銀河英雄伝説 未編集

Reich / Galactic Empire[edit]
Lohengramm faction[edit]
Reinhard von Lohengramm (von Müsel) - Ryō Horikawa, Miki Narahashi (in childhood, ep. 85)
Generaladmiral (after death: Flottenadmiral, Grossherzog) Siegfried Kircheis - Masashi Hironaka
Flottenadmiral Paul von Oberstein - Kaneto Shiozawa
Leading admirals[edit]
Flottenadmiral Oskar von Reuenthal (767 - December 16, 800 UC, Heinessenpolis) - Norio Wakamoto
Flottenadmiral Wolfgang Mittermeyer - Katsuji Mori
Flottenadmiral Ernest Mecklinger - Takaya Hashi, Mahito Ohba (2018 anime) (Japanese), Aaron Roberts (2018 anime) (English)
Flottenadmiral Fritz Josef Bittenfeld - Keiichi Noda
Generaladmiral (after death: Flottenadmiral) Karl Gustav Kempf (762 - May 798 UC, Geiersburg Fortress †) - Tesshō Genda, Hiroki Yasumoto (2018 anime) (Japanese), Robert McCollum (2018 anime) (English)
Generaladmiral (after death: Flottenadmiral) Cornelius Lutz ( - October 8, 800 UC, Uruvasi †) - Katsunosuke Hori, Hirofumi Nojima (2018 anime) (Japanese), Brandon McInnis (2018 anime) (English)
Flottenadmiral August Samuel Wahlen - Masaaki Okabe, Hisao Egawa (2018 anime) (Japanese), Brandon Potter (2018 anime) (English)
Flottenadmiral Ulrich Kesler (German: Ulrich Keßler) - Shūichi Ikeda
Flottenadmiral Neidhardt Müller or Neithard Müller - Yū Mizushima
Generaladmiral (after death: Flottenadmiral) Karl Robert Steinmetz ( - 6 May, 800 UC, Iserlohn Corridor †) - Hiroya Ishimaru
Generaladmiral (after death: Flottenadmiral) Adalbert von Fahrenheit ( - 30 April, 800 UC, Iserlohn Corridor †) - Shō Hayami
Flottenadmiral Ernst von Eisenach - Masane Tsukayama
Generaladmiral Helmut Lennenkampf or Helmut Lennenkanpt (German: Helmut Rennenkampf, - July 23, 799 UC, Heinessenpolis, suicide) - Takeshi Watabe
Staff[edit]
Hildegard von Mariendorf - Masako Katsuki
Konteradmiral Arthur von Streit - Kōji Totani, Kenji Yamauchi (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese), David Wald (2019 film trilogy) (English)
Leutnant Theodor von Lücke - Yasunori Matsumoto
Konteradmiral Anton Ferner - Kenyū Horiuchi, Isshin Chiba (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese), Brandon Winckler (2019 film trilogy) (English)
Emil von Seclä - Ryōtarō Okiayu
Cabinet ministers[edit]
Graf Franz von Mariendorf - Tadashi Nakamura, (Japanese), Jerry Jewell (2018 anime) (English)
Karl Bracke - Yūji Fujishiro
Eugen Richter - Mahito Tsujimura
Bruno von Silverberche (German: Bruno von Schilverberch) - Kōichi Yamadera
Gluck - Atsushi Gotō
Julius Elsheimer - Kiyonobu Suzuki
Heydrich Lang - Hitoshi Takagi (2nd season), Tarō Ishida (3rd & 4th seasons)
Civilians[edit]
Grafin (later Grossherzogin) Annerose von Grünewald - Keiko Han, Maaya Sakamoto (2018 anime) (Japanese), Amber Lee Connors (2018 anime) (English)
Evangeline Mittermeyer - Yuriko Yamamoto
Felix Mittermeyer - Tomoe Hanba
Freiherrin Magdalena von Westpfahle- Mari Yokoo
Konrad von Moder - Masami Kikuchi
Heinrich Lambertz - Kappei Yamaguchi
Marika von Feuerbach - Aya Hisakawa
Elfriede von Kohlrausch - Michie Tomizawa
Freiherr Heinrich von Kümmel - Yūji Mitsuya
Lohengramm Fleet[edit]
Vizeadmiral Isak Fernand von Turneisen - Shinya Ōtaki
Freiherr Kalnap - Ryoji Yamamoto
Admiral Rolf Otto Brauhitsch - Jūji Matsuda
Flottillenadmiral Siegbert Seidritz
Mittermeyer Fleet[edit]
Karl Eduard Bayerlein - Hisao Ōyama (1st season), Nobutoshi Canna (2nd season - 4th season)
Volker Axel von Büro - Akira Murayama, Yōichi Nishijima (2018 anime) (Japanese), Alejandro Saab (2018 anime) (English)
Droisen - Shigeru Saitō
Horst Sinzer - Kazuo Hayashi
Armsdorf - Motomu Kiyokawa (1st season), Kiyomitsu Mizuuchi (2nd season -)
Dickel - Kazuhiro Nakata
Reuenthal Fleet[edit]
Hans Eduard Bergengrün - Ryōichi Tanaka, Kōji Hiwatari (2018 anime) (Japanese), Newton Pittman (2018 anime) (English)
Emil von Reckendorf - Makoto Ataka
Bruno von Knapfstein - Nobuyuki Hiyama
Alfred Grillparzer - Nobuo Shimazaki (2nd season), Shunsuke Sakuya (3rd & 4th seasons)
Fritz Joseph Bittenfeld - Schwarz Lanzenreiter (Black Lancers)[edit]
Admiral Halberstadt
Admiral Grebner
Konteradmiral Eugen
High nobles[edit]
Herzog Otho von Braunschweig - Osamu Kobayashi, Jiro Saito (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese), Patrick Seitz (2019 film trilogy) (English)
Fürst Wilhelm von Littenheim III - Mikio Terashima, Eiji Hanawa (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese)
Fürst Klaus von Lichtenlade
Freiherr Flegel - Issei Futamata, Tōru Furuya (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese), Jason Liebrecht (2019 film trilogy) (English)
Graf Alfred von Lansberg - Yoku Shioya, Masayoshi Sugawara (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese), Chris Cason (2019 film trilogy) (English)
Herzog Maximilian von Kastrop - Hideyuki Hori, Takahiro Yoshino (2018 anime) (Japanese), Kyle Phillips (2018 anime) (English)
Fürst Wilhelm von Klopstock - Kinpei Azusa
Graf Jochen von Lemscheid Kyoji Kobayashi, Mitsuaki Madono (2018 anime) (Japanese), Doug Jackson (2018 anime) (English)
Other admirals[edit]
Flottenadmiral Gregor von Mückenberger - Hidekatsu Shibata, Ikuya Sawaki (2018 anime) (Japanese), Bruce DuBose (2018 anime) (English)
Generaladmiral Ovlesser - Daisuke Gōri, Tsuyoshi Koyama (2018 anime) (Japanese), Bryan Massey (2018 anime) (English)
Admiral Staaden - Ichirō Murakoshi, Kiyomitsu Mizuuchi (2018 anime) (Japanese), Charles C. Campbell (2018 anime) (English)
Vicomte Admiral Richard von Grinmelshausen - Ryūji Saikachi
Admiral Thomas von Stockhausen - Ichirō Nagai, Eizō Tsuda (2018 anime) (Japanese), Jim White (2018 anime) (English)
Admiral Hans Dietrich von Seeckt - Shōzō Iizuka, Yō Kitazawa (2018 anime) (Japanese), Mike Pollock (2018 anime) (English)
Konteradmiral Erlache - Masaharu Satō (1st season), Yūsaku Yara (Movie), Naomi Kusumi (2018 anime) (Japanese), Bill Jenkins (2018 anime) (English)
Technical admiral Anton Hilmer von Schaft
Konteradmiral (after death: Admiral) Hermann von Lüneburg - Nachi Nozawa, 11th Commander of the Rosenritter Regiment
Flottillenadmiral Ansbach - Makio Inoue, Hiroki Tōchi (2018 anime) (Japanese), David Matranga (2018 anime) (English)
Other soldiers[edit]
Christopf von Köfenhiller
Fügenberg - Toshihiko Seki
Erich von Hardenberg - Isao Sasaki
Tonio - Michitaka Kobayashi
Civilians[edit]
Therese Wagner - Noriko Hidaka
Susanna von Benemünde - Toshiko Fujita
Cabinet ministers[edit]
Klaus von Lichtenlade - Kohei Miyauchi (OVA series) Hiroshi Ito (Gaiden series), Kazuo Oka (2018 anime) Tomomichi Nishimura (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese), Barry Yandell (English)
Gerlach - Jōji Yanami, Takaya Hashi (2018 anime) (Japanese), Christopher Guerrero (2018 anime) (English)
Kaiser/Emperor[edit]
Rudolf I (Rudolf von Goldenbaum, reign 1 IC - 42 IC) - Chikao Ōtsuka
Sigismund I
Richard I
Otfried I (reign - 123 IC)
Kaspar I (reign 123 IC - 124 IC)
Julius I (reign 124 IC - 144 IC)
Sigismund II (reign 144 IC - 159 IC)
Otfried II (reign 159 IC - 165 IC)
August I (reign 165 IC - )
Erich I
Richard II
Otto Heinz I
Richard II (reign - 247 IC)
August II (reign 247 IC - 253 IC)
Erich II (reign 253 IC - )
Friedrich I
Leonhard I
Friedrich II
Leonhard II
Friedrich III (reign 330 IC - 336 IC)
Maximilian Joseph I (reign 336 IC - 336 IC)
Gustav I (reign 336 IC - 337 IC)
Maximilian Joseph II (reign 337 IC - 350s IC)
Cornelius I (reign 350s IC - )
Manfred I
Helmut I
Manfred II (reign 398 IC - 399 IC)
Wilhelm I
Wilhelm II
Cornelius II
Otfried III
Erwin Joseph I
Otfried IV
Otto Heinz II
Otfried V (reign - 456 IC)
Friedrich IV (reign 456 IC - 487 IC) - Osamu Saka, Minoru Inaba (2018 anime) (Japanese), Bill Flynn (2018 anime) (English)
Erwin Joseph II (reign 487 IC - 489 IC) - Hiroko Emori, Wakana Kingyo (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese), Luci Christian (2019 film trilogy) (English)
Kaiserin Kätchen I (reign 489 IC - 490 IC)
Free Planets Alliance[edit]
Yang Fleet[edit]
Yang Wen-li - Kei Tomiyama (series), Hozumi Gouda (Gaiden)
Julian Mintz - Nozomu Sasaki
Yang's adopted son, he later served as commander of the Iserlohn Republic Military at the age of eighteen.
Frederica Greenhill - Yoshiko Sakakibara, Aya Endo (2018 anime) (Japanese), Madeleine Morris (2018 anime) (English)
Frederica Greenhill first met Yang during the evacuation of El Facil. She joined the military to find him again and was assigned as his adjutant. Before the Battle of Vermilion, Yang proposed marriage to her and she accepted, and the two of them lived a married life for a few months before Yang was arrested by the Galactic Empire. During their time at the El Facil Revolutionary Government, she continued to serve as his adjutant. If not for a fever, she would have joined Admiral Yang aboard the Leda II when he was assassinated. After his death, she served as the leader of the Iserlohn Republic Supreme Council
Alex Cazellnu or Alex Cazerne - Keaton Yamada, Tokuyoshi Kawashima (2018 anime) (Japanese), Chuck Huber (2018 anime), Anthony Bowling (2019 film trilogy) (English)
Admiral in charge of logistics and supply as well as being the Administrator of Iserlohn Fortress. He often remains behind as fortress commander when the Yang Fleet is in the field.
Dusty Attenborough - Kazuhiko Inoue, Kaito Ishikawa (2018 anime) (Japanese), Jordan Dash Cruz (2018 anime) (English)
One of the commanding officers of the 13th fleet, and later, space fleet commander of the Iserlohn Republic. Achieved the rank of Vice Admiral at his late twenties, even faster than Yang.
Edwin Fischer - Taimei Suzuki, Osamu Sonoe (2018 anime) (Japanese), Kenny Green (2018 anime) (English)
Admiral in charge of fleet maneuvers.
Nguyen Van Huu - Masayuki Omoro, Kenta Miyake (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese), Jarrod Greene (2019 film trilogy) (English)
Murai - Takeshi Aono, Hochu Otsuka (2018 anime) (Japanese), Mike McFarland (2018 anime) (English)
Fyodor Patrichev - Kōzō Shioya, Masami Iwasaki (2018 anime), Jeremy Inman (2018 anime) (English)
Bagdash - Akira Kamiya, Shigeru Ushiyama (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese), Chris Hackney (2019 film trilogy) (English)
A staff officer who was originally sent as a spy, he was later recruited as Yang's head Intelligence Officer.
Olivier Poplan - Toshio Furukawa, Tatsuhisa Suzuki (2018 anime) (Japanese), Orion Pitts (2018 anime) (English)
Ivan Konev - Hirotaka Suzuoki, Kousuke Toriumi (2018 anime) (Japanese), Micah Solusod (2018 anime) (English)
Warren Hughes - Kazuki Yao, Takashi Ohara (2018 anime) (Japanese), Tyler Walker (2018 anime) (English)
Salé Aziz Cheikly - Yoshikazu Hirano, Hiroshi Kawaguchi (2018 anime) (Japanese), David Wald (2018 anime) (English)
Willibald Joachim von Merkatz - Gorō Naya, Unshō Ishizuka (2018 anime) Kazuhiro Yamaji (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese), Mark Stoddard (2018 anime) (English)
High Admiral under Kaiser Freidrich IV who takes refuge with Yang at Iserlohn after the Lippschadt war. Later forced into becoming the Space Fleet Commander-in-Chief of the Goldenbaum government in exile.
Bernhard von Schneider - Yūichi Meguro, Daisuke Hirakawa (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese), Bryson Baugus (2019 film trilogy) (English)
Louis Mashengo - Ryūsei Nakao
Nilsson - Ryūsuke Ōbayashi
Hazuki - Takeshi Kusao
Simon - Nobuo Tobita
Katerose von Kreutzer - Kotono Mitsuishi
Fighter pilot who is also the daughter of Walter von Schenkoppf.
Hortence Cazellnu - Keiko Matsuo
The wife of Alexander Cazellnu and mother of their two daughters.
Charlotte Phyllis Cazellnu - Yuri Amano
Jean Robert Lap - Hideyuki Tanaka, Yuuki Ono (2018 anime) (Japanese), Christopher Wehkamp (2018 anime) (English)
Jessica Edwards - Mami Koyama, Sayaka Kinoshita (2018 anime) (Japanese), Dawn M. Bennett (2018 anime) (English)
Rosenritter Regiment[edit]
Colonel Hermann von Lüneburg - Nachi Nozawa, 11th Commander of the Rosenritter Regiment
Colonel Otto Frank von Wahnschaffe, 12th Commander of the Rosenritter Regiment
Brigadier General Walter von Schenkopp or Walter von Schönkopf (July 28, 764 - June 1, 801, Shiva Starzone †) - Michio Hazama, Shinichiro Miki (2018 anime) (Japanese), Christopher R. Sabat (2018 anime) (English)
13th Commander of the Rosenritter Regiment, a feared ground assault unit within the Free Planets Alliance Infantry Forces. Originally, he came from the Galactic Reich, but defected to the Free Planets Alliance at a young age. He is one of the more outspoken members of the Yang Fleet, especially when it comes to Yang taking over the government.
Colonel Kasper Lintz - Jūrōta Kosugi, Kenji Hamada (2018 anime), Michael A. Zekas (2018 anime) (English)
14th Commander of the Rosenritter Regiment
Lieutenant Colonel Rainer Blumhardt - Keiichi Nanba, Tsuguo Nogami (2018 anime), Marcus D. Stimac (2018 anime) (English)
Lieutenant Karl von der Decken
Cabinet ministers[edit]
Job Trünicht - Unshō Ishizuka, Kazuhiro Anzai (2018 anime) (Japanese), Dave Trosko (2018 anime) (English)
Joan Lebello - Iemasa Kayumi, Daisuke Egawa (2018 anime) (Japanese), Michael Johnson (2018 anime) (English)
Huang Louis - Kaneta Kimotsuki, Hidenari Ugaki (2018 anime) (Japanese), Francis Henry (2018 anime) (English)
Negroponty - Takanobu Hozumi, Taketora (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese)
Walter Islands - Yasurō Tanaka, Tomoyuki Shimura (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese)
Cornelia Windsor - Minori Matsushima, Kumiko Takizawa (2018 anime) (Japanese), Casey Casper (2018 anime) (English)
Lisa Wamban - Nataka Meza[citation needed]
Other admirals/soldiers[edit]
Sidney Sithole - Kenji Utsumi, Masaki Aizawa (2018 anime) (Japanese), Ray Hurd (2018 anime) (English)
Lazar Lobos - Tamio Ōki, Eiji Hanawa (2018 anime) (Japanese), John Baker (2018 anime) (English)
Dwight Greenhill - Issei Masamune, Mitsuaki Hoshino (2018 anime) (Japanese), Sonny Strait (2018 anime) (English)
Alexander Bucock - Kōsei Tomita, Bon Ishihara (2018 anime) (Japanese), Kent Williams (2018 anime) (English)
Trung Yu-Chang - Akio Ōtsuka
Paeta - Kan Tokumaru, Shinya Fukumatsu (2018 anime) (Japanese), Chris Rager (2018 anime) (English)
Hawood - Shinji Ogawa, Hayato Fujii (2018 anime) (Japanese), Paul Slavens (2018 anime) (English)
Vice-Admiral and commander of the 7th Fleet of the Alliance.
Appleton - Takkō Ishimori, Katsuhisa Hōki (2018 anime) (Japanese), Jeremy Schwartz (2018 anime) (English)
Vice-Admiral and commander of the 8th Fleet of the Alliance.
al-Salem - Yonehiko Kitagawa, Keiko Sakai (2018 anime) (Japanese), Brad Hawkins (2018 anime) (English)
Vice-Admiral and commander of the 9th Fleet of the Alliance.
Uranff - Ryūsuke Ōbayashi, Toshiharu Sakurai (2018 anime) (Japanese), Philip Weber (2018 anime) (English)
Vice-Admiral and commander of the 10th Fleet of the Alliance.
Borodin - Masaru Ikeda, Masafumi Kimura (2018 anime) (Japanese), John Burgmeier (2018 anime) (English)
Vice-Admiral and commander of the 12th Fleet of the Alliance.
Evans - Michihiro Ikemizu
Andrew Fork- Tōru Furuya, Hiroshi Kamiya (2018 anime) (Japanese), Justin Briner (2018 anime) (English)
Arthur Lynch - Masashi Hirose, Issei Futamata (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese), Jay Hickman (2019 film trilogy) (English)
Valerie Lynn Fitzsimmons - Mika Doi
Franz Valleymont - Shigeru Nakahara
Mafia of 730 (Second Battle of Tiamat)[edit]
Bruce Ashbey (710 - December 11, 745, Tiamat Starzone †) - Morio Kazama
Frederick Jasper ("March" Jasper, 710 - 771)[1] - Keiji Fujiwara
Wallice Warwick ("Baron" Warwick, 710 - 766)[2] - Rikiya Koyama
John Drinker Cope (710 - 751, Palantia Starzone †)[3] - Masato Sako
Vittorio di Bertini (710 - December 11, 745, Tiamat Starzone †)[4] - Kenji Nomura
Fang Tchewling (710 - 773)[5] - Takayuki Sugō
Alfred Rosas (710 - 788)[6] - Tetsurō Sagawa (old), Toshihiro Inoue (young)
Battle of Dagon[edit]
Lin Pao
Yūsuf Topparol or Yusuf Tpalour (Turkish: Yusuf Topaloğlu)
Naismith Ward
Olewinsky
András
Mungai
Hugh Erstedt
Ortrich
Birolinen
Historians[edit]
E. J. Mackenzie - Shigeru Chiba
Phezzan[edit]
Adrian Rubinsky - Kiyoshi Kobayashi, Hideaki Tezuka (2018 anime) (Japanese), Jason Douglas (2018 anime) (English)
Dominique Saint-Pierre - Fumi Hirano, Mie Sonozaki (2018 anime) (Japanese), Janelle Lutz (2018 anime) (English)
Rupert Kesselring - Hirotaka Suzuoki
Nikolas Boltik – Tatsuyuki Jinnai, Masato Obara (2018 anime) (Japanese), Randy Pearlman (2018 anime) (English)
Boris Konev - Yoshito Yasuhara, Masami Kikuchi (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese), Sam Black (2019 film trilogy) (English)
Marinesk - Kenichi Ogata, Kenichi Mochizuki (2019 film trilogy), Kenny James (2019 film trilogy) (English)
Terraism[edit]
The Terraist Church is a secret society which emphasized that humans should all return to their home planet of Earth and re-establish its fame as the capital of the universe. While their capital and holiest temple is on Earth beneath the rubble of Mount Kangchenjunga, they have many churches around the galaxy from the Free Planets Alliance capital of Heinessen to the former Imperial capital of Odin, and a very strong presence in the new capital of Phezzan. In particular, they held great influence over the former Phezzani government before its overthrow and re-annexation by the Empire. The terms "terraism" and "terraist" are also a pun on "terrorism" and "terrorist".

Grand Bishop - Teiji Ōmiya (1st - 3rd season), Dai Sasahara (4th season), Ikkyuu Juku (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese), Brendan Blaber (2019 film trilogy) (English)
De Villiers - Banjō Ginga, Hideyuki Hori (2019 film trilogy) (Japanese)

Genocide

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Bosnian genocide (1995) Yazidi genocide (2014–2019) Uyghur genocide (2014–) Rohingya genocide (2017–)
Related topics
Democide Ethnic cleansing Ethnocide Forced assimilation Mass killings under communist regimes Holodomor genocide question Anti-communist mass killings Atrocities in the Congo Free State
Category


List of cultural genocides[edit]
The term has been used to describe the destruction of cultural heritage in connection with various events:

In reference to the Axis powers (primarily, Nazi Germany)'s policies towards some nations during World War II (ex. the destruction of Polish culture).[13]
The persecution of Baháʼís in Iran as a case of religious persecution has been called a cultural genocide.[14][15][16]
In the Bosnian War during the Siege of Sarajevo, cultural genocide was committed by Bosnian Serb forces. The National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina was specifically targeted and besieged by cannons positioned all around the city. The National Library was completely destroyed in the fire, along with 80 percent of its contents. Some 3 million books were destroyed, along with hundreds of original documents from the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian monarchy.[17]
The Stolen Generations in Australia where half-caste children were removed and bred with white people in order to destroy their race.[citation needed]
2004 unrest in Kosovo.[18] In an urgent appeal,[19] issued on 18 March by the extraordinary session of the Expanded Convocation of the Holy Synod of Serbian Orthodox Church (SPC), it was reported that a number of Serbian churches and shrines in Kosovo had been damaged or destroyed by rioters. At least 30 sites were completely destroyed, more or less destroyed, or further destroyed (sites that had been previously damaged).[20]
Francoist Spain: the alleged prohibition of the use of minority languages such as Catalan in the public space, from schools to shops, public transport, or even in the streets, the banning of the use of Catalan birth names for children, the persecution and destruction of books in Catalan language,[citation needed] renaming of cities, streets and all toponyms from Catalan to Spanish, and the abolition of government and all cultural institutions in Catalonia, with the goal of total cultural suppression and assimilation.[21]
John D. Hargreaves writes that "A policy of cultural genocide was implemented: the Catalan language and key symbols of Catalan independent identity and nationhood, such as the flag (the senyera), the national hymn ('Els Segadors') and the national dance (the sardana), were proscribed. Any sign of independence or opposition, in fact, was brutally suppressed. Catalan identity and consequently the Catalan nation were threatened with extinction."[22]
However, these allegations can be contested: Josep Pla and other Catalan authors published books in Catalan in the 1950s, and even there were prizes of Catalan Literature during Francoism like the Premi Sant Jordi de novel·la. Other prominent case of popularization of Catalan was Joan Manuel Serrat: he could compose Catalan songs and gained certain notoriety. So there were no official repression on using the Catalan but a political one.[23]
In reference to the newly-unified Vietnam after the end of the Vietnam War (particularly its policies towards South Vietnam).[citation needed]
In reference to the Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia (particularly the Khmer Rouge's policies towards both the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Khmer Republic).[citation needed]
The destruction by Azerbaijan of thousands of medieval Armenian gravestones at a cemetery in Julfa, and Azerbaijan's subsequent denial that the site had ever existed, has been cited as an example of cultural genocide.[24][25]
Branch of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the German occupation of Poland and the Japanese occupation of Korea have also been cited as cases of cultural genocide.[26]
In 1989, Robert Badinter, a French criminal lawyer known for his stance against the death penalty, used the term "cultural genocide" on a television show to describe what he said was the disappearance of Tibetan culture in the presence of the 14th Dalai Lama.[27] The Dalai Lama would later use the term in 1993[28] and he would use it again in 2008.[29]
Historian Jean Brownfield cited the 1638 Treaty of Hartford as a "clear and explicit historical example of a cultural genocide, in which the Pequot language and name were outlawed and there was a clearly stated intention that this cultural entity would simply cease to exist."[30]
Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey.[citation needed]
The persecution of Native Hawaiian culture in annexed Hawaii.[citation needed]
The persecution of Native Taiwanese culture under the martial law.[citation needed]
ISIL forced conversions in its territory and destroyed ancient Assyrian, Roman, Yazidi and Christian heritage sites and museums.[31]
Indigenous peoples in Canada.
In 2007, a Canadian Member of Parliament criticized the Ministry of Indian Affairs' destruction of documents that were evidence to the "cultural genocide" imposed on Indigenous peoples within Canada.[32]
The Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada concluded that the Canadian Indian residential school system "can best be described as 'cultural genocide.'"[33]
In 2015, Chief Justice Beverly McLachlin, of the Supreme Court of Canada, stated in a speech to the Global Centre for Pluralism that Canada's historical treatment of Indigenous peoples was an attempt at cultural genocide, and "the worst stain on Canada's human-rights record."[34]
Hmong persecution in Laos.[citation needed]
Ireland has been described as enduring cultural genocide under British rule, which aimed to eradicate the Irish language, Irish culture, and the Catholic faith.[35][36][37] Ireland's cultural genocide is discussed in the Dictionary of Genocide (2007), as well as by Christopher Murray (1997) in reference to the suppression of the Irish language;[38] Hilary M. Carey (1997) in reference to the transportation of Irish convicts to Australia;[39] and by Tomás Mac Síomóin (2018).[40]
The Uyghur genocide in China. Reportedly, some one million members of China's Muslim Uyghur minority have been detained in mass detention camps, termed "reeducation camps," which are aimed at changing the political thinking of detainees, their identities, and their religious beliefs.[41] Satellite evidence suggests that China has also razed more than two dozen Uyghur Muslim religious sites to the ground.[42]
See also[edit]
icon Genocide portal
Cultural conflict
Cultural imperialism
Culture war
Ethnic cleansing
Ethnocide
Forced assimilation
Institutional racism
Linguistic discrimination (includes Linguicide)
Language death
Policide
Religious cleansing
Stolen Generations
List of destroyed heritage
Uyghur genocide


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Genocides
(list by death toll)
Dzungar Mongols (1750s) Circassians (1860s) Selk'nam (1890s–1900s) Herero and Namaqua (1904–1907) Greek (1914–1923) Assyrian (1914–1925) Armenian (1915–1923) Holodomor (1932–1933) Chechens and Ingush (1944) The Holocaust (1941–1945) Porajmos (1941–1944) Serbs in Croatia (1941–1945) Bangladesh (1971) East Timor (1974–1999) Cambodia (1975–1979) Guatemala (1981–1983) Isaaq (1982–1989) Anfal (1986–1989) Burundian (1972, 1993) Rwanda (1994) Bosnia (1992–1995) Darfur (2003–) Uyghur (2014-) Yazidis (2014) Rohingya (2017–)
Terms
Democide Autogenocide Politicide Classicide Eliticide Ethnocide Cultural genocide Eugenics Gendercide Genocidal massacre Genocide of indigenous peoples Policide Utilitarian genocide
Methods
Genocidal rape Extermination camp Killing Fields Death marches Death squads Incitement
Genocide denial
The Holocaust trivialization Armenian Serbian Bosnian Rwandan Holodomor Cambodian
Issues
Definitions Genocide law Prevention Effects on young survivors Genocide recognition politics Genocide justification
Legal proceedings
Nuremberg trials subsequent Nuremberg trials International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Radovan Karadžić Ratko Mladić Slobodan Milošević International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Khmer Rouge Tribunal

Stuttering

日本の現状[edit source]
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吃音は日本国内において、ICD-10やDSMに準じた厚生労働省の「疾病、傷害及び死因分類」[61] が採用されており、基本的に、医療機関で受診可能な健康保険適用の吃音症という疾病に分類されている。
日本における吃音治療の最大の問題は、長い間、医療と手が切られてきたことである。ゆえに、吃音の医学的治療や研究はなかなか進んでいない。
2005年より日本国は吃音が発達障害者支援法に含まれるという立場を表明している。日本国内でも2014年7月3日現在、国立障害者リハビリテーションセンターの発達障害情報・支援センターが、吃音症を「発達障害者支援法に定義されている障害」としてホームページに掲載し、「話し方の障害」「なめらかに話すことが年齢や言語能力に比して不相応に困難な状態」と定義した[62]。
2014年7月3日の情報公開の後、相次いで国や地方公共団体等は吃音が発達障害者支援法に含まれると周知を開始した。2014年9月号の厚生労働省広報誌においても「発達障害には吃音も含む」という趣旨の記載がある[63]。内閣府政府広報オンラインに書かれている『発達障害って、なんだろう？』にも吃音症が発達障害者に含まれると明記された[64]。東京都福祉保健局が発行した「発達障害者支援ハンドブック2015」にも吃音が発達障害であると明記された[65]。
以上のように日本政府も2014年7月3日の国立障害者リハビリテーションセンター内部組織である発達障害情報・支援センターが吃音を発達障害と発表して以降、吃音が発達障害であると、さらに強く広く周知を行うようになった。一般的に周知されている発達障害者（自閉症、高機能自閉症、アスペルガー症候群、広汎性発達障害、ADHD、学習障害、運動チック、音声チック、トゥレット症候群、協調運動障害）と同様に吃音児者も公的な福祉サービスや支援、精神障害者保健福祉手帳を申請すれば利用することができる。学校や職場で合理的配慮を受けることができ、社会人であれば障害者雇用枠を利用することもできる。吃音当事者はそういった選択肢があるということを覚えておく必要がある。日本国内企業の人事労務・採用担当部門も吃音が発達障害であることを覚えておく必要がある[66][67][68]。
医療機関を受診している患者数[edit source]
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厚生労働の2005年の患者調査「3閲覧第 36表 推計患者数・再来患者の平均診療間隔、入院-外来（初診-再来）×傷病基本分類別」などによると、吃音症で医療機関を受診した推計患者数は、100人/1日、総患者数は、1,000人/1年である[69]。平均診療間隔は15.6日。推計患者数は調査日の1日に医療機関を受診した人の数の総和であり、総患者数は、推計患者数などを基にした計算式で出したものである。なお、総患者数は延べ人数ではなく、重複患者は含まれていない、というのが厚労省の説明である。
健康保険適用と診療報酬[edit source]
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この節は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。
出典検索?: "吃音症" – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL（2016年2月）
日本では、吃音症は、標準病名マスター作業班[70] や診療報酬情報提供サービス[71] では健康保険適用の疾病とされており、医療機関は、脳血管疾患等リハビリテーション料を請求する仕組みになっている。これは2006年の診療報酬改定の際に、厚労省と言語聴覚士協会が正式合意したものである。
因みに日本音声言語医学会は吃音は広義の意味で構音障害の一つと考えており、保険治療の対象になるという立場である。しかし、患者が受診できる医療機関や治療及び、医師が診療報酬を受け取れる医療や仕組みが限られてしまっている。日本においては吃音症はSTの置かれた耳鼻咽喉科やリハビリテーション科、一部小児科や神経内科、小児神経内科などを除いては、医療体系に充分に含まれていないからである。耳鼻咽喉科などでは吃音症に加え、音声言語障害（言語障害、音声障害、言語機能の障害、言語発達障害などでも可）の診断名を付し、STによる訓練を受けた場合、問題なく健康保険適用される。吃音のみの診断名では自治体の審査支払機関に不適切とみなされ、健康保険適用外としてレセプトが返戻されてしまう場合があるが、審査支払機関によっては可能な場合もある。健康保険適用と認めるか否かは、自治体の診療報酬審査委員会の審査官個人の判断に委ねられ、その基準には幅がある。
精神科、神経科、心療内科などでは、通院・在宅精神療法[72] の適応疾病や薬剤処方の適応書に吃音症は含まれていない。したがって、かかる治療を受けるのなら健康保険を使って受診できない。しかし、通院・在宅精神療法を点数として取らず、薬剤処方もしなければ吃音症のみで受診することは可能であり、初診料と再診料のみの診療報酬を請求することになる（精神科は検査などを多くしないので、診療報酬が低く、初診料・再診料以外に通院・在宅精神療法などが加算される仕組みになっている）。その場合、審査支払い機関への病態の保証・説得が大事になり、治療法としては、認知行動療法、精神力動的治療（精神分析など）、交流分析、カウンセリング、ロールプレイ、ゲシュタルト療法、家族療法などが挙げられるが、医師の判断や医療機関の治療資源、得意分野などによって違ってくる。医療機関によっては、受診拒否されることがあるが、その医療機関や医師に吃音症の知識や治療資源がなかった場合は、医師法19条が禁止する診療拒否には当たらない。
歴史[edit source]
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この節の加筆が望まれています。
明治初期の日本において吃音は不治の疾患であるとされていたが、1903年に伊沢修二が吃音矯正機関として「楽石社」を設立したことにより、治療もしくは矯正が可能であると信じられるようになり、明治・大正時代には民間矯正所を中心に吃音矯正が展開された[73]。伊沢は米国留学中に視話法をグラハム・ベルから学び、それを応用した[73]。楽石社には大町桂月や石井漠なども吃音矯正に通った[74]。1907年には楽石学院が設立され、30年間に2万人以上の吃音者が矯正を受けた[75]。戦前はドイツ医学が主流で耳鼻咽喉科学の視点から吃音研究がなされたが、戦後は米国の言語病理学が導入され、1956年には吃音を研究対象とする日本音声言語医学会が設立された[73]。1997（平成 9）年には吃音の治療や支援を行う専門職のために言語聴覚士法が成立した[73]。
2013年には米国精神医学会のDSMシリーズが第五版に改訂された。（精神障害の診断と統計マニュアル）DSM-5において、吃音は「神経発達症群/神経発達障害群 (Neurodevelopmental Disorder)」という一般に知られる発達障害者（自閉症、高機能自閉症、アスペルガー症候群、広汎性発達障害、ADHD、学習障害、運動チック、音声チック、トゥレット症候群、協調運動障害）と同様の枠に分類された。「Childhood‒Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering) 小児期発症流暢症/小児期発症流暢障害（吃音）」という名称である。「症」なのか？「障害」なのか？については日本精神神経学会によると保護者養育者・子どもを慮っての和訳である[76]。
2018年に改訂予定のICD-11においても吃音が「神経発達症群/神経発達障害群 (Neurodevelopmental Disorder)」という一般に知られる発達障害者と同様の枠に分類される予定である。ICD-11では「Developmental speech fluency disorder」と表記されている[77]。
吃音症を取り扱った作品[edit source]
きよしこ - 重松清の連作短編集。自身をモデルにした吃音の少年を描いている。
英国王のスピーチ - イギリス映画。
日本人のへそ - 井上ひさしの戯曲。吃音の治療劇という設定で物語が進行する。
小島信夫『吃音学院』
諏訪哲史『アサッテの人』 - 作家本人が吃音者。
三島由紀夫『金閣寺』
『授業中』『浪曲社長』『月給日』 - 三遊亭圓歌の代表的な演目で、吃音の人物が登場する。圓歌自身が吃音者。
僕は上手にしゃべれない - 椎野直弥の小説。
押見修造『志乃ちゃんは自分の名前が言えない』 - 主人公が吃音症（作中での明言はなし）。作者の経験が元になっている。
スキャットマン・ジョン「スキャットマン」 - 「吃音に悩む子供たちが逆境を乗り越えられる様に」というコンセプトで作られた曲。ジョン自身が吃音者で特徴的なスキャットは吃音を昇華させたものである。他にも吃音をテーマにした曲は多い。
脚注[edit source]
[脚注の使い方]
注釈[edit source]
^ 女性に吃音が少ない理由：赤ん坊は最初、全員が腹式で呼吸しているが、幼児期から学童期に胸式呼吸に変わる。この際、女児は身体的発達が早いのと、将来の妊娠出産のために腹筋の発達が抑えられるという理由により、男児より早く腹式呼吸から胸式呼吸に移行するためと考えられている 吃音Q&A（吃音改善研究会）
^
用語解説
DAF（遅延聴覚フィードバック）装置。AAF（Altered Auditory Feedback：聴覚変換フィードバックの略）ともいう。
FAF（周波数遷移フィードバック）装置。ASF（Altered Speech Feedback：話声変換フィードバックの略）ともいう。
DSA（Digital Stuttering-suppress Aid：吃音抑制訓練器）装置、などがある。
出典[edit source]
^ a b c “Stammering”. 国民保健サービス. 2016年2月20日閲覧。
^ ICD-10 - F98.5 Stuttering [stammering], WHO
^ 坂田善政、氏平明、餅田亜希子 ほか、日本語における吃的非流暢性の特徴 : 幼児の発話サンプルによる検討(<特集>言語障害(吃音と構音障害)の様相と分析) 音声研究 2013年 17巻 2号 p.72-82, doi:10.24467/onseikenkyu.17.2_72
^ a b 苅安誠、外山稔、松平登志正、コミュニケーション障害の疫学 : 音声言語・聴覚障害の有病率と障害児者数の推定 京都学園大学健康医療学部紀要 2016年 1号 p.1-12, doi:10.20558/00001201
^ a b 森浩一、「吃音の検査」 『耳鼻咽喉科・頭頸部外科』 89巻5号 （2017年4月）p.404-410 ,doi:10.11477/mf.1411201298 （有料閲覧）
^ a b c d e f g “日本吃音臨床研究会:どもり:悩み:改善｜知っておきたい吃音知識_001_01” (日本語). 日本吃音臨床研究会. 日本吃音臨床研究会. 2020年2月5日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2020年2月5日閲覧。
^ Van Riper, 1971; Conture, 1990
^ 菊池良和『吃音の世界』光文社、2019年1月30日、63-75頁。ISBN 9784334043926。
^ 菊池良和『吃音の世界』光文社、2019年1月30日、75頁。ISBN 9784334043926。
^ 「吃音の病態解明と医学的評価及び検査法の確立のための研究」（平成14年度）主任研究者 森浩一（国立身体障害者リハビリテーションセンター研究所）
^ NPO法人吃音協会の2002年日本音声言語医学会への発表論文より
^ 「Rosanowski（1998年）やCurio（2000年）らによる左脳の機能異常に言及した研究」、「吃音の病態解明と検査法の確立及び受療機会に関する研究」（2003年、国立身体障害者リハビリテーションセンター研究所）、「吃音の病態解明と医学的評価及び検査法の確立のための研究」（2002年）、「照光真 新潟大学統合脳機能研究センター准教授の新潟市中央区万代市民会館での講演」（2007年12月2日）
^ “Genes behind stammering uncovered” (英語). BBC. 2018年7月14日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2020年4月23日閲覧。
^ a b 菊池良和『吃音の世界』光文社、2019年1月30日、78頁。ISBN 9784334043926。
^ a b c 菊池良和、梅﨑俊郎、安達一雄ほか、【原著】思春期以降の吃音症と発声障害の問診上の鑑別 『音声言語医学』 2014年 55巻 4号 p.333-337, doi:10.5112/jjlp.55.333
^ a b 菊池良和、「吃音・言語障害」 『耳鼻咽喉科・頭頸部外科』 2017年2月 89巻 2号 p.120-124, doi:10.11477/mf.1411201169 （有料閲覧）
^ Boulet SL, Boyle CA, Schieve LA (2009). “Health care use and health and functional impact of developmental disabilities among US children, 1997-2005”. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 163 (1): 19-26. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2008.506. PMID 19124699.
^ 富里周太、大石直樹、浅野和海 ほか、【原著】吃音に併存する発達障害・精神神経疾患に関する検討 『音声言語医学』 2016年 57巻 1号 p.7-11, doi:10.5112/jjlp.57.7
^ 見上昌睦、重度吃音学童に対する直接的言語指導に焦点を当てた治療 『音声言語医学』 2005年 46巻 1号 p.21-28, doi:10.5112/jjlp.46.21
^ 日本耳鼻咽喉科医会情報 耳鼻咽喉科・頭頚部外科標準病名集>言語の障害>吃音症
^ a b c d “NICDCD - Stuttering”. アメリカ国立衛生研究所. 2016年3月1日閲覧。
^ a b 見上昌睦 (2007)「吃音の進展した幼児に対する直接的言語指導に焦点を当てた治療」 『音声言語医学』 2007年 48巻 1号 p.1-8, doi:10.5112/jjlp.48.1
^ 谷合信一、前新直志、田中伸明 ほか、(2015)「 高齢で発症した心因性吃音症例の経過」『音声言語医学』 2015年 56巻 2号 p.192-198., doi:10.5112/jjlp.56.192
^ 菊池良和（監修） (2015). 吃音のことがよくわかる本 講談社, 40-41・92-93頁.
^ 見上昌睦 (2005)、「重度吃音学童に対する直接的言語指導に焦点を当てた治療」『音声言語医学』 2005年 46巻 1号 p.21-28, doi:10.5112/jjlp.46.21
^ 菊池良和（監修） (2015). 吃音のことがよくわかる本 講談社, 41-43・48-49・52-53., ISBN 978-4-06-259798-2
^ a b 菊池良和（監修） (2015). 吃音のことがよくわかる本 講談社, 58-67・76-77・80-81頁.
^ 菊池良和 (2012). エビデンスに基づいた吃音支援入門. 学苑社
^ "ANDREW POLLACKSEPT" (2006年12月12日). “"To Fight Stuttering, Doctors Look at the Brain"”. ニューヨーク・タイムズ 2018年3月3日閲覧。
^ [1][リンク切れ]
^ 高橋進、東谷明子、吃音症(どもり)へのSSRIの効果について(一般演題,第46回日本心身医学会近畿地方会演題抄録) 『心身医学』 2010年 50巻 5号 p.412-413, doi:10.15064/jjpm.50.5_412_4
^ a b “Electronic Devices, Software and Apps” (英語). Stuttering Foundation: A Nonprofit Organization Helping Those Who Stutter. 2019年11月21日閲覧。
^ Kalinowski, J.; Armson, J.; Roland-Mieszkowski, M.; Stuart, A.; Gracco, V. L. (1993). “Effects of alterations in auditory feedback and speech rate on stuttering frequency”. Language and Speech 36 ( Pt 1): 1-16. doi:10.1177/002383099303600101. ISSN 0023-8309. PMID 8345771.
^ Jacks, Adam; Haley, Katarina L. (2015). “Auditory Masking Effects on Speech Fluency in Apraxia of Speech and Aphasia: Comparison to Altered Auditory Feedback”. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : JSLHR 58 (6): 1670-1686. doi:10.1044/2015_JSLHR-S-14-0277. ISSN 1092-4388. PMC: 4987030. PMID 26363508.
^ Burke, Bryan D. (1969-09-01). “Reduced auditory feedback and stuttering”. Behaviour Research and Therapy 7 (3): 303-308. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(69)90011-4. ISSN 0005-7967.
^ Bothe Anne K.; Finn Patrick; Bramlett Robin E. (2007-02-01). “Pseudoscience and the SpeechEasy: Reply to Kalinowski, Saltuklaroglu, Stuart, and Guntupalli (2007)”. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 16 (1): 77-83. doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2007/010).
^ Picoloto, Luana Altran; Cardoso, Ana Cláudia Vieira; Cerqueira, Amanda Venuti; Oliveira, Cristiane Moço Canhetti de (2017-12-07). “Effect of delayed auditory feedback on stuttering with and without central auditory processing disorders”. CoDAS 29 (6): e20170038. doi:10.1590/2317-1782/201720170038. ISSN 2317-1782. PMID 29236907.
^ Kalinowski, Joseph; Armson, Joy; Stuart, Andrew; Gracco, Vincent L. (1993). “Effects of Alterations in Auditory Feedback and Speech Rate on Stuttering Frequency” (英語). Language and Speech 36 (1): 1-16. doi:10.1177/002383099303600101. ISSN 0023-8309.
^ Zimmerman Stephen; Kalinowski Joseph; Stuart Andrew; Rastatter Michael (1997-10-01). “Effect of Altered Auditory Feedback on People Who Stutter During Scripted Telephone Conversations”. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 40 (5): 1130-1134. doi:10.1044/jslhr.4005.1130.
^ Howell, Peter; Davis, Stephen; Bartrip, Jon; Wormald, Laura (2004-09-01). “Effectiveness of frequency shifted feedback at reducing disfluency for linguistically easy, and difficult, sections of speech (original audio recordings included)”. Stammering research : an on-line journal published by the British Stammering Association 1 (3): 309-315. ISSN 1742-5867. PMC: 2312336. PMID 18418474.
^ Brady, John Paul (1969-05-01). “Studies on the metronome effect on stuttering”. Behaviour Research and Therapy 7 (2): 197-204. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(69)90033-3. ISSN 0005-7967.
^ Hudock, Daniel; Dayalu, Vikram N.; Saltuklaroglu, Tim; Stuart, Andrew; Zhang, Jianliang; Kalinowski, Joseph (2011). “Stuttering inhibition via visual feedback at normal and fast speech rates”. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 46 (2): 169-178. doi:10.3109/13682822.2010.490574. ISSN 1460-6984. PMID 21401815.
^ Chesters, Jennifer; Baghai-Ravary, Ladan; Möttönen, Riikka (2015). “The effects of delayed auditory and visual feedback on speech production”. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 137 (2): 873-883. doi:10.1121/1.4906266. ISSN 0001-4966. PMC: 4477042. PMID 25698020.
^ a b c d e f 菊池良和、梅﨑俊郎、澤津橋基広 ほか、【原著】吃音症における社交不安障害の重症度尺度（LSAS-J）の検討 『耳鼻と臨床』 2017年 63巻 2号 p.41-46, doi:10.11334/jibi.63.2_41
^ Månsson H : Childhood stuttering - Incidence and development - . J Fluency Disord 25 : 47-57, 2000., doi:10.1016/S0094-730X(99)00023-6
^ Reilly S et al : Natural history of stuttering to 4 years of age - A prospective community-based study - . Pediatrics 132 : 460-467, 2013., doi:10.1542/peds.2012-3067
^ Yairi E and Ambrose NG : Early childhood stuttering I - Persistency and recovery rates - . J Speech Lang Hear Res 42 : 1097-1112, 1999., PMID 10515508
^ 菊池良和：[特集 小児の言語障害] 吃音症. JOHNS 31:1583-1588, 2015.
^ Mansson, H. (2000). “Childhood stuttering: Incidence and development”. Journal of Fluency Disorders 25 (1): 47-57. doi:10.1016/S0094-730X(99)00023-6.
^ a b Craig, A.; Tran, Y. (2005). “The epidemiology of stuttering: The need for reliable estimates of prevalence and anxiety levels over the lifespan”. Advances in Speech-Language Pathology 7 (1): 41-46. doi:10.1080/14417040500055060.
^ a b Yairi, E; Ambrose, N; Cox, N (1996). “Genetics of stuttering: a critical review”. Journal of Speech Language Hearing Research 39: 771-784. doi:10.1044/jshr.3904.771.
^ a b Kloth, S; Janssen, P; Kraaimaat, F; Brutten, G (1995). “Speech-motor and linguistic skills of young people who stutter prior to onset”. Journal of Fluency Disorders 20 (2): 157-70. doi:10.1016/0094-730X(94)00022-L.
^ “Brain Development in Children Who Stutter | Stuttering Foundation: A Nonprofit Organization Helping Those Who Stutter”. Stutteringhelp.org (1955年12月4日). 2014年5月12日閲覧。
^ Proctor, A.; Duff, M.; Yairi, E. (2002). “Early childhood stuttering: African Americans and European Americans”. ASHA Leader 4 (15): 102.
^ a b Yairi, E.; Ambrose, N. (2005). “Early childhood stuttering”. Pro-Ed (Austin, Texas).
^ Guitar 2005, p. 22.
^ Ward 2006, p. 16.
^ Yairi, E.; Ambrose, N. G. (1999). “Early childhood stuttering I: persistency and recovery rates”. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 42 (5): 1097-112. doi:10.1044/jslhr.4205.1097. PMID 10515508.
^ Craig, A.; Hancock, K.; Tran, Y.; Craig, M.; Peters, K. (2002). “Epidemiology of stuttering in the community across the entire life span”. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 45 (6): 1097-105. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2002/088). PMID 12546480.
^ 吃音(きつおん)は身体障害？精神障害？ －－厚労省の専門官が回答 小口貴宏, HuffPost News
^ 「疾病、傷害及び死因分類」ICD-10 > F98.5 吃音症、DSM-4 > 307.0 吃音症 厚労省
^ 発達障害情報・支援センター「発達障害を理解する ＞ 各障害の定義」国立障害者リハビリテーションセンター、2014年7月3日閲覧
^ 成人吃音者(きつおん・どもり)のブログ「厚生労働省の広報誌「厚生労働」2014年9月号に「吃音が発達障害であること」が具体的に明記されました」2015年12月10日閲覧
^ 内閣府政府広報オンライン「内閣府政府広報オンライン『発達障害って、なんだろう？』発達障害を理解する」2015年12月10日閲覧
^ 東京都福祉保健局 「発達障害者支援ハンドブック2015」2015年12月10日閲覧
^ 厚生労働省 みんなのメンタルヘルス総合サイト「治療や生活に役立つ情報 ＞ 経済的な支援 ＞ 精神障害者保健福祉手帳」2015年12月10日閲覧
^ 国立障害者リハビリテーションセンター内部組織、発達障害情報・支援センターによる発達障害の定義「発達障害を理解する ＞ 各障害の定義」2015年12月10日閲覧
^ 国立障害者リハビリテーションセンター内部組織、発達障害情報・支援センター「発達障害者を支える、さまざまな制度・施策」2015年12月10日閲覧
^ 厚労省HP→サイトマップ→「統計調査結果」→「厚生労働省統計表データベース」→統計表データベースの検索機能選択の「厚生労働省統計表データベースシステム」→統計表検索→分野区分名「保健衛生」、調査名「患者調査」、年次「平成17年」、キーワード「吃音症」で検索。次の3つがヒット。
H17年「3閲覧第 36表 推計患者数・再来患者の平均診療間隔、入院-外来（初診-再来）×傷病基本分類別」
H17年「3閲覧第 65表 推計退院患者数、在院期間×傷病基本分類別」（入院患者は四捨五入されている）
H17年「3閲覧第 94表 総患者数、傷病基本分類別」（H17年版が最新）
^ 標準病名マスター作業班>吃音症
^ 厚生労働省保険局 診療報酬情報提供サービス>マスター検索>傷病名>吃音症
^ 2008年度から通院精神療法が通院・在宅精神療法に変更された
^ a b c d 日本における吃音観の歴史と伊沢修二―不治の疾患から悪癖へ 橋本雄太、Core Ethics Vol. 15（2019）
^ 石井 漠 （いしいばく） 秋田県立秋田高等学校同窓会、2014年05月30日
^ 事業の拠点・楽石社の設立 吃音矯正事業（その2） 公益社団法人 上伊那教育会
^ 公益社団法人 日本精神神経学会 ＞ 精神神経学雑誌 第116巻 第6号（2014年） 429‒457頁 資料「DSM‒5 病名・用語翻訳ガイドライン（初版）」2015年12月10日閲覧
^ ICD-11 Beta Draft (Foundation) ＞ Neurodevelopmental disorders 「Developmental speech fluency disorder」2015年12月10日閲覧
文献・図書[edit source]
Guitar, Barry (2005). Stuttering: An Integrated Approach to Its Nature and Treatment. San Diego: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-3920-9.
Ward, David (2006). Stuttering and Cluttering: Frameworks for understanding treatment. Hove and New York City: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84169-334-7.
「吃音の基礎と臨床」（学苑社 バリー・ギター著 長澤泰子 監訳 2007年10月刊）
国内外の「吃音研究の動向」（2002年〜2003年）小林宏明 金沢大学教育学部
「研究業績」（1998年 - 2007年、非吃音含）渡辺義和 南山大学准教授 教育・研究支援事務室
厚生労働科学研究成果データベース を「吃音」で検索。4テーマの以下の研究論文閲覧可。
「吃音の病態解明と医学的評価及び検査法の確立のための研究」平成14年度 主任研究者 森浩一（国立身体障害者リハビリテーションセンター研究所）
「吃音の病態解明と検査法の確立及び受療機会に関する研究」平成15年度主任研究者 森浩一（国立身体障害者リハビリテーションセンター）
「福祉用具の心理的効果測定手法の開発」平成16,17年度 主任研究者 井上剛伸（国立身体障害者リハビリテーションセンター研究所）
「言語の認知・表出障害に対するリハビリテーションの体系化に関する研究」（平成10,11,12年度 主任研究者 児嶋久剛、京都大学大学院医学研究科）
「無侵襲脳局所酸素モニタによる聴覚障害の機能診断と治療への応用に関する研究」（平成10年度 主任研究者 森浩一、国立身体障害者リハビリテーションセンター研究所）
Boldrini,M., Rossi,M., Placidi,G.F. : Paroxetine efficacy in stuttering treatment. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 6(3) : 311-312, 2003.
Brewerton,T.D., Markowitz,J.S., Keller,S.G. : Stuttering with sertraline. J Clin Psychiatry 57(2) : 90-91, 1996.
Busan,P., Battaglini,P.P., Borelli,M. et al : Investigating the efficacy of paroxetine in developmental stuttering. Clin Neuropharmacol 32(4) : 183-188, 2009.
Christensen,R.C., Byerly,M.J., McElroy,R.A.: A case of sertraline-induced stuttering. J Clin Psychopharmacol 16(1) : 92-93, 1996.
Costa,D., Kroll,R. : Sertraline in stuttering. J Clin Psychopharmacol 15: 443-444, 1995.
Edgar,D., Alexander,G.W., Leveque,M.: Psychosurgery for stuttering, Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 11: 963-965, 2015.
Elliott,R.L., Thomas,B.J.: A case report of alprazolam-induced stuttering. Clin Psychopharmacol 5：159-160, 1985.
Kumar,A., Balan,S.: Fluoxetine for persistent developmental stuttering. Clin Neuropharmacol 30 : 58-59, 2007.
McCall,W.V.: Sertraline-induced stuttering. J Clin Psychiatry 55(7):316,1994.
Murray,M.G., Newman,R.M.: Paroxetine for treatment of obssesive-compulsive disorder and comorbid stuttering．Am J Psychiatry 7：1037, 1997.
Raza,M.H., Gertz,E.M., Mundorff,J. et al : Linkage analysis of a large African family segregating stuttering suggests polygenic inheritance. Hum Genet 132(4):385-396, 2013.
Sahin,H.A.,Krespi,Y.,Yilma,Z. et al: Stuttering due to ischemic stroke. Behav Neurol 16：37-39, 2005.
Sechi,G.,Cocco,G.A.,D'Onofrio,M. et al: Disfluent speech in patients with partial epilepsy: beneficial effect of levetiracetam. Epilepsy Behav 9(3):521-523, 2006.
関連項目[edit source]
言語障害
発達障害
自閉症
高機能自閉症
アスペルガー症候群
広汎性発達障害
注意欠陥・多動性障害
学習障害
音声チック
運動チック
トゥレット症候群
協調運動障害
場面緘黙症
不安障害
不随意運動
国際吃音理解啓発の日
ポーキー・ピッグ
スキャットマン・ジョン - 吃音症に悩まされたが、それを逆手に音楽として昇華し、大成功を収めたアーティスト
Category:吃音の人物
外部リンク[edit source]
国立障害者リハビリテーションセンター研究所
国立障害者リハビリテーションセンター ＞ 発達障害情報・支援センター
内閣府政府広報オンライン ＞ 発達障害ってなんだろう？
International Stuttering Association（国際吃音者連盟）
The Stuttering Homepage ミネソタ州立大学
International Fluency Association 国際流暢性学会
日本吃音・流暢性障害学会
NPO法人 全国言友会連絡協議会 Japan Stuttering Genyukai Association
吃音ポータルサイト 金沢大学人間社会研究域学校教育系 小林宏明
日本吃音臨床研究会
Stuttering - ウェイバックマシン（2012年10月12日アーカイブ分） （英語） Medpedia「吃音症」の項目。
菊池良和、歴史的事実を踏まえた吃音の正しい理解と支援 『小児耳鼻咽喉科』 2014年 35巻 3号 p.232-236, doi:10.11374/shonijibi.35.232
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List of people claimed to possess an eidetic memory

A number of people claim to have eidetic memory, but science has never found a single verifiable case of photographic memory.[1][2] Eidetic imagery is virtually nonexistent in adults.[3] Most people showing amazing memory abilities use mnemonic strategies, mostly the method of loci. This includes all winners of the annual World Memory Championships and most of the known scientific cases of excellent memories, like Solomon Shereshevsky. Regardless, the following list contains people who have claimed photographic memory.[4]

Charles Nalder Baeyertz, a publisher and music critic in New Zealand. His capacity to memorize a page at a glance enabled him to display an apparently inexhaustible supply of knowledge and to acquire several languages. He claimed to have learnt Maori by memorizing a dictionary. His favourite party trick was to read a newspaper column then recite it backward.[5]
Winnie Bamara, whose ability to paint scenes accurately and solely from memory attracted wide attention in the 1950s[6]
David Boies, an American litigator, is frequently described as having a photographic memory that enables him to recite exact text, page numbers, and legal exhibits. Colleagues attribute his courtroom success in part to this ability.[7][8]
C. S. Lewis, a pious scholar and theologian widely acclaimed to be “the best read man of his generation, one who read and remembers everything he read.”[9] Though what seems to be an obvious hyperbole, it is pardonable as the statement comes quite close in the world of reading literature. In his mid-teens, Lewis was reading classical and contemporary works in Latin, Greek, Italian, French, and German. Indeed, Lewis seems to remember most of his reads. One notable story from his student is someone could quote any line from Milton’s epic Paradise Lost, and Lewis would continue the rest of the line from memory. Another student stated that he could take any book from Lewis’ shelf, open a page at random to read, and Lewis could summarize the rest of the page, often word for word.[10]
The Darawiish reciter Huseen Dhiqle could memorize upwards of a hundred poems of the Sayid's each of them hundreds of lines long after hearing them once.[11]
The mathematician Leonhard Euler has been characterized as having an eidetic memory.[12] He was able to, for example, repeat the Aeneid of Virgil from beginning to end without hesitation, and for every page in the edition he could indicate which line was the first and which was the last even decades after having read it.[12]
Robert Evans can identify new objects that appear in starfields of 1500 galaxies.[13]
Akira Haraguchi holds the Guinness World Record for the most decimal places of pi recited by memory. His ability is self-attributed to a strong eidetic memory, though he uses a mnemonic device.[14][15]
The astronomer Johannes Kepler had a photographic memory according to Rolf Keppler, a descendant of Kepler's brother Christoph.[16]
Klaus Kinski, a German actor, was described by Will Tremper as having a photographic memory, which allowed him to memorize a book page within minutes.[17]
Ferdinand Marcos, the former President of the Philippines. He claimed to have memorized complicated texts in one glance. He could recite the Philippine 1935 constitution forward and backward. He also passed the bar examination in 1939 with an almost perfect score at 98.01%. Several people contested his score and a retake was taken, albeit an oral bar examination witnessed by several people.[18]
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, is described in his biography as a "shruti-dhara", or "someone who could memorize anything immediately".[19]
Said Nursî, an Ottoman Islamic scholar who was able to recite many books from memory. For instance "... So then he [Molla Fethullah] decided to test his memory and handed him a copy of the work by Al-Hariri of Basra (1054–1122) — also famous for his intelligence and power of memory — called Maqamat al-Hariri. Said read one page once, memorized it, then repeated it by heart. Molla Fethullah expressed his amazement."[20]
Kim Peek, prodigious savant and inspiration for the character Raymond Babbit, played by Dustin Hoffman in the film Rain Man.[21]
Shas Pollak, Jewish mnemonist who memorized the exact layout of words in more than 5,422 pages of the 12 books of the standard edition of the Babylonian Talmud. However, the claim to eidetic memory was later disputed.[22]
Abubakar Shekau, the leader of the Nigerian Islamist militant group Boko Haram, has been described as possessing a photographic memory.[23]
Sukarno, the father of Indonesian independence and the first president of the Republic of Indonesia, is said to have had a photographic memory, which helped him in his language learning.[24]
Nikola Tesla also is claimed to have possessed photographic memory.[25]
Arturo Toscanini, an Italian conductor. It was estimated that by the end of his career he had memorized over 200 symphonies and up to 100 operas.[26] "One of his second grade school teachers, Signora Vernoni, noticed that Toscanini could memorize poems after a single reading and could pick out on the piano the songs and arias he had heard people singing."[27]
Leonardo da Vinci is said to have possessed photographic memory.[28]
Swami Vivekananda is believed to have eidetic memory as he could memorize a book just by going through it for a single time.[29]
The mathematician John von Neumann was able to memorize a column of the phone book at a single glance.[30] Herman Goldstine wrote about him: "One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall. As far as I could tell, von Neumann was able on once reading a book or article to quote it back verbatim; moreover, he could do it years later without hesitation."[31]
Stephen Wiltshire is a prodigious savant,[32] capable of drawing the entire skyline of a city after a helicopter ride.[33]
See also

Exceptional memory – about the scientific background of research on exceptional memory
Hyperthymesia, ability to remember specific details of virtually every day of one's life since childhood
References

"Does Photographic Memory Exist?". Scientific American. Retrieved 2020-01-05.
Foer, Joshua (2006-04-27). "No one has a photographic memory". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2020-01-05.
"eidetic imagery | Definition & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-01-05.
Wilding, J.M., & Valentine, E.R.: Superior Memory. Hove, England: Psychology Press (1997).
Woods, Joanna (2008). Facing The Music Charles Baeyertz and The Triad. Otago University Press. ISBN 978-1-877372-55-1., pp. 22–23
K. V. Parish, 'The remarkable art of Winnie Bamara', The Sunday Mail, February 14, 1959, p.7
"The Information Age". The Nineties. 2017. CNN.
Donovan, Karen (2007). V. Goliath: The Trials of David Boies. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-375-72655-2. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Como, James (1992). C.S. Lewis at the Breakfast Table. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 9780156232074., pp. xxiii
Lewis, C.S. (2019). The Reading Life. William Collins. ISBN 9780062849977., pp. xii
Abokor, Axmed (1993). Somali Pastoral Work Songs. p. 23. Huseen - Dhiqle , who had the reputation of memorizing many poems hundreds of lines long after hearing them
^ a b Calinger, Ronald S. (2015). Leonhard Euler: Mathematical Genius in the Enlightenment. Princeton University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780691119274.
Sacks, Oliver (1995). An anthropologist on Mars : seven paradoxical tales (1st ed.). New York: Vintage/Picador. p. 198. ISBN 0-679-43785-1.
Adams, Lee (1 March 2006). "The Truth About Photographic Memory". psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
Bellos, Alex (2015-03-13). "He ate all the pi : Japanese man memorises π to 111,700 digits". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-01-05.
Rolf Keppler in "Ich trage einen großen Namen" (minute 6:09) on YouTube. Rolf Keppler in the German TV show "I have a great name". Retrieved 2017-02-05.
Tremper, Will (1 January 1993). Meine wilden Jahre. Ullstein. p. 234. ISBN 978-3-550-06046-5. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
Seagrave, Sterling (1988). The Marcos Dynasty. Harpercollins. ISBN 0-06-015815-8.
pnd (2011-07-15). Ādi 16: The Pastimes of the Lord in His Childhood and Youth.
Şükran Vahide. (2005). Islam in Modern Turkey. State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-6515-2
Kim Peek: savant who was the inspiration for the film Rain Man
Joshua Foer (27 April 2006). "Kaavya Syndrome: No one has a photographic memory". slate.com.
"Nigeria's Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau in profile". BBC News. 9 May 2014.
Ludwig M., Arnold (2004). King of the Mountain: The Nature of Political Leadership. University Press of Kentucky. p. 150.
Borowski, Susan (29 May 2012). "The brilliant and tortured world of Nikola Tesla". American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) MemberCentral. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
"Arturo Tosanini". bpbclassics.demon.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
"Toscanini: A Brief Biography" Archived 2017-07-28 at the Wayback Machine. arturotoscanini.org. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
M. Rajamanickam (1 January 2007). Modern General Psychology, Second Edition (revised And Expanded) (in 2 Vols.). Concept Publishing Company. p. 434. ISBN 978-81-8069-421-9.
Rangachari, Devika (1 January 2011). Swami Vivekananda: A Man with a Vision. Penguin Books Limited. p. 21. ISBN 978-81-8475-563-3. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
Halmos, Paul (April 1973). "The Legend of von Neumann". American Mathematical Monthly. 80 (4): 382–394. doi:10.2307/2319080.
The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann, by Herman Goldstine, 1972, Princeton Univ. Press, ISBN 0-691-08104-2, p. 167
Treffert, Darold (1989). Extraordinary People: understanding "idiot savants". New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-015945-6.
David Martin. Savants: Charting "islands of genius", CNN broadcast September 14, 2006