メディアリテラシーというのは事実と宣伝を感情で割り算することである。感情が大きいほど情報価値が低い。付和雷同というものは人間の性質だから感情に訴える映像ほど無視した方がいい。一次情報の虚偽を削ぎ落とす修正方法は、発信者が否定しながら矛盾してやっていることを仮説を立てて観察すること。逆に肯定しながら矛盾してやっていないこと。その履歴変化と変化点に影響した思考方法と戦略、客観状況が他の事象の変化点の理由と一致するほど仮説は真実に近い。ただし注意してほしいのは確証バイアスという情報収集方法に結論が影響されるという人間の避けがたい性質。しかし情報の少ない一般的な人々には確証バイアスも大きな武器になる。確証バイアスの有効性、そこにSNSがマッチしている。
Social media manipulation is big business
Fake, misleading social media posts exploding globally, Oxford study finds
By Greg Gordon ggordon@mcclatchydc.com
WASHINGTON
FILE - This Nov. 1, 2017, file photo shows some of the Facebook and Instagram ads linked to a Russian effort to disrupt the American political process and stir up tensions around divisive social issues, released by members of the U.S. House Intelligence committee, are photographed in Washington. Facebook says it will require political advertisers in the U.S. to label “issue ads” that disclose who paid for them, part of its ongoing efforts to prevent elections-related misuse of its platform. Such ads played prominently in Russia’s efforts to interfere in the 2016 U.S. elections.
Russia’s social media blitz to influence the 2016 U.S. election was part of a global “phenomenon” in which a broad spectrum of governments and political parties used Internet platforms to spread junk news and disinformation in at least 48 countries last year, an Oxford University study has found.
Including U.S. government programs aimed at countering extremists such as Islamic fundamentalists, about $500 million has been spent worldwide on research, development or implementation of social media “psychological operations” since 2010, the authors estimated.
“The manipulation of public opinion over social media platforms has emerged as a critical threat to public life,” the researchers wrote. They warned that, at a time when news consumption is increasingly occurring over the Internet, this trend threatens “to undermine trust in the media, public institutions and science.”
In an earlier analysis covering 2016, the researchers found governments and political parties had deployed social media to manipulate the public in 28 countries.
“Disinformation during elections is the new normal,” co-author Philip Howard told McClatchy. “In democracies around the world, more and more political parties are using social media to spread junk information and propaganda to voters.
“The largest, most complex disinformation campaigns are managed from Russia and directed at democracies. But increasingly, I’m also worried about copycat organizations springing up in other authoritarian regimes.”
In about a fifth of the countries evaluated, the researchers reported disinformation campaigns are occurring on chat applications, even encrypted platforms such as WhatsApp, Signal or Telegram. Howard said young people in poorer nations “develop their political identities” on those sites, “so that’s where the disinformation campaigns will go.”
Russia’s 2016 stealthy social media campaign was part of a broad cyber offensive that U.S. intelligence agencies say was aimed at helping Donald Trump win the White House. It originated at a so-called “troll farm” in St. Petersburg, where Russian operatives, a number of whom now face U.S. criminal charges, allegedly placed Facebook and Twitter ads carrying fake or harshly critical news about Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton or aimed at sowing divisions among voters on issues such as race, gun rights and immigration. The impact of some of those ads was amplified via automated messages, known as “bots,” that reached millions of Americans.
Facebook and Twitter, facing pressure from the House and Senate intelligence committees, each took significant measures to tighten monitoring of social media activity and remove fake accounts and bots. Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook’s chairman and chief executive, ordered the hiring of thousands of employees to police activity over its platform and announced the firm would require disclosure in all future political messages of the identity of advertising sponsors.
But the latest Oxford study suggests that use of social media to carry propaganda or misleading political messages may still be expanding faster than the rising numbers of cyber cops.
“Even though Twitter and Facebook have been trying a lot of things to rein in the use of fake accounts and bots, we actually found 38 countries used bots last year, compared with 17 in the year before,” Howard said.
Brazil, a country rocked with political turmoil in recent years, has been the scene of “lots of manipulation over social media accounts,” Howard said. “The political parties have been locked in lawsuits with each other over the use of bots.”
In five countries — Brazil, Germany, Mexico, Taiwan and the United States — the cyber operatives have found ways to complicate tracking and disabling of bot accounts, the researchers found. Cyber operatives in those nations have taken to occasionally injecting comments or typographical errors amid the bot streams to signal human involvement, Howard said.
Based on a canvas of publicly available data, the researchers estimated that in China, 300,000 to 2 million people were used in 2017 as “cyber troops” engaged in social media campaigns that are largely directed internally. Similar tasks are performed by at least 10,000 people in Azerbaijan, Iran, Ukraine and Vietnam, they said.
“Social media manipulation is big business,” the study said. “We estimate that tens of millions of dollars are being spent on social media manipulation campaigns, involving tens of thousands of professional staff.”
Sen. Diane Feinstein did not hold back when questioning representatives of Google, Facebook and Twitter on Nov. 1. “You’ve created these platforms…and now they’re being misused. And you have to be the ones who do something about it…or we will"
By Greg Gordon: 202-383-6152; @GregGordon2
《トランプ大統領は、米国に輸入される中国製品5000億ドル（約56兆2000億円）相当に追加関税をかける「用意がある」と発言した。米国はあまりに長く中国に利用され続けてきたと論じた。5000億ドルは米国が昨年輸入した中国製品の総額に近い。》
追補
U.S.
Michael Cohen Taped Conversation With Trump About Buying Rights to Playmate’s Story
Conversation occurred in September 2016, after American Media Inc. had purchased Karen McDougal’s story that she had affair with Trump
こういうベンジャミンの見方もある
Japanese imperial family sources say Rockefeller bagman Henry Kissinger showed up with Rex Tillerson and both threatened the Imperial family in a failed effort to get them to cash a bogus 4京(kei) yen (40 trillion dollar) World Bank bond so that they could keep the US Corporation going and place their flunky(/YESマン) Ichiro Ozawa as Prime Minister of Japan. Ozawa is despised in Japanese government circles and will not be allowed near the Prime Minister’s office so the request was denied, Japanese right wing sources say.
Social media manipulation is big business
Fake, misleading social media posts exploding globally, Oxford study finds
By Greg Gordon ggordon@mcclatchydc.com
WASHINGTON
FILE - This Nov. 1, 2017, file photo shows some of the Facebook and Instagram ads linked to a Russian effort to disrupt the American political process and stir up tensions around divisive social issues, released by members of the U.S. House Intelligence committee, are photographed in Washington. Facebook says it will require political advertisers in the U.S. to label “issue ads” that disclose who paid for them, part of its ongoing efforts to prevent elections-related misuse of its platform. Such ads played prominently in Russia’s efforts to interfere in the 2016 U.S. elections.
Russia’s social media blitz to influence the 2016 U.S. election was part of a global “phenomenon” in which a broad spectrum of governments and political parties used Internet platforms to spread junk news and disinformation in at least 48 countries last year, an Oxford University study has found.
Including U.S. government programs aimed at countering extremists such as Islamic fundamentalists, about $500 million has been spent worldwide on research, development or implementation of social media “psychological operations” since 2010, the authors estimated.
“The manipulation of public opinion over social media platforms has emerged as a critical threat to public life,” the researchers wrote. They warned that, at a time when news consumption is increasingly occurring over the Internet, this trend threatens “to undermine trust in the media, public institutions and science.”
In an earlier analysis covering 2016, the researchers found governments and political parties had deployed social media to manipulate the public in 28 countries.
“Disinformation during elections is the new normal,” co-author Philip Howard told McClatchy. “In democracies around the world, more and more political parties are using social media to spread junk information and propaganda to voters.
“The largest, most complex disinformation campaigns are managed from Russia and directed at democracies. But increasingly, I’m also worried about copycat organizations springing up in other authoritarian regimes.”
In about a fifth of the countries evaluated, the researchers reported disinformation campaigns are occurring on chat applications, even encrypted platforms such as WhatsApp, Signal or Telegram. Howard said young people in poorer nations “develop their political identities” on those sites, “so that’s where the disinformation campaigns will go.”
Russia’s 2016 stealthy social media campaign was part of a broad cyber offensive that U.S. intelligence agencies say was aimed at helping Donald Trump win the White House. It originated at a so-called “troll farm” in St. Petersburg, where Russian operatives, a number of whom now face U.S. criminal charges, allegedly placed Facebook and Twitter ads carrying fake or harshly critical news about Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton or aimed at sowing divisions among voters on issues such as race, gun rights and immigration. The impact of some of those ads was amplified via automated messages, known as “bots,” that reached millions of Americans.
Facebook and Twitter, facing pressure from the House and Senate intelligence committees, each took significant measures to tighten monitoring of social media activity and remove fake accounts and bots. Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook’s chairman and chief executive, ordered the hiring of thousands of employees to police activity over its platform and announced the firm would require disclosure in all future political messages of the identity of advertising sponsors.
But the latest Oxford study suggests that use of social media to carry propaganda or misleading political messages may still be expanding faster than the rising numbers of cyber cops.
“Even though Twitter and Facebook have been trying a lot of things to rein in the use of fake accounts and bots, we actually found 38 countries used bots last year, compared with 17 in the year before,” Howard said.
Brazil, a country rocked with political turmoil in recent years, has been the scene of “lots of manipulation over social media accounts,” Howard said. “The political parties have been locked in lawsuits with each other over the use of bots.”
In five countries — Brazil, Germany, Mexico, Taiwan and the United States — the cyber operatives have found ways to complicate tracking and disabling of bot accounts, the researchers found. Cyber operatives in those nations have taken to occasionally injecting comments or typographical errors amid the bot streams to signal human involvement, Howard said.
Based on a canvas of publicly available data, the researchers estimated that in China, 300,000 to 2 million people were used in 2017 as “cyber troops” engaged in social media campaigns that are largely directed internally. Similar tasks are performed by at least 10,000 people in Azerbaijan, Iran, Ukraine and Vietnam, they said.
“Social media manipulation is big business,” the study said. “We estimate that tens of millions of dollars are being spent on social media manipulation campaigns, involving tens of thousands of professional staff.”
Sen. Diane Feinstein did not hold back when questioning representatives of Google, Facebook and Twitter on Nov. 1. “You’ve created these platforms…and now they’re being misused. And you have to be the ones who do something about it…or we will"
By Greg Gordon: 202-383-6152; @GregGordon2
《トランプ大統領は、米国に輸入される中国製品5000億ドル（約56兆2000億円）相当に追加関税をかける「用意がある」と発言した。米国はあまりに長く中国に利用され続けてきたと論じた。5000億ドルは米国が昨年輸入した中国製品の総額に近い。》
追補
U.S.
Michael Cohen Taped Conversation With Trump About Buying Rights to Playmate’s Story
Conversation occurred in September 2016, after American Media Inc. had purchased Karen McDougal’s story that she had affair with Trump
こういうベンジャミンの見方もある
Japanese imperial family sources say Rockefeller bagman Henry Kissinger showed up with Rex Tillerson and both threatened the Imperial family in a failed effort to get them to cash a bogus 4京(kei) yen (40 trillion dollar) World Bank bond so that they could keep the US Corporation going and place their flunky(/YESマン) Ichiro Ozawa as Prime Minister of Japan. Ozawa is despised in Japanese government circles and will not be allowed near the Prime Minister’s office so the request was denied, Japanese right wing sources say.
