US9043766 (Facebook; Background)

US9043766(Facebook, Inc.)

BACKGROUND

This invention relates generally to code management systems, and more particularly（特に）to managing a software application across programming languages, such as for generating equivalent image filters in multiple programming languages.

The modern（現代）computer ecosystem comprises（から成る、含む、構成される）a wide array of（様々な）computing device types and a wide array of programming languages. This ecosystem presents a challenge for（課題、困難）engineers seeking to implement（実施、実装）a write-once, use-many（一度書けば何度でも使える、WOUM） application that is portable across devices. Engineers who provide applications across the internet want to provide functionality（機能）to users in many devices, such as a mobile phone, a tablet, a desktop computer, etc（等、など）. However, the programming language and tools available for each of these applications vary and present challenges for implementing identical functionality reliably across the various devices. In particular（特に）, a photo sharing service should provide users of an image filtering application with the guarantee that various devices use identical image filtering computations. However, programming these various devices using different languages and tools is cumbersome（手間、煩瑣、面倒）. Even in a single device, there may be several pathways for executing logic（論理を実行）, such as a general and a specialized processor, each of which is programmed with a unique syntax or language.

US9055059 (Facebook; Background)

US9055050(Facebook, Inc.)

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure generally relates to application authentication and more specifically relates to a user granting a specific application access to the user's information through the user's mobile device.

BACKGROUND

Some software applications, whether（であろうが、関わらず）they are web based or desktop based, whether they are designed for mobile or stationary devices, may need to access information of（の情報）their users in order to function properly. However, not all users may wish to grant every software application access to（アクセスを認める）their information, especially their private information. Thus, a software application may need to request access to a user's information from the user before the user can use the software application.

US8722284 (Ford; Background)

US8722284(Ford Motor Company)

BACKGROUND

The polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a prime candidate for（有望な候補）vehicle and other mobile applications. Much research has been directed to（研究、開発）the catalysts used. Platinum (Pt) is by far the most prominent（卓越、優れた、代表的）and effective material used as a PEM system catalyst. Areas in which improvement is needed are（改善）the catalyst activity, the durability and the stability of the fuel cell catalyst

During polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell operation, the platinum of Pt catalysts eventually dissolves, re-deposits in the membrane, and agglomerates（凝集）, resulting in electrochemical surface area losses, thereby decreasing catalyst activity. The fuel cell industry, especially the automotive fuel cell industry, demands（必要、要求）active and stable cathode catalysts.

Research（研究）into catalysts for fuel cells has been ongoing（行われている）. For example, Miguel Cruz Quinones at the Cornell Center for Materials Research investigated new intermetallic compounds for fuel cell anodes using cyclic voltammetry. Among the most promising ordered intermetallic phases were Pt.sub.3Ta, Pt.sub.2Ta, Pt.sub.3Ti and Pt.sub.3Nb.

Others have also investigated improved catalysts for fuel cell electrodes. In WO2009/091025, an improved electrode catalyst is disclosed comprising（から成る） platinum or platinum alloy and a metal oxide such as tantalum oxide and/or niobium oxide. In US2010068591, fuel cell electrodes comprising Nb.sub.2O.sub.5/Pt/C catalyst are disclosed.

Nevertheless, a more stable and durable catalyst for a fuel cell electrode is needed（必要）, and especially one that can be easily synthesized.

US9017383 (Ford, Background)

US9017838(Ford Motor Company)

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to fuel cells. More particularly, the present invention relates to a spinning electrode fuel cell which includes rotating electrodes to reduce adverse effects of resistance to gas diffusion while maintaining separation between the fuel and oxidizing agent in the fuel cell.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fuel cell technology potentially provides clean and efficient energy for stationary and traction（けん引）applications. A functioning fuel cell, as any other electrochemical device, requires a series of components that provide the key functions of reactant distribution (mass transport), catalytic reactivity, ionic separation, and current collection. To date（これまで）, however, the efficiency of fuel cell systems remains well below its theoretical maximum due to implementation practices that result in system components that provide the means of delivering the key functions but concurrently increase the polarization of the cell (reduction in voltage due to impedance of current) due to inefficiencies of design.

Recently（近年）, incremental improvements to（改善、改良）fuel cell design have substantially reduced polarization contributed through component properties; for example, permeable membrane technologies have been developed that provide thinner yet more robust membranes that are of lower resistance（前置詞句が補語）, catalyst alloys are being developed that（開発されつつある） reduce the loading necessary to achieve a given current density, and manufacturing techniques that use stamped metal plates or innovative carbon-manufacturing methods are used to improve the efficiency of the current collection. Improvements to the reactant distribution, however, have focused on flow field design and pressurization of gases. While these techniques sometimes improve the fuel/oxidant utilization, they come at a cost of（代償として）reduced efficiency (from increased fluid resistance) or increased complexity (from additional components that require installation and their weight and cost).

A well-known（周知）means which is used to reduce the effects of mass transport in electrochemical systems is to use the "spinning disk" or "spinning band" technique, in which（～する技術） at least one of the electrodes is rotated at high speed so that concentration gradients which are established due to resistance to mass transport (diffusion) are greatly reduced by hydrodynamically varying the rate at which electroactive species are brought to the outer surface of the diffusion layer. These types of electrodes are typically used normally in liquid media for small single cells. However, in the "spinning disk" type of fuel cell electrode arrangement, the fuel and the oxidizing agent are typically not separately maintained.

Therefore（従って）, a spinning electrode fuel cell is needed in which（必要とされている） the electrodes of the fuel cell are rotated to reduce adverse effects of resistance to gas diffusion and in which separation between the fuel and oxidizing agent in the fuel cell is maintained. Such a spinning electrode fuel cell would extend the usefulness of the spinning electrode arrangement to liquids and eliminate the predisposition of the system to extreme crossover currents, thus allowing the use of conventional catalysts.

US8818624 (Tesla Motors; Background)

US8818624(Tesla Motors, Inc.)

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to a user interface and, more particularly, to a vehicle user interface that adapts to changing vehicle conditions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A conventional（通常の）vehicle includes various systems that allow the user, i.e., the driver or passenger, a means of interfacing with（インタフェースする、やり取りする）the vehicle, specifically providing a means for monitoring vehicle conditions and controlling various vehicle functions. Depending upon the complexity of the systems to be monitored and/or controlled, such a user interface may utilize visual, tactile and/or audible feedback, and may be comprised of（から成る）multiple interfaces, each interface grouping together those controls（制御）necessary to monitor and/or operate a specific vehicle subsystem (e.g., HVAC, entertainment, navigation, etc.).

The past few decades have seen a dramatic shift in the design and composition（構成）of a typical vehicle interface, this shift being driven in part due to the ever-increasing complexity of vehicle subsystems and in part by the migration（移行）of computer-oriented interfaces, such as touch-screens, to the vehicle. As a result of this shift, the user is given much more control over（制御）their vehicle and its subsystems. Unfortunately this added control often comes at the cost of interface simplicity which, in turn, may lead to the development（発現、発生）of unsafe driving habits due to increased driver distraction during operation of the interface. Additionally, the loss of interface simplicity, or the use of an interface that is poorly designed or counter-intuitive, may lead to user frustration and dissatisfaction.

To insure driver and passenger safety, vehicle control systems are preferably designed to be intuitive. Additionally, common vehicle interfaces that control a safety-related vehicle subsystem (e.g., lights, windshield wipers, etc.) are typically designed to insure driver familiarity, for example by locating a particular control system in the same general location regardless of manufacturer. For instance, most cars use either a rotating switch or a stalk-mounted switch, mounted to（取付）the left side of the steering wheel, to operate the headlights and parking lights. Similarly, most cars use a stalk-mounted switch to the right of the steering wheel to operate the windshield wipers. Although less critical, vehicle system monitors such as the speedometer or tachometer may also be mounted in similar locations by multiple（複数の）manufacturers, thereby providing the driver with a familiar setting. Unlike the primary control systems, however, the user interfaces for the auxiliary vehicle systems are often the subject（対象）of substantial design innovation as different car manufacturers try to achieve an interface that is novel, intuitive and preferably relatively simple to operate. Often times a manufacturer will try to distinguish their vehicles from those of other manufacturers partially based on such an interface. Conversely（反対に）, a poorly designed interface may be used by the competition to ridicule and devalue a particular vehicle.

While conventional vehicles provide a variety of devices and techniques for the driver and/or passenger to control and monitor the vehicle's various subsystems and functions, typically the end user is given no ability to modify or customize the interface to meet their particular needs and usage patterns. Additionally, other than for changing the interface appearance in response to varying light conditions, a typical vehicle user interface does not adapt to（適応）changing conditions. As a result, an interface that may work extremely well under one set of conditions, e.g., parked in the day, may work quite poorly under a different set of conditions, e.g., driving（運転）at a high speed along a windy road at night. Accordingly, what is needed（＊必要、望まれ、要求）is a vehicle user interface that automatically changes with changing conditions, thus improving subsystem control during non-optimal driving conditions. The present invention provides such a user interface.

US9030063 (Tesla Motors; Background)

US9030063(Tesla Motors, Inc.)

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to electric motors and, more particularly, to a thermal management system for use with an integrated motor assembly.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The trend（傾向）towards designing and building fuel efficient, low emission vehicles has increased dramatically over the last decade, this trend driven by concerns over the environment as well as increasing fuel costs. At the forefront of（最先端）this trend has been the development of hybrid vehicles, vehicles that combine a relatively efficient combustion engine with an electric drive motor.

Currently, most common hybrids utilize a parallel drive system in which power to the wheels is via planetary gears and a transaxle, the power coming from either, or both（一方または両方、少なくとも一方）, a combustion engine and an electric motor. In an alternate hybrid configuration（構成）, typically referred to as an integrated motor assist or IMA system, the electric motor is positioned between the combustion engine and the drive system's transmission, the transmission coupling power through the axle to the wheels.

Although hybrids, in general, provide improved fuel efficiency and lower emissions over those achievable by a non-hybrid vehicle, such cars typically have very complex and expensive drive systems due to the use of two different drive technologies. Additionally（更に）, as hybrids still rely on an internal combustion engine for a portion of their power, the inherent limitations of the engine prevent such vehicles from achieving the levels of pollution emission control and fuel efficiency desired by many. Accordingly（従って）several car manufacturers are developing, and in some instances manufacturing, vehicles that utilize an all-electric drive system. The present invention provides an improved drive system for such a vehicle.

US9047393 (Google; Background)

US9047393(Google Inc.)

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to（関する）network communications. More specifically, this disclosure relates to web applications configured to（構成された）operate in a web browser on a communications device coupled to（結合）a network.

BACKGROUND

A web browser is an application (computer program) that operates on（上で動作する）a computing device (e.g., a personal computer, laptop, personal digital assistant (PDA), cellphone, smartphone, or the like（等、など）) to enable information available over a network (e.g., the Internet) to be accessed. A web browser may be configured to access information available over a network by utilizing uniform resource identifiers (URIs), which indicate a location by which（at whichでもＯＫ？）information may be accessed. A typical web browser may be configured to present network-accessible and/or other information to a user in one or more browser windows, or browser tabs within the browser. A web browser may enable a user to open a plurality of web-browser windows, or tabs within a web browser window, simultaneously.

A web application is a software application that is accessible via a web browser as discussed above（上記の、上述の）. For example, a web application may be a document, such as a hyper text markup language (HTML) document. A document web application may be configured to present information available over a network visually to a user. A document web application may present to a user one or more links (e.g., to a URI) to available information. A user may be provided an ability to select one or more links, which may result in presentation of a new web document, including information accessible via a URI associated with the link. User selection of one or more links of a web document may instead, or in addition（または、ないし更に）, execute one or more non-document web applications to perform a desired function within a browser.

Many web browsers also allow non-document web applications to operate within the confines of the browser for various purposes. For example, a web application may run（動作する）within the confines of a browser to facilitate communications（通信）between different document web applications running within the browser. In another example, a web application may be a digital video or music player with a representation of controls（つまみ）embedded within a document web application to enable a user to playback audio or video accessible via the network or local to a user's computing device. Other web applications may provide a user, via a web browser, access to email, chat, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) or other communications functions. Many other types of web applications may also operate within a browser. A web application may or may not be visible to a user operating the browser. In some examples, web applications are written in the Javascript language, which is a software language specifically utilized for development of web applications.

In a typical browser implementation（態様）, web applications, and information accessible via a network, may be associated with one or more domains. In order to provide security for users, many web browsers limit communications between web applications associated with different domains operating within the browser. For example, a first web application associated with（対応）the domain www.google.com may be prevented from communicating directly with a second web application associated with the domain www.espn.com. In another example, a first web application associated with the domain www.maps.google.com may be prevented from communicating directly with a second web application associated with the domain www.mail.google.com. In order to facilitate（容易にする、促進する）inter-domain communications, some web applications are configured to take additional steps to authenticate a web application associated with a different domain to enable inter-domain communications between the web applications.

US9047622 (Google; Background)

US9047622(Google Inc.)

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The present disclosure pertains to（関する）delivering and tailoring advertisements for a potential viewer. The disclosure pertains more specifically to systems and methods of delivering advertisements to users based on how a user has previously interacted with an advertisement. A user performing a particular interaction may be more likely to repeat that interaction and therefore it would be advantageous to（すれば有利である） present the user with more advertisements configured for（構成された）that interaction type.

2. Background

Currently, advertisements are delivered to users in interactive, online environments based on factors such as a user's known and/or inferred interests, the particular web page(s) they may be viewing, terms they may be searching for（検索）, and their prior history with respect to（に関する）clicking on an advertisement. While effective, these delivery techniques omit a particular advance in online and other interactive advertisements--（すなわち）the possibility a direct interaction with the advertisement beyond that of a simple click.

Some advertisements have forms or form fields to "pre-load" searches or other operations on a landing page（ランディングページ）. Other advertisements, especially ones for mobile devices, have a "click to call" feature that enables a user to call the advertiser directly from the ad via clicking on a virtual button instead of having to navigate to（移動する、検索する）a landing page, find a contact number, and manually dial the advertiser. Yet further advertisements may have a "click to chat" feature that opens up（開く）a chat window directly from a virtual link or button on the advertisement instead of having the user navigate to a support or help page on the advertiser's website to initiate an online chat.

US9053107 (Google; Background)

US9053107(Google Inc.)

BACKGROUND

In a given operating system, updates（更新）to files can occur to provide additional functionality or to correct bugs within the operating system.

SUMMARY

The subject technology（本願の技術）provides for（具備する、提供する）updating a collection of files based on an organization of the files on different blocks of a storage device. The subject technology preserves locations of one or more files in a file system update. The subject technology then determines an updated set of files that have been modified in the file system update in order to update an old file system image. The updated set of files updates a corresponding old set of files in the old file system image. The subject technology determines whether an old set of metadata associated with（対応、関連付けられた）the old set of files is modified based on the updated set of files. The subject technology then generates a set of updated files based on a binary difference of the updated set of files and the old set of files. Additionally（更に）, the subject technology generates an updated set of metadata for the updated set of files based on a binary difference between a new set of metadata and the old set of metadata if the old set of metadata is modified, in which the updated set of metadata includes location information of the updated set of files.

The subject technology further provides（提供）a system for updating a collection of files based on an organization of the files on different blocks of a disk. The system includes memory（無冠詞）, one or more processors, and one or more modules stored in memory（記憶する、無冠詞）and configured for（構成する）execution（実行）by the one or more processors. The system includes a delta update module configured to（構成する）determine an updated set of files that have been modified in a file system update in order to update an old file system image in which the updated set of files updates a corresponding（対応する）old set of files in the old file system image, and configured to determine whether an old set of metadata associated with the old set of files is modified based on the updated set of files, and generate a set of updated files based on the updated set of files. The system further includes a metadata generator module configured to generate an updated set of metadata for the updated set of files if the old set of metadata is modified in which the updated set of metadata includes location information of the updated set of files.

Yet another aspect of the subject technology provides for preserving locations of one or more files in a file system update. In some configurations（構成）, preserving the file location minimizes the amount of changes to metadata. The subject technology determines an updated set of files that have been modified in the file system update in order to update an old file system image in which the updated set of files updates an old set of files in the old file system image. The subject technology determines whether an old set of metadata associated with the old set of files is modified based on（基づいて） the updated set of files. The subject technology then generates a set of updated files based on a binary difference of（違い、相違） the updated set of files and the old set of files. Additionally, the subject technology generates an updated set of metadata for the updated set of files based on a binary difference between（違い、相違） a new set of metadata and the old set of metadata if the old set of metadata is modified, in which the updated set of metadata includes location information of the updated set of files. One or more locations of free space in an updated file system image are then determined. The subject technology performs a write operation（書込み動作を実行）in the one or more locations of free space in the updated file system image in which the write operation writes one or more zeros in the locations of free space. The set of updated files is transmitted over a network to a target system in which the second file system image updates a file system stored on the target system. Additionally, the subject technology transmits the updated set of metadata over the network to the target system if the first set metadata is modified.

It is understood that other configurations of the subject technology will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description（当業者に明らか）, wherein various configurations of the subject technology are shown and described by way of illustration（例示として）. As will be realized（以下の記載から分かるように）, the subject technology is capable of other and different configurations and its several details are capable of modification in various other respects, all without departing from the scope of（範囲から逸脱することなく）the subject technology. Accordingly（従って）, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive（例示であって限定ではない）.

（公知技術の課題や問題点は述べていない）

US9055120 (Google; Background)

US9055120(Google Inc.)

BACKGROUND

Software drives computers and, in turn, allows computer users to be more efficient in their work, more effective in their daily lives, and more entertained with games, puzzles, and other software. Software can be sold both in physical forms (e.g.,（例えば、等） on disks within a box that is sold in a store) or in electronic forms (e.g., via a download from an application store).

With the development of more sophisticated mobile computing devices (e.g., smartphones) has come development of（開発）online application stores or marketplaces through which users of such devices can purchase and pay for various applications that they need or otherwise desire. Over time（時の経過、徐々に）, manufacturers of computing devices introduce more advanced devices, and software developers respond by producing applications that take advantage of the new capabilities of such new devices or new features on the devices (e.g., better image capture tools, better sensor packages, etc.（等）). As a result, certain applications in an application marketplace may be able to operate with the devices of some users who access the marketplace, but not with the devices of other users.

US8781657 (General Motors; Background)

US8781657(General Motors LLC)

Electric-only and hybrid electric vehicles have become increasingly capable and increasingly popular（普及） in recent years（近年）, as rising fossil fuel prices and improved battery technologies level the cost and performance fields between the vehicle types. Indeed, while the range and acceleration of production-level electric vehicles have historically lagged behind those of their fuel-powered counterparts, this situation is rapidly changing as high-capacity battery technologies are optimized and commercialized.

Nonetheless（しかしながら）, despite the increasing parity between electric vehicles and fuel-powered vehicles, there are numerous differences between the vehicle types that require different handling and operational procedures. For example, the voltage present in a fuel-powered vehicle is generally fairly low, e.g., 12 volts, with the exception of（を除いて、以外） certain sheltered areas such as spark plugs and ignition-related capacitors and transformers. In contrast（他方、これに対し）, the core power system in an electric vehicle often exposes very high voltages, e.g., hundreds of volts, and does so at significant current levels.

Moreover（さらに）, the charging and discharging of high-capacity electrical cells require more care than the analogous activity of filling a gas tank and using the gas. For example, many battery technologies require that the discharge cycle be controlled such that the battery cells are not discharged to a state of less than a certain voltage value per cell. Discharge rates are also often limited. Thus, it is important to control the rate at which battery cells are discharged and to monitor and cease the discharge before it reaches a level that may damage one or more cells of the battery.

One way to prevent a battery or battery bank from overly discharging or from exposing a dangerous voltage level at an inappropriate time is to use one or more contactors to isolate the battery from the remaining components and circuitry of the vehicle. This is also useful as an interlock feature, so that if a motor controller were to malfunction and present a short-circuit（短絡、ショート）, the contactors can disconnect power and prevent an undesired acceleration.

US8873442 (General Motors; Background)

US8873442(General Motors LLC)
Wireless communication services for mobile vehicles（移動車両）, such as navigation and roadside assistance, have increased rapidly in recent years（近年）. Most of the services that have been offered are for a mobile vehicle in operation（作動中、運転中）, but more recently, the demands and potential for services to a turned-off vehicle（停止中、オフ状態の車両）have grown. Services that may be requested while the vehicle is in an off or standby state may include maintenance and diagnostic functions, system updates, vehicle position determination, unlocking of the doors, or vehicle alarm silencing（消音）. These services may be requested through various applications over a network such as mobile applications accessible from a user's mobile phone or web applications accessible through a website on the Internet.

Normally when the mobile vehicle ignition is off（オフ）, a telematics unit within the is placed into a powered-down discontinuous-receive (DRx) or standby state (also called a sleep cycle) to minimize power drain on the vehicle battery（バッテリーの消費）. To perform a requested function while the vehicle ignition is off, the telematics unit may be awakened（起動）, the desired function performed, and the telematics unit subsequently placed back into the DRx or standby state. For example, a telematics unit may monitor a satellite broadcast channel for a command signal. Based on the command signal, the cellular unit of the telematics unit is powered up（電源を入れる、オンにする）. The telematics unit may then call a telematics service provider's (TSP) call center to receive and perform a service request. Alternatively, a data message sent by the call center containing a service request, may be waiting for the telematics unit when it awakes. After performing the service, the telematics unit may return to the standby state.

Even while a telematics unit is in standby state, a network access device (NAD) of the telematics unit may consume power, draining（消費する） the vehicle's battery. Thus, after a certain amount of time (or the occurrence of some other trigger, such as manually disabling the DRx or standby state of the telematics unit), the telematics unit may end the standby period and switch to a different mode, such that the telematics unit may be unavailable to be contacted by network applications such as mobile applications or web applications.

Thus, it is an object（課題、目的） in part to provide a system and method for notifying network applications, which may notify users, that a telematics unit will be unavailable for contact when the telematics unit is ending its standby period. However, while this is an object underlying certain implementations（実施形態） of the invention, it will be appreciated that（理解される） the invention is not limited to systems that solve the problems noted herein. Moreover, the inventors have created the above body of information for the convenience of the reader and expressly disclaim all of the foregoing as prior art（公知技術）; the foregoing is a discussion of problems discovered and/or appreciated by the inventors, and is not an attempt to review or catalog the prior art.

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履歴書Ｄｏ

acronym/initialism

I/F: interface (techopedia, US6378069)
I/O: input/output (wikipedia)

data is/are

要するにどっちでもいいと。
Data is or data are? (The Guardian)