocide in contemporary era
Bosnian genocide (1995) Yazidi genocide (2014–2019) Uyghur genocide (2014–) Rohingya genocide (2017–)
Related topics
Democide Ethnic cleansing Ethnocide Forced assimilation Mass killings under communist regimes Holodomor genocide question Anti-communist mass killings Atrocities in the Congo Free State
Category
List of cultural genocides[edit]
The term has been used to describe the destruction of cultural heritage in connection with various events:
In reference to the Axis powers (primarily, Nazi Germany)'s policies towards some nations during World War II (ex. the destruction of Polish culture).[13]
The persecution of Baháʼís in Iran as a case of religious persecution has been called a cultural genocide.[14][15][16]
In the Bosnian War during the Siege of Sarajevo, cultural genocide was committed by Bosnian Serb forces. The National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina was specifically targeted and besieged by cannons positioned all around the city. The National Library was completely destroyed in the fire, along with 80 percent of its contents. Some 3 million books were destroyed, along with hundreds of original documents from the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian monarchy.[17]
The Stolen Generations in Australia where half-caste children were removed and bred with white people in order to destroy their race.[citation needed]
2004 unrest in Kosovo.[18] In an urgent appeal,[19] issued on 18 March by the extraordinary session of the Expanded Convocation of the Holy Synod of Serbian Orthodox Church (SPC), it was reported that a number of Serbian churches and shrines in Kosovo had been damaged or destroyed by rioters. At least 30 sites were completely destroyed, more or less destroyed, or further destroyed (sites that had been previously damaged).[20]
Francoist Spain: the alleged prohibition of the use of minority languages such as Catalan in the public space, from schools to shops, public transport, or even in the streets, the banning of the use of Catalan birth names for children, the persecution and destruction of books in Catalan language,[citation needed] renaming of cities, streets and all toponyms from Catalan to Spanish, and the abolition of government and all cultural institutions in Catalonia, with the goal of total cultural suppression and assimilation.[21]
John D. Hargreaves writes that "A policy of cultural genocide was implemented: the Catalan language and key symbols of Catalan independent identity and nationhood, such as the flag (the senyera), the national hymn ('Els Segadors') and the national dance (the sardana), were proscribed. Any sign of independence or opposition, in fact, was brutally suppressed. Catalan identity and consequently the Catalan nation were threatened with extinction."[22]
However, these allegations can be contested: Josep Pla and other Catalan authors published books in Catalan in the 1950s, and even there were prizes of Catalan Literature during Francoism like the Premi Sant Jordi de novel·la. Other prominent case of popularization of Catalan was Joan Manuel Serrat: he could compose Catalan songs and gained certain notoriety. So there were no official repression on using the Catalan but a political one.[23]
In reference to the newly-unified Vietnam after the end of the Vietnam War (particularly its policies towards South Vietnam).[citation needed]
In reference to the Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia (particularly the Khmer Rouge's policies towards both the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Khmer Republic).[citation needed]
The destruction by Azerbaijan of thousands of medieval Armenian gravestones at a cemetery in Julfa, and Azerbaijan's subsequent denial that the site had ever existed, has been cited as an example of cultural genocide.[24][25]
Branch of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the German occupation of Poland and the Japanese occupation of Korea have also been cited as cases of cultural genocide.[26]
In 1989, Robert Badinter, a French criminal lawyer known for his stance against the death penalty, used the term "cultural genocide" on a television show to describe what he said was the disappearance of Tibetan culture in the presence of the 14th Dalai Lama.[27] The Dalai Lama would later use the term in 1993[28] and he would use it again in 2008.[29]
Historian Jean Brownfield cited the 1638 Treaty of Hartford as a "clear and explicit historical example of a cultural genocide, in which the Pequot language and name were outlawed and there was a clearly stated intention that this cultural entity would simply cease to exist."[30]
Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey.[citation needed]
The persecution of Native Hawaiian culture in annexed Hawaii.[citation needed]
The persecution of Native Taiwanese culture under the martial law.[citation needed]
ISIL forced conversions in its territory and destroyed ancient Assyrian, Roman, Yazidi and Christian heritage sites and museums.[31]
Indigenous peoples in Canada.
In 2007, a Canadian Member of Parliament criticized the Ministry of Indian Affairs' destruction of documents that were evidence to the "cultural genocide" imposed on Indigenous peoples within Canada.[32]
The Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada concluded that the Canadian Indian residential school system "can best be described as 'cultural genocide.'"[33]
In 2015, Chief Justice Beverly McLachlin, of the Supreme Court of Canada, stated in a speech to the Global Centre for Pluralism that Canada's historical treatment of Indigenous peoples was an attempt at cultural genocide, and "the worst stain on Canada's human-rights record."[34]
Hmong persecution in Laos.[citation needed]
Ireland has been described as enduring cultural genocide under British rule, which aimed to eradicate the Irish language, Irish culture, and the Catholic faith.[35][36][37] Ireland's cultural genocide is discussed in the Dictionary of Genocide (2007), as well as by Christopher Murray (1997) in reference to the suppression of the Irish language;[38] Hilary M. Carey (1997) in reference to the transportation of Irish convicts to Australia;[39] and by Tomás Mac Síomóin (2018).[40]
The Uyghur genocide in China. Reportedly, some one million members of China's Muslim Uyghur minority have been detained in mass detention camps, termed "reeducation camps," which are aimed at changing the political thinking of detainees, their identities, and their religious beliefs.[41] Satellite evidence suggests that China has also razed more than two dozen Uyghur Muslim religious sites to the ground.[42]
See also[edit]
icon Genocide portal
Cultural conflict
Cultural imperialism
Culture war
Ethnic cleansing
Ethnocide
Forced assimilation
Institutional racism
Linguistic discrimination (includes Linguicide)
Language death
Policide
Religious cleansing
Stolen Generations
List of destroyed heritage
Uyghur genocide
Ethnicity
Related concepts
Clan Ethnic group Ethnographic group Ethnolinguistic group Ethnoreligious group Ethnographic realism Hyphenated ethnicity Indigenous peoples Ingroups and outgroups Meta-ethnicity Metroethnicity Minority group Monoethnicity Nation Nationality Panethnicity Polyethnicity Population Race Symbolic ethnicity Tribe
Ethnology
Anthropology Ethnic studies Ethnoarchaeology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnomycology Ethnozoology Ethnoecology Ethnocinema Ethnogeology Ethnography Autoethnography Clinical Critical Cyber- Institutional Netnography Online Person-centered Salvage Transidioethnography Video Ethnohistory Ethnolinguistics Ethnology Ethnomathematics Ethnostatistics Ethnomedicine Ethnomethodology Ethnomuseology Ethnomusicology Ethnophilosophy Ethnopsychopharmacology Ethnopoetics Ethnoscience Ethnosemiotics Ethnotaxonomy
Groups by region
Africa Americas Indigenous Canada Greenland Mexico United States Central America Caribbean South America Asia Central Asia East Asia Northern Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West Asia Australia Aboriginal groups Torres Strait Islanders Europe Oceania Indigenous European
Identity and
ethnogenesis
Cross-race effect Cultural assimilation Cultural identity Demonym Development Endonym Ethnic flag Ethnic option Ethnic origin Ethnic religion Ethnicity in census Ethnofiction Ethnonym Folk religion Historical Imagined community Kinship Legendary progenitor Lineage-bonded society Mythomoteur Mores Nation-building Nation state National language National myth Origin myth Pantribal sodality Tribal name Tribalism Detribalization Neo-Tribalism Urheimat White ethnic
Multiethnic society
Civilization state Consociationalism Cultural appropriation Diaspora politics Dominant minority Ethnic democracy Ethnic enclave Ethnic interest group Ethnic majority Ethnic media Ethnic pornography Ethnic theme park Ethnoburb Ethnocracy Ethnographic film Ethnographic village Indigenous rights Middleman minority Minority rights Model minority Multinational state
Ideology and
ethnic conflict
Allophilia Ethnic bioweapon Ethnic cleansing Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnic nationalism Ethnic penalty Ethnic slur Ethnic stereotype Ethnic violence Ethnocentrism Ethnocide Ethnosymbolism Indigenism Indigenization Separatist movements Xenocentrism Xenophilia Xenophobia
hidevte
Genocide
Genocides
(list by death toll)
Dzungar Mongols (1750s) Circassians (1860s) Selk'nam (1890s–1900s) Herero and Namaqua (1904–1907) Greek (1914–1923) Assyrian (1914–1925) Armenian (1915–1923) Holodomor (1932–1933) Chechens and Ingush (1944) The Holocaust (1941–1945) Porajmos (1941–1944) Serbs in Croatia (1941–1945) Bangladesh (1971) East Timor (1974–1999) Cambodia (1975–1979) Guatemala (1981–1983) Isaaq (1982–1989) Anfal (1986–1989) Burundian (1972, 1993) Rwanda (1994) Bosnia (1992–1995) Darfur (2003–) Uyghur (2014-) Yazidis (2014) Rohingya (2017–)
Terms
Democide Autogenocide Politicide Classicide Eliticide Ethnocide Cultural genocide Eugenics Gendercide Genocidal massacre Genocide of indigenous peoples Policide Utilitarian genocide
Methods
Genocidal rape Extermination camp Killing Fields Death marches Death squads Incitement
Genocide denial
The Holocaust trivialization Armenian Serbian Bosnian Rwandan Holodomor Cambodian
Issues
Definitions Genocide law Prevention Effects on young survivors Genocide recognition politics Genocide justification
Legal proceedings
Nuremberg trials subsequent Nuremberg trials International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Radovan Karadžić Ratko Mladić Slobodan Milošević International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Khmer Rouge Tribunal