互いに独立に

US2024218150(SHINETSU CHEMICAL CO [JP])
wherein R5 is, independently of each other, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and c is an integer of 5 to 100,

（式中、Ｒ^５は互いに独立に、炭素原子数１～６のアルキル基であり、ｃは５～１００の整数である）

US2023250046(DAIKIN IND LTD [JP])
(wherein R31 and R32 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and optionally having a fluorine atom, and at least one of R31 and R32 contains a fluorine atom.)
（式中、Ｒ^３１及びＲ^３２は、互いに独立に、炭素数１～４のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基であり、Ｒ^３１及びＲ^３２の少なくとも一方はフッ素原子を含む。）

WO2014116973(RIGEL PHARMACEUTICALS INC [US])
A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any one of the groups described herein for the general formulas may be substituted with one or more substituents.
【００９３】
  当業者であれば、一般式について本明細書に記載の基の任意の1つは1つまたは複数の置換基で置き換えうることを理解するであろう。

The term "substituted" means that one or more hydrogen atoms of the specified group or radical are each, independently of one another,
「置換されている」なる用語は、特定の基またはラジカルの1つまたは複数の水素原子が、それぞれ、互いに独立に、

replaced with the same or different substituent groups as defined in the definitions section for "substituent groups for substituting for one or more hydrogen atoms."
「1つまたは複数の水素原子を置換するための置換基」の定義の項に定義する同じまたは異なる置換基で置き換えられていることを意味する。

US10871252(OREAL [FR])
in which the groups R, which are monovalent or divalent, represent, independently of each other, a methyl or a phenyl, with the proviso that at least one group R represents a phenyl.
(式中、
  R基は、一価又は二価であり、互いに独立に、メチル又はフェニルを表し、但し、少なくとも1つのR基はフェニルを表す)

（メタ）アクリロイル基

US2022315819(SHINETSU CHEMICAL CO [JP])
Thus, to improve the humidity resistance of silicone resins, methods have been employed in which a dehydrator or (meth)acryloyl group-containing trimethoxysilane is added (Patent Documents 1, 2).
【０００５】
  そこでシリコーン樹脂の耐湿性を改善するために、脱水剤を添加したり、（メタ）アクリロイル基含有トリメトキシシランを添加したりするといった方法がとられている（特許文献１、２）。

US12030902(SHINETSU CHEMICAL CO [JP])
Methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl (meth)acrylate,
メチル（メタ）アクリレート、エチル（メタ）アクリレート、ｎ－ブチル（メタ）アクリレート、

tert-butyl (meth)acrylate, n-hexyl (meth)acrylate,
ｔｅｒｔ－ブチル（メタ）アクリレート、ｎ－ヘキシル（メタ）アクリレート、

isobutyl (meth)acrylate, isopentyl (meth)acrylate, lauryl(meth)acrylate,
イソブチル（メタ）アクリレート、イソペンチル（メタ）アクリレート、ラウリル（メタ）アクリレート、

2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, stearyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate,
２－エチルヘキシル（メタ）アクリレート、ステアリル（メタ）アクリレート、シクロヘキシル（メタ）アクリレート、

behenyl (meth)acrylate, isodecyl (meth)acrylate, 2-propylheptyl (meth)acrylate,
ベヘニル（メタ）アクリレート、イソデシル（メタ）アクリレート、２－プロピルヘプチル（メタ）アクリレート、

3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexyl (meth)acrylate, nonanyl (meth)acrylate,
３，５，５－トリメチル－１－ヘキシル（メタ）アクリレート、ノナニル（メタ）アクリレート、

2-propylheptyl (meth)acrylate, 2-isopropyl-5-methylhexyl (meth)acrylate, tridecyl (meth)acrylate,
２－プロピルヘプチル（メタ）アクリレート、２－イソプロピル－５－メチルヘキシル（メタ）アクリレート、トリデシル（メタ）アクリレート、

heptadecyl (meth)acrylate, heneicosanyl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate,
ヘプタデシル（メタ）アクリレート、ヘネイコサニル（メタ）アクリレート、イソボルニル（メタ）アクリレート、テトラヒドロフルフリル（メタ）アクリレート、

di(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether (meth)acrylate, furfuryl (meth)acrylate, 2-butoxyethyl(meth)acrylate,
ジ（エチレングリコール）ジメチルエーテル（メタ）アクリレート、フルフリル（メタ）アクリレート、２－ブトキシエチル（メタ）アクリレート、

2-ethoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 1-ethoxybutyl (meth)acrylate, tetrahydro-4H-pyranyl-2-(meth)acrylate,
２－エトキシエチル（メタ）アクリレート、１－エトキシブチル（メタ）アクリレート、テトラヒドロ－４Ｈ－ピラニル－２（メタ）アクリレート、

ethyltriglycol (meth)acrylate, butyldiglycol (meth)acrylate, poly(propylene glycol)dimethyl ether (meth)acrylate and poly(ethylene glycol)alkyl ether (meth)acrylate,
エチルトリグリコール（メタ）アクリレート、ブチルジグリコール（メタ）アクリレート、ポリ（プロピレングリコール）ジメチルエーテル（メタ）アクリレート及びポリ（エチレングリコール）アルキルエーテル（メタ）アクリレート、

(meth)acrylamide, 4-(meth)acryloylmorpholine, N-tert-butyl (meth)acrylamide,
（メタ）アクリルアミド、４－（メタ）アクリロイルモルホリン、Ｎ－ｔｅｒｔ－ブチル（メタ）アクリルアミド、

N,N-dimethyl (meth)acrylamide, N,N-diethyl (meth)acrylamide, N-(butoxymethyl) (meth)acrylamide,
Ｎ，Ｎ－ジメチル（メタ）アクリルアミド、Ｎ，Ｎ－ジエチル（メタ）アクリルアミド、Ｎ－（ブトキシメチル）（メタ）アクリルアミド、

N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl](meth)acrylamide, N-dodecyl (meth)acrylamide and N-isopropyl (meth)acrylamide.
Ｎ－［３－（ジメチルアミノ）プロピル］（メタ）アクリルアミド、Ｎ－ドデシル（メタ）アクリルアミド、及びＮ－イソプロピル（メタ）アクリルアミド。

機能：function, functionaly、冠詞

Translate the following: この装置は印刷用紙の枚数を数える機能を有する。

ChatGPT:

This device has a function to count the number of sheets of printing paper.

あなた:

How about the following: 1. This device has the function of counting the number of sheets of printing paper. 2. This device has the functionality to count the number of sheets of printing paper. 3. This device has a capability to count the number of sheets of printing paper. 4. This device has the capability for counting the number of sheets of printing paper. 5. This device is capable of counting the number of sheets of printing paper.

ChatGPT:

All of your sentences are correct translations and convey the same basic idea, but they differ slightly in formality and nuance:

1. This device has the function of counting the number of sheets of printing paper.

   • Slightly formal, emphasizing that the device possesses this specific function.

2. This device has the functionality to count the number of sheets of printing paper.

   • Slightly technical, using "functionality" to imply that counting is one of the device's built-in features.

3. This device has a capability to count the number of sheets of printing paper.

   • Slightly less common phrasing but still correct, focusing on the device's ability.

4. This device has the capability for counting the number of sheets of printing paper.

   • Similar to sentence 3 but slightly more formal and precise in describing the ability.

5. This device is capable of counting the number of sheets of printing paper.

   • The most straightforward and commonly used phrasing, emphasizing the device's capability in a clear, concise manner.

All these sentences accurately translate the original Japanese, and the choice among them depends on the tone and style you prefer.

あなた:

Specifically, compare the translations 1 and 2. Discuss the difference between "function" and "functionality". Which is better when 機能 is introduced for the first time? Is it better to say "a function" or "a functionality" than "the function" or "the functionality" if the function or functionality has no antecedent basis?

ChatGPT:

The terms "function" and "functionality" are related but have subtle differences in usage and nuance. Let's compare them in the context of translations 1 and 2.

1. "Function" vs. "Functionality"

• "Function":

  • Refers to a specific task or role that something is designed to perform.
  • In the context of technology or devices, "function" usually denotes a distinct, individual feature or capability.
  • Example: "This device has the function of counting sheets."

• "Functionality":

  • Refers more broadly to the range of functions that a device or system can perform.
  • It often implies the practical use or overall capabilities of a device, sometimes used in a more technical context.
  • Example: "This device has the functionality to count sheets."

Which is Better When 機能 is Introduced for the First Time?

• Introducing 機能 as "Function":

  • Using "function" is more straightforward and direct, making it clear that you're talking about a specific feature or task that the device can perform.
  • It is the more common choice when introducing a specific ability of a device for the first time.

• Introducing 機能 as "Functionality":

  • "Functionality" might be more suitable if you want to emphasize the broader set of capabilities or the practical aspects of how the device performs its tasks.
  • It might come across as more technical or comprehensive, which could be appropriate depending on the context (e.g., technical documentation).

"A function" vs. "The function"

• "A function":

  • When you say "a function," you're introducing one of potentially many functions that the device has. It’s less specific and suggests that the function is one among several.
  • Example: "This device has a function to count sheets."

• "The function":

  • Using "the function" implies that this function is either the only one or the most important one being discussed. It’s more specific.
  • Example: "This device has the function of counting sheets."

• "A functionality" vs. "The functionality":

  • Similarly, "a functionality" introduces one capability among many, while "the functionality" suggests something specific or previously mentioned.

Conclusion:

• Translation 1 ("function") is more appropriate when you're introducing 機能 for the first time in a straightforward context. "The function" is fine if you want to emphasize that this is a specific, important feature of the device.
• Translation 2 ("functionality") can be used when you want to highlight the broader capabilities of the device, especially in a more technical or detailed context.

If the function has no antecedent basis (i.e., it hasn't been mentioned before), using "a function" or "a functionality" would generally be more appropriate because it introduces the concept without implying prior knowledge.

接合構造体

US11742896(JTEC ENERGY INC [US])
[0053] In one embodiment, after the second electrode is applied on top of the thin film electrolyte membrane 6 , 8 , the assembled structure may be folded or rolled to form a MEA 40 , 42 of a tubular configuration.
【００４６】
  一実施形態では、第２の電極が薄膜状電解質膜６、８の上部に塗布された後に、接合構造体は管状構成のＭＥＡ４０、４２を形成するように折り曲げられ又は巻かれてもよい。

US10297479(IBM [US])
[0027] FIG. 2 schematically depicts a stack structure comprising a bonding structure for temporarily bonding a device wafer to a handler wafer, according to an embodiment of the invention.
【００１８】
  図２は、本発明の実施形態による、デバイス・ウェハをハンドラ・ウェハに一時的に接合するための接合構造体を含む積層構造体を概略的に示す。

More specifically, FIG. 2 is a schematic side view of a stack structure 20 comprising a device wafer 21 , a handler wafer 22 , and a bonding structure 23 .
より具体的には、図２は、デバイス・ウェハ２１、ハンドラ・ウェハ２２、及び接合構造体２３を含む、積層構造体２０の略側面図である。

The bonding structure 23 comprises an adhesive layer 24 , and a release layer 25 . 
接合構造体２３は、接着剤層２４及び剥離層２５を含む。

FIG. 2 further illustrates a Mid-IR laser 14 that emits an IR laser beam at the handler wafer 22 to irradiate a portion of the release layer 25 , resulting in a laser-ablated region 16 .
図２はさらに、ＩＲレーザ・ビームをハンドラ・ウェハ２２に放射して剥離層２５の一部分を照射し、その結果、レーザ・アブレーション領域１６を生じさせる、Ｍｉｄ－ＩＲレーザ１４を示す。

US8810035(PANASONIC CORP [JP])
[0053] The semiconductor element 102 is, via the bonding material 104 , bonded to the substrate electrode 103 (hereafter simply written as the electrode 103 ) and forms the bonding structure body 105 ,
【００２４】
  半導体素子１０２は、接合材料１０４により、基板電極１０３（以後単に電極１０３と表記する）に接合され接合構造体１０５を形成し、

and that bonding structure body 105 is mounted to the substrate 101 .
その接合構造体１０５が基板１０１に実装されている。

rate:速度、割合、比率、パーセント

Translate the following: この部材の乾燥率80％における重さは10㎏である。

ChatGPT:

The weight of this material at a drying rate of 80% is 10 kg.

あなた:

In this case, what is the "drying rate"?

ChatGPT:

In this context, "drying rate" refers to the percentage of moisture that has been removed from the material compared to its original moisture content. A drying rate of 80% means that 80% of the original moisture content has been removed, leaving the material at 20% of its original moisture content. The given weight (10 kg) is the weight of the material after reaching this drying rate.

あなた:

Translate the following: この部材の乾燥速度は低い。

ChatGPT:

The drying speed of this material is slow.

あなた:

How about, "The rate of drying of this material is low"?

ChatGPT:

Yes, "The rate of drying of this material is low" is also a correct translation. It conveys the same meaning as "この部材の乾燥速度は低い."

あなた:

So, whether the word "rate" indicates percentage or speed depends solely on context? Is it possible to interpret the second translation "The rate of drying of this material is low" as meaning "The percentage of moisture that has been removed from this material is low"?

ChatGPT:

Yes, the word "rate" can indicate either percentage or speed, depending on the context. However, in the sentence "The rate of drying of this material is low," it typically refers to the speed at which the material is drying, not the percentage of moisture removed.

It would be unusual to interpret "rate" in this sentence as meaning the percentage of moisture removed. If the intention was to describe the percentage, a phrase like "The percentage of moisture removed from this material is low" or "The drying percentage of this material is low" would be clearer.

In short, while "rate" can refer to both percentage and speed, the second translation almost always refers to speed in this context.

 

Me: Is it possible to interpret "The drying rate of this material is low" as meaning "The percentage of moisture that has been removed from this material is low"?

ChatGPT:

It is generally not correct to interpret "The drying rate of this material is low" as meaning "The percentage of moisture that has been removed from this material is low."

In common usage, "drying rate" typically refers to the speed at which the material is losing moisture over time, rather than the total percentage of moisture removed. If you wanted to convey that the percentage of moisture removed is low, it would be clearer to say something like "The percentage of moisture removed from this material is low" or "The material has a low degree of drying."

So, while the word "rate" can have multiple meanings, in this specific context, it is understood as referring to speed rather than percentage.

あなた:

You say "drying rate typically refers to speed". But in the case of "The weight of this material at a drying rate of 80% is 10 kg", you say the "drying rate" is percentage. What is it that makes it possible for you to say one is speed and the other is percentage? Is it the sentence structure? Units used? Anything else?

ChatGPT:

Great question! The distinction between "drying rate" as speed and "drying rate" as percentage is determined by context, sentence structure, and the specific language or units used in the sentence.

1. Sentence Structure and Context:

• "The weight of this material at a drying rate of 80% is 10 kg":

  • Context: This sentence clearly mentions a specific percentage ("80%") and relates it to the weight of the material, which implies that "drying rate" refers to the amount of moisture removed—hence, a percentage.
  • Structure: The phrase "at a drying rate of 80%" signals a condition or state, indicating how much drying has occurred, not how fast it is happening.

• "The drying rate of this material is low":

  • Context: Here, "drying rate" is used in a general sense without any specific percentage or quantity attached to it, which suggests that it refers to the speed or pace at which drying occurs.
  • Structure: The adjective "low" typically describes the intensity or pace of an ongoing process, which points to speed rather than a completed amount or percentage.

2. Units Used:

• Percentage (80%): When you see a percentage, it often refers to the extent of a process, such as how much drying has occurred.
• No Specific Units (e.g., "low"): When the rate is described qualitatively (e.g., "low," "high"), it tends to refer to the speed or efficiency of the process.

3. Anything Else?

• Explicitness: When the rate is tied to an explicit measurement (like 80%), it is more likely about the completion or extent of drying. When described qualitatively, it is more about how fast or slow the drying process is progressing.

Summary:

• Percentage Context: Indicates how much moisture has been removed (extent).
• Speed Context: Indicates how fast the drying is occurring.

So, yes, it's the sentence structure, context, and the use of units (like percentage) that guide the interpretation of "drying rate" as either speed or percentage.