| #1 What is letracy? |
| 1 Aquatic Marine Environmental literacy an understanding of the ocean's influence on you—and your influence on the ocean. |
| An A.M.E literate person can observe imminent aquatic marine environments scientifically, consider various problems related to aquatic marine environments together with people, understand aquatic marine environmental literacy that is comprehensive knowledge, make responsible decisions and take responsible actions based on wider perspectives, and convey them to as many people as possible in an easy-to-understand fashion. |
| #2 Environment and Society |
| 1 It is important to make a hypothesis and collect and analyze data, and recognize things scientifically.Furthermore, science (technology) shows big ability when aquatic and marine environment is investigated and analyzed. |
| 2 "The problem" of the environmental problem hasn't defined any longer, and it isn't taught and given by someone "It is a problem." A matter of a certain thing and matter is discovered, and recognized, and recognized socially, and it causes "a problem". |
| 3 In hydrosphere it is difficult to understand what is problem, but it is important to address as a topic and to recognize as a problem by using scientific experiment, investigation and analyzing( approach ). |
| 4 But,after industrial revolution, by the science and technology, nature environment have been broken. it is fact that scientific approach is not always important at all. |
| 5 It is important not only scientific thinking about environment but also social and historical view when you investigate environment. |
| [2年環境] 海洋環境経済論 |
| [3年環境] 環境汚染防止論 |
| [3年政策] 生命論,科学技術論,科学哲学,生命論の諸問題,科学技術論の諸問題,科学哲学の諸問題,国際文化思想論,海洋文学,環境思想 |
| #3 Ocean as Environment |
| 1 The ocean is the defining physical feature on our planet Earth—covering approximately 70% of the planet’s surface. There is one ocean with many ocean basins, such as the North Pacific, South Pacific, North Atlantic, South Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic.(1.a) |
| 2 Ocean basins are composed of the seafloor and all of its geological features (such as islands, trenches, mid-ocean ridges, and rift valleys) and vary in size, shape and features due to the movement of Earth’s crust (lithosphere). Earth’s highest peaks, deepest valleys and flattest plains are all in the ocean.(1.b) |
3 Throughout the ocean there is one interconnected circulation system powered by wind, tides, the force of Earth’s rotation (Coriolis effect), the Sun and water density differences. The shape of ocean basins and adjacent land masses influence the path of circulation. This “global ocean conveyor belt” moves water throughout all of the ocean basins, transporting energy (heat), matter, and organisms around the ocean. Changes in ocean circulation have a large impact
on the climate and cause changes in ecosystems.(1.c) |
4 Sea level is the average height of the ocean relative
to the land, taking into account the differences caused by tides. Sea level changes as plate tectonics cause the volume of ocean basins and the height of the land to change. It changes as ice caps on land melt or grow. It also changes as sea water expands and contracts when ocean water warms and cools.(1.d) |
5 Most of Earth’s water (97%) is in the ocean. Seawater has unique properties. It is salty, its freezing point is slightly lower than fresh water, its density is slightly higher, its electrical conductivity is much higher, and
it is slightly basic. Balance of pH is vital for the health of marine ecosystems, and important in controlling the rate at which the ocean will absorb and buffer changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide.(1.e) |
| 6 The ocean is an integral part of the water cycle and is connected to all of Earth's water reservoirs via evaporation and precipitation processes.(1.f) |
| 7 The ocean is connected to major lakes, watersheds, and waterways because all major watersheds on Earth drain to the ocean. Rivers and streams transport nutrients, salts, sediments, and pollutants from watersheds to coastal estuaries and to the ocean.(1.g) |
| 8 The interaction of oceanic and atmospheric processes controls weather and climate by dominating the Earth’s energy, water, and carbon systems.(3.a) |
| 9 The ocea nmoderates global weather and climateby absorbing most of the solar radiation reaching Earth. Heat exchange between the ocean and atmosphere drives the water cycle and oceanic and atmospheric circulation.(3.b) |
| 10 Heat exchange between the ocean and atmosphere can result in dramatic global and regional weather phenomena, impacting patterns of rain and drought. Significant examples include the El Niño Southern Oscillation and La Niña, which cause important changes in global weather patterns because they alter the sea surface temperature patterns in the Pacific.(3.c) |
| 11 Condensation of water that evaporated from warm seas provides the energy for hurricanes and cyclones. Most rain that falls on land originally evaporated from the tropical ocean.(3.d) |
| 12 The ocean dominates Earth’s carbon cycle. Half of the primary productivity on Earth takes place in the sunlit layers of the ocean. The ocean absorbs roughly half of all carbon dioxide and methane that are added to the atmosphere.(3.e) |
| 13 The ocean has had, and will continue to have, a significant influence on climate change by absorbing, storing, and moving heat, carbon, and water. Changes in the ocean’s circulation have produced large, abrupt changes in climate during the last 50,000 years.(3.f) |
| 14 Changes in the ocean-atmosphere system can result in changes to the climate that in turn, cause further changes to the ocean and atmosphere. These interactions have dramatic physical, chemical, biological, economic, and social consequences.(3.g) |
| 15 The ocean is the largest unexplored place on Earth—less than 5% of it has been explored. The next generation of explorers and researchers will find great opportunities for discovery, innovation, and investigation.(7.a) |
| 16Understanding the ocean is more than a matter of curiosity. Exploration, experimentation, and discovery are required to better understand ocean systems and processes. Our very survival hinges upon it.(7.b) |
| 17 New technologies, sensors, and tools are expanding our ability to explore the ocean. Scientists are relying more and more on satellites, drifters, buoys, subsea observatories, and unmanned submersibles.(7.d) |
| 18 Use of mathematical models is an essential part of understanding the ocean system. Models help us understand the complexity of the ocean and its interactions with Earth’s interior, atmosphere, climate, and land masses.(7.e) |
| 19 Ocean exploration is truly interdisciplinary. It requires close collaboration among biologists, chemists, climatologists, computer programmers, engineers, geologists, meteorologists, physicists, animators, and illustrators. And these interactions foster new ideas and new perspectives for inquiries.(7.f) |
| 20 Many earth materials and biogeochemical cycles originate in the ocean. Many of the sedimentary rocks now exposed on land were formed in the ocean. Ocean life laid down the vast volume of siliceous and carbonate rocks.(2.a) |
| 21 Sea level changes over time have expanded and contracted continental shelves, created and destroyed inland seas, and shaped the surface of land.(2.b) |
| 22 Erosion—the wearing away of rock, soil and other biotic and abiotic earth materials—occurs in coastal areas as wind, waves, and currents in rivers and the ocean, and the processes associated with plate tectonics move sediments. Most beach sand (tiny bits of animals, plants, rocks, and minerals) is eroded from land sources and carried to the coast by rivers; sand is also eroded from coastal sources by surf. Sand is redistributed seasonally by waves and coastal currents.(2.c) |
| 23 The ocean is the largest reservoir of rapidly cycling carbon on Earth. Many organisms use carbon dissolved in the ocean to form shells, other skeletal parts, and coral reefs.(2.d) |
| 24 Tectonic activity, sea level changes, and the force of waves influence the physical structure and landforms of the coast.(2.e) |
| [2年環境] 地学,海洋観測論,環境システム科学,海洋流体力学,海洋リモートセンシング, 海洋生態物理学,環境物理学,生物地球化学 |
| [3年環境] 化学海洋学,海洋物理学,海洋情報解析学,環境測定学,大気科学,沿岸海洋物理学,環境エネルギー工学,海岸環境工学 |
| [2年生物] 陸水学 |
| #4 Oncean ecosystem |
| 1 Most of the oxygen in the atmosphere originally came from the activities of photosynthetic organisms in the ocean. This accumulation of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere was necessary for life to develop and be sustained on land.(4.a) |
2 Theoceanisthecradleoflife;theearliestevidenceoflife
is found in the ocean. The millions of different species of organisms on Earth today are related by descent from common ancestors that evolved in the ocean and continue to evolve today.(4.b) |
| 3Ocean life ranges in size from the smallest living things, microbes, to the largest animal on Earth, blue whales.(5.a) |
| 4 Mostofthe organisms and biomass in the ocean are microbes, which are the basis of all ocean food webs. Microbes are the most important primary producers in the ocean. They have extremely fast growth rates and life cycles, and produce a huge amount of the carbon and oxygen on Earth.(5.b) |
5 Most of the major groups that exist on Earth are
found exclusively in the ocean and the diversity of major groups of organisms is much greater in the ocean than on land.(5.c) |
| 6 Ocean biology provides many unique examples of life cycles, adaptations, and important relationships among organisms (symbiosis, predator-prey dynamics, and energy transfer) that do not occur on land.(5.d) |
| 7 The ocean provides a vast living space with diverse and unique ecosystems from the surface through the water column and down to, and below, the seafloor. Most of the living space on Earth is in the ocean.(5.e) |
| 8 Ocean ecosystems are defined by environmental factors and the community of organisms living there. Ocean life is not evenly distributed through time or space due to differences in abiotic factors such as oxygen, salinity, temperature, pH, light, nutrients, pressure, substrate, and circulation. A few regions of the ocean support the most abundant life on Earth, while most of the ocean does not support much life.(5.f) |
| 9 There are deep ocean ecosystems that are independent of energy from sunlight and photosynthetic organisms. Hydrothermal vents, submarine hot springs, and methane cold seeps, rely only on chemical energy and chemosynthetic organisms to support life.(5.g) |
| 10 Tides, waves, predation, substrate, and/or other factors cause vertical zonation patterns along the coast; density, pressure, and light levels cause vertical zonation patterns in the open ocean. Zonation patterns influence organisms’ distribution and diversity.(5.h) |
| 11Estuaries provide important and productive nursery areas for many marine and aquatic species.(5.i) |
| [1年環境] 魚類学,無脊椎動物学,藻類学 |
| [2年環境] 生物海洋学,鯨類・海産哺乳類学,生物地球化学,生化学 |
| [3年環境] 個体群生態学,浮遊生物学,化学海洋学,海洋バイオテクノロジー,海洋天然物化学,環境微生物化学 |
| [2年生物] 動物生態学,水族生理学,分子生物学,動物組織学,水産遺伝子工学 |
| [3年生物] 集団生物学,保全増殖学,応用藻類学,水族養殖学,水族育種学,水族病理学,水族病理組織学,水族栄養学 |
| [1年食品] 有機化学,生産物理学 |
| [2年食品] 基礎分子生物学,生物化学,物理化学,微生物学, |
| [3年食品] 衛生微生物学,海洋バイオテクノロジー |
| #5 Ocean resources |
| 1 Although the ocean is large, it is finite, and resources are limited.(1.h) |
| 2 Over the last 50 years, use of ocean resources has increased significantly; the future sustainability of ocean resources depends on our understanding of those resources and their potential.(7.c) |
| 3 Resources means materials and energy which human utilize to live. There are mineral resources, water resources, and bio resources. The mineral resources such as oil and coal are decreasing when they are utilized. Water resources is needed as components of creatures, but also important resources to utilize in agriculture and industry, and water resources is not decreasing even utilization, and they change stages such as rain, river, ocean and lake and circle in the earth. |
| 4 Fishery resources deplete as long as regulation is made, therefore to utilize to reproduction of fishery resources reasonably, it is necessary to restrict catching season, net size or to have agreement of fisherman. |
5 Fishery resources change by influencing of natural environmental condition, The prices change by size,
we must make good judgement and catch fish to get maximum benefit. we must remain adult creature to maintain next generations. |
| 6 Fishery resource is capable to product continuously by management appropriately. The resource management based fishery is properly method to develop Japanese coastal fishery in the ear of 200 mile under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
| [2年環境] 海事法規 |
| [3年環境] 数理生態学,藻類生理生態学,海洋資源生態学,環境関係法,海洋資源動態論 |
| [2年生物] 藻類機能生態学,鯨類資源論 |
| [3年生物] 資源統計学,資源解析学 |
| [2年政策] 海洋法総論,国際関係論 |
| [3年政策] 水産国際関係論,漁業管理論,海洋利用制度論,資源統計学,資源解析学,国際協力論 |
| #6 Food culture and fisheries |
| 1 Ocean is important existence as a foundation for the Japanese diet. Japan's country have an area of 378,000 square kilometers, it shapes long and thin and lies north and south. The north is Hokkaido island, the south is Okinawa island. The country measures 35,000 km from north to south, 3000km from east to west. And along the country, Kuroshio current clash with Oyashio current. Japan is crescent-shaped archipelago along pacific orogenic belts, and have mountainous backbone from north to south. |
| 2 There are more than 6000 islands in Japan which are complex and complicated and have many mountains. Therefore, nutritions which come from a lot of rivers for a lot of mountains to ocean around island provide habitat that many creatures alive. As a result, Japan country have a specific situation to get abundant of fisheries resources, from since recorded history they get continually deepen relationships with ocean through fisheries resources. |
| 3 Since the Yayoi period which lasted to around the third century A.D, the wet-paddy rice cultivation method was used to support the lifestyles of Japanese people as their bread-and-butter job, but before the era various harvest from the mountains and the ocean supported peoples' life as essential components. |
| 4 In the part of north-west area of Eurasia continent (Europe), the cultivation of harvesting of wheat connected breeding of cattle and sheep caused principal diet which principal diet were bread and dairy product. |
| 5 In Japan differed from other asian area, the law of terrestrial eating prohibit in 675 A.D. (The era of Temmu Emperor) formed fish eating culture．In Edo era, terrestrial eating prohibit reached climax. In Meiji era 1871, the law of terrestrial eating prohibit was banned, since then the fish eating consumption began to decrease and the terrestrial eating consumption began to increase, but the each consumptions reversed in 1988. |
| 6 To preserve the fish food for long term. in Asian area salt curing and fermentation technology were developed, fermented fish products, fish source and sushi fermented with fish and vegetables containing Umami component was born. these were become the origin of Japanese food style such as Edomae sushi. |
| 7 Fishery developed in the part of east-south area of Eurasia continent, in Japan the fishery fully progressed 1.2 million years ago at the turning point of warm temperature trend from glacial stage to postglacial stage. |
| 8 Warm temperature trend in postglacial stage caused elevation of sea level, and sea water went into valley which eroded by river, complicated shore lines and shallow beaches in each region were formed and these geological formation made fishery resources and living place. |
| 9 The fishing gears such as fox hole, net weight made by earthenware, fishhook, harpoon and ancient in the shell mounds and fishery process factory was found, it is clarified that marine food security work as an bread-and-butter job were taken place. |
| [3年環境] 海洋機能材料学 |
| [2年生物] 漁法学,魚群行動学 |
| [3年生物] 生産システム学,漁具学,漁業解析学 |
| [2年食品] 食品化学,食品工学,食品微生物学 |
| [3年食品] 機器分析概論,公衆衛生学,資源利用化学,食品衛生学,食品加工学,食品機械装置工学,食品殺菌工学,食品ゼロエミッション通論,食品貯蔵学,食品分析学,食品包装論,食品保全化学,食品冷凍学,食品レオロジー,食文化史（隔年開講）,食と健康の科学 |
| [2年政策] 異文化政策論,海洋文化史,海洋政策文化特別講義 |
| [3年政策] 表象文化論,日本社会理解 |
| #7 Coastal zone and our life |
| 1 The ocean affects every human life. It supplies freshwater (most rain comes from the ocean) and nearly all Earth’s oxygen. The ocean moderates the Earth’s climate, influences our weather, and affects human health.(6.a) |
2The ocean provides food, medicines, and mineral
and energy resources. It supports jobs and national economies, serves as a highway for transportation of goods and people, and plays a role in national security.(6.b) |
| 3 The ocean is a source of inspiration, recreation, rejuvenation, and discovery. It is also an important element in the heritage of many cultures.(6.c) |
4 Humans affect the ocean in a variety of ways. Laws, regulations, and resource management affect what is taken out and put into the ocean. Human development and activity leads to pollution (point source, non- point source, and noise pollution), changes to ocean chemistry (ocean acidification),
and physical modifications (changes to beaches, shores, and rivers). In addition, humans have removed most of the large vertebrates from the ocean.(6.d) |
| 5 Changes in ocean temperature and pH due to human activities can affect the survival of some organisms and impact biological diversity (coral bleaching due to increased temperature and inhibition of shell formation due to ocean acidification).(6.e) |
| 6 Much of the world’s population lives in coastal areas. Coastal regions are susceptible to natural hazards (tsunamis, hurricanes, cyclones, sea level change, and storm surges).(6.f) |
| 7 Everyone is responsible for caring for the ocean. The ocean sustains life on Earth and humans must live in ways that sustain the ocean. Individual and collective actions are needed to effectively manage ocean resources for all.(6.g) |
| [2年環境] 応用情報テクノロジー,海洋計測学, 電気電子工学, 海上安全工学 |
| [1年政策] 海洋政策文化研究法,食料経済論,水産技術経済論 |
| [2年政策] 資源利用関係論,水産経済学,水産調査,海洋環境経済論,海洋産業経営論,食品流通論,マーケティング,食料市場論,地域政策論,海洋性レクリエーション論,現代生活と健康 |
| [3年政策] 海洋政策文化セミナー,海洋レジャー経済論,日本経済論,沿岸域利用論,水産経済史,地域環境論,スポーツ生理学,水産政策論,会計学 |
| #8 Now and future of Environmenatal education |
| 1 Modern education is important for success in life in terms of recruitment policies and change from a class system to a merit system. Consequently, our country, as a less developed country, adopted a traditional education system with instruction by a teacher to students in a unilateral fashion to give modern knowledge and techniques in a short time. |
| 2 Features of school knowledge are that it is abstract and neutral, and the contents of learning have some separation from daily life knowledge. As a result, contents of knowledge have no bias, but the learning style became formalized. |
| 3 We must recognize and reconsider the unilateral education concept of common schools. For the future, new educational systems must provide experiential learning and integration of each subject’s knowledge to foster sensibility (a sense of wonder). |
| 4 Future needs require a new communication concept to share with each person's knowledge. |
| [2年政策] 海洋政策文化特別講義,海と教育 |
| [2年全学科] 水圏環境リテラシー学実習（水圏環境教育推進リーダー養成コース必修科目） |
| [3年全学科] 水圏環境コニュニケーション学，水圏環境コニュニケーション学実習（水圏環境教育推進リーダー養成コース必修科目） |
| |
また，バークレー市の隣にはオークランドアスレチックスのホームグランド，オークランド市がある。バークレー校は，10校あるカリフォルニア大学の本部である。略してCAL，唯一バークレー校のみCALと名乗ることができる。ロサンゼルス校はUCLAであり，デービス校はUC Davis，サンタクルーズ校はUCSCである。また，バークレー校は，オッペンハイマーなどの有名な研究者が在籍し原子力開発で発展した大学。200人いるノーベル賞受賞者の一人であるローレンスの寄付によって建てられたのがローレンス科学館という科学教育の模範的施設がある。（この施設については，拙著「水圏環境教育の理論と実践」を参照）
LHSに訪問研究員として台湾海洋大学から派遣されたRay Yen教授は，台湾のかりんとうを持ってきた。麻花（マーファー）という棒状であるがねじれが入ったかりんとうだった。【写真⑫】
早速食べ比べをしてみる。日本のかりんとうより硬いが，味はほぼ同じである。味は日本のほうが洗練されている。そして，中国大陸にも渦巻きかりんとうがあるという。その場にはなかったが，中国ではごく普通に食べられているものだという。螺仔餅（ローザイピン:ネジ餅）あるいは猫耳という。【写真⑬】
なぜ渦巻きなのか？
