US9249484
"By first solutionizing, and then cold working by at least 25%, and then appropriately（適宜）thermally treating the 7xxx aluminum alloy body, the 7xxx aluminum alloy body may realize improved properties, as described in further detail below."
US9416206
"For ICP-AES measurements, the samples to be measured are first ashed, then dissolved in an appropriate acidic solution, followed by appropriate dilution（適宜希釈する）to fall within the standard calibration curve. A suitable instrument is the IRIS ADVANTAGE DUAL VIEW instrument manufactured by Thermo Electron Corporation"
US7321014
"The polysiloxane polycarbonate copolymer may be manufactured by reaction of the corresponding dihydroxy polysiloxane with a carbonate source and a dihydroxy aromatic compound of formula (5), optionally in the presence of（適宜、上記の相間移動触媒の存在下で）a phase transfer catalyst as described above."
US2005171297
"[0005] In the following specification and the claims which follow, reference will be made to a number of terms which shall be defined to have the following meanings. The singular forms "a", "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise（単数形で記載したものであっても、前後関係から明らかでない限り、複数の場合も含めて意味する）. "Optional"（任意）or "optionally"（適宜）means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where the event occurs and instances where it does not. As used herein（本明細書で用いる）the term "polycarbonate" refers to polycarbonates comprising structural units derived from a carbonate precursor and at least one dihydroxy-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, and includes copolycarbonates."
"[0027] In some embodiments the rubber substrate may optionally（適宜）comprise structural units derived from minor amounts of other unsaturated monomers"
US20150292490
"[0235] Multi-stage cabinet heat exchangers allow for the use of a hybrid cascade OTEC cycle. These stacks of heat exchangers comprise multiple heat exchanger stages or sections that have sea water passing through them（内部を海水が通過する段階またはセクション；＊便利なhave）in series to boil or condense the working fluid as appropriate（適宜）. In the evaporator section the warm sea water passes through the first stage where（そこで；＊便利なwhere）it boils off some of the working fluid as the sea water is cooled. The warm sea water then flows down the stack into the next heat exchanger stage and boils off additional working fluid at a slightly lower pressure and temperature. This occurs sequentially through the entire stack. Each stage or section of the cabinet heat exchanger supplies working fluid vapor to a dedicated turbine that generates electrical power（電力）. Each of the evaporator stages has a corresponding condenser stage at the exhaust of the turbine. The cold sea water passes through the condenser stacks in a reverse order to（反対の順番で）the evaporators."
US2012193922
"[0155] The rotation of the turbine blade 170 is captured by the generator 114 to generate electricity which is then fed through a cable 166 to power control and conditioning circuitry (not shown) before being output for use in various applications. Some of these applications will be discussed in due course（適宜）."
US9243818
"In general terms（一般論として）, these solar collector assemblies have their solar collector modules, typically photovoltaic modules, supported on a frame. The frame commonly includes a frame member, sometimes referred to as（適宜～と呼ばれる）a torque tube or torque member, which serves as an axis."
US7737568
"A suitable screen or guard is provided（適宜設けられ）at the inlet of the ports 68 to prevent access of debris and the like into the interior of the ballast chamber."
US2005056435
"The use of multiple handles limits the movement of the assembly 40 to provide suitable control（適宜に制御）of the water and foam stream and maintain user safety."
US9169426
"14. A wall assembly comprising: (a) two adjacent boards, joined by a seam; (b) only one-coat of the joint compound composition of claim 1 in the seam to provide a uniform aesthetic appearance（美的外観）; and (c) dimensionally stable non-swelling flat joint tape embedded in the seam."
US9338908
"After process 900 is complete, the finished part in FIG. 10D has a highly reflective and smooth chamfer 1012 with sharply defined and cosmetically appealing（美的に魅力のある）edges."
WO2014000078
"A blind having a head rail (12),with upper and lower regions, and having an upper blind roller (30), a lower blind attachment (32) an upper blind (18) on the upper blind roller (30), a lower blind (16) on the lower blind attachment (32), upper and lower blind control mechanism (62, 64) and in which the upper blind (18) is operable to depend down beside a predetermined side of said lower blind attachment (32), and the lower blind (16) is operable to depend down alongside but spaced from said upper blind (18), so as to provide a head rail having a slim, aesthetically pleasing（美観的に好ましい）profile."
US8813423
"4. The plant growing system of claim 2, wherein the plant has superior genetics that enhance yield, aesthetics（美観）and garden performance compared to a plant growing system that does not have a super amount of a controlled-release fertilizer."
US8851308
"In various embodiments a frame system for a surgical system may include a plurality of rod structures cross connected through one or more structural members. In some embodiments, the rod structures may each include at least one rod with an interface joint molded over the at least one rod. One or more of the interface joints may include a receiving hole for receiving a structural member to couple at least two of the plurality of rod structures together. One or more surgical components (such as a surgical console) may be received into the frame system. Other components may also be received into the frame system (e.g., an aesthetic skin（美観的外板、表皮）). The rod structures may also include cross face structural members that are secured to portions of the rod structures through being molded to the rod structures through the interface joints."
WO2010071879
"An extruded composite adapted for use as a building material includes a core having a base polymer and a natural fiber in a substantially homogeneous mixture and an ionomer capstock. To improve adherence of the ionomer to a base polymer, the ionomer can be mixed with a similar or substantially similar base polymer prior to coextrusion with the core. Additionally, various additives may be mixed with the capstock material to improve visual aesthetics（外見上の美観）of the product and performance of the building material, especially over time."
US8648029
(Title)
"Composition comprising a diester quaternary ammonium fabric softener with durable pearlescent aesthetics（美観）"
aesthetics: 1) a branch of philosophy; 2) a pleasing apperance or effect; beauty (Merriam-Webster Unabridged)
Aesthetics: singular or plural? (Yahoo Answers)
References in Classics Literature (TheFreeDictionary.com)
光を導入する：introduce, bring in, put in, lead in, input
光を導出する：emit, release, put out, lead out, output
US2015209664
"[0142] As another example, the magic mirror device 1500 could communicate with an eBook reader controlled by the user to determine which book the user is currently reading and which page of a particular book the eBook reader is currently displaying. The magic mirror device 1500 could then chime in（相槌を打つ）at exactly the right time (e.g., momentarily（間もなく、直ぐ）after the user has turned the page) by displaying a head of a fictional character and outputting（出力）an audio stream with commentary to enhance the story being told on the legacy（旧来の）media platform (i.e., the book the user is reading)."
US20080282774
"[0002] Streaming media (e.g., video and/or audio) to mobile devices such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), etc., is an important emerging market. For example, in order to lessen a user's perceived duration of being "on-hold," a customized movie trailer or other interesting video content may be streamed to the mobile device. Also, being able to select and watch professionally produced material such as sports, or movies while away from a home or office environment greatly expands the market for video on demand (VoD). Additionally, adding a video back channel（相槌）(e.g., expressions, gestures, postures, etc.) lessens the perceived gap between remote and local interactions."
backchannel: "the practice of using networked computers to maintain a real-time online conversation alongside the primary group activity or live spoken remarks. The term was coined in the field of linguistics to describe listeners' behaviours during verbal communication." (Backchannel, Wikipedia)（ニコニコ動画のコメントも指す？）
US2015220712（特表2015-508530）
"[0102] The hub information may also be context relevant to the members of the hub, and the calendar includes shared hub events. Calendar updates can be posted as notice events on the wall, and a user can look at the wall to see upcoming hub events, or the events that pertain to one or more other members of the hub. Messaging may also be performed that is private among the members of the hub. A member can instant text (or other communication) to all other members in the hub. Texting（テキスト化）--such as for a work meeting--can divide each members' display on their respective devices into individual screens for each member."
US8855275（特表2010-507353）
"At least one of the messages may be converted to text（テキスト化）. The messages may be received from one or more channels or speakers, each channel or speaker having an associated priority level, and the priority system may be such that a higher priority message is played back and a lower priority message is converted to text."
"A "speaker" is a person who provides the content of a media message. Similarly, a "listener" is a person who is provided the content of a media message. A listener need not actually listen to the media message--the same may choose to skip the playback or may even automatically filter the message such that the same is skipped, deleted, played back at a later time, played back at a certain playback rate, is made the subject of a text transcription（テキスト化）, etc."
US7743064（特表2007-534089)
"8. The method according to claim 7 wherein associating textual data with the fixed-area video segments comprises transcribing audio from the fixed-area video segments into text（テキスト化）."
"It also hands media off to media processing technologies such as speech-to-text（音声テキスト化）, video OCR and structure recognition technologies."
US7149693（特表2007-503006)
"As well, with regard to information related to ADPS messages, the information can also be entered by recording an audio note. That audio note can be later transcribed on the PC 112 or can be transcribed on the DVR 104 itself if speech to text （音声テキスト化）technology is incorporated into the DVR 104 firmware."
"Speech recognition (SR) is the inter-disciplinary sub-field of computational linguistics which incorporates knowledge and research in the linguistics, computer science, and electrical engineering fields to develop methodologies and technologies that enables the recognition and translation of spoken language into text（テキスト化）by computers and computerized devices such as those categorized as smart technologies and robotics. It is also known as "automatic speech recognition" (ASR), "computer speech recognition", or just "speech to text" (STT)."(Speech recognition, Wikipedia)
US7000298
"FIG. 14 therefore presents an alternative solution for SAW sensor technology and packaging, which can be applied for low pressure measurement, wherein an etched quartz diaphragm is necessary. The main advantage of this sensor technology and packaging techniques derives from the fact that the electric contact from the SAW electrodes to the external metallic pin (e.g., pin 1420) can be made much simpler, by utilizing a titanium implant connection between the SAW electrodes to wire bonding pad, both being located on the same quartz piece（水晶片）. Note that if a hole protrudes through both external cover 1408 and quartz cover 1406 in the area of gap 11402, the packaged sensor 1400 can be used as a differential measurement pressure sensor."
US20130258483
"[0040] It can be desirable for the film 10, or any other transparent anti-reflective structured film according to the invention, to be used in combination with an optional transparent support backing 24. With such an embodiment, the support backing 24 has a major face（主面）24a, and the structured film substrate 12 further comprises a major backing face 12a bonded to the major face 24a of the support backing 24 so as to form a transparent reinforced anti-reflective（反射防止）structured film."
US20110184514
"[0017] When positioned within the eye, the IOL 100 provides pseudo-accommodation by changing shape（＊無冠詞）in response to contraction（＊無冠詞）of the ciliary muscles. Specifically, the peripheral edge of the IOL 100 is compressed toward the optical axis so that the vertex of the anterior face 104 and the peripheral edge move relative to one another in a direction parallel to the optical axis. This compression changes the shape factor of the IOL 100 so that the principal plane（主面）is shifted posteriorly and the spherical aberration imparted by the IOL 100 substantially changes."
US7449980
"FIGS. 1 and 2 show a voltage tunable dielectric resonator 1 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The resonator 1 includes a dielectric base 2 that has a width (W), a length (L) that is greater than or equal to（より大きい、または等しい；以上）the width, a thickness (t) and two, opposed（対向）major surfaces（主面）. The opposed major surfaces cannot be seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, because substantially the entire outer surface of the dielectric base is covered by a metal ground coating 4, as discussed below in more detail. In addition, it should be understood（言うまでもなく） that "W," "L" and "t" in FIG. 1 designate（示す）the width, length, and thickness of the underlying dielectric base 2 that is covered by the metal ground coating 4."
US6533502
(Abstract)
"A system for the determination of pile parameters includes at least one structure for measuring pile data. The structure for measuring pile data is disposed within a measurement range from a pile. A wireless transmitter is communicably（通信可能に）connected to the structure for measuring pile data, the wireless transmitter （＊主語の繰り返し） for transmitting the pile data to at least one remotely located receiver. Pile data is preferably（好適には）encoded in the transmitted data signal. The remotely located receiver is communicably（通信可能に）connected to a device for determining at least one pile parameter from the pile measurement data. A method for driving piles includes the steps of wirelessly transmitting pile data to at least one remote receiver, determining at least one pile driving process parameter from the pile data, and driving the pile using the determined pile driving parameter."
"A method of welding at least two sheets using a high energy density radiation beam that preferably is a laser beam or an electron beam for producing a welded lap joint that is substantially(実質的) completely fused across the width of overlap(重なり) of the sheets preferably for enabling shaping(整形) or forming(成型、形成) to be performed such that at least one of the sheets and at least portion of a weld line defined between the overlapped sheets are bent or three dimensionally contoured(形状). In practicing(実施) a preferred embodiment of the method, the sheets are overlapped and welded by directing at least one radiation beam toward the overlapped sheets having sufficient power density and for a sufficient amount of time to weld the sheets such that they are substantially completely fused from front to back in the overlap region. As a result, the sheets form a blank that preferably(好適) is formed or shaped, such as by shaping, deep drawing(絞り), hydro-forming or roll forming, such that at least one of the sheets and a portion of the weld line of the sheets are bent or three dimensionally contoured. After shaping or forming, the sheets preferably form(形成) at least part of an article of manufacture."
"FIGS. 8A through 8C illustrate a second preferred welding setup for practicing the lap welding method of this invention having the sheets 30 & 32 overlapped with each other（重ね合わせる）and the weld interface 48 acutely angled relative to the direction of gravity, Fg, for influencing the molten weld nugget 102 during welding."
US20170241524
When synchronization areas of two PRHs or two synchronization sources are overlapped (as shown in FIG. 2C), the PRHs or synchronization sources can establish common timing by selecting one of the PRHs or synchronization sources as a common synchronization source. In this case, after a re-synchronization procedure, the whole extended area (i.e., both synchronization areas) operates synchronously.
US2008311343（対応日本語公報）
"The basis weight（目付；坪量？）of nonwoven fabrics is usually expressed in grams per square meter (gsm)."
US8541323（対応日本語公報；優先権主張日本）
"A basis weight（目付）of the fibrous form of the invention is not particularly limited. However, the fibrous form having a basis weight（目付）of 10 to 200 g/m2 can be suitably used."
「不織布業界では坪量を“目付”と呼ぶのが通例」（「不織布とは」株式会社サンオーク
）
US7703481（対応日本語公報）
"4. A paper machine fabric as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fabric is a wet wire（湿式抄網）."
US7488383（対応日本語公報）
"The dispersion may be first dewatered by gravity and then dewatered by vacuum suction means; the wet mat is then pressed to a specified thickness between rolls and the support wire（抄網）to remove additional water."
US5676796（対応日本語公報）
"EXAMPLE 2（実施例２）
In this example, an actual mill stock for making fine paper, printing paper and writing quality paper and having 23% filler was subjected to various laboratory retention, drainage, drying and formation tests after treatment with various combinations of coagulant A (as above), flocculant E (90 mole % acrylamide with 10 mole % dimethylaminoethyl acrylate quaternised with methyl chloride, intrinsic viscosity 7 dl/g), and bentonite.
When polymer was added to thick stock, it was in each instance subsequently sheared using a large angle blade stirrer diameter 6 cm, shear speed 2,000 rpm. When polymer was added to thin stock, it was subsequently sheared using a propellor stirrer diameter 5 cm, shear speed 1500 rpm. When bentonite was added to the thin stock, the thin stock was then stirred with the same propellor stirrer but at 800 rpm.
All mixing, shearing and retention tests were carried out in a baffled Britt Dynamic Drainage Jar fitted with a 250 μm screen wire（抄網）."
"The conventional dilution stages and other processing stages leading to the machine wire necessarily subject the suspension to turbulence and shear and this will inevitably result in degradation of the initial flocs and possibly some resuspension of fibres. The dilution, for instance with white water from the wire（抄網）, generally gives a thin stock having a solids content of 0.3 to 2%."
US20150017868（対応日本語公報）
(Abstract)
"A hot melt adhesive composed of an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, a hydrogenated styrenic block copolymer, a tackifying resin, and a liquid plasticizer. The preferred ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer has a vinyl acetate content between 8 and 28 percent by weight, and the preferred hydrogenated styrenic block copolymer is a styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene having about 30% styrene content and essentially no diblock. The hot melt gives excellent peel strength when used as a construction adhesive for disposable nonwoven articles. It can also be formulated（配合）to exhibit very low bleed through and blocking characteristics when used on low basis weight nonwoven fabrics."
US20160046807（対応日本語公報）
"1. A polyamide composition produced by a process comprising the step of compounding（配合）a mixture comprising a polyamide, an olefin-maleic anhydride copolymer, and an impact modifier."
US9102571（対応日本語公報）
"7. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the at least one prepregged composite material comprises formulating（配合）the pre-ceramic matrix slurry to impart the prepregged composite material with sufficient rigidity to be cut by the advanced fiber placement apparatus following placement of at least a portion of the at least one prepregged composite material over the at least one surface of the tool and with sufficient tackiness to adhere to the at least one surface of the tool."
US20140057105（対応日本語公報）
(Abstract)
"Various embodiments of the present invention relate to surface enhanced pulp fibers, various products incorporating（配合）surface enhanced pulp fibers, and methods and systems for producing surface enhanced pulp fibers. Various embodiments of surface enhanced pulp fibers have significantly increased surface areas compared to conventional refined fibers while advantageously minimizing reductions in length following refinement. The surface enhanced pulp fibers can be incorporated into（配合）a number of products that might benefit from such properties including, for example, paper products, paperboard products, fiber cement boards, fiber reinforced plastics, fluff pulps, hydrogels, cellulose acetate products, and carboxymethyl cellulose products. In some embodiments, a plurality of surface enhanced pulp fibers have a length weighted average fiber length of at least about 0.3 millimeters and an average hydrodynamic specific surface area of at least about 10 square meters per gram, wherein the number of surface enhanced pulp fibers is at least 12,000 fibers/milligram on an oven-dry basis."
US20130149926（対応日本語公報）
"19. The method of claim 15 further including forming the solution by diluting the binder with water and compounding（配合）a single flame retardant with the binder and water mixture."
US20140220198（対応日本語公報）
"12. A process of manufacturing an ultrasonically-treated nutritional formulation（栄養製剤）, the process comprising: combining（配合）a protein, a carbohydrate, a lipid, a binder, and water to form a slurry; subjecting the slurry to high power ultrasound; and extruding the slurry to produce the ultrasonically-treated nutritional formulation."
US7462662（対応日本語公報）
(Abstract)
"Improved fire-retarded properties can be imparted to fiber reinforced polycarbonate resin composition by incorporating into（配合）the polycarbonate an effective flame-retardant amount of a combination of perfluoroalkane sulfonate and talc."
"19. A method to increase the flame retardant property of a polycarbonate composition containing an amount of at least a perfluoroalkane sulfonate flame retardant component, to render the composition a flame rating of at least V-0 in the Underwriter's Laboratory UL-94 protocol when measured on a test specimen of about 0.062 inch by about 0.5 inch by about 5 inch dimensions, said method comprises blending into（配合）said composition an effective flame-retardant amount talc; wherein the polycarbonate composition consists essentially of the polycarbonate resin, the perfluoroalkane sulfonate flame retardant and the talc."
"Because of their strength and clarity, polycarbonate resins have a great many significant commercial applications. Unfortunately, polycarbonate resins are inherently flammable and can drip hot molten material causing nearby materials to catch fire as well. Thus, in a number of applications employing polycarbonate blends, it may be desirable to include（配合）additives which retard the flammability of the material and/or which reduce dripping. The challenge is to identify additives which accomplish this purpose without compromising the desirable properties of strength and clarity, without introducing new problems (such as the potential environmental problems associated with halogenated additives) and without prohibitively increasing the price."
"Achieving flame-retardant resin properties sufficient for obtaining an Underwriter's Laboratories listing is a prerequisite for many commercial applications of thermoplastic resins. To achieve listings of UL94 V-1 and or UL94 V-0 at the desired thicknesses (.ltoreq.2.5 mm), several known flame retardants can be used. But in addition to adding cost, they have other disadvantages compared to non-flame retarded compositions. For example, the use of brominated compounds would preclude a resin from use in applications where conformance with TCO'99 guidelines (non-halogen) is desired. Other regulations or customer preferences may preclude the use of elemental (red) phosphorous or organic phosphates and phosphites. In addition, organic phosphates and phosphites reduce the deflection temperature under load (heat distortion temperature) of polycarbonate (PC)-resins and--because they are low molecular weight compounds--can form undesirable deposits on injection molding tools or the part surface, which in turn can lead to chemical stress cracking. Melamine cyanurates or inorganic hydrates (like aluminum trihydrate--ATH) cannot be incorporated（配合）effectively into resins requiring high processing temperatures due to the onset of their own thermal decomposition in that temperature range and typically reduce impact resistance significantly due to their particulate nature. These constraints are even more important in fiber reinforced composites, because these typically require larger amounts of flame retardant or more effective/costly ones to achieve UL94 V-1 or even UL94 V-0 listings.
Among the additives which are widely used commercially in fire-retarded polycarbonate resin compositions are organic salts, particularly sulfonic acid salts. Particular examples of these salts are perfluoroalkane sulfonates, such as potassium perfluorobutane sulfonate ("PFBS", also known as "Rimar salt" and potassium diphenylsulfone sulfonate ("KSS"), which may yield haze free compositions when blended with（配合）polycarbonate resin. The use of perfluoroalkane sulfonates in polycarbonate resins is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,775,367. However, the benefits which can be obtained using these materials alone are limited and indeed additional additives are generally included."
"Applicants have found that（見出した、知見を得た）the incorporation（配合）of an effective, flame-retardant amount of talc surprisingly reduces the flame-out time of a polycarbonate composition, even without any flame retardant component being present."
More than vs Greater than and Less than vs Fewer than (GMAT PILL)
"For words that are structurally positioned such that a comparison is made between the level of / degree of / number of something, use option #3: GREATER/LESS than."
（レベル、程度、数同士を比べる時はgreater/less thanを用いる）
（以下テキ例（テキトー例文））
My popularity is more than his. (wrong)
My popularity is greater than his. (correct)（レベル同士を比較している）
I have more than five wives. (correct)（単に数を述べている）（「5人以上妻がいる」：5人は含む？多分＝at least 5では？ moreは通常示された数値を含まないが、一般的には含む場合もあると思う）
I have greater than five wives. (wrong)
I work for more than 8 hours a day. (correct)（単に数を述べている）
I work for greater than 8 hours a day. (wrong)
The number of oranges is more than the number of lemons. (wrong)
The number of oranges is greater than the number of lemons. (correct)（数同士を比較している）
可算名詞はmore/fewer
不可算名詞はmore/less
"level, degree, number of something"を比較している時はgreater/less
There were more people than I could count.（単に数を述べていて、人の数同士を比較していない）
The thickness of the film is more than 1 mm. （となるはず。"of something"を比較していない。しかし何となくgreater thanでも良いようなフィーリング・・・）
The thickness of the film is greater than the thickness of human hair.（比較している）
US9356271
(Abstract)
"An electrochemical stack comprising（から成る、含む）carrier ions（＊複数）, an anode comprising an anode active material layer, a cathode comprising a cathode active material layer, a separator between the anode and the cathode comprising（＊係り：separator comprising；cathodeは既述の"the cathode"で、それが"a porous dielectric material"を有するとすればそれは新情報であって、「既述の、多孔性の絶縁材を有するカソード」ではおかしいから、だと思う）a porous dielectric material and a non-aqueous electrolyte, and an ionically permeable conductor layer located（配置）between the separator and an electrode active material layer."
"FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to structures for use in energy storage devices, to energy storage devices incorporating（有する、内蔵）such structures, and to methods for producing such structures and energy devices.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Rocking chair （ロッキングチェア）or insertion secondary batteries are a type of energy storage device in which carrier ions, such as lithium, sodium or potassium ions, move between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode through an electrolyte. The secondary battery may comprise（から成る、有する）a single battery cell, or two more battery cells that have been electrically coupled to form the battery, with each battery cell comprising an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and an electrolyte.
In rocking chair battery cells, both the anode and cathode comprise materials into which a carrier ion inserts（挿入）and extracts（脱離）. As（時、に際し） a cell is discharged, carrier ions are extracted from the anode and inserted into the cathode. As a cell is charged, the reverse process occurs: the carrier ion is extracted from the cathode and inserted into the anode.
FIG. 1shows a cross sectional view of an electrochemical stack of an existing energy storage device, such as a non-aqueous, lithium-ion battery. The electrochemical stack 1 includes a cathode current collector 2, on top of which（の上、上部）a cathode layer 3 is assembled（組み付け、組み立て、配設）. This layer is covered by a microporous separator 4, over which（の上、上部）an assembly（組立体）of an anode current collector 5 and an anode layer 6 are placed. This stack is sometimes covered with another separator layer (not shown) above the anode current collector 5, rolled and stuffed into a can, and filled with a non-aqueous electrolyte to assemble a secondary battery.
The anode and cathode current collectors pool（溜める）electric current from the respective（それぞれ、各々）active electrochemical electrodes and enables transfer of the current to the environment outside the battery. A portion of an anode current collector is in physical contact with the anode active material while a portion of a cathode current collector is in contact with（接触）the cathode active material. The current collectors do not participate in（関与）the electrochemical reaction and are therefore restricted to materials that are electrochemically stable in the respective electrochemical potential ranges for the anode and cathode.
In order for a current collector（＊不定冠詞）to bring current（＊無冠詞）to the environment outside the battery, it is typically connected to a tab, a tag, a package feed-through（フィードスルー） or a housing feed-through, typically collectively referred to as contacts. One end of a contact is connected to one or more current collectors while the other end passes through the battery packaging for electrical connection to the environment outside the battery. The anode contact is connected to the anode current collectors and the cathode contact is connected to the cathode current collectors by welding, crimping（圧着）, or ultrasonic bonding or is glued（接着）in place with an electrically conductive glue.
During a charging process, lithium（＊無冠詞）leaves the cathode layer 3 and travels（移動）through the separator 4 as a lithium ion（＊不定冠詞）into the anode layer 6. Depending upon the anode material used（＊cf. "used anode material"）, the lithium ion either intercalates（インターカレート、挿入される）(e.g., sits in a matrix of an anode material without forming an alloy) or forms an alloy. During a discharge process, the lithium leaves the anode layer 6, travels through the separator 4 and passes through to the cathode layer 3. The current conductors conduct electrons from the battery contacts (not shown) to the electrodes or vice versa.
Existing energy storage devices, such as batteries, fuel cells, and electrochemical capacitors, typically have two-dimensional laminar（積層）architectures（構造）(e.g., planar or spiral-wound laminates（積層体）) as illustrated in FIG. 1 with（付帯、付加説明）a surface area of each laminate being roughly equal to its geometrical footprint (ignoring porosity and surface roughness).
Three-dimensional batteries have been proposed in the literature（文献；＊定冠詞） as ways to improve（改善）battery capacity and active material utilization. It has been proposed that a three-dimensional architecture may be used to provide higher surface area and higher energy as compared to（比較、比べ）a two dimensional, laminar battery architecture. There is a benefit to making a three-dimensional energy storage device due to the increased amount of energy that may be obtained out of a small geometric area. See, e.g., Rust et al., WO2008/089110 and Long et. al, “Three-Dimensional Battery Architectures,” Chemical Reviews, (2004), 104, 4463-4492.
New anode and cathode materials have also been proposed as ways to improve the energy density, safety, charge/discharge rate, and cycle life of secondary batteries. Some of these new high capacity materials, such as silicon, aluminum, or tin anodes in lithium batteries have significant volume expansion that causes disintegration and exfoliation（剥離）from its existing electronic current collector during lithium insertion（挿入）and extraction（脱離）. Silicon anodes, for example, have been proposed for use as a replacement for carbonaceous electrodes since silicon anodes have the capacity to provide significantly greater energy per unit volume of host material for lithium in lithium battery applications. See, e.g., Konishiike et al., U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0068567; Kasavajjula et al., “Nano- and Bulk-Silicon-Based Insertion Anodes for Lithium-Ion Secondary Cells,” Journal of Power Sources 163 (2007) 1003-1039. The formation of lithium silicides when lithium is inserted into the anode results in a significant volume change which can lead to crack formation（割れ、亀裂）and pulverisation（粉砕）of the anode. As a result, capacity of the battery can be decreased as the battery is repeatedly discharged and charged.
Monolithic electrodes, i.e., electrodes comprising a mass of electrode material that retains its a shape without the use of a binder, have also been proposed as an alternative to improve performance (gravimetric and volumetric energy density, rates, etc) over particulate electrodes that have been molded（成形）or otherwise formed into a shape（形状）and depend upon a conductive agent or binder to retain the shape of an agglomerate of the particulate material. A monolithic anode, for example, may comprise a unitary（単一）mass of silicon (e.g., single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon or a combination thereof) or it may comprise an agglomerated（凝集）particulate mass that has been sintered or otherwise treated（処理）to fuse the anodic material together and remove any binder. In one such exemplary embodiment, a silicon wafer may be employed as a monolithic anode material for a lithium-ion battery with（状態）one side of the wafer coupled to a first cathode element through a separator, while the other side is coupled to a second cathode element opposing（対向）it. In such arrangements, one of the significant technical challenges（課題）is the ability to collect and carry current from the monolithic electrode to the outside of the battery while efficiently utilizing the space available inside the battery.
The energy density of conventional batteries may also be increased by reducing inactive component weights and volumes to pack the battery more efficiently. Current batteries use relatively thick current collectors since the foils that make up the current collectors are used with a minimum thickness requirement in order to be strong enough to survive the active material application process. Advantages in performance can be anticipated（期待、予測）if an invention was made in order to separate the current collection from processing constraints.
Despite the varied approaches, a need remains for（必要）improved battery capacity and active material utilization."
