防塵服、防護服

US2023408116(NEUROPLAST BEHEER B V [NL])
[0006] Another technical measure for maintaining the desired cleanliness level inside, is the necessity of airlocks, sometimes including an air shower stage, for staff personnel entering and leaving through.
【０００６】
  クリーンルーム内部を望ましい清浄度に維持するための別の技術的手法として、出入りする担当者のためのエアロック（ときにエアシャワーを含む）がある。

Additionally, the staff personnel are required wear protective clothing such as hoods, face masks, gloves, boots, and coveralls, in order to minimize the risk of carrying particulates by the person, when entering the clean room facility.
これに加えて担当者は、クリーンルーム設備に入る際の微粒子持ち込みのリスクを最小化するために、フード、マスク、グローブ、ブーツ、カバーオールなどといった防塵服を身につける必要がある。

Furthermore, clean room facilities need to conform to internationally standardized classifications and need to be tested and approved on site by competent authorities, before the clean room facility is allowed to startup the manufacturing process of pharmaceutical items, integrated circuits, CRT, LCD, OLED and microLED displays, etc.
さらにクリーンルーム設備は、国際標準化された分類基準に従い、医薬品、集積回路、ＣＲＴ、ＬＣＤ、ＯＬＥＤ、マイクロＬＥＤディスプレイなどの製造の開始が許可される前に、監督当局による現場試験および承認が必要がある。

[0007] Clean rooms are classified in accordance with internationally standardized classifications or grades of cleanliness.
【０００７】
  クリーンルームは、国際標準化された分類または清浄度等級に従って分類される。

Depending the grade of cleanliness (A, B, C or D, with A denoting the highest level of cleanliness and D denoting the lowest level of cleanliness), the clean room is a system with different compartments at different grade of cleanliness for people and goods.
クリーンルームシステムは、清浄度分類（クラスＡ、Ｂ、ＣまたはＤ。ここで、クラスＡは最上級の清浄度を示し、クラスＤは最下級の清浄度を示す）に応じて異なるコンパートメント（人または物品の清浄度等級によって異なる）を有する。

People have to gown several times before entering the C or B environment and goods also have to be unpacked several times before entering the C or B environment.
クラスＣまたはＤのクリーンルームに入る前には、人は何度か防塵服を身につける必要があり、物品は何度か開梱される必要がある。

US2008128661(NYCO MINERALS INC)
The conductive fiber can be used alone or in combination with other fibers in various applications, e.g., special working clothes such as dust-free clothes and interiors such as carpets.
導電性繊維は単独でまたは他の繊維と組み合わせて様々な用途、例えば防塵服のような特殊な作業服およびカーペットのようなインテリアに用いることができる。

WO2007001270(PROCTER & GAMBLE [US])
various protection sheets such as fume prevention mask and dust prevention mask, laboratory gown, and dust preventive clothes
ガス防止マスク、実験着、及び防塵服のような種々の保護シート

US2022372671(SOUTHERN MILLS INC [US])
To avoid being injured while working in such conditions, these individuals typically wear protective garments constructed of flame resistant materials designed to protect them from electrical arc flash and/or flames.
そのような状況で働いている間に負傷することを避けるために、これらの人々は通常、電気アークフラッシュおよび／または火炎から人を保護するように設計された耐燃性材料で作られた保護衣服を着用する。

Such protective clothing can include various garments, for example, coveralls, pants, and shirts.
そのような防護服には、例えばカバーオール、ズボン、およびシャツのような様々な衣服が含まれ得る。

WO2018094202(RAINMAKER SOLUTIONS INC [US])
Other protective systems, including safety helmets, welding helmets, face shields, chemical suits, bio-hazard suits, hoods, and headcovers configured to be connected to a powered or supplied air respirator system are also potential applications,
安全ヘルメット、溶接ヘルメット、保護面、化学防護服、バイオハザード防護服、フード、及びヘッドカバーを含む、動力付き又は供給式の空気呼吸器システムに接続されるように構成された他の保護システムもまた潜在的な用途であって、

as the two-channel fluid delivery system 101 of the present patent disclosure will allow the users of such systems to also be hydrated where those current systems presently lack a hydration option. 
本特許開示による２流路流体送達システム１０１は、現状で水分補給の選択肢を欠いているそのような現行システムのユーザにも水分補給を可能とする。

日航123便墜落事故陰謀論：ファンタジーに水を差す（７） ドーンの前に気付いていたのか?

ユーチューバーのワタナベケンタロウ氏の日航１２３便事故動画は当初青山透子氏や森永卓郎氏らの事実に反する、または無根拠な、珍妙なる主張（別冊は隠されていた、異常外力着力点は物体の着弾点、事故調は物体衝突を認めた、墜落後自衛隊は火炎放射器で乗員乗客と現場を一晩中焼却した等々）を推す陰謀論だったので嫌悪感を抱きしばらく視聴していませんでしたが、ワタナベ氏はいつの間にか路線変更されていたようで、先日久しぶりに視聴した動画は大変興味深い内容でした。

この動画で紹介されている読売新聞夕刊を私も近所の図書館で確認してみました。

この１９８５年８月２２日の読売記事によれば、事故調は交信記録を精査した結果、機長は緊急信号発信の一分前に機体の不自然な揺れなどの何らかの異常に気付いたのは間違いない、１８時２４分２秒に日航機から管制にトラブル発生の第一報、羽田への帰還希望、および２２０００フィートへの降下要求があり、その一分後の２５分ごろに緊急信号スコーク７７００を発信したとある。

つまり、

２４分０２秒：トラブル発生、羽田へ引き返したい、22000フィートへ降下したい

２５分ごろ：「スコーク７７」

 

他方、１９８７年の公式発表（最終報告書記載のCVR記録）では以下の流れ。

２４分１２秒：「したいって仰る方」、「気を付けて」、「手早く」

２４分３５～３６秒：「ドーン」

２４分３８秒：「不明」

２４分３９秒：「なんか爆発したぞ」

２４分４２秒：「スコーク７７」

・・・

２５分２１秒～３４秒：「トラブル発生、羽田へ引き返したい、22000フィートへ降下したい」

 

つまり、上記記事と報告書のあいだで、トラブル発生の第一報と、緊急信号発信の順序が真逆になっている。

「精査の結果」が真実ならば、異常の第一報はスチュワーデスからの「したいって仰る方」との問い合わせ（２４分１２秒）より前であり、「ドーン」の前にコックピットでは何らかの異常に気付いていたことを意味する。

さらには報告書のCVR記録が改竄されていることにもなる。

これは誤報だったのか？交信記録の読み間違い？当初の公表が「精査」の結果により訂正されたのだから、普通に考えれば後の発表のほうが正確のはず。まあ最終報告書と矛盾するから当然上記報道内容は間違いで、後に再訂正されたということになるんでしょうが、いつ再訂正されたのか？そのような、明確に時系列の異なる交信記録の解読ミスの可能性は極めて低いのではないか？

さらに記事によれば事故調は、機長が異常に気付いた後、「異常が垂直尾翼を破壊し」、「その後隔壁が破壊され与圧が低下した」疑いがあるとしている。

 

読売報道を基準に公式発表と合わせると、

２４分０２秒：トラブル発生、羽田へ引き返したい、22000フィートへ降下したい

２４分１２秒：「したいって仰る方」、「気を付けて」、「手早く」

２４分３５～３６秒：「ドーン」

２４分３８秒：「不明」(私には「まずい」と聞こえる)

２４分３９秒：「なんか爆発したぞ」（同、「なんかわかったの？」）

２４分４２秒：「スコーク７７」

（公式発表は大塚明氏によるＣＶＲ転載による）

 

これが多分真実でしょう。

だとすれば、これまでの複数の謎が説明できる。

１．なぜ異常音発生前のコックピット内のクルーは（音声解析による）緊張度が非常に高いのか？

２．なぜ異常音発生直後の機長（CAP）の第一声が「まずい！」なのか？

３．通常は発信まで確認作業に最低一分はかかると言われる「スコーク７７」の発信がなぜ異常音発生後わずか６秒なのか？

４．なぜコックピットはスチュワーデスからの「したいって仰る方がいらっしゃるんですが」との問い合わせに「気を付けて」「手早く」、再度「気を付けてください」という、念入りで急かすような、緊張した、緊張を強いる応対なのか？

５．なぜ、急減圧の際に通常要求する高度１３０００フィートではなく、２２０００フィートへの降下を要求しているのか？

現実にはその後９月にボーイングが事故数年前の隔壁修理ミスを「自白」して、事故調は一気に隔壁説（最初に修理ミス部分からの金属疲労の発展により隔壁に２～３平方メートルの穴が開き、客室からの与圧空気が超音速で噴出して胴体尾部と垂直尾翼を内側から吹っ飛ばし、機内に急減圧が生じた）へ進み１９８７年に報告書および付録（別冊）を発表し、現在に至る。

以下、私の想像。爆発音の前に機体の異常などの「トラブルの報告」があったとなるとその内容と原因が追及され日航・ボーイング・監督官庁である運輸省すべての責任が問われる。事故機の整備歴を見れば過去にしりもち事故で隔壁を修理しており、ボーイングによる修理ミスがあった。日航は機内与圧に関する不適切な運用をしていた。官庁はそれらを見逃した。つまり、日航、ボーイング、官庁のすべてにエラーがあった。そこで隔壁が修理ミスを原因として「突然」破壊、油圧配管が全て切断し油圧オールロス・操作不能となったとするストーリーを日米合作で創作し、それに合わせた報告書を事故調査委員会は苦渋ながら作成、CVRを改竄し、発表した。こうして日航・ボーイング・監督官庁が痛み分け、ボーイングは泥を被り恥を忍んで問題を事故機特有のものとし、日航は運用不適切の責任を回避する代わりに引き続きボーイングの機体を購入、官は監督責任を回避するため両者の調整と後始末に奔走、そして事故の真相は闇へ葬られた。

私は今のところ、この事故の原因は航空史研究家の竺川航大(じくせん　たかひろ）氏の唱える、金属疲労の加速による垂直尾翼の早期破壊だと思います。この説によれば、客室内の与圧設定がボーイング規定の6.9 psiより高い8.9 psiに設定されたため金属疲労が加速し、最初に垂直尾翼が損壊し、その衝撃で圧力隔壁上部と胴体上部壁との間に隙間が生じ、そこから瞬間的に空気が非与圧部に漏れた、隔壁の破壊は墜落時に生じた、とのことです。

沈黙の翼
記録が語る日航123便墜落事故の真相
第1章 100人の機長が綴るタイム・ゼロへの航跡　その1

（読売新聞１９８５年８月１９日朝刊）

（この動画の左上に表示される時刻は実時間だと思いますが、報告書のCVR記録の時間と部分的にズレており、１～３秒程度進んでいる部分があるようです。例えば「ドーン」は報告書では18:24:35ですが、動画では18:24:32辺り。）

スペースって、何？

この空間…

目の前にある

この空間…

宇宙と繋がり

私を包む

何じゃコリャ！？

修飾の範囲の明確化

Translate: 本発明は、誤動作を検知するよう構成されたプログラム、方法及びシステムに関する。

ChatGPT:

The present invention relates to a program, method, and system configured to detect malfunctions.

あなた:

How about "The present invention relates to a program, method, and system that are configured to detect malfunctions"?

ChatGPT:

Your suggested translation, "The present invention relates to a program, method, and system that are configured to detect malfunctions," is also correct and natural.

The main difference between this version and my original translation is the explicit use of "that are," which adds clarity by emphasizing that all three elements (program, method, and system) share the same configuration. Both versions are valid, with your version being slightly more formal and precise.

あなた:

Consider the sentence: "The present invention relates to a program, a method, and a system configured to detect malfunctions." Is the sentence ambiguous as to what the "configured to" modifies? In other words, is it possible to interpret the sentence in two ways, one in which the "configured to" only modifies the system, and the other where the modifier modifies all of the method, the system, and the system?

ChatGPT:

Yes, the sentence "The present invention relates to a program, a method, and a system configured to detect malfunctions" can indeed be ambiguous. The ambiguity arises because it is unclear whether the phrase "configured to detect malfunctions" modifies only the last noun ("system") or all three nouns ("program," "method," and "system").

There are two possible interpretations:

1. "Configured to" modifies only "system": This interpretation suggests that only the system is configured to detect malfunctions, while the program and method are not necessarily configured that way.

2. "Configured to" modifies all three ("program," "method," and "system"): This interpretation implies that the program, method, and system are all configured to detect malfunctions.

To eliminate ambiguity:

• If you intend "configured to" to modify all three elements, you could rewrite the sentence for clarity:

  • "The present invention relates to a program, a method, and a system, all of which are configured to detect malfunctions."
  • "The present invention relates to a program, a method, and a system that are configured to detect malfunctions."

• If you intend "configured to" to modify only the system, the sentence could be rephrased:

  • "The present invention relates to a program, a method, and a system that is configured to detect malfunctions."

In summary, your original sentence does leave room for two interpretations, and a slight rewording could clarify your intended meaning.

階層

Translate: 本発明の階層構造においては、階層数が予め決定されている。

ChatGPT:

In the hierarchical structure of the present invention, the number of layers is predetermined.

あなた:

How about the following?

1. In the hierarchical structure of the present invention, the number of hierarchies is predetermined.

2. In the hierarchical structure of the present invention, the number of hierarchical layers is predetermined.

ChatGPT:

All three versions, including your two suggestions, are accurate translations with slight variations in wording. Here's a breakdown:

1. "In the hierarchical structure of the present invention, the number of hierarchies is predetermined."

   • This version uses "number of hierarchies." While technically correct, "hierarchies" may sound slightly ambiguous because it could imply multiple distinct hierarchies rather than layers within a single hierarchy.

2. "In the hierarchical structure of the present invention, the number of hierarchical layers is predetermined."

   • This version is very clear. "Hierarchical layers" specifies that the number of layers within the hierarchy is predetermined, aligning well with the original Japanese text.

3. "In the hierarchical structure of the present invention, the number of layers is predetermined."

   • This is a more concise version, which still captures the meaning clearly, as "layers" implies hierarchical levels in this context.

Option 2 offers the most clarity when referring to the hierarchical layers, but all three are valid depending on your desired level of detail.

US11854894(INTEL CORP [US])
Device layer 215 , as fully interconnected with both front-side interconnect metallization 333 and back-side interconnect metallization 334 , is one IC stratum 350 .
表側インターコネクトメタライゼーション３３３及び裏側インターコネクトメタライゼーション３３４の両方と完全に相互接続された場合、デバイス層２１５は、１つのＩＣ階層３５０である。

An IC stratum may comprise only one, or both, front-side interconnect metallization and back-side interconnect metallization.
ＩＣ階層は、１つのみ又は両方の表側インターコネクトメタライゼーション及び裏側インターコネクトメタライゼーションを含んでよい。

A single IC stratum may be packaged according to any suitable techniques.
単一のＩＣ階層は、任意の適切な技術に従ってパッケージ化されてよい。

Alternatively, as described above, an IC stratum may be joined with secondary host or donor substrate that includes another device stratum.
代替的に、上述したように、ＩＣ階層は、別のデバイス階層を含むセカンダリホスト基板又はドナー基板と接合されてよい。

[0150] FIG. 3 J further illustrates a plurality of IC strata 350 joined into a 3D IC 360 , in accordance with some embodiments.
[0068] 図３Ｊは、いくつかの実施形態に従う、３Ｄ ＩＣ３６０に接合される複数のＩＣ階層３５０をさらに示す。

Each IC stratum 350 includes a device layer 215 , for example having any of the properties described elsewhere herein.
各ＩＣ階層３５０は、デバイス層２１５を含み、例えば、本明細書の他の場所で説明される特性のいずれかを有する。

As shown, 3D IC 360 lacks any of the thickness overhead associated with bulk crystalline substrate material.
示されるように、３Ｄ ＩＣ３６０は、バルク結晶基板材料と関連付けられる厚さのオーバヘッドのいずれかを欠いている。

In the absence of such material, 3D IC 360 has no microns-thick TSV structures.
そのような材料がない場合、３Ｄ ＩＣ３６０は、ミクロン厚ＴＳＶ構造を有していない。

Instead, IC strata 350 interface one other through a bond 390 , which may be of any suitable bonding technology, such as, but not limited to, thermal compression bonding or solder bonding. 
むしろ、ＩＣ階層３５０は、接合３９０を通じて互いに結合し、当該接合は、任意の適切な接合技術、例えば、限定されることはないが、熱圧縮接合又は半田接合であってよい。

////////

[0163] FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating methods 701 for back-side isolation of transistors, in accordance with some embodiments.
[0081] 図７は、いくつかの実施形態に従うトランジスタの裏側分離の方法を示すフロー図７０１である。

Methods 701 further exemplify formation of a transistor structure stratum that may be no more than a few hundred nanometers in thickness.
方法７０１は、わずか数百ナノメートルの厚さに過ぎない可能性があるトランジスタ構造の階層の形成をさらに例示する。

Methods 701 further illustrate how the techniques introduced above in the context of FIG. 1 - 5 may be applied to provide back-side isolation structures to a device stratum.
方法７０１は、図１～図５のコンテキストにおける上記で紹介された技術がどのように、裏側分離構造をデバイス階層に提供するように適用され得るかをさらに示す。

As described elsewhere herein, such a stratum is amenable to being vertically stacked into a 3D IC having potentially very high vertical cell density (e.g., high strata count/micrometer thickness).
本明細書の他の場所で説明されるように、そのゆな階層は、潜在的に非常に高い縦方向のセル密度（例えば、高い階層数／マイクロメートル厚）を有する３Ｄ ＩＣに縦方向に積層されるのに適している。

US2023208571(DEJERO LABS INC [CA])
[0053] In another embodiment, where correlations or interdependence is known but unavoidable (e.g., there are only a few connections available, so correlation or interdependence between active connections is likely to occur),
【００４１】
  別の実施形態では、相関または相互依存性が既知であっても回避できない（例えば、利用可能な接続が少数しかないので、有効になっている接続間の相関または相互依存性が生じやすい）場合には、

the approach can include enforcing a discount factor to the reliability of a connection, or in another embodiment, simply treating the reliability “tier” of the connection to be a lower tier.
本手法は、接続の信頼性に対する割引係数を強化すること、または別の実施形態では、接続の信頼性「階層」を、より低い階層として単に扱うことを含むものとすることができる。

For example, if Connection A (Tier 3 ) is being using for routing in combination with Connection B (Tier 3 ), and there is a correlation of interdependence between them, one of Connections A or B can be logically shifted during routing to be treated as a Tier 4 .
例えば、接続Ａ（階層３）が、接続Ｂ（階層３）との組み合わせでルーティングに使用されていて、それらの間に相互依存の相関があるならば、接続ＡまたはＢの一方を、ルーティング中に論理的に移して階層４として扱うことができる。

Accordingly, the packet may be sent 4 times instead of 3 times (e.g., two times on Connection A, and two times on Connection B).
したがって、パケットを３回ではなく４回（例えば、接続Ａ上で２回、接続Ｂ上で２回）送信してもよい。

[0054] The tiers are stored in tiered representation on a data storage. 
【００４２】
  階層は、データストレージ上の階層化表現で記憶される。

////////////

[0176] The number N is referred to as the connection's Tier, and connections are grouped together as a function of their Tier number.
【０１５７】
  この数Ｎは接続の階層を指し、接続はその階層数の関数としてグループ化される。

US6954789(HI FN INC [US])
The protocol description language (PDL) files 336 describes both patterns and states of all protocols that an occur at any layer,
プロトコル記述言語（ＰＤＬ）ファイル３３６は、任意の階層で生じる全プロトコルのパターンおよび状態の両者を記述し、

including how to interpret header information, how to determine from the packet header information the protocols at the next layer,
ヘッダ情報の解釈方法、パケットヘッダ情報に基づいて次の階層におけるプロトコルを判別する方法、

and what information to extract for the purpose of identifying a flow, and ultimately, applications and services.
フローを、最終的にはアプリケーションおよびサービスを識別する目的でどの情報を抽出するか、を含む。

The layer selections database 338 describes the particular layering handled by the monitor. That is, what protocols run on top of what protocols at any layer level.
階層選択データベース３３８はモニタによって取り扱われる特定の階層構造、すなわち、任意の階層レベルにおいてどのプロトコルの上においてどのプロトコルが走るかを記述する。

Thus 336 and 338 combined describe how one would decode, analyze, and understand the information in packets, and, furthermore, how the information is layered.
３３６および３３８の結合は、パケット内の情報のデコード、分析および理解をどのように行うか、更には情報がどのように階層化されるかを記述する。

This information is input into compiler and optimizer 310.
この情報はコンパイラおよび最適化装置３１０に入力される。

コイル基板

US11209508(KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS NV [NL])
[0033] The analog dispersive delay line 60 may, in general, be located with the MR receive coil 32 , or with the receiver electronics.
【００２９】
  アナログ分散遅延線６０は、一般的に、ＭＲ受信コイル３２と共に、または受信器電子回路と共に配置することができる。

For example, in a digital MR receive coil design, the A/D converter 56 is disposed with the MR receive coil 32 and the pre-amplifier 54 on a single receive coil substrate 76 .
例えば、デジタルＭＲ受信コイル設計では、Ａ／Ｄ変換器５６は単一の受信コイル基板７６上にＭＲ受信コイル３２および前置増幅器５４と共に配置される。

In such digital MR receive coil embodiments, the analog dispersive delay line 60 is also disposed on the single receive coil substrate 76 so as to be interposed along the MR receive chain between the MR receive coil 32 and the on-board A/D converter 56 .
このようなデジタルＭＲ受信コイルの実施形態では、アナログ分散遅延線６０も、ＭＲ受信チェーンに沿ってＭＲ受信コイル３２とオンボードＡ／Ｄ変換器５６との間に介挿されるようにして、単一受信コイル基板７６上に配置される。

Thus, in these embodiments the single receive coil substrate 76 commonly supports the MR receive coil 32 , the analog dispersive delay line 60 , and the A/D converter 56 .
したがって、これらの実施形態では、単一受信コイル基板７６がＭＲ受信コイル３２、アナログ分散遅延線６０、およびＡ／Ｄ変換器５６を共通に支持する。

US2022377947(AIRA INC [US])
[0065] FIG. 11 provides a transparent view 1100 of Litz coils maintained within a Litz coil substrate used to provide a charging surface of a wireless charging device in accordance with certain aspects of this disclosure.
【００３７】
  図１１は、本開示の特定の態様に従ってワイヤレス充電装置の充電面を提供するために使用されるリッツコイル基板内に保持されたリッツコイルの透過図１１００を提供する。

The exploded view 1120 shows a Litz coil substrate 1122 configured to receive Litz coils and maintain the Litz coils in a predefined multi-layer Litz coil structure 1124 with 3D displacements between coils that meet tolerances defined by a designer.
分解図１１２０は、リッツコイルを受けて、設計者によって定義された公差を満たすコイル間の３次元変位を有する所定の多層リッツコイル構造１１２４にリッツコイルを維持するように構成されたリッツコイル基板１１２２を示す。

The Litz coil substrate 1122 may also define the spatial relationship between the multi-layer Litz coil structure 1124 and a ferrite layer 1126 or another type of magnetic half-core.
また、リッツコイル基板１１２２は、多層リッツコイル構造１１２４とフェライト層１１２６または他の種類の磁気ハーフコアとの間の空間的関係を規定してもよい。

耐圧

US2022149190(DENSO CORP [JP])
A peripheral withstand structure such as a guard ring is formed in the semiconductor substrate 10 corresponding to the peripheral region 10 B.
周辺領域１０Ｂに対応する半導体基板１０内には、ガードリング等の周辺耐圧構造が形成されている。

Further, a plurality of small signal pads 28 are provided on the semiconductor substrate 10 corresponding to the peripheral region 10 B.
さらに、周辺領域１０Ｂに対応する半導体基板１０上には、複数の小信号パッド２８が設けられている。

Examples of the type of the small signal pad 28 include a gate pad for inputting a gate signal, a temperature sense pad for outputting a temperature sense signal, and a current sense pad for outputting a current sense signal.
小信号パッド２８の種類としては、例えばゲート信号を入力するためのゲートパッド、温度センス信号を出力するための温度センスパッド及び電流センス信号を出力するための電流センスパッドが挙げられる。

US11929400(FUJI ELECTRIC CO LTD [JP])
[0068] In the edge termination region 20 , a voltage withstanding structure such as a junction termination extension (JTE) structure is disposed (refer to FIG. 3 ).
【００５５】
  エッジ終端領域２０には、接合終端拡張（ＪＴＥ：Ｊｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ  Ｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ  Ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ）構造などの耐圧構造が配置される（図３参照）。

The JTE structure is
ＪＴＥ構造は、

a voltage withstanding structure in which,

from a center-side (side thereof nearest the center of the semiconductor substrate 30 ) thereof to end-sides (sides thereof nearest the ends of the semiconductor substrate 30 ) thereof,
内側（半導体基板３０の中央側）から外側（半導体基板３０の端部側）へ離れるにしたがって

plural p-type regions (in FIG. 3 , reference numerals 22 , 23 ) having differing impurity concentrations are disposed in descending order of impurity concentration, in a substantially rectangular concentric pattern surrounding a periphery of the active region 10 and centered around a center of the active region, in a plan view.
不純物濃度の低いｐ型領域が配置されるように、不純物濃度の異なる複数のｐ型領域（図３の符号２２，２３）を活性領域１０の周囲を囲む略矩形状の平面形状で、活性領域１０の中央を基準とした同心円状に配置した

耐圧構造である。

するほど、につれて

Translate: この装置は、第１の面に近づくほど本体から離間する部材を有する。

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

The device has a component that becomes more distant from the main body as it approaches the first surface.

有する、備える、含む：comprise, include, provided with

Explain the difference in meaning, nuance, etc. between the following sentences:

1. This communication device comprises a case, a power supply, and a control board.

2. This communication device includes a case, a power supply, and a control board.

3. This communication device is provided with a case, a power supply, and a control board.

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

Here’s an explanation of the differences in meaning, nuance, and usage between the three sentences:

1. This communication device comprises（＊から成る、有する、備える）a case, a power supply, and a control board.

• Meaning: "Comprises" means "is made up of" or "consists of." It emphasizes that the listed components form the entirety of the communication device. The sentence implies that the case, power supply, and control board are the essential or complete components of the device.
• Nuance: This phrasing tends to be more formal and precise. In technical or legal contexts, "comprises" suggests that nothing outside the listed components is part of the device, though this can vary by usage.
• Implication: The device is made up of these specific parts, and it could imply that no other components are included, depending on the context.

2. This communication device includes（＊含む、有する、備える）a case, a power supply, and a control board.

• Meaning: "Includes" means that the case, power supply, and control board are part of the device, but there may be other components as well. It doesn't imply that these are the only parts.
• Nuance: This is a more flexible and less formal term. It suggests that the listed components are important but not necessarily exhaustive. It is commonly used in descriptions where completeness isn't emphasized.
• Implication: The device contains these parts, but there could be additional components not mentioned here.

3. This communication device is provided with（＊備える、具備、有する）a case, a power supply, and a control board.

• Meaning: "Is provided with" suggests that the device comes equipped with these components, implying that they are supplied or installed with the device.
• Nuance: This phrasing often implies that these components are accessories or standard parts that come with the device. It has a slightly more passive construction, making it sound a bit less direct than the other two.
• Implication: The device comes with these parts, but it doesn't emphasize whether these are the only components or if there are others. It focuses more on what is included rather than on the composition of the device.

Key Differences:

• Precision: "Comprises" is the most precise and formal, suggesting these are the complete components. "Includes" is more general, allowing for the possibility of other components. "Is provided with" focuses more on the idea of these parts being supplied or equipped, without necessarily defining them as the complete set.
• Tone: "Comprises" is more formal and technical, while "includes" and "is provided with" are more flexible and commonly used in less formal contexts.

Which term you choose depends on whether you want to emphasize completeness, flexibility, or just the fact that the device comes with certain parts.

できる、可能である：潜在性か、実現済みか？

Translate: この発明は、小型化および軽量化が可能な表示装置を提供する。

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

The invention provides a display device that can be miniaturized and made lightweight.

あなた:

How about the following:

1. The invention provides a display device which is reduced in size and weight.

2. The invention provides a display device with which it is possible to achieve reductions in size and weight.

3. The invention provides a display device in which reductions in size and weight are achieved.

4. The invention provides a display device that has achieved reductions in size and weight.

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

Here's a breakdown of each option in terms of grammar, clarity, and nuance:

1. The invention provides a display device which is reduced in size and weight.

• Pros: Clear and concise.
• Cons: The phrase "which is reduced" could suggest that the size and weight have already been reduced in a fixed sense, which might not fully capture the potential or capability for further miniaturization and weight reduction.
• Suggested adjustment: "The invention provides a display device that is reduced in size and weight." ("That" is often preferred over "which" in restrictive clauses.)

2. The invention provides a display device with which it is possible to achieve reductions in size and weight.

• Pros: Clearly emphasizes the potential to reduce size and weight.
• Cons: Slightly wordy and indirect compared to the others.
• Usage context: Good if the emphasis is on the possibility of achieving reductions, rather than stating that they have already been realized.

3. The invention provides a display device in which reductions in size and weight are achieved.

• Pros: Straightforward and indicates that reductions in size and weight are a realized feature of the device.
• Cons: Implies the reductions are inherent to the device itself, which is fine, but may sound a bit less flexible compared to phrasing that suggests ongoing possibilities.

4. The invention provides a display device that has achieved reductions in size and weight.

• Pros: Clearly conveys that size and weight reductions have been accomplished.
• Cons: The past tense ("has achieved") might make it sound as if the invention has already completed this process, which could feel a bit final if the focus is on the device's potential for future adjustments.

Summary:

• For potential/capability focus: Option 2 is best.
• For realized reductions: Option 4 is most appropriate, though Option 3 is also effective.
• For brevity and clarity: Option 1 (with the minor adjustment) works well.

The choice depends on whether you want to emphasize that the reductions have already been achieved or that the device enables such reductions. Which aspect would you prefer to emphasize?

ＲＡＣＨ設定

WO2022212122(INTEL CORP [US])
[00147] (b.3) In some aspects, the RACH configuration is separately provided to RedCap and non-RedCap UEs.
【０１４７】
  （ｂ．３）いくつかの態様では、ＲＡＣＨ設定は、ＲｅｄＣａｐ及び非ＲｅｄＣａｐ  ＵＥに別個に提供される。

Specifically, a separate UL BWP #0 configuration may be provided to RedCap UEs via SIBl to provide a “reference UL BWP #0” location.
具体的には、「参照ＵＬ  ＢＷＰ＃０」位置を提供するために、別個のＵＬ  ＢＷＰ＃０設定がＳＩＢ１を介してＲｅｄＣａｐ  ＵＥに提供されてもよい。

The separate UL BWP #0 configuration may include the RACH configuration and the UE may determine the actual UL BWP #0 based on the RO location as described above.
別個のＵＬ  ＢＷＰ＃０設定は、ＲＡＣＨ設定を含んでもよく、ＵＥは、上述したように、ＲＯ位置に基づいて実際のＵＬ  ＢＷＰ＃０を決定してもよい。

判断した場合：When determined?

Is the following sentence OK in terms of grammar, usage, convention, etc.? "When determined that the user location has changed, a location determination component 304 can be employed to identify the new/changed location of the user."

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

The sentence you provided is mostly clear but can be improved for readability and grammatical precision. Here's a revised version:

"When it is determined that the user's location has changed, a location determination component 304 can be employed to identify the new or updated location of the user."

Changes made:

1. Added "it is" – The sentence requires a subject. "When determined" is awkward and incomplete; "When it is determined" makes it grammatically correct.
2. "User location" changed to "user's location" – Possessive form improves clarity.
3. Replaced "new/changed" with "new or updated" – Using a slash can make formal writing less clear. "New or updated" is more precise and professional.

Let me know if you'd like further adjustments!

あなた:

How about, "Upon determining that the user location has changed, a location determination component 304 can be employed to identify the new/changed location of the user"?

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

Your revised sentence is much improved! However, a couple of small tweaks could further refine it for clarity and flow:

"Upon determining that the user's location has changed, a location determination component 304 can be employed to identify the new or updated location of the user."

Changes made:

1. "User location" changed to "user's location" – Using the possessive form ("user's location") maintains clarity and follows standard convention.
2. "New/changed" replaced with "new or updated" – As mentioned earlier, avoiding the slash makes the sentence more formal and readable.

This version maintains the formal tone and improves clarity while following grammar conventions. Would you like further adjustments or explanations?

あなた:

You say it's much improved, but the expression "Upon determining" seems problematic to me because it is a dangling participle, which [where] should be avoided when the subject of the participle and the subject of the main clause are not the same. In the sentence under consideration, the "location determination component" (subject of the main clause) does not make the determination of a change in user location. What do you think?

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

You're absolutely right! "Upon determining" does create a dangling participle in this case, as it implies that the location determination component is the one making the determination, which isn't the intended meaning.

A clearer, more grammatically correct alternative would be:

"When it is determined that the user's location has changed, a location determination component 304 can be employed to identify the new or updated location of the user."

This avoids the dangling participle problem by using a passive construction ("it is determined"), which keeps the subject of the main clause separate from the action of determining the location change. Your observation is spot-on—avoiding the participle phrase ensures that the sentence is structurally correct.

あなた:

The problem of the dangling participle aside, how about the following? 1. When determining ..., 2. Determining ...,

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

Both "When determining ..." and "Determining ..." are grammatically possible, but they can lead to ambiguity or a dangling participle issue if not used carefully. Let’s look at each option in detail:

1. When determining ...

• Potential issue: Like "Upon determining," the phrase can imply that the subject of the main clause is the one doing the determining. If the location determination component is not the one making the decision, this can lead to confusion.

• Example: When determining that the user's location has changed, a location determination component 304 can be employed...
  In this case, it's unclear who or what is determining the change in location, leading to a dangling participle.

• Revised example for clarity:
  When the system determines that the user's location has changed, a location determination component 304 can be employed...
  This revision specifies the subject doing the determining (the system), which clears up the ambiguity.

2. Determining ...

• Potential issue: This construction often works best in very specific contexts where it's clear who or what is doing the determining. However, it can also easily lead to a dangling participle if it's unclear who or what is performing the action.

• Example: Determining that the user's location has changed, a location determination component 304 can then identify the new location.
  This construction implies that the location determination component is performing both actions (determining and identifying), which may not be accurate.

• Revised example for clarity:
  After determining that the user's location has changed, the system employs a location determination component 304 to identify the new location.
  This makes it clearer who is doing what, avoiding any participial ambiguity.

Conclusion:

Both options—"When determining" and "Determining"—can lead to dangling participles unless the subject of the action is clear. To avoid ambiguity, it's better to explicitly state who or what is determining the location change (e.g., "When the system determines..."). This ensures clarity and avoids grammatical confusion.

Would you like help reworking the sentence with one of these forms in mind?

加振

EP4161977(DOW GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES LLC [US])
Finite element analysis was conducted by discretizing the air cavity using acoustic elements and discretizing the rim using structural elements.
空気空洞を音響要素を使用して離散化し、リムを構造要素を使用して離散化することによって、有限要素分析を実行した。

To emulate tire-road excitation, one of the elements of the air cavity is excited with random vibration.
タイヤと路面との加振をエミュレートするために、空気空洞の要素のうちの１つをランダムな振動で加振する。

Finally, the road surface is modeled as a rigid surface that reflects 100% of the pressure waves that are incident upon it.
最後に、道路表面は、それに入射した圧力波の１００％を反映する剛性表面としてモデル化される。

US11168569(GEN ELECTRIC [US])
[0040] Blade 16 , as embodied by the disclosure, provides an airfoil 25 with a reduced overall weight with cavities 61 and 66 .
【００３４】
  ブレード１６は、本開示によって具現化されるように、空洞６１および６６を有して全体的な重量が低減された翼型部２５を提供する。

The reduced overall weight should inhibit vibrations, and excitation forces on blade 16 during operation.
全体的な重量の減少は、運転中のブレード１６に対する振動および加振力を抑制するはずである。

Blade 16 including cavities 61 and 66 is capable of reducing vibrational forces and any loads therein over blade 16 .
空洞６１および６６を備えるブレード１６は、ブレード１６上の振動力および内部の負荷を低減することができる。

US2023052357(NEVADA RES & INNOVATION CORPORATION [US])
With the increase in accuracy, the sensor will be more capable of measuring low amplitude ambient vibrations that occur frequently due to wind and other ambient excitation sources, allowing for system identification of specific structures.
精度の向上により、このセンサーは、風や他の周囲加振源により頻繁に発生する低振幅の周辺振動を測定する能力が高まり、特定の構造物のシステム識別を可能にする。

US11555791(CORNING INC [US])
[0075] In various embodiments, in addition to the techniques described above to reduce disturbances to the optical components (e.g., caps 206 and 208 , Fizeau wedge 302 ) and/or wafer 106 , the measurement cavity 200 has a substantial mass.
【００６１】
  種々の実施形態において、光学部品（例えば、キャップ２０６，２０８、フィゾーウェッジ３０２など）及び／又はウェハ１０６に対する外乱の影響を低減するために、上述の技法に加えて、測定キャビティ２００は大きな質量を有している。

The mass, m, of the measurement cavity 200 can change the natural frequency of the measurement cavity 200 and increase the amount of energy (force) needed to excite (vibrate) the measurement cavity 200 .
測定キャビティ２００の質量ｍによって、測定キャビティ２００の固有振動数を変化させて、測定キャビティ２００を加振する（振動させる）ために必要なエネルギー（力）の量を高めることができる。

動作の主体：method

Consider the following sentence: This method disposes a medical drape over a tissue site. Is the sentence natural? Is there anything odd, unnatural, or unusual about it?

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

The sentence "This method disposes a medical drape over a tissue site" sounds slightly unnatural due to the use of the verb "disposes" in this context.

Issues:

• "Dispose" typically means to get rid of something or arrange things in a particular order. Using it here to mean "place" or "apply" is unusual.
  • Common usage: "Dispose of waste" (get rid of waste), or "The objects were disposed neatly" (arranged in order).

Suggested Improvement:

To convey the idea of placing or applying a drape, a better verb choice would be "places," "applies," "drapes," or even "positions."

• Revised sentence: "This method places a medical drape over a tissue site."
• Or: "This method applies a medical drape over a tissue site."

This revision sounds more natural and aligns with how we usually describe the action of positioning or applying something like a drape.

あなた:

So, there is nothing wrong with the word "method" being the actor of the action "place"? Doesn't it sound odd that a "method", which means a process, a procedure, a way, etc., does something tangible, like "placing something", when in fact the doer must be something like a human or a robot doing the act according to the method?

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

You're absolutely right. It does sound a bit odd for a "method" to be the direct actor of a physical action like "placing" something. A method is an abstract concept—a procedure or process—so it's typically not described as performing tangible actions.

Why it feels odd:

• Methods don’t physically act. Instead, people or machines (like a surgeon, technician, or robotic system) follow methods to perform actions.

How to improve the sentence:

You could revise the sentence to reflect that the method guides the action, rather than performing it directly. Here's a more natural way to express it:

• Revised version: "This method involves placing a medical drape over a tissue site."
• Another option: "In this method, a medical drape is placed over the tissue site."

In these revisions, the method is guiding or describing the process, but the actual action (placing the drape) is performed by an unspecified agent (a person or machine). This makes the sentence more accurate and natural.

 

＊実際にはmethodを動作の直接主体としたネイティブ例は多い。

例：方法における動作主体、動作の主体

下：under, below

What is the difference between "under" and "below"?

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

The difference between "under" and "below" lies in the nuances of their meanings and usage:

1. Physical Position

• Under: Implies that something is directly beneath another object, often with some form of contact or close proximity. It can also suggest being covered or hidden by the thing above.
  • Example: The keys are under the book. (The keys are likely touching or hidden by the book.)
• Below: Indicates a lower position but doesn’t necessarily imply direct contact or closeness. It is often used to describe relative height or level.
  • Example: The keys are below the shelf. (The keys are lower than the shelf but not necessarily touching it.)

2. Figurative Use

• Under: Frequently used in idiomatic or figurative expressions where there’s a sense of control, influence, or condition.
  • Example: She’s under a lot of pressure. (Figurative use, describing a state or condition.)
• Below: Often relates to rankings, standards, or thresholds, without suggesting direct control or influence.
  • Example: His grades are below average. (Comparing to a standard or level.)

3. Motion

• Under: Can suggest motion involving passing beneath something.
  • Example: The cat ran under the table. (Indicating movement from one side to another, beneath the table.)
• Below: Does not usually imply movement.
  • Example: The apartment below ours is vacant. (Static position, no movement implied.)

Quick Summary:

• Use "under" when something is directly beneath or affected by another thing, or in idiomatic expressions.
• Use "below" to describe relative position, rank, or level without implying contact or direct influence.

Does that help clarify the distinction?

あなた:

Is the same logic apply to "over" and "above"?

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

Yes, the same logic applies to "over" and "above" with similar nuances in meaning. Here's a breakdown:

1. Physical Position

• Over: Implies that something is directly on top of or covering another object, often with a sense of proximity or alignment.
  • Example: The lamp is hanging over the table. (The lamp is aligned with the table below it, possibly casting light directly on it.)
• Above: Refers to a position higher than something else, but without the implication of direct contact or alignment.
  • Example: The birds are flying above the trees. (The birds are at a higher altitude, but not necessarily directly over the trees.)

2. Figurative Use

• Over: Often suggests dominance, authority, or something that is surpassing in terms of influence or control.
  • Example: He has authority over his team. (Figurative use implying control or dominance.)
• Above: Can indicate a higher level in a ranking or hierarchy, or something superior in quality or status.
  • Example: She was promoted above her peers. (In rank or position, not in terms of control.)

3. Motion

• Over: Can imply motion from one side to the other while passing above something.
  • Example: The plane flew over the city. (It moved from one side of the city to the other, passing above it.)
• Above: Generally refers to static positioning and does not usually imply movement.
  • Example: The clouds are above the mountain. (Static position, no movement implied.)

Quick Summary:

• "Over": Suggests alignment, proximity, or movement above something, often with some sense of control or covering.
• "Above": Indicates a higher position, rank, or level without necessarily implying direct alignment, movement, or contact.

So, similar to "under" and "below," "over" tends to imply proximity or influence, while "above" refers to a more general sense of higher position without those connotations.

あなた:

I said "logic" in my previous question. I'm afraid that was not the right word? Was "explanation"（また途中でEnterしてしまった）

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

Yes, "explanation" would be a better word in that context. When you said "logic," it implied a reasoning process or system of rules, while "explanation" focuses more on the detailed clarification of a concept.

So, the revised version of your earlier question would be: "Does the same explanation apply to 'over' and 'above'?"

Thanks for pointing that out!