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It is a war against all nations. American ships have been sunk, American lives taken, in ways which it has stirred us very deeply to learn of, but the ships and people of other neutral and friendly nations have been sunk and overwhelmed in the waters in the same way. There has been no discrimination. The challenge is to all mankind. Each nation must decide for itself how it will meet it. The choice we make for ourselves must be made with a moderation of counsel and a temperateness of judgment befitting our character and our motives as a nation. We must put excited feeling away. Our motive will not be revenge or the victorious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but only the vindication of right, of human right, of which we are only a single champion.
When I addressed the Congress on the 26th of February last, I thought that it would suffice to assert our neutral rights with arms, our right to use the seas against unlawful interference, our right to keep our people safe against unlawful violence. But armed neutrality, it now appears, is impracticable. Because submarines are in effect outlaws when used as the German submarines have been used against merchant shipping, it is impossible to defend ships against their attacks as the law of nations has assumed that merchantmen would defend themselves against privateers or cruisers, visible craft giving chase upon the open sea. It is common prudence in such circumstances, grim necessity indeed, to endeavour to destroy them before they have shown their own intention. They must be dealt with upon sight, if dealt with at all. The German Government denies the right of neutrals to use arms at all within the areas of the sea which it has proscribed, even in the defense of rights which no modern publicist has ever before questioned their right to defend. The intimation is conveyed that the armed guards which we have placed on our merchant ships will be treated as beyond the pale of law and subject to be dealt with as pirates would be. Armed neutrality is ineffectual enough at best; in such circumstances and in the face of such pretensions it is worse than ineffectual; it is likely only to produce what it was meant to prevent; it is practically certain to draw us into the war without either the rights or the effectiveness of belligerents. There is one choice we can not make, we are incapable of making: we will not choose the path of submission and suffer the most sacred rights of our nation and our people to be ignored or violated. The wrongs against which we now array ourselves are no common wrongs; they cut to the very roots of human life.
第一次世界大戦中の1915年5月7日、ドイツ海軍の潜水艦U-20より、南部アイルランド沖15 kmの地点で雷撃を受け、わずか18分で沈没した。乗客1,198名が死亡した。
犠牲者の中には128名のアメリカ人が含まれており、アメリカが孤立主義政策を一転し第一次世界大戦へ参戦するきっかけとなった。
ルシタニアは大西洋を無事通過し、アイルランド南部を通過していた。同じ頃、イギリス海軍本部の無線を傍受していた、ワルター・シュヴィーガー大尉率いるUボート「U-20」は、それぞれのイギリス船舶の動きを察知し、シュヴィーガー艦長は現在のアイルランド西部から南部に移動するよう指令をだした。
5月5日、5月6日に、U-20はファストネット岩礁(Fastnet Rock)の周囲で3隻の船舶を撃沈し、イギリス海軍は自国籍の船舶に”敵潜水艦が南部アイルランド沖で活動中”という警告を発した。これを6日の夜に2回受信したルシタニアの船長ターナーは、水密区画を閉鎖、見張りを2人に増やし、視認されにくいようにルシタニアの照明を落として、救命ボートを待機させるなど、攻撃に備えた。
翌5月7日金曜日11:00頃、再び海軍から警告が発せられ、ターナー船長は進路を北東に指令した。いっぽうU-20は燃料が減少したこと、魚雷が3本しか残っていなかったことから、補給の為哨戒を打ち切ることを決定し、U-20は浮上、最高速力で航行していたが、13:00、シュヴィーガー艦長が水平線に船舶を発見したことから、進路を遮る形でU-20は潜行した。
U-20のシュヴィーガー艦長は雷撃を命令し、2本の魚雷が発射された。ルシタニアは減速転舵して進路をU-20の方にとってしまい、攻撃射程に入っていた。1本の魚雷が右舷ブリッジ直下に命中した。そしてその直後、魚雷の爆発に続いて2度目の大爆発が生じた。その衝撃で破片と煙が舞い上がり、5番救命ボートが損傷した。無線士はSOSを発信し、ターナー船長は総員退船を決定した。